Two coats of lead and oil paint (in addi tion to shop coat) (1) All interior stairs, ladders, and other Architectural Iron. (2) All interior wood trim, inclu ding hook rails, shelving and cleats in closets. (3) All`radiators and all piping exposed in finished rooms and spaces.

Personal Protective Equipment TABLE 38--C RESPIRATOR APPROVAL CLASSIFICATIONS UNDER BUREAU OF MINES SCHEDULES Schedule 21A Schedule 21B 7, Respirators for mechanically generated dusts, including pneumocomosis-Droducing dusts such as silica dust, and toxic dusts not significantly more toxic than lead 2.

On t h i s b a si 3 , I t can b e sso n t h a t fr o m su c h a slu dge the over y lin g a ir can p ick up h igh ly toxic qu an tities of lead .

LI A140 87 i LEAD INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION, INC.

Changes in manner of storing gasoline N9793 (1) Larger proportion of leaded gasoline in storage (2) Different containers -#large dump of cans and drums O) Wider range of climatic conditions - especially with respect to cold -II.

October 28* 193& Hr* A l l e n C* T u l l y 368 Co llin s S tr e e t Me lbo u rn e , C, 1 Au s tra lia Dear Mr* Tullyt W have recently had some difficulties in this country in connection wife the neglect of our regulations for cleaning tanks which have been used for nixing and storing leaded gasoline* I have no doubt you will receive information from the Hew York office as to what is happening in this connection* For your information think it sell to point out that we aro inaugurating a thorough In vestigation of this entire problem* Our feeling is that wo shall have to determine exactly where the greatest dangoro are in connection with tank cleaning and at such points wo shall have to take the matter under our own supervis'on in order to avoid difficulties* The problem is a big one and wo are attempting to set up an organisation to care for it here* The nature of the organisation will have to depend on the sis and character of the problem* For the present we have organised a Safety Ceoealttee with Oscar Lewie as chairman in fee Hew York office* and wife representatives in each on of the districts in this country.

Stecher is full/ convin ced that the reason for our failure to find these beneficial effects H e p in the fact that there is a further source of lead exposure (from furnace stacks), which tends to mask other fac tors.

.* W * * t ttao > ta nto *4 fto* ta partMali) ta A* m mto m atom Wp mto Wtabry Wtaf atoni toil# 3 WHITE LEAD PAINT IS ECONOMICAL WHITE LEAD PAINT LOW GRADE PAINT PA-vritaO <rp*,t tr.'.n N2879

Fuel-saving Riley Combined-cycle Boilers Purchased for Large Southern Plant j Siam Chemical Producers mien Boilers - will Generate 17,646,000 Pounds oi steam uer hour RECORD OF RILEY BOILER PURCHASES BY LEADING CHEMICAL COMPANY Year 1940 1941 1942 1945 1949 1950 1950 1950 1951 1952 1956 1956 1957 1957 1964 1964 1965 Totals No. of Boilers 4 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 4 2 6 1 1 1 1 2 1 36 Capacity 250,000 450,000 250,000 250,000 250,000 450,000 250,000 450,000 450,000 70,000 500,000 400,000 500,000 650,000 1,100,000 1,538,000 1,600,000 17,646,000 Fuels Gas and Oil Gas and Oil Pulverized Coai Gas and Oil Gas and Oil Gas and Oil Gas and Oil Gas and Oil Gas and Oil Gas Gas and Oil Pulverized Coal Gas and Oil Pulverized Coal Gas Turbine exhaust gas/Natural gas Gas This record of Riley sales tc*a leading chemical company is noteworthy.

Special control methods Many of the general methods mentioned previously (either alone or in combination) can be used for the control of most occupa tional health hazards A lew additional situ ations, however, deserve special mention Shielding is one of the best protective meas ures employed to reduce or eliminate ex posures to ionizing radiation Lead and con crete are two materials commonly employed to shield high-energy sources such as highvoltage X ray, particle generators, and ra dioisotopes Shielding is also used to protect against exposure to a radiant heat source For example, heat-treating furnaces can be shielded with aluminum panels Nonreflective sheet metal is not effective for it is a "black body," which absorbs heat and then acts as a secondary source of radiation Reduction of work periods is another method of control in limited areas where engineering methods are too costly or im practicable In the job forge industry, es pecially in hot weather, a shorter work day and frequent rest periods are used to minimize exposures to extremely high temperatures, thereby lessening the danger of heat ex haustion or heat stroke For workmen who must labor in a compressed air environment, schedules of maximum length of shift and length of decompression have been prepared The higher the pressure, the shorter the shift and the longer the decompression period Proper illumination of the work area is necessary to prevent eyestrain leading to in creased accidents or loss of visual acuity and to eliminate glare that may interfere with vision Lighting is discussed in Chapter 16, "Industrial Buildings and Plant Layout," and levels of illumination are given m Table 47-G2, in Chapter 47 Training and education Proper training and education are supple ments to the engineering controls Here, the nurse and safety engineer sometimes can be key figures Perhaps by getting a workman, for example, to change his manner of weigh ing a toxic material, or of handling a scoop or shovel, there will be no dust exposure The worker must also know the proper operating procedures that make engineering controls effective If he performs an opera tion away from an exhaust hood, .he will not only defeat the purpose of the control but also contaminate the work area Workers can be alerted to safe procedures through booklets, instruction signs, labels, safety meetings, and other educational devices (See Chapters 7 and 8 ) Since new materials are constantly being marketed and new processes developed, re education and followup instruction must also be part of the training program Setting Up an Effective Industrial Hygiene Program A typical company program to minimize occupational health hazards is described in the following section The success of any safety and industrial hygiene program requires the cooperative effort of the engineering, medical, industrial hygiene, safety', and purchasing organizations, and the supervisor and the individual em ployee Engineering organization The introduction of new plant proccesses and operations begins with the engineering organization For this reason, the engineer ing group plays a most important role in the control of occupational health hazards Their responsibilities are To plan all operations using established engineering procedures to prevent unneces sary exposure to harmful environmental factors or stresses To notify the medical, industrial hygiene, and safety organizations, whenever it is plan ned to introduce new operations or pro cesses To request an industrial hygiene survey of new installations before permitting shop personnel to operate the equipment Medical organization The responsibilities of the medical organi zation in the industrial hygiene program are To recommend the placement only of those employees whose physical and emo tional health capacities meet the minimum job requirements 1291

i 1 I LEAD INDUSTBIE^ ASSOCIATION 4*0 UDdHOTOH *VHM MtW TOW IT, M.

HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND INDUSTRIAL SAFETY withdrawing from the situation Others mg in the same situation and create an may substitute some new pattern of be atmosphere not conducive to safe proce havior to attack the problem and thereby dures achieve the original goal For example, an Anxiety, however, is but one land of assistant director, frustrated in his attempt emotional pattern shown by individuals in to become director of safety, may well sub the face of frustration The anxious indi stitute Boy Scout leading or community vidual is worried, circular m his thinking, service work to satisfy his need for pres and fearful in such a way as to make his tige, power, and leadership This would be behavior inadequate to reach his goal Even a positive solution to the problem It would though he himself may realize that his be not be inconceivable, though, that the as havior is getting him nowhere, he is unable sistant director of safety might try to de to find a method which will solve his prob stroy the work or the reputation of his lem superior by some means in order to become In frustration, some people become an the director of the program gry, some fearful, and some accept frustra There are many other ways of behaving tion as a challenge and attempt to solve the in the face of frustration A per son might put the blame for failure upon a disliked individual or on some group, thereby creat ing even more tensions between himself and others He could sil home and do nothing but worry, which then might lead to physi cal ailments that could be used to excuse the failure He could make a direct attack against the individual or thing which frus trates him Thus there are both positive and negative solutions to the problems stemming from frus tration How much frustration one can tolerate depends upon past occurrences in his life These will not only vary from indivi dual to individual, but will vary within the individual himself for "Emotions can have a disturbing Influence upon an varying kinds of frustration How individual's behavior."

.- 1 r LEAD INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION 4SI LUMtTON AVIVM MMVOMtt.fif

Thefeisno reason why if. lead-and

Our Oil Operations Department is contemplating the use of leaded naphtha (20 ppm) as a fuel source for our crude distillation furnaces and boilers.