AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE 42:8797 (2002) Leukemia in Relation to Occupational Exposures to Benzene and Other Agents: A Case-Control Study Nested in a Cohort of Gas and Electric Utility Workers Pascal Guenel, MD, PhD,1 Ellen Imbernon, MD,2 Anne Chevalier, PhD,3 Anne Crinquand-Calastreng, MD,1 and Marcel Goldberg, MD, PhD1 Background Many occupational and environmental exposures have been implicated in the etiology of leukemia, but only a few, such as benzene, are well-established leukemogens.

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Annual Enforcement Report Fiscal Year 2009 Enforcement Division Office of Compliance and Enforcement Texas Commission on Environmental Quality November 2009 The electronic annual enforcement report is available on the TCEQ's Web Page at http://www.tceq.state.tx.us/compliance/enforcement/reports/AER/annenfreport.html Table of Contents Introduction.............................................................................................................vii Glossary of Abbreviations for Programs........................................................................viii Executive Summary...................................................................................................ix The Environmental Tool Box.....................................................................................1-1 Pollution Prevention Through Technical Assistance..............................................1-1 Table 1-1: Technical Assistance Activities................................................1-2 Figure 1-1: Pounds of VOCs Reduced thru Technical Assistance.................1-3 Table 1-2: Event Coordination and Education Activities..............................1-3 Assistance to Small Businesses and Local Governments......................................1-4 Table 1-3: Small Business and Local Government Assistance Activities.........1-5 Figure 1-2: Multi-Media Site Visits & Resulting C2 Partnerships...................1-5 Investigations and Enforcement Policy...............................................................1-6 Figure 1-3: Routine Investigations..........................................................1-8 Figure 1-4: Complaints Investigated.......................................................1-8 Figure 1-5: Notices of Violation Issued....................................................1-9 Figure 1-6: Summary of Texas Environmental, Health, and Safety Audit Privilege Act Statistics.................................................1-10 Table 1-4: Percent of Facilities Inspected by the TCEQ in Compliance.........1-11 Dollars and Sense...................................................................................................2-1 Figure 2-1: Total Number of Administrative Orders Issued by Fiscal Year................2-1 Figure 2-2: Number of Administrative Orders Issued by Media and FY....................2-2 Table 2-1: Summary of Administrative Penalties and SEPs by Fiscal Year...............2-3 Figure 2-3: Penalties and SEPs in Administrative Orders Issued............................2-4 Table 2-2: Summary of Civil Judicial Order Penalty Amounts and SEPs...................2-6 The Criminal Element..............................................................................................3-1 Table 3-1: Summary of Criminal Investigation Information by Fiscal Year.................3-1 Comparative Analysis of Performance.........................................................................4-1 i Figure 4-1: Percent of Orders Issued by Media Type...........................................4-1 Figure 4-2: Percent of Industry Types with Orders Issued.....................................4-2 Figure 4-3: Percent of Industry Types with Previous Orders Issued.........................4-3 Figure 4-4: Percent of Industry Types with Same or Similar Violations.....................4-4 Figure 4-5: Size of Regulated Entities with Administrative Orders Issued.................4-5 Table 4-1: Percent of Citations in Orders Issued.................................................4-6 Figure 4-6: Percent of Most Frequently Cited Rules or Statutes by Media Type.........4-7 Figure 4-7: Severity of Violations Included in Orders Issued...................................4-8 Assessment of Emissions Events...............................................................................5-1 Background.................................................................................................5-1 Rule Revisions.............................................................................................5-1 Data from FY 2008 and FY2009.......................................................................5-2 Reported Incidents........................................................................................5-3 Figure 5-1: Reported Incidents..............................................................5-4 Total Quantity of Emissions..............................................................................5-5 Figure 5-2: Total Quantity of Emissions....................................................5-6 Overall Trend in Reported Emissions..................................................................5-7 Figure 5-3: Overall Trend in Reported Emissions........................................5-8 Major Contaminants Released...........................................................................5-8 Figure 5-4: Major Contaminants Released................................................5-9 Top 5 Contributing Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) Codes.........................5-10 Figure 5-5: Contributing SIC Codes......................................................5-11 Quantity of Contaminants by SIC Code............................................................5-12 Figure 5-6: Quantity of Contaminants by SIC Code..................................5-13 Highly Reactive Volatile Organic Compounds (HRVOCs).....................................5-14 Figure 5-7: HRVOCs..........................................................................5-15 Investigation and Enforcement of All Incidents.....................................................5-16 Figure 5-8: Investigation & Enforcement of All Incidents............................5-17 Emissions Events Investigations........................................................................5-18 Figure 5-9: Emissions Events Investigations...........................................5-19 Excessive Emissions Events.............................................................................5-20 Figure 5-10: Excessive Emissions Events..............................................5-21 Table 5-1: FY 2009 Total Number of Incidents Reported.....................................5-22 Table 5-2: FY 2009 Total Quantity of Air Contaminants (pounds) Reported.............5-23 ii Table 5-3: FY 2009 Total Quantity of Air Contaminants (pounds) Reported, Listed by Air Contaminant.............................................................................5-24 Table 5-4: FY 2009 Total Number of Incidents Reported by SIC Code...................5-25 Table 5-5: FY 2009 Total Quantity of Air Contaminants by Source Category...........5-26 Table 5-6: FY 2009 Total Quantity of HRVOCs Emitted......................................5-27 Table 5-7: FY 2009 Agency Response to Maintenance, Shutdown, Startup and Opacity Incidents, Listed by Region.................................................................5-28 Table 5-8: FY 2009 Agency Response to Emissions Events, by Region.................5-29 Table 5-9: FY 2009 Agency Response to Incidents Listed by Incident Type............5-30 Results of Enforcement Actions..................................................................................6-1 Figure 6-1: Impact Analysis of Administrative and Civil Judicial Orders....................6-2 Figure 6-2: Results of Administrative and Civil Judicial Orders Permitting and Process Changes......................................................................6-3 Figure 6-3: Results of Administrative and Civil Judicial Orders Clean Up, Monitoring, and Recordkeeping Requirements......................................6-4 Figure 6-4: Results of Administrative and Civil Judicial Orders Pollution Prevention.......................................................................................6-5 Table 6-1: Twenty-Five Largest Estimated Pollutant Reductions from Orders Issued..6-6 Tables Table Descriptions .................................................................................................T-1 Table T-1A: Total Investigations Conducted Fiscal Year 2009 (9/1/2008 8/31/2009)..........T-3 Table T-1B: On-site Investigations Conducted Fiscal Year 2009 (9/1/2008 8/31/2009).......T-4 Table T-2A: Total Investigations Conducted Fiscal Year 2008 (9/1/2007 8/31/2008)..........T-5 Table T-2B: On-site Investigations Conducted Fiscal Year 2008 (9/1/2007 8/31/2008).......T-6 Table T-3A: Total Investigations Conducted Fiscal Year 2007 (9/1/2006 8/31/2007)..........T-7 Table T-3B: On-site Investigations Conducted Fiscal Year 2007 (9/1/2006 8/31/2007).......T-8 Table T-4A: Total Investigations Conducted Fiscal Year 2006 (9/1/2005 8/31/2006)..........T-9 Table T-4B: On-site Investigations Conducted Fiscal Year 2006 (9/1/2005 8/31/2006).....T-10 Table T-5A: Total Investigations Conducted Fiscal Year 2005 (9/1/2004 8/31/2005)........T-11 Table T-5B: On-site Investigations Conducted Fiscal Year 2005 (9/1/2004 8/31/2005).....T-12 Table T-6: Total Investigations Conducted Fiscal Year 2004 (9/1/2003 8/31/2004)..........T-13 Table T-6: On-site Investigations Conducted Fiscal Year 2004 (9/1/2003 8/31/2004)......T-14 iii Table T-7: Complaints Investigated Fiscal Year 2009 (9/1/2008 8/31/2009)...................T-15 Table T-8: Complaints Investigated Fiscal Year 2008 (9/1/2007 8/31/2008)...................T-16 Table T-9: Complaints Investigated Fiscal Year 2007 (9/1/2006 8/31/2007)...................T-17 Table T-10: Complaints Investigated Fiscal Year 2006 (9/1/2005 8/31/2006)..................T-18 Table T-11: Complaints Investigated Fiscal Year 2005 (9/1/2004 8/31/2005)..................T-19 Table T-12: Complaints Investigated Fiscal Year 2004 (9/1/2003 8/31/2004)..................T-20 Table T-13: Notices of Violation Issued (Mailed) from Regional Offices Fiscal Year 2009 (9/1/2008 8/31/2009)..........................................................T-21 Table T-14: Notices of Violation Issued (Mailed) from Regional Offices Fisc

Toxicogenomics | Article Mechanisms of Benzene-Induced Hematotoxicity and Leukemogenicity: cDNA Microarray Analyses Using Mouse Bone Marrow Tissue Byung-IL Yoon,1 Guang-Xun Li,1 Kunio Kitada,2 Yasushi Kawasaki,1 Katsuhide Igarashi,1 Yukio Kodama,1 Tomoaki Inoue,2 Kazuko Kobayashi,2 Jun Kanno,1 Dae-Yong Kim,3 Tohru Inoue,4 and Yoko Hirabayashi1 1Division of Cellular and Molecular Toxicology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan; 2Kamakura Research Labs, Chugai Pharmaceutical, Co., Ltd., Kamakura, Japan; 3Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; 4Biological Safety and Research Center, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan Although the mechanisms underlying benzene-induced toxicity and leukemogenicity are not yet fully understood, they are likely to be complicated by various pathways, including those of metabolism, growth factor regulation, oxidative stress, DNA damage, cell cycle regulation, and programmed cell death.

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