Document kakBaxzq3ODw81BQqorkY4zMB

w lltftff KUtUSHtOMtt E, I. d u Po n t d e Ne mo u r s & Co mp a n y INCORPORATED ' Pe t r o l e u m La b o r a t o r y WILMINGTON, DELAWARE 1989ft D, Snee M. Lucas Te l e p h o n e Ar e a Co p e 609-299-5000 (Ext. 2702) February 15, 1977 Mr. Jerome F. Cole, Vice President International Lead Zinc Research Organization, Inc. 292 Madison Avenue New York, N, Y. 10017 Dear Jerry: Attached is a list of references on lead for your use in respond ing to EPA's request for references of most recent data to aid their prepa ration of a revised criteria document on lead. As you will note, this list of references is divided into two parts -- analytical methods and lead exposure as related to human blood lead levels. * These are the two main subjects with which we are most familiar and which we have been reviewing in response to the EPA criteria document. The refer ences to analytical methods are classified under two subheadings; (1) Air Lead and (2) Blood Lead analysis. The references on lead exposure are subdivided into two groups; (1) Adult and (2) Children air lead - blood lead relationships. This is" obviously not a complete list of lead references, but I believe it represents the most important, recent reports on these two major subjects. We are continuing our efforts to locate any additional references. If any of these turn out to be useful I will send them to you. I hope this information will be useful to you. Sincerely, ^5* Emmett S. Jacobs, Head Petroleum Additives Division ESJ/eaa Attach. BETTER THINGS FOR BETTER LIVING . . , THROUGH CHEMISTRY TEH 0470234 This information, hosed upon our testing and experience, is offered without charge as part of our service to customers. It is intended for use by persons juwmg technical skill, at their own discretion and risk. We do not guarantee favorable results, and we assume no liability in connection with its use This informalSol is not intended ass license to operate under, or a recommendation fo infringe, any patent of Du Pont-oi others covering any material or use. REFERENCES FOB ANALYTICAL METHODS Air Lead Analysis 1. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 'Tentative Reference Method for the Determination of Lead in Suspended Particulate Matter Col lected from Ambient Air," Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, N. C., September, 1976. 2. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, "Guidelines : Air Quality Surveillance Networks," Office of Air Programs Publication No. AP-98, May, 1971. 3. II, S. Environmental Protection Agency, "Sampling Location Guidelines," Division of Atmospheric Surveillance, November, 1971. 4. Ott, W, R., 'Development of Criteria for Siting Air Monitoring Stations," presented at 68th Annual Air Pollution Control Association Meeting, Boston, Mass., June 15-20, 1975. 5. II. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 'Reference Method for the Determination of Suspended Particulates in the Atmosphere (High Volume Method)," Federal Register, Vol. 36, No. 84, 8191-8194, Friday, April 30, 1971. 6. Thompson, R. J., Morgan, G. B., and Purdue, L, J., "Analysis of Selected Elements in Atmospheric Particulate Matter by Atomic Absorp tion," Atomic Absorption Newsletter, Vol. j). No. 3, pp. 53-57 (1970). 7. Air and Industrial Hygiene Laboratory, (AIHL), State of California, Method No. 54, "Analysis for Lead Content of Atmospheric Particulate Matter Collected on High-Volume Glass Fiber Filters," December 1974. 8. ' Scott, D. R., Hemphill, D. C., Hollbake, L. E., Long, S. j., Loseke, W. A*, Pranger, l . J., and Thompson, R. J,, "Atomic Absorption and Optical Emission Analysis of NASN Atmospheric Particu late Samples for Lead," Env. Sci. Tech, 10, No. 9 , 877-880 (1976). TEH 0470235 DUP050083053 N42440.01 2 9o Birks, L. S,, and Gilfrich, J. V. , EPA Report No. EPA-R2-72-063, ^ Environmental Protection Agency, November, 1972. 10. Kometani, T. Y., Bove, J. L., Nathanson, B., Siebenberg, S, and Magyar, M., 'Dry Ashing of Airborne Particulate Matter on Paper and Glass Fiber Filters for Trace Metal Analysis by Atomic Absorp tion Spectrometry," Envir. Sci, & Tech. 6, No. 7, 617-620 (1972). 11. Mills, J. L., Papatsos, N. M., Faux, F. J., and Larm, A. M,, 'Determination of Lead in Atmospheric Particulates by Atomic Absorp tion : Comparison of High Temperature Ashing and Direct Nitric Acid Extraction Methods for Sample Preparation," Los Angeles Air Pollution Control District, Los Angeles, Calif., November, 1974. 12.) Burnham, C. D., Moore, C. E., Kowalski, T., and Krasniewski, J., ' Applied Spectroscopy, 24, 411 (1970). 13. Skogerboe, R. K., "Monitoring Trace Metal Precipitates : An Evalua tion of the Sampling Analysis Problems," Instrumentation for Monitor ing Air Quality, ASTM STP 555, American Society for Testing Materials, 125-136 (1974). 14. Foster, J. F., Beatty, G* H., and Hoes, J, E., 'Interlaboratory Cooperative Study of the Accuracy and Precision of Measurements of Lead in the Atmosphere Using the Colorimetric Dithizone Procedure (ASTM D 3112)," Battelle Columbus Laboratories, Columbus, Ohio, December 18, 1974. 15. Harrison, R. M. , Perry, R., and Slater, D. H., "The Contribution of Organic Lead Compounds to Total Lead in Urban Atmospheres," In : International Symposium Proceedings : Recent Advances in the Assess ment of the Health Effects of Environmental Pollution, Vol. HI, 1783-1788, June, 1974. 16, Robinson, J, W., and Walcott, D. K., '^Simultaneous Determination of *' Particulate and Molecular Lead in the Atmosphere," Envir. Letters, 6, 321 (1974). 17. Seeley, J. L., and Skogerboe, R. K., "Combined Sampling-Analysis Method for the Determination of Trace Elements in Atmospheric Particu late," Anal. Chem. 46 , 415-421 (1974). TEH 0470236 DUP050083054 3 18, Purdue, L. J., Enrione, R. E., Thompson, R. J., and Bonfield, B, A., 'Determination of Organic and Total Lead in the Atmosphere by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry,'' Anal. Chem. 45, 527-530 (1973). 19. Layeskog, A., "A Method for Determining the Tetramethyl Lead (TML) and Tetraethyl Lead TEL in Air,'' presented to the Second International Clean Air Congress of the International Union of Air Pollution Preven tion Associations, Washington, D, C., December 6-11, 1970. r TEH 0470237 DUP050083055 -4- Blood Lead Analysis 1. Pierce, J. O., Koirtyohann, S. R., Clevenger, T. E., Lichte, F. E., "The Determination of Lead in Blood -- A Review and Critique of the State of the Art, 1975," University of Missouri, Environmental Trace Substances Research Center, Columbia, Missouri, July, 1976, (Pub lished by International Lead Zinc Research Organization, Inc*, 292 Madison Ave., New York, N. Y,, 10017). 2. ASTM Manual for Conduction of an Inter-Laboratory Study of a Test Method. ASTM Special Technical Publication No, 336, Published by ASTM, Philadelphia, Pa, 3. Snee, R. D, and Smith, Paul E., 'Statistical Analysis of Inter-Laboratory Studies," J. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. 33, 784 (1972), 4. 'Blood Lead" Proficiency Testing, U, S. Dept, of Health, Education & Welfare, Center for Disease Control, Atlanta, Ga. (July 1974 - June 1975), 5. Keppler, J, F., Maxfield, M. E., Mass, W. D., Tietjen, G., and Iinch, A. L., "Interlaboratory Evaluation of the Reliability of Blood Lead Analysis," Amer. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J., 31_, 412-429 (1970), 6. Berlin, A.; Del Castillo, P., and Smeets, J., "European Intercom parison Programs, " In ; Environmental Health Aspects of Lead, Proe, of Inti Symp. Amsterdam, Netherlands, October, 1972. 7. Fine, P, R., Thomas, C, W., Saks, R. H., Cohnberg, R, E., and Flashmer, B. A,, "Pediatric Blood Lead Levels -- A Study in 14 Illinois Cities of Intermediate Population," JAMA 221, 1475-1479 (1972), 8. Lerner, S., J. Oecup. Medicine I7_t No. 3, 153-154 (1975). DUP050083056 -5 REFERENCES FOR LEAD EXPOSURE Adults - 1. Azar, A., Snee, R, D., and Habibi, K., ''Relationship of Community Levels of Air Lead and Indicies of Lead Absorption," Environmental Quality and Safety, Supplement Vol. EE, Academic Press, pp. 254-290 (1975). 2. Snee, R. D., "Development of an Air Quality Value for Lead from Com munity Studies," Report submitted to EPA us part of Du Pont review of EPA External Draft, ''Air Quality Criteria for Atmospheric Lead," PLMR-3-77, Petroleum Laboratory, E. I. du Pont, Wilmington, Del. (Jan., 1977). 3. Rabinowitz, M. B., Wetherill, G. W., and Kopple, J. D., "Kinetic Analysis of Lead Metabolism in Healthyl Humans," The Journal of , Clinical Investigation 58, 260-270 (August, 1976). Rabinowitz, M. B., Wetherill, G. W., and Kopple, J. D., "Studies of Human Lead Metabolism by Use of Stable Isotope Tracers, '' Env. Health Perspectives 7., 145-153 (May, 1974). Rabinowitz, M. B., Wetherilie, G. W., and Kopple, J, D., Lead Metabolism in the Normal Human : Stable Isotope Studies, " Science 182. 725-727 (1973). Rabinowitz, M. B., "Lead Contamination of the Biosphere by Human Activity. A Stable Isotope Study, " Ph.D. Thesis, University of Cali fornia, Los Angeles, 1974. 4. Chamberlain, A. C., Heard, M. J., Scott, A. N. B., Clough, W. S. , Newton, D., and Wells, A. C., "Uptake of Inhaled Lead from Motor Exhaust, " Postgraduate Med. Journal 5l_, 790-794 (1975). 5. Griffin, T. B., Coulston, F., Goldberg, L., Wills, H., Russell, J. C. and Knelson, J. H., "Clinical Studies on Men Continuously Exposed to Airborne Particulate Lead," Environmental Quality and Safety, Supple ment Vol. n, Academic Press, pp. 221-240 (1975), 6. Johnson, D. E., Tillery, J. B., and Prevost, R. J,, "Trace Metals in Occupationally and Non-Oecupationally Exposed Individuals, " Env. Health Perspectives 10., pp. 151-158 (1975). TEH 0470239 DUP050083057 6 *: 7. Kehoe, R. A., 'The Metabolism of Lead in Health and Disease," J. Ray. Inst, Public Health Hyg. (London) 24, 81-97, 129-143, 177-203 (April, June, and August, 1961), 8. Tepper, L. B., and Leven, L. S., "A Survey of Air and Population Lead Levels in Selected American Communities," Environmental Quality and Safely, Supplement Vol. H, Academic Press, pp. 152-196 (1975). 9. Williams* M. K., King, E., and Walfard, J., "An Investigation of Lead Absorption in an Electric Accumulator Factory with the Use of Personal Samplers," Brit. J. Ind. Med, 26, 202-216 (1969). 10. Fugas, M., Wilder, B., Paukovic, R., Hrsak, J., and Steiner-Skreb, D., "Concentration of Levels and Particle Size Distribution of Lead in the Air of an Urban and Industrial Area as a Basis for the Calculation of Population Exposure," Proceedings of International Symposium on Environ mental Health Aspects of Lead, Amsterdam, Holland, Oct., 1972. Comm. European Communities, Luxenbourg, pp. 961-968 (1973). Fugas, M., "Biological Significance of Some Metals as Air Pollutants. Part I: Lead (January 15, 1969 - January 15, 1974)." Final Report on Agreement No. 02-302-3 to Consumer Protection and Environmental Health Services, PHS, DHEW. 11. Prpic-Majic, D*, Fugas, D., and Susnik, J., "The Value of Biological Parameters in the Assessment of Occupational and Nonoccupational Lead Exposure," Proceedings of International Symposium bn Environmental Health Aspects of Lead, Amsterdam, Holland, Oct. , 1972. Comm. European Communities, Luxembourg, pp. 707-713 (1973). 12. McCoughran, D, A., "Air Lead Blood Lead Models," Proceedings of the International Symposium on Heavy Metals in the Environment, Toronto, (Oct., 1975). 13. Goldsmith, J* R,, and Hexter, A., "Respiratory Exposure to Lead : Epidemiological and Experimental Dose-Response Relationships, " Science 158. 132-134 (1967). 14. Goldsmith, J. R., "Food Chain and Health implications of Airborne Lead," submitted to the California Air Resources Board, Contract Number ARB-012, Project Number 7-083-1; September, 1974. TEH 0470240 DUP050083058 7 15. Daines, R. H., Smith, D, W., Feliciano, A. F., and Trout, J. B., "Air Levels of Lead Inside and Outside Homes," lad. Med. 41, No. 10, 26-28 (1972). 16. Johnson, D. E., Prevost, R, J., and Tillery, J, B., 'Baseline Levels of Platinum and Palladium In Human Tissues," EPA-600/1-76-019, Environmental Health Effects Research Document (March, 1976). 17. Gothe, G. J., Ohman, H., and Lindstedt, G., "Exposure to Airborne Lead in City Atmospheres," Work Envir. Health 10, 13 (1973). 18. McLaughlin, M., Linch, A., Sneed, R. D., "Longitudinal Studies of Lead Levels in a U. S. Population, " Arch, Environ, Health 27, 305 (1973). 19. -Zielhuis, R. L., "Lead Absorption and Public Health: An. Appraisal of Hazards," In Proceedings of International Symposium on Environmental Health Aspects of Lead, Amsterdam, Holland, Oct. , 1972. Comm, European Communities, Luxembourg, pp. 631-653 (1978). 20. Nordman, C. H., "Environmental Lead Exposure in Finland - A Study on Selected Population Groups," Inst, of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland. Academic Dissertation, University of Helsinki (May, 1975). TEH 047024] DUP050083059 8- Children 1. Goldsmith, J. R,, "Food Chain and Health Implications of Airborne Lead, " submitted to the California Air Resources Board, Contract Number ARB-012, Project Number 7-083-1, September, 1974. 2. Johnson, D. E., Prevost, R. J., and, Tillery, J. B., "Baseline Levels of Platinum and Palladium in Human Tissues, "EPA-600/ 1-76-019, Environmental Health Effects Research Science Document (March, 1976), 3. Landrigan, P, J., Gehlbuh, H. H., Rosenblum, B. F., Shoulta, H. J., Candelaria, R. M., Barthal, W. F., Liddle, Y. A., Smrak, A. L., Staehlin, N. W., and Sanders, J. F., "Epidemic Lead Absorption Near an Ore Smelter - The Role of Particulate Lead," New Eng. J. Med. 292. 123-129 (1975). 4. Landrigan, P. J., Baker, E. L., Peldman, R. G., Cox, D. E., Eden, K. V., Orenatein, W. A., Mather, J. A., Yankel, A. J., and von Lindem, I., "Increased Lead Absorption with Anemia and Slowed Nerve Conduction in Children Near a Lead Smelter," Journal Pediatr, 89, 904-910 (1976). Yankel, A. J., and von Lindern, I., "The Silver Valley Lead Study. The Relationships of Childhood Lead Poisoing and Environmental Exposure," January, 1977 (copy of draft manuscript submitted as part of the Idaho Department of Health and Welfare's response to EPA External Draft of Lead Criteria Document). 5. McNeil, J. L., Ptasnik, J. A., and Craft, D. B., "El Paso Smelter Effects on Smeltertown Children," Paper presented at International Con ference on Heavy Metals in the Environment, Toronto (Qct., 1975). McNeil, J. L and Ptasnik, J. A*, "Evaluation of Land-Term Effects of Elevated Blood Lead Concentrations in Asymptomatic Children." Pro ceedings of International Symposium - Environment and Health. CEC EPA - WHO, Paris (June, 1974). 6. Landsdown, R. G., Shepherd, J., Clayton, B. E., Delves, H. T., Graham, P. J., and Turner, W. C., "Blood Lead Levels, Behavior and Intelligaice - A Population Study," Lancet I, 538-541 (March, 1974). TEH 0470242 DU P050083060 9 7. Roels, H., Buchet, J. P., Lauwerys, R., Hubermont, G., Braux, P., Claes-Thoreau, F., Lafontaine, A. , and von Overschelde, J. , "Impact of Air Pollution by Lead on the Heme Biosynthetic Pathway in SchoolAge Children," Arch. Env, Health 31, 310-316 (1976). 8. Roberts, T. M., Hutchinson, T. C., Paciga, J., Chattopadhyay, A., Jervis, R. E., and Vanhoon, J., "Lead Contamination Around Secondary Smelters : Estimation of Dispersal and Accumulation by Humans," Science 186, 1120-1122 (1974). 9. Angle, C. R., McRitire, M. S., and Vest, G., "Blood Lead of Omaha School Children - Topographic Correlation with Industry, Traffic and Housing," Nebraska Med. Journal 60, 97-102 (1975). Angle, C. 3L, and Mclntire, M, S., "Lead s Environmental Sources and Red Cell Toxicity in Urban Children," EPA-650/l-75-003, U. S. Environ mental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Washing ton, D. C. (June, 1975). 10. Ouw, K. H.,, and Bell, A., "Lead Survey of Children - Argenton, Boolaroo, Newcastle, Australia," In Proceedings of International Symposium Environment and Health. CEC - EPA - WHO, Paris (June, 1974). 11. Guinee, V. F., Davidow, B., and Tytun, A. , "Clinical and Environmental Correlations with Blood Lewis of Children," Proceedings of International Symposium - Environment and Health, CEC - EPA - WHO, Paris (June, 1974). 12. Joselow, M. M., Banta, J. E. , Fisher, W., and Valentine, J., "Environmental Contrasts ; Blood Lead Levels of Children in Honolulu and Newark," J. Envir. Health 37, 10-12 (1974). 13. Alexander, F. W., "The Uptake of Lead by Children in Differing Environ ments," Env. Health Perspectives No. 7, 155-159 (1974). 14. Capilo, R. J., Margulis, H. L., and Joselow, M. M., "Lead Absorp tion in Children and its Relationship to Urban Traffic Densities, "Arch, Env. Health 28, 195-197 (1974), TEH 0470243 DUP050083061 10 15. Urban, W. D., 'Statistical Analysis of Blood Lead Levels of Children Surveyed in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania : Analytical Methodology and Summary Results, "Institute of Applied Technology, National Bureau of Standards, NBSIR-76-1024 (April, 1976), 16. Dritz, S. K., Gottfried, D, F., and Hario, T. H., "Lead Levels in San Francisco Children," New England J, Med, 290. 694 (1974). 17. McCabe, E., Field, P., Gannon, C, and Santroch, J., "Childhood Lead Poisoning - Priorities for Statewide Screening," Paper presented at International Conference on Heavy Metals in the Environment, Toronto (Oct., 1975). 18. Barry, P, S. I., "The Current Lead Pollution Problem," Postgraduate Med, Journal 51, 783-789 (Nov., 1975), 19. Baritrop, D., and Khoo, H, E., "The Influence of Nutritional Factors on Lead Absorption,." Postgraduate Med, Journal 51, 795-800 (Nov., 1975). 20. Baritrop, D., and Meek, F., "Absorption of Different Lead Compounds, '' Postgraduate Med. Journal 51, 805-809 (Nov. , 1975). 21. Baritrop, D., Streblow, C. D., Thornton, I., and Webb, J, S., "Absorption of Lead from Dust and Soil," Postgraduate Med. Journal 51, 801-804 (Nov. , 1975). Baritrop, D., Strehlow, C. D., Thornton, I., and Webb, J. S., 'Significance of High Soil Lead Concentrations for Childhood Lead Burdens," Env. Health Perspectives No. 7 , 75-82 (May, 1974). 22. Thomas, H. V. , Milmore, B. K., Heidbreder, G. A., and Kogan, B, A. , 'Blood Level of Persons Living Near Freeways," Arch, Env. Health 15, 695-702 (1967). 23. Ter Haar, Q., and Aronow, R., "New Information on Lead in Dirt and Dust as Related to the Childhood Lead Problem," Env. Health Perspectives No. 7 , 83 (1974). TEH 0470244 DUP050083062 - 11 - 24. Bender, R. E., Mitchell, C. A., Hosein, H. R., and Bauhuys, A., 'Importance of the Indoor Environment in Air Pollution Exposure," Arch. Env; Health 31, 277 (1976), 25, Bogden, J. D,, Joselow, M. M., and Singh, N. P,, 'Extraction of Lead from Printed Matter at Physiological Values of pH," Arch, Evn. Health 30, (1975). ESJacobs/eaa February 15, 1977. T 0470245 DUP050083063