Kehoe, M.D.

Kehoe, M.D.

Kehoe, M.D.

Kehoe, M.D.

Children have become poisoned not only by nibbling lead-painted window sills and door frames but also from toys and furniture.

Kehoe, R.

Larsen is expected to testify about the age range in which women are considered medically able to bear children; contraceptive use and efficacy; the ability of women to plan pregnancy; and how and at what stage of gestation pregnancy can be detected.

United States Environmental Protection Agency Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 EPA-600/8-83/028cF June 1986 Research and Development Air Quality Criteria for Lead FINAL DRAFT Volume III of IV E P A -6 0 0 /8 -8 3 /0 2 8 c F A ir Quality Criteria fo r Lead; Volume ill of IV DU P05 0452424 EPA-600/8-83/028cF June 1986 Air Quality Criteria for Lead Volume III of IV U.S.

Pediatr.

BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF LEAD EXPOSURE...................................................................................... 12.1 INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................... 12.2 SUBCELLULAR EFFECTS OF LEAD IN HUMANS ANDEXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS ......................... 12.2.1 Effects of Lead on the Mitochondrion......................................................... 12.2.1.1 Effects of Lead on Mitochondrial Structure .......................... 12.2.1.2 Effects of Lead on Mitochondrial Function ............................ 12.2.1.3 In Vivo Studies............................................................................. 12.2.1.4 In Vitro Studies ............................................................................ 12.2.2 Effects of Lead on the Nucleus ............................................. 12.2.3 Effects of Lead on Membranes......................................................................... 12.2.4 Other Organellar Effects of Lead................................................................ 12.2.5 Summary of Subcellular Effects of Lead.................................................... 12.3 EFFECTS OF LEAD ON HEME BIOSYNTHESIS AND ERYTHROPOIESIS/ERYTHROCYTE PHYSIOLOGY IN HUMANS AND ANIMALS ................................................................................ 12.3.1 Effects of Lead on Heme Biosynthesis ......................................................... 12.3.1.1 Effects of Lead on 6-Aminolevulinic Acid Synthetase ......... 12.3.1.2 Effects of Lead on 6-Aminolevulinic Acid Dehydrase and ALA Accumulation/Excretion ......................................................... 12.3.1.3 Effects of Lead on Heme Formation from Protoporphyrin ... 12.3.1.4 Effects of Lead on Coproporhyrin................ 12.3.2 Effects of Lead on Erythropoiesis and Erythrocyte Physiology .......... 12.3.2.1 Effects of Lead on Hemoglobin Production .............................. 12.3.2.2 Effects of Lead on Erythrocyte Morphology and Survival .. 12.3.2.3 Effects of Lead on Pyrimidine-51-Nucleotidase Activity and Erythropoietic Pyrimidine Metabolism........................ 12.3.3 Effects of Alkyl Lead on Heme Synthesis and Erythopoiesis ................ 12.3.4 The Interrelationship of Lead Effects on Heme Synthesis and the Nervous System.......................................................................................... 12.3.5 Interference with Vitamin D Metabolism and Associated Physiological Processes ................................................ 12.3.5.1 Relevant Clinical Studies ........................................................... 12.3.5.2 Experimental Studies...................................................................... 12.3.5.3 Implications of Lead Effects on Vitamin D Metabolism .... 12.3.6 Summary and Overview............................................. ....... ................................... 12.3.6.1 Lead Effects on Heme Biosynthesis ........................................... 12.3.6.2 Lead Effects on Erythropoiesis and Erythrocyte Physiology ................................................................. 12.3.6.3 Effects of Lead on Erythropoietic Pyrimidine Metabolism........................................................................................ 12.3.6.4 Effects of Alkyl Lead Compounds on Heme Biosynthesis and Erythropoiesis ........................................................................ 12.3.6.5 Relationships of Lead Effects on Heme Synthesis and Neurotoxicity ......... 12.3.6.6 Summary of Effects of Lead on Vitamin D Metabolism .......... 12.4 NEUROTOXIC EFFECTS OF LEAD............................................................................................ 12.4.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 12.4.2 Human Studies ........................................... 12.4.2.1 Neurotoxic Effects of Lead Exposure in Adults ................... 12.4.2.2 Neurotoxic Effects of Lead Exposure in Children ................ v m ix ix 12-1 12-1 12-3 12-4 12-4 12-5 12-5 12-7 12-8 12-9 12-10 12-10 12-13 12-13 12-14 12-15 12-20 12-27 12-28 12-28 12-29 12-31 12-33 12-34 12-37 12-38 12-39 12-40 12-43 12-43 12-48 12-48 12-49 12-49 12-50 12-52 12-52 12-53 12-56 12-68 TEH 0410771 DUP050452822 TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued). 12.5 12.6 12.4.3 Animal Studies ............. 12.4.3.1 Behavioral Toxicity: Critical Periods for Exposure and Expression of Effects ................................................................... 12.4.3.2 Morphological Effects .................................................................. 12.4.3.3 Electrophysiological Effects ..................................................... 12.4.3.4 Biochemical Alterations ...................................... 12.4.3.5 Accumulation and Retention of Lead in the Brain ................ 12.4.4 Integrative Summary of Human and Animal Studies of Neurotoxicity .. 12.4.4.1 Internal Exposure Levels at Which Adverse Neurobehavioral Effects Occur ................................................... 12.4.4.2 The Question of Irreversibility ............................................... 12.4.4.3 Early Development and the Susceptibility to Neural Damage .................................................................................. 12.4.4.4 Utility of Animal Studies in Drawing Parallels to the Human Condition ................................................................

Children are grouped into cohorts according to age in a user-specified base year.

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT EASTERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK In Re : "AGENT ORANGE" PRODUCT LIABILITY LITIGATION MDL No. 381 (Ail Cases) PLAINTIFFS' INTERROGATORIES TO DEFENDANTS PLEASE TAKE NOTICE, pursuant to Rule 33 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, the plaintiffs demand that the defendants herein serve and file answers to each of the following Interrogatories in writing and under oath on or before January 9, 1984, unless otherwise indicated.