Copyright 1966, by American C onference of Governmental Industrial H ygienists.

* I PLEAXINHTIBIFITFS 1 BEA-73 1967 Annual Report ' CIAL ^STATEMENTS --4 4,* L' Kovioers Comoany.

Lead ing manufacturers introduced kitchen ranges with Hercuvit tops in 1968.

bcsi3 I2fbrsl2 sll- ujtlisvf *OiV->0 lj. inj*t fcouJald 1 .veil ne upsV ix io t o -.C srt lead jl vit acic bas aoctaul zLI ob<& io vncg i>ih'f z ni intoc OS &3l"U tLcpC ^oiUiK iadoiltodrw zonulao' .rso oyciq fid nosot sn art binjjJJJA 0oa.'

;^c 2 7 '9^ INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE FOUNDATION OF AMERICA, Inc.

Liquid Red lead (modified)................

* I PLEAXINHTIBIFITFS 1 BEA-73 1967 Annual Report ' CIAL ^STATEMENTS --4 4,* L' Kovioers Comoany.

Robert Murfin is Chairman of IDCNA's Committer on Appren- ticeship Training and a member of IDCNA's Board of Directors rep- resenting SWICA Bob is Executive Vice President of & Engineering Houston Texas with special responsibilities for thedevelopment of insulations coatings and allied products He is also responsible for the company's manufacturing and contracting operations and recently assumed the additional duties of Manager of Marketing on a nation wide basis He is presently Chairman of the Joint Apprenticeship Committee for the Houston area and was instru mental in initiating a workable ap- prenticeship training program in the Houston area which is being used as a guide for estoblishing similar pro- grams in other parts of the country In addition Bob is Chairmon of SWICA's SWICA's Apprenticeship Commit- Treasurer of the Houston Insulation Contructors As- sociation and has served US SWICA's Convention Chairman and as Chairman of the Equal Employ- ment Opportunity Committee His wife Kathleen is working working towardher toward toward her her PhDPhDPhD PhD PhD PhD at RRiicece UniversityUniversity University They have one They have one son son Preface When contractors think of apprenticeship they usually think in terms of training the men so they can get out and properly put on the insulation Our ap renticeship than limited experience with apprenticeship leads me to believe thata great deal more this goal can be accomplished This article will therefore be concerned with not only the direct and obvious advantages of apprentice- ship but also those peripheral and less commonly conunion sidered benefits for the individual worker the and the contractor which normally are dorived from an apprenticeship program Very few products services and ideas spring spring spring spring spring spring spring spon- spon- spon- spon- taneously imo being unless there is a existing need for such a product service or idea While it has been recognized that there is a general need for trained personnel in our industry the need has been stated frequently in terms of eliminating the problem of inadequate manpower rather than increasing the productivity of the manpower available Predicating the need for training program within such a frame of reference indicates to me that contrac- tors and our industry in general acknowledge that certain management problems exist but the extent to which these problems currently affect our industry and will affect it in the future is not widely understood To elucidate consider that during the past five years years the use of insulated piping and equipment has in- creased by one hundred percent or more each year This piping and equipment is seldom handled by asbestos workers and such projects rarely call for the services of an insulation contractor In the past five years the use of traditional insulating materials as a roof substrata has increased by over one thousand materials percent These are seldom handled by asbestos workers and once Tractor's services are not called two examples progress but of what technically from the insulation would contractors called and insulators viewpoint represent an attrition of our area of operation It is because we are living in an era of 12 12 THE IDCNA OUTLOOK 12 12 advancing technology with its resulting sociological readjustments that the insulation contracting industry both contractors and applicators must adopt a plan to facilitate the orderly transferral of their services from what we would call the traditional areas of insula- tion to those more technologically sophisticated areas that are now being usurped by others Obviously one portion of this plan must be the training of men in the use of new techniques and new materials if we are to retain the markets we now have and expand them when the products we market find acceptance in new areas of application It might be helpful to investigate the history of our industry the union with which we principally deal and that form of training which we call apprenticeship History of Apprenticeship Apprenticeship in its primitive form is the oldest known method of transferring craft or professional knowledge from one generation to the next The earli- est known record of apprenticeship is found in the Babylonian code of Hammurahi formulated in 2100 B.C.

Puerto Rican's lead cl vinyl chloride monomer is transferred to the refrigerated storage tanks in the background.

Asbestos, lead and vinyl chloride are well documented causes of family and community disease

The chemical industp' ranked fourth among the five leading industries-- electric utilities ($1.4 billion), petrole um ($600 million), nonferrous metals ($500 million), and paper ($400 mil lion)--in spending for air and water prepared to testify on the need for such winter, and the results were released legislation.

Since the inrush alternating current may be several timi the holding current, it is meaningless to check the voltage at the coil leads when only holding current is being supplied.

SILICOSIS Because of the predominance of silica in the earth's crust it is natural that silicosis should constitute an important occupational chest disease Of the more than 3,000 known minerals more than 500 are compounds of silica It is indeed fortunate that many of these naturally occurring varieties of silica as well as the element silica are biologically inert It should however be cautioned that epidemiologic surveys and experi mental inquiry have concerned themselves with fewer than 10 per cent N of these substances In recent years numerous synthetic siliceous sub- stances have been introduced _ Fs sete Many theories of the biological action of SiO have been suggested eg a the mechanical injury concept which presumed that angular quartz particles can lacerate vital cell components b the solubility theory silicic acid being presumed to be the pathogen c the polymerization theory the slow formation of polysilicic acid being invoked to explain the retarded development of silicotic nodules d the piezoelec trie theory based on the assumption that the known piezoelectric forces characteristic of quartz may cause local tissue injury e the sated valency theory which postulates the existence of a layer reactive SiO molecules at the fracture angles of quartz partic ; f the colloidal silica theory which is based on the concept that the crystalline quartz particle is covered with a film of toxic colloidal field s^>licag the protein denaturing theory which postulates that the physi- cal the surface of the quartz particle induces organic chemical 44 406 Occupational Chest Diseases Asbestosis is provoked wherever _ exposures However in textile industries there appears to be a greater prevalence of severe disease In contrast with silicosis the asbestotic reaction in the lung is excited not by minute particles but by relatively long fibers Thus if asbestos be pulverized to particles no longer than 3 microns very little disease develops and the process advances much more slowly than when the aerosol contains a predominance of fibers of 10 to 50 microns Again if the fibers are introduced into the lung in a high caliber form e.g. conjoined multiple fibrils less disease results than when the individual fibers are split into their component fibrils of sub- micron caliber Asbestosis is essentially an interstitial pulmonary lesion in which all component tissues are involved with focal emphasis of the process The lesions range in severity from mere alveolar mural cellular infiltration of a microscopic nature not detectable by radiography or even on gross anatomical examination to massive consolidation with associated vascu lar occlusion bronchiectasis and carcinomatosis , The interstitial lesions result after fine short fibers have been ingested by phagocytes and transferred into the lymphatic channels of the alveo lar septa Here fibrocytes proliferate new capillaries form and reticulin collagen and new elastic fibers are laid down This type of lesion cannot readily be distinguished from other interstitial pneumonitides unless the asbestos fibrils are detected by oil immersion or electron microscopy Rarely some of these fibrils will be rendered obvious by conversion into an asbestos body through proteinaceous encapsulation and ferrous pig mentation If the disease remains limited to this stage disability may remain limited being merely due to increased work of breathing With extension of the process three major complications arise There may be progressive invasion of venous adventitia with perivascular fibrosis intimal hyperplasia and ultimately occlusion of the vascular lumen Relatively large venous channels may become involved but arteries tend to escape early damage This obstruction to the venous channels leads to progressive elevation of pulmonary tension and marked cor pulmonale Heart failure is the usual cause of death in these cases The asbestotic origin of the venous obstruction is readily proven by demonstrating the asbestos fibers in the peri- and endovascular granula- tion tissue Perl's stain often is sufficient for this purpose as it will demon strate the presence of iron deposits in the protein sheaths around the asbestos fibers Another tale feature consists of the deposition of abundant perivascular elastic laminae and fibers While the stage of the alveolar mural invasion is not radiographically- radiographicalydetectable except for blurring of lesser pulmonary markings the stage of perivenous fibrosis is characterized on the ray by the development of a coarse web and the effacement of the normal vascular pattern The Occupational Chest Diseases 407 extent of the latter damage is often underestimated until angiography are resorted to tomography or Massive fibrosis tends to which are in constant develop mainly in the parts of the lung agitation such as the lung apex the matic zone of the basal lobes and the supradiaphrag consolidation is effected cardiac components The by progressive interstitial invasion atelectasis trapping of fibers within alveolar them and spaces where phagocytes surround on both organization sides of the takes place and by abundant pleural thickening lamina elastica In these zones so complete that all semblance of carnification is often pletely lost Major blood vessels pulmonary architectonics is com which reveal their elastic can only be identified by elastic stains skeletons Radiographically these consolidated zones spreading opacities along the present as diffuse and and on either side of the upper mediastinum above the diaphragm heart whose silhouette becomes blurred the called shaggy heart feature Calcification zones may occur in these dense tioSnymunplteosmsatthiecraellisy mtahrekseedpatients usually are merely dyspnoeic on exer- accompanying vascular obstruction In such cases pulmonale will be the usually small and immobile predominating lesion The thorax is while breath sounds vocal fremitus and resonance are markedly impaired over the affected and bronchiolitis are not zones Bronchitis common in asbestosis though some of these air passages may become involved in the granulomatous reaction cystic bronchiectasis Adanced distortion of the may develop as a result of the fibrotic some fluid lung At first there is mere bronchial distension and or mucus may become trapped in the dilated ducts infection supervenes with all the attendant Later ing chronic suppurative bronchiectasis Tihneflammatory processes lead- differ do not much from symptoms in these cases that conventional varieties of bronchiectasis hemoptysis is less common and cor except Tuberculosis may occur in asbestotic pulmonale develops early subjects but is not more among these than it is in the general population prevaThe lesions not any more severe than those are a the fibrous barriers caused by the uassubaelsltyossiesen and often are limited by relationship Pulmonary carcinoma has been observed with high frequency_in frequency_in employees asbestos industry that a causal relationship accepted by most authorities Indeed has been pensable as an pulmonary pulmonary carcinoma is com- Africa Most of tohcecupcaatricoinnaomlatdaisaeraese in England Germany and South mesort^'esiolomais also squamous cell epitheliomata Pleural Since the quite prevalent especially in crocidolite industries neoplasm lymphatic lymphatic system is not completely destroyed in asbestosis sive interstitimaal yfisbrporseiasd dTihfifsusdeloyesthnrootughout the lung in spite of exten- readily occur in silicosis 470 Occupational Chest Diseases In industries in which asbestos is handled extensively warts are not uncommonly experienced at points of cutaneous friction e.g. hands collar belt cuff zones Many of these acanthotic lesions are indistinguishable from benign warts but occasionally the tale causative asbestos fibers are identifiable Later these warts if left untreated have a strong tendency to progress to malignant anaplasia They should therefore be radically extirpated as soon as they are identified Important features in all cases of asbestosis are the existence of a lag period before the onset of the symptoms and the inexorable progression of the disease despite cessation of dust exposure There is evidence to support the view that the first few years of exposure to asbestos fibers are as important determinants of the final outcome as are most of the remaining years of exposure Thus in one verified case a single month of exposure to asbestos dust in a textile plant in one country was followed thirty years later in another country by fulminating fatal asbestosis The intervening period was one of good health and no further asbestos dust exposure

If we extrapolate the results ol this experiment to a dose of 20 mg. we find that for both dusts this would lead to a higher rate of mesotheliomas than actually occurred in experiment A, the difference being significant for chrysotile but not for crocidolite.

Tis is a leading, fully-integrated manufacturer ana distributor of a wiae range of forest ana related products. ' it adds, after a nod to the Company's distribution network.