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FILE NAME Talc TALC DATE 2002 DOC TALC176 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION Journal Article - A Cohort Mortality and Nested Contol Study of French and Austrian Talc Workers Downloaded from oem.bmjjournals com on 12 April 2006 98 ORIGINAL ARTICLE A cohort mortality and nested control study of French and Austrian talc workers P Wild K Leodolter M R^'fr^'gieHr Schmidt Zidek G Haidinger See end of article for authors affiliations Correspondence to Dr P Wild Avenue de Bourgogne BP n 27 54501 Vandoeuvre Cedex France Accepted 8 August 2001 Occup Environ Med 2002,59 98 105 Objectives To study whether the mortality from malignant and malignant respiratory diseases of workers employed in French and Austrian talc mines and mills is related to their long term occupational exposure Methods Two historical cohorts were set up comprising all male subjects who had been working continuously for at least 1 year in a series of talc producing companies in France and Austria The French cohort consisted of those employed at a site in the French Pyrenees and working between 1 January 1945 and 31 December 1994 The Austrian cohort consisted of the workers employed between 1 January 1972 and 31 December 1995 in one of four industrial sites in the Austrian A ps The mortality within the cohorts was compared with local death rates Two nested control studies focusing on malignant and malignant respiratory diseases were set up to estimate possible response relations with cumulative exposure to talc dust based on an industry specific job exposure matrix Results Mortality from lung cancer was in small excess in both cohorts France standardised mortality ratio SMR 1.23 21 cases observed 95 confidence interval 95 CI 0 76 to 189 189 Austria SMR 1 06 seven observed 95 CI 0.43 to 2.19 A significant excess mortality was found for all nonmalignant respiratory diseases in the French cohort due to a significant excess for pneumoconiosis SMR 5.56 three observed 95 CI 1.12 to 16 2 The control study of malignant respiratory disease showed an increased mortality in the highest exposure groups odds ratio OR 25 25 for a cumulative exposure 80y0.mg/mwith a significant trend 100 y mg 108 108 with cumulative exposure to talc On the contrary no increasing trend could be found in the control study of lung cancer This result must be interpreted considering the small cohort size Adjustment on smoking and exposure to quartz did not influence these results to any extent Conclusions The mortality from malignant respiratory disease was found to be related to high cumulative exposure to talc dust The small excess in lung cancer does not seem to be attributable to talc is mined in many countries and processed in Tnumerous manufacturing industries for use in paints ceramics rubber products roofing materials papei in- secticides cosmetics and pharmaceuticals Talc MgSi is a member of the silicates group of miner- als characterised by its structure in sheets which can be sepa- rated by slight forces This causes the plate shape of the talc particles and the smoothness in touch Other characteristics of talc as a mineral are softness hydrophobic behaviour and insolubility Given this planar structure of the talc crystal the term talc fibres is technically not correct However when milled some cleavage fragments less than % within the talc powder meet the World Health Organisation WHO definition of fibres although in fact these fragments are elongated talc platelets As talc is formed by alteration or metamorphosis of rocks it is associated with many types of minerals and may contain other minerals as residues so that the mined and milled ore hardly ever consists of pure talc Exposure to talc must therefore be considered bearing in mind the coexposures which quartz is the most important to each site It noteworthy that to our knowledge no asbestos contamina- tion has ever been clearly documented in the talc deposits at least not in the European sites Several mortality studies performed among workers from the talc industry reported inconclusive results concerning an increased risk of neoplasms of the respiratory system Although the risk of malignant respiratory diseases was in excess in most of the study sites the risk for cancer is different from study to study and may depend on the mineralogy of the exploited inineral or other features of the cohorts In this paper we report the results of two ustorical cohort mortality studies conducted in the Austrian and the French talc industries and of two nested control studies focused on malignant and malignant respiratory diseases METHODS Industrial sites and exposure assessment The French site site A is in the French Pyrenees The ore is a talc chlorite mixture which has been quarried since the end of the 19th century in an open cast pit at an alt tude of 1700 m The talc is sorted on the spot and dried and milled in a nearby talc mill Quartz contamination is low from detectable to less than % The Austrian sites comprise three mines sites B C and D with their respective mills in the Styrian Alps and a head office in the city of Graz site E The ore mined in ite B consists of a chlorite mixture with dead rock inclusions of about 25 mainly gneiss The dead 1ock is dumped in the mine so that the milled product is chlorite and contains from 0 % to % quartz In site C the material mined was a dolomite aggregation with a medium talc content of 25 The percent- age of quartz in the end products was below % singular parts Abbreviations SMR standardised mortality ratio IC international classification of diseases JEM job exposure matrix www.occenvmed www.occenvmed com Downloaded from oem bmjjournals.com on 12 April 2006 Cohort mortality and nested control study of French and Austrian talc workers 99 in the mine ich in dolomite could contain -3 quartz In site D a light greyish quartz chlorite mica schist leucophylite an aggregation of more or less equal proportions of mica chlorite and quartz has been quarried and milled on site The exposure to talc dust and quartz was coded through a site specific job exposure matrix JEM The principles of the coding were agreed between the authors and the codings of the JEM were harmonised before the statistical analysis In Austria this JEM was developed by the occupational physician HS in collaboration with the managerial staff of the company on the basis of interviews of retired workers In France the JEM was developed by the occupational physician MR on the basis of the JEM developed for an earlier study which included a more detailed assessment but did not reach as far back in time as the present one The talc exposure was coded in four semiquantitative categories which were based on systematic exposure measurements carried out in 1986-7 in the French site A on less systematic measurements in 1988-92 in the Austrian sites and on descriptions of the workplaces obtained from management and long term workers The exposure measurements both in France and Austria were obtained with the same type of per- sonal dust sampler worn by the worker for at least half a shift The results are gravimetric determinations of the respirable dust fraction for details see Wild et al The assignment of the workplaces to the four semiquantitative levels was done as follows @ No exposure to talc was coded for office workers A mean dust concentration of 02 02 mg based on 168 measurements was obtained in 1986 in site A for office workers No exposure to talc occurred for those working in sites not exposed to talc This was the case in the French mill which included a separate power station and a carpentry and in the mill in site D in which no talc was milled before 1970 which does not mean that there was no exposure to dust but that this dust did not contain any talc @ An exposure lower than 5 mg was assessed for subjects with no direct contact to talc dust This occurred for certain off site maintenance workers or garage mechanics and for production workers in recent times with up to date dust confinement or local exhaust ventilation Eight jobs were in this category in the French site in 1986 mean exposures ranged from 05 to 26 mg the range of the 100 exposure measurements carried out that year was 0 11-17 mg In Austria most production workers had belonged to this category since 1980.

FILE NAME Brakes BRK DATE 2004 DOC BRK140 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION Journal Article - Evaluation of the Size and Type of Free Particulates Collected from Unused Containing Brake Components as Related to Potential for Respirability -Journal of Occupational Health & Safety - American Journal of Industrial Medicine AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE 545-553 2004 Evaluation of the Size and Type of Free Particulates Collected From Unused Containing Brake Components as Related to Potential for Respirability Mark A.L.

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Table 27...