TECHNICAL COMMUNICATION -- 32nd Annual Meeting FUai lor th* Jum 1966 WT pnhUettios INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE HIGHLIGHTS or* diacuiaal by Editor Laittr V.

Industrial Hygiene Digest August. 1967 7 I ^ To Upgrade Graduate Biomedical Studies.

Ionizing Radiation given off per unit time and weight is small The radionuclides with short half-lives, on the other hand, will give off large amounts of radiation per unit time If the half-life of one radionuclide is known to be thousands of years and that of another to be tenths of a second, for the same "freshness" and same starting weight of materials, the former will give off a small amount of radiation and the latter a tremendous amount in the same time interval The kinds of radiation emitted and their energy and relative abundance are constant for each particular radionuclide Such prop erties of many radionuclides are yet to be established precisely but those of many are well known and published (See Seaborg's "Table of Isotopes" listed under "Refer ences ") As a general rule, if a known radionuclide is present, the kind ol radiation, the energy of the radiation, the decav chains or daugh ter products, and the time necessary to reach a certain level of radiation can be predicted Conversely, if an unknown radionuclide is present, sufficient measurements will lead to precise identification ol the radionuclide A known radionuclide of the element iron is chemically the same as its nonradtoactive counterpart, stable iron, so some of it can be mixed with the nonradioactive iron and fol lowed in a process (or a corrosion test) to determine what is happening to it Persons working with certain radioactive materials can easily detect the presence of the radioactive materials m minute amounts In the case of a radionuclide which has a very short half-life and which is disintegrating rapidly, the weight of the material may be verv minute but the number of particles being emitted per unit time from the material may be very great The statement that the acceptable breath ing levels of some materials are literally in terms of disintegrating atoms per dap im plies that these materials are extremely toxic They are, hut as a general rule the> arc still measurable and quicklv detectable Many toxic (but not radioactive) materials are used routinely in industry, and it may take hours or days to evaluate the extent of the risk Radionuclides, in contrast, usually can be readily detected with appropriate instru ments Guide level concentrations may be found in Handbook 69 published by the National Bureau of Standards Units of radiation measurement Radiation may be expressed m several different units The International Commis sion of Radiological Units and Measurements (ICRU) issued a report m 1962 defining units and measurements (See U S Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D C Radiation Quantities and Units Handbook 84 Nov 1962 See also National Safety Council Industrial Data Sheets Nos 461 and 475, Beta Ray Sealed Sources and X-Rays in Industry ) Some of these units follow Activity is used for the nuclear transfor mation rate and the "curie" (c) was made its unit The curie is defined as 37,000,000,000 nuclear disintegrations per second It is a unit of activity, not a unit of quantity of a nuclide Formerly, it was customary' to say "Y curies of phosphorous-32 were used It is still permissible to say this, but it is pre ferred to use the longer form which is now correct "A quantity ol P-32 was used whose activity was Y curies " Exposure" is a measure of the ability of X and gamma rays to produce ionization m air The exposure is "the quotient of AQ hv AM where A Q is the sum of the electrical charges on all the ions of one sign produced in air when all the electrons (negatrons and positrons) liberated by photons in a volume element of air whose mass is AM are com pletely stopped in air " The special unit of exposure is the roent gen (R) It is a measure of the X ray or gamma radiation that will produce 2 58 x 10-4 cou lombs per kilogram of air (This unit is nu merically equal to the old one defined as "one electrostatic unit of charge per 0 001293 gram of air') To define a quantits which could be more directly correlated with the local biological and chemical effects of radiation, the ICRU has recommended the quantitv absorbed dose " A special unit of absorbed dose is the "rad " One rad is approximately equal to the absorbed dose delivered when soft tissue is exposed to one roentgen of medium voltage X radiation It is equivalent in en- 1446

1969 National Safely Congress Marathon Rubber Products Co., Box 448, Wausau, Win. 54401 Industrial first aid kits and supplies.

PLAINTIFFS EXHIBIT JM 1096 ____ Mr.

changes occur which are likely to affect the asbestos concentration.

Engineering Material Specification Material N*m Specification Number SEALER, ENGINE AND CHASSIS - HEAVY 8EALER, ENGINE AND CHASSIS - MEDIUM SEALER, ENGINE AND CHASSIS - LIGHT Jlrl jt E / ESE-M4GU4-A ESE-M4G11S-A ESB-M4G11S-A 1.

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PLAINTIFF'S EXHIBIT MAR 000827 &.<** - ...... " S' LAM'D16836 1966 ANNUAL REPORT MONSANTO COMPANY FINANCIAL HIGHLIGHTS (Dollars in Millions, Except Per Share Figures) Earnings a Share...........................................................

314 1 Sayers 2 BY MR.

JON* 17, 1967 LEADING ARTICLES THE LANCET 1311 Control of the Asbesto* Hazard the Ministry of Labour has been seeking to improve In his Rode Carting Manorial Lecture last week on conditions for a very long time; and much credit for the the prevention of cancer Dr.

Atwc/uconRELINED BRAKE SHOES WHh <m|5> ye* Moke end Model Old No.

Air Hygiene & Manufacturing Committee June k, 1964 Barbizon-Plaza Hotel, New York, N.Y. 9*30 A.M. to 5:00 P.M.

DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION UNION CARBIDE CHEMICALS COMPANY Division of UNION CARBIDE CORPORATION SPECIFICATIONS VAN-JR1 For Underground Cast Iron Pipe Lines Using "Snap-Look" Method of Joint Restraint September 1961 SOUTH CHARLESTON WEST VIRGINIA PLAINTIFFS EXHIBIT ,eo UCASB00242901 WV-17823 Number VM-JR1 3Date .

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