The urinary lead excretion was moderately elevated. 2, The blood lead level was slightly elevated.

mgs* per liter# (The average normal individual does not show a concentration in excess of 0*5.0 at the highest*) I doubt if any of the things I have indicated as abnormal in this man could properly be attributed to his lead ab sorption, except the relatively high lead excretion In the urine* I shall have more to say about him later when I have seen the final analyses* However, it is worth while to call your attention to the fact that the development of any more significant Illness In this man could very well be regarded as load Intoxication# At least it would bo very hard to disprove* I have not forgotten that you loaned me a book when I was in Lock port* I have not entirely finished reading it but I am taking good car of It and you can be sure I will return it* Cordially yours.

Just send your name and address to the National Lead Company ofCalifornia, 2 2 40-24th Street, San Francisco.

washing, toilet, and eating facilities, healthful drinking water, and control of insects and rodents 9 Special control methods for specific haz ards, such as reduction of exposure tune, film badges and similar monitoring de vices, continuous sampling with preset alarms, and medical programs to detect intake of toxic materials 10 Training and education to supplement en gineering controls Substitution Replacement of a toxic material with a harmless one is a very practical method of eliminating an industrial health hazard In many cases a solvent with a lower order of toxicity or flammability may be substituted for a more hazardous one In a solvent sub. sbtutaon, it is always advisable to experiment on a small scale before making the new solvent part of the operation or process For example, carbon tetrachloride can be replaced by sol vents such as methyl chloroform, dichloromethane, aliphatic petroleum hydrocarbons, or one of the fluorochlorohydrocarbons (The precautions listed earlier in this chapter should be reviewed ) Detergent-and-water cleaning solutions can be considered for use in place of organic solvents Benzene can be replaced by toluene in most lacquers, synthetic-rubber solutions, and paint removers Natural rub ber cements with aliphatic hydrocarbon solvents can perform virtually the same function as benzene cements The felt-hat industry has controlled the hazard of mercuriahsm by substituting mercury-free carrotmg materials Foundries using parbng compounds that contain free silica can mini mize the silicosis hazard by subsbtuting relabvely harmless powders Sandstone grinding wheels have been largely replaced by artificial abrasive wheels usually made of aluminum oxide Changing the process A change m process often offers an ideal chance to improve working condibons Most such changes, of course, are made to improve quality or reduce cost of producbon, only occasionally to improve the in-plant environ ment Yet, we must always keep this possible benefit in mind This applies to the safety professional more than anyone else In some cases, a process can be modified to reduce the exposure to a dust or fume and thus markedly reduce the hazard In the automobile industry, the amount of lead dust created by grinding solder seams with small high-speed sanding disks was greatly reduced by changing to hand filing Brush-painbng or dipping instead of spray painting will mini mize the concentrabon of airborne contam inants from toxic pigments Other examples of change of process are arc welding in place of riveting, vapor degreasing to replace hand washing of parts, airless spraying techniques and electrostatic devices to minimize over spray as replacements for hand-spraying, and machme apphcabon of lead oxide to battery grids which reduced lead exposure in making storage batteries In buving individual machines, the need for accessory ventilabon, noise suppression, vibration and heat control should be con sidered before purchase Often the best ap proach is to thrash out these requirements with the supplier in advance Isolation or enclosure Some potentially dangerous operabons can be isolated from the people nearby, which solves the exposure problem The isolation can be by a physical barrier (such as an acoustic box to contain noise from a whining blower or a screaming np saw), or by time (such as providing semi-automabc equipment so a person doesn't have to stay near the noisy machine constantly), or by distance (remote controls) Isolation is particularly useful for limited operabons requiring relabvely few workers or wheie control by any other method is too difficult or too expensive The job is iso lated from the rest of the operabon and thus the majority of the workers are not exposed to the hazard The workers actually con cerned with the operabon can then be pro tected by installing a ventilabon system which probably would not have been satisfactory if the operabon had not been isolated and thus able to be enclosed Enclosing the process or equipment is a desirable method of control since the en closure will prevent or minimize the escape 1085

You mention certain unusual features of lead exposure in this case, and that in Cincinnati you are now analyzing data that has been collected.

Manfred Sawditch Director of Sesltli and Safety Lead Industries Association U2Q Lexington Avenue Hew York 17, Usw York l$r dear Manfred: October 8, 195k You, asked ma to send you a note on the subject of the Sagla-Picher Company warning labels for lead products.

VC lead man la responsible. 7.

9--Safety Training from the conferees, and sum up their conclu sions As is desirable in a participation class, the number of people in a conference group should be small enough that free discussion can occur The leader's part is mainly that of asking questions that will provoke thinking and dis cussion Learning can take place in a con ference if the conferees have a background of experience that enables them to discuss the subject intelligently Problem-solving conferences Since a conference is a device for getting a job done, it is particularly useful in an area like safety where many people are involved A conference yields big returns in education for all who participate, even though its im mediate purpose is to solve a current prob lem, not merely a hypothetical one Frequently, the safety professional has prob lems relating to the operation of the safety program which he needs to discuss with pro duction supervisors The problem may have to do with the occurrence of a number of similar accidents, with some new feature of the safety program, with a new type of work to be undertaken, with a method of operation or plan to be worked out, or with any other subject in which both the foremen and the safety department are mterested To find a solution to the problem, the safety professional may call a conference with a group of super visors The conference leader should be familiar with the relationships of the members of the conference and with the general area of the subject matter It is of the utmost importance that the leader and members of the conference know the scope and limitations of what they are expected to do If, for example, a conference is called to decide how to put into practice a policy or a directive that has been issued, the members should understand that it is not within their authority to have the policy or directive changed If they meet to discuss improvement of procedures for the elimination of a hazard, they should know whether or not they may consider extensive alternations of buildings and installation of new machinery If they do not know the limitations within which they must work, then the conference 208 becomes a source of dissatisfaction and frus tration or is regarded as simply play-acting If the job of a conference group is to recom mend action and they do recommend action, they should, of course, know what becomes of their recommendation Often, however, a conference group will discuss a matter that affects only the members, in which case theu conclusions are drawn for their own guidance This is probably the most usual and most satisfactory kind of con ference Conference leading Every safety professional and supervisor should attempt to become a skilled conference leader Since such skdl comes mainly from practice, he should accept opportunities for holding conferences even if he has not had a great deal of experience The applicabon of good sense and an understanding of what a conference is supposed to accomplish wall go far toward making the conference successful The sequence of conference leading is as follows 1 The leader states the problem 2 He attempts to break the problem into segments to keep the discussion orderly 3 He encourages free discussion 4 He makes sure that members have given adequate consideration to all the signifi cant points raised 5 He notes any conclusions that are reached 6 He states the final conclusion in such a way that it truly represents the findings of the group One who attends many conferences has opportunities to observe examples of success ful and unsuccessful conference leading This should help him when he assumes the role of conference leader The new leader should also seek help from training people and others who may give him sound advice on making his conferences productive Misuse of the conference method If a conference leader, in his eagerness to get across his ideas or in order to cover ground quickly, departs from true conference pro cedures and steers the discussion in the way

Standard) Marine Paints Mantle Dips Fabrikoid Metal Preservative Paint Metal Lacquer Motor Fabrikoid Mdl White Q Nitre Cake Rayntite Fabrikoid Auto Top Railway Paints Pariodion Material Red Lead Patent Leather Solutions Rug Anchor Q Shellac Q Pegamoid Aluminum Paint Shoe Fabrikoid Name............. ....... ..... ..... ................

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Laboratories at Carshalton, has informed me that a joint report on the comparative studies that they have been doing with TetraEthyl Lead and TetraMethyl Lead will be published in the British Journal of Industrial Medicine and I shall arrange to have a. copy of this forwarded to you when it becomes available.

.-2. ' 3 .4 5 . .. ' 6 Results Analysis Number 58A-8395 58A-8396 58A-8397 58A-8398 58A-8399 58A-8400 Weight Grams 10.1 10.0 10.1 10.0 10.0 10.0 Lead PPM 1.4 1.2 1.4. 13.2 Reported: 1-15-59 IM TERP RE TATION Th e lead con ten t of each of sam p le s 1 th rou gh 5 is h igh er th an we w ould exp ect it to be in fr e sh , clean , u n con tam in ated gr ain , by a fac t o r of 5 to 6.

Laboratories at Carshalton, has informed me that a joint report on the comparative studies that they have been doing with TetraEthyl Lead and TetraMethyl Lead will be published in the British Journal of Industrial Medicine and I shall arrange to have a copy of this forwarded to you when it becomes available.

Lead was quantitated in the blood and urine of these patients.

- Le fe e l c e r t a i n th at, t h i s w i l l g iv e us s u ffic ie n t In form ation to fo llo w th e h e a lt h p ic t u r e of th e Tetra- t h yl Lead gr ou p .