PAST OFFICERS American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers 1894 President--________________ ____Edward P.

Heating Systems Specialties Armstrong Machine Works 8S1 Maple Street, Three Rivers, Mich.

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More EQUIPMENT NEWS.

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TllIC MomArnnrllim ' on *4knowJ*clgmant that a Bill of Lading ha* baan ittuad and it not tho Original Bill Order \!

Ifiemoranqum ' on afiknowladgman* that a Bill of Lading he s boon issued and is not tho Original Bifil of Lading, nor a copy or duplicate, covering tho property named herein, and is intended Order ^'c 433985-072'`solely for tiling or record.

HIS /ViemorqnayinTLS iiammummJ ibU it on acknowledgment that a Bill of Lading he* boon istuod and it not tho Original Bill Ore of Lading, nor a copy or duplicate. covoring tho property named....h..e...r.o...i.n..,....a..n...d....i..t....i.n..t.e...n..d...e..d.

i nis memorandum of Lodinf ner a copv or duplicate, covering tt* 405613-036XL.* a*__________________I-------- it an acknowledgment that a till of lading has boon issued and it not tho Original Bill property nomad heroin, and it intended solely for filing or record.

rule, was passed in England The first com pensation act in Austria was passed about 1887, and the first one m England about 1897 In this country, as early as 1897, labor began advocating workmen's compensation legisla tion to replace the common law approach to liability The first compensation law in the United States was passed by the Federal Government in 1908 for its own employees The first state laws were approved a few years later The first laws ran into difficulty Thecourts held that neither the employer nor the em ployee had an option regarding coverage and that compelling an employer to pay without fault on his part violated the 14th Amendment to the Constitution of the United States, which prohibits taking a person's property without due process of law To overcome this difficulty, some states passed elective laws that granted both the employer and the employee the right to decide whether or not each wished to come under the act In some states, another type ofstatute called an elective presumptive act was passed Under such an act, the employer or employee is presumed to come under the act unless he files to the contrary pnor to the occurrence of an injury In 1917, the United States Supreme Court finally declared that a state may enact and enforce a workmen's compensation law under its power (to provide for the public health, safety, and welfare) without violating the 14th Amendment to the Constitution of the United States Many states then passed compulsory laws, compliance with which was mandatory for certain employments, with penalties imposed for noncomphance At the present time, compensation acts of one type or another are in effect in the fifty states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico There are also two Federal acts Purpose of laws One of the mam purposes of workmen's compensation laws was to eliminate the lia bility based solely on proof of the employer's negligence and to substitute for it a system of liability for accidents regardless of the em ployer's fault This change was intended to prevent the injured worker from becoming a public charge, who would have to be sup ported either by the taxpayers or by charitable organizations The principle underlying these laws was that liability for industrial accidents should be regarded as part of the cost of operating a business so that the cost of such accidents would be transferred from the worker and the employer to the consumer Under the compensation system, the em ployer surrendered his right to insist on proof of negligence and his right to interpose the common law defenses and accepted a certain but limited liability' without fault At the same time, labor surrendered its right to sue for unlimited damages and accepted a certain but limited liability of the employer This system eliminated speculation bargaining on damages Elements of Workmen's Compensation Laws State workmen's compensation acts gen erally cover accidental injuries arising out of and in the course of employment Since state acts vary, it is important to distinguish between accidental injury and disease In general, an accident may be defined as "a sudden and unexpected event, occurring at a definite time and place " In most laws, the term also includes any disease directly the result of, or a preexisting condition aggravated by, an accidental in jury An industrial disease contracted in dependently of an accidental injury is another consideration and usually is treated separately under the heading "occupational disease " The requirement m most laws that the injury "arise out of and m the course of employment" is interpreted differently in various jurisdictions The trend, however, has been to award benefits where there is a causal relationship between the injury and the employment, no matter how slight In some jurisdictions, an employee may forfeit his right to compensation or have his benefits for a compensable injury reduced by 'Discussion in this paragraph and in several preceding paragraphs adapted in part from Noel S Symons "Trends in Compensation Attitudes " The Monitor (Apnl 1952) 291

MINUTES of the TECHNICAL. 8c RESEARCH COMMITTEE MEETING Molded Section NATIONAL/ INSULATION MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION Chicago, 111.