SCF-ALLF-01672 ' < } I.

fnJaitrlil Hy|pBt Dl;t February. 1956' 278 Direct Photomicrography of Air Bone Particles.

19 and the course of the individual's health status or the cause of his death Although the data in these two instances were not exactly similar in form, the inclusion of records from the personnel department at As bestos covering employees who had retired, died or become disabled provided data sufficiently alike for the purpose of the study.

Construction Section worker in mind.

Disability Benefits Insurance Under the unemployment insurance laws of the country, most workers are afforded some income protection during periods of unemployment However, to be eligible for these benefits the worker must be ready, willing, and able to work Therefore, he cannot receive these benefits if disabled If a disability arose out of the and dunng the course of his employment, he may be entitled to workmen's compensation benefits, but no protection extends to off-the-job disability except under laws in four states or as may be provided under private insurance plans or employee welfare plans Aside from compulsory plans in effect in the four states, an increasing number of em ployers in recent years have installed private plans that give their employees some in demnity for loss of time due to nonoccupational disability Such plans are completely voluntary on the part of the employer or are entered into as a result of collective bargain ing between employers and employees or their trade union Where such group disability plans are in effect, they, together with state unemploy ment and workmen's compensation laws, af ford the worker with some protection against such major threats to his income-producing power as inability to work because he is disabled on the job or off it Although there have been extensive dis cussions in most states concerning compul sory plans covering employees against nonoccupational illnesses and accidents, to date only four states have enacted such legisla tion These states are New York, New Jer sey, Rhode Island, and California In California and Rhode Island, the em ployee pays all the costs of such plans In New York and New Jersey, the employer and the employee share the costs Three of these four states treat this insurance as a function of unemployment Only one.

Books and pamphlets Atomic Energy Commission, Office of Technical Services, Washington, D C Air Cleaning Seminar WASH-149, Sept 15-17, 1952 Ltvtng with Radiation--Fundamentals Safety and Fire Protection Branch, June 1959 PWR (Pressurized Water Reactor) Preoperational Radiation Monitoring Program WAPDCTA-1H-87 (Westmghouse Electric Co , Atomic Power, Div ) March 21, 1956 Living with Radiation, Part I "Fundamentals", Part II ` Fire and Emergency Problems " "Radiation in Perspective" (45 minute lecture by F L Brannigan on 16mm sound him, in color For loan (Film can be purchased of U S Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC) Radiation Safety and Major Activities in the Atomic Energy Programs, July-Dee 1956 Available U S Government Printing Office, Washington, D C , Jan 1957 Radioisotopes in World Industry TID-6613 (suppl 2) Available U S Department of Commerce, Office of Technical Services, Washington, D C 1962 Braestrup, C B , and H O Wyckoff Radiation Protection Springfield, III .CharlesC Thomas. 1958 Eisenbud, M Environmental Radioactivity New York, N Y McGraw-Hill Book Co , 1963 ENEA Symposium Personnel Dosimetry Techniques for External Radiation ENEA, Madrid, Spam (1963) Classtone, S Sourcebook on Atomic Energy Pnnceton, N J , D Van Nostrand and Co , 1958 Handloser, J S Health Physics Instrumentation New York, N Y , Pergamon Press, 1959 Junge, Christian E Air Chemistry and Radioactivity New York City, Academic Press, 1963 Lanel, L H,J H Pingel.J H Rust, editors Radiation Accidents and Emergencies in Medicine, Research, and Industry, Springfield, 111 , Charles C Thomas, (1965) National Committee on Radiation and Measurements Exposure to Radiation m an Emergency Chicago, 111, The University of Chicago, Department of Pharmacology, Section of Nuclear Medicine National Safety Council, 425 North Michigan Ave , Chicago, III 60611 Fundamentals of Industrial Hygiene Industrial Data Sheets Beta Ray Sealed Sources, 461 Sources of Information on Nuclear Energy, 446 X-Rays m Industry, 475 Manuals, handbooks, codes, and standards American Industrial Hygiene Association Respiratory Protective Devices Manual Ann Arbor, Mich , Brown Nrumfield, Inc , 1963 American Standards Institute, 1430 Broadwa), New York, N Y 10018 Definition of Radioactive Waste Categories, N5 8 Design Guide to a Radio-Isotope Laboratory (Type B), N5 2 Glossary of Terms in Nuclear Sctence and Technology, Nil Guide to Practice in Transportation of Source and Special Nuclear Material Before Irradia tion, N5 1 Immediate Evacuation Signal for Use in Industrial Installations Where Radiation Exposure May Occur, N2 3 Practice for Occupational Radiation Exposure Records Systems, N2 2 Radiation Protection in Nuclear Reactor Fuel Fabrication Plants, N7 2 Radiation Protection in Uranium Mines and Mills (Concentrators), N7 1 Radiation Symbol, N2 1 Safety Standard for Operation With Ftsstonable Materials Outside Reactors, N6 1 Atomic Energy Commission, Office ofTechmcal Services, Washington, D C General Handbook for Radiation Monitoring, 3rd ed Compiled and edited by J E Dummer, Jr LASL-1835, Nov 1958 1505

37--Industrial Hygiene Five basic safety factors Ionizing radiation can be a complex sub ject At the risk of over-simplifying some basic physical principles and ignoring others, the purpose of this chapter is to present enough information so the safety professional will realize the problems mvolved and know when to call upon radiation safety experts for help There are at least five basic factors that must be considered in such an approach to radiation safety Radioactive materials emit energy which can damage living tissue e There are five different lands of radio activity and there must be an understanding of their characteristics in order to recognize safety problems The types of ionizing radia tion with which we will be concerned are alpha, beta, X radiation (X ray), gamma, and neutrons Radioactive materials can be hazardous m two different ways Certain types can be hazardous even when located some distance away from the body These are external hazards Other types are hazardous only when they get inside the body by virtue of breathing, eating, or through broken skin These are referred to as internal hazards Tools are available for evaluating possible radiation hazards Meters or other devices are used for measuring radiation levels and estimating doses Specific guides and reference books Need for concern The first factor makes it necessary for peo ple to be concerned about ionizing radiation The fact that at the time of exposuie to ioniz ing radiation an individual is unable to sense the absorption of energy, with its related tissue damage, seems to give the hazard a mysterious qualitv which is frightening to some people This is unfortunate because many radioactive materials are far less hazardous to handle and use than is, for example, the family automo bile Nevertheless, radioactive materials emit en- 1060 Fic 37-9 --The penetrating power of alpha, beta, and gamma radiation Reprinted with permission from **Atomic Radiation*' <D 1957 by RCA Service Co, Inc ergy in the form of one or more of the five types of radiation noted previously This energy, when absorbed by living tissue, pro duces damage by a process called ionization To understand a little about ionization it is necessary to recall that the body is made up of vanous chemical compounds which are in turn composed of atoms Each atom has a nucleus with its own outer system of electrons When ionization occurs, some of the elec trons surrounding the atoms are forcibly ejected from their orbits The greater the exposure to ionizing radiation, the more elec trons displaced, and the more the physical damage to the cells containing the atoms that have lost electrons Incidentally, this is the reason why this type of radiation is referred to as "ionizing radiation " Light from the sun is very similar to X ray and gamma radiation, differing only m wave length and energy content (Fig 37-8) How ever, the sun's energy levels are too low to disturb orbital electrons and consequently light is not referred to as ionizing, even though it has enough energy to cause severe bums over a period of time The exact mechanism of the manner in which ionization affects body cells and tissue is complex However, just as with a moving automobile, radioactive matenals possess en-

. pijUNTiFFs*.isxiin9rr EXPOSURE THEORY APPLIED IN ASBESTOSIS CASES In Insurance Co. of North America v.

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^ A..- * ** ^ PLAINTIFF'S EXHIBIT July 31, 1951 K&UBiHUJM TDi ' J Mr.

ANNUAL REPORT INDUSTRIAL HEALTH BUREAU 1951 The Laboratory of Industrial Hygiene The services of the Laboratory offered to Group policyholders were discontinued on July 1, 1951.

& Copy LAINTIFF'S EXHIBIT MONSANTO CHEMICAL COMPANY TEXAS CITY, TEXAS JUly 10, 1959 Tos W.

Year 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 AMERICAN BRAKEBLOK DIVISION TOTAL SALES - NAPA DES MOINES Cubic Inches 517,800 509,600 340,600 333,600 298,400 647,100 918,900 1,073,100 1,018,000 1,356,900 1,226,100 990,625 1,209,483 731,254 Dollars $ 35,907 31,646 20,218 18,816 17,722 38,174 57,999 65,825 60,983 79,281 71,564 55,867 68,154 41,607 4, Selling Price Per MCI $ 69.24 62.11 59.73 56.77 58.86 58.34 63.18 61.81 60.07 59.14 59.29 58.21 58.38 58.56 SCI 02127