Document zzwkvpGdzQpMN2RRX88QXnMbz

8325imreau of mines information circular ? EVALUATION OF DOMESTIC RESERVES AND POTENTIAL SOURCES OF ORES CONTAINING COPPER, LEAD, ZINC, AND ASSOCIATED METALS By F. D. Everett and H. J. Bennett ....... * '1 : - - t It t ' :r.` r UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BUREAU OF MINES 1967 N 27639 This publication has been cataloged as follows: Everett, Floyd Davis Evaluation of domestic reserves and potential sources of ores containing copper, lead, zinc, and associated metals, by F. D, Everett and H. J. Bennett. [Washington! U.S. Dept, of the Interior, Bureau of Mines [1967! 78 p. ijlus., cables. (0. S. Bureau of Mines, Information circu lar 8325) Includes .bibliography, 1. Mines and mineral resources. I. Bennett, H. J., jt. auth. II. Title, (Series) TN23.U71 no. 8325 622.06173 U. S. Dept, of the Int. Library For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 -- Price cents DUP040008940 EVALUATION OF DOMESTIC RESERVES AND POTENTIAL SOURCES OF ORES CONTAINING COPPER, LEAD, ZINC, AND ASSOCIATED METALS By F, D. Everett and H. j, Bennett * * * * ' * * * * . * information circular 8325 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Stewart L. Udall, Secretary BUREAU QF MINES Walter R. Hibbard, jr., Director DUP040008941 CONTENTS gage Abstcd,ctc 0 .0 0 0 d 0 0 0 0 * # 0 0 . .# 0 * * 0 * 0 * 0 0 0 * ..* 0 .# # * 0 * .# .# 0 x Introduction* * #*. *. o 9 .* * .0 * * * 0 0 * * . * * # .0 # jt 0000 040 .0*00 . . 2 Acknowledgiaent s....... History and production Copper........... Lead. I) * M ! 0 0 0 < Zinc. 0.;0 4 0*00000000* 0 0 < 4 .40 0 * 0 0 0 0 0 * .0 0 .0 0 0 0 0 4 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 4 ,0 0 .1 >' 0 4 0 4 0 0 .0 .0 0 > * 0 4 ,0 3 3 3 5 7 Gold####*< .> * # 0 0 0 0.0.< .0 .* 0 0 0..* 0 4 .0 0 .0 .0 0 0 0 4 SilVCr.#: I * , ' <0 0 0 4 0 0 .0 0 0 .0 0 0 ,0 0 0 .0 Ore reserves and potential resources of base metals*.*.,**.*. 9 11 13 .Defxnxtxons#.#*#**...*.....*..*.**#0*.#.. * .#.* 13' Cla ss ifxcatxon of ores. *. .0*0* #* ... #.,* 0** #., #*. #* *# * ** * * *... 14 Ores of base metals#0000..a.,..,#.#000.000*.000000c*.00*000.0000.000000 ,14 Copper * 0 00 0 * # 0.0 # # 0. # 0.0 0.0 0 0 - 0 0.0 0'.* * 0 * 0 # # .0 .# 0 .* a. .# 0 # .* 0 0 0 0 ,* 14 Lead and zxnc.* *0.* .<.!.# f..*,# 00*000 Mode df occurrence of base metals 15 15 . C upper* .# -0 0 0 0 # 0 0 0 # # * * # * .* 0.0 0 000 0 0.0 -0 .0 0 0 0 0 0,0 0 0 # 0 # .0 0 * 0 0 # Lead' and z.mc- * * * * * * * * # . * * .# .# * , # .* * * * * * *..* * * * * Compilation of reserves and potential resources,.0**0 Coicments on reserve data # * 0. # # * * .* * *.000 0 0**0 *. * . * #. *00 0000000 0 0 000*0 Copper # * * * *.# '* * * 0 * # # * # * * * * .# * 0 * 0 * # * 0.0 .* * 0 0 0 0 # * 0,# 0 * .* * .# * * .-* .* * .... * 15 16 16 22 22 Lead#'* * 00*0#000 A.#*#0.0 0000 *0 0.0, 0 9 0.0 99000.0 0 .0 909.0 0099090* .9 090^ ^IDLIilidlp' # ' 0 0 : .9 9' * ....*..^0... ....................... ....... ... 1 Coproducts and byproducts##* # . 0 0 0.9 ... .... .. 0 0 ,0 .0 0 0 0 0 0 '0 0 .0 ....... ,. . . -. . I Economic factors involving reserves and potential resources*...,*.,0 0000*0 Minip|| 0 0 .0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .0 . 0 , .0 0 0 -0 ,0 0 .0 0 .0 0 0 0 0 .* -0 0 0 0 V 0 0 0 0 0 .0 0 .0 0 0 0 0 .0 .... Transportation. . .... 25 28 28 30 30 32 .... 32 Base roetal production trends. . ............... ............... .. .< .... 36 Copper.......................................................................................................................... ...... . .... 36 Lead.............................................................. .... 36 7u me : ] |0j;4 * '# .# * 4 * * # * * 4 400 0 .0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 .0 0 0 0000 0 0 00 0 0 '0 0 0 0 0 .0 0 0 0 0 0 .0 0 0 0 -0 .0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Estxmated future consumption* ^i * * *** *..*, ** *.*.*. 43 Problems of the industry * *## 4**0 *.**** * .* * v** ******** * *# # 47 Pr ice of metals * 4 * * * * * * *. * > # . . ** * * * .* * .* 040 * * 4.8 Imports**............ . . . ..... ..... ..... . .... ...... ....... 49 Domestic competition* # # * ,# # # * ***. * . *. *0 0*0 . * 0. 53 Financing., * 0 * * * *# * * *.* .* * .* * * .* * * .# # * .# # 0 * * * .* * * * 0 0 .# # .* * :* * * # *.* * * 0 * # .# 54 Exploration* * .***# * # * * * * .* #..**# * * # . * * # * .* # *00 * * * #.# .*,# 0 .* # .* .# .* # # .# * * * 54 Mineralogy!* 0 * * *******00* * * 9**0 0 * *#*.*# #**40 *.* #** * * #.*. .*000 #** * * * .54 Mining..................................... .. ....................... 55 Minera. 1 {processing* * * * * * * * * * .*.# * *. # #- * .# * * * * * ,* : * * .. * *, * 55 Marketing****# * # #* * * * * * # , * # * # # # > * * * * # * * * * * 0 * * 56 References, * ................................ .***.**. 57 Hxb Ixcgraphy by areas*i #00*0*0., 0*#*000#0#.0.00#.* 0*00 .00.0 4 0*#00.0**0_0 0 #00 4.0 00 59 Area I.**..................................... ,.*..**.*******.*,***....**.... *.* 59 Area <H ,e0,*>e#0**iP0iRa0 0 00.e..e.04 i.*.>*e0*.0000#04e04 0 ***. # 62 Area 1XX*00000 #.*.** * *** **00 * ** **00 * 64 DUP040008942 ii COKtEHTS--Continued Area IV...*.., Area V..,..,j # Area VI .1. ... < Area VII.., Area VIII.., > . .* 4 Appendix. - Bureau of Mines resource offices! I . . * .* J* * - .#: 0 . contributing to this report., 66 69 73 75 76 78 IIiU$TRATIONS 1* Price, production, and consumption of copper in the United States, :138.5 to 1963 2, Price, production, imports, and consumption of lead in the United States, I83S to 1963. ................... ................ 6 3* Price, production, and consumption of zinc in the United States, 1885 tO 1963. ....... 8 4. Price, production, and source of gold in the United States, 1335 to 1.963 10 5. Price, production, and source of silver in the United States, . 1835 tO .19 6.3., m m .* 9 0 0 :m m .m m m * ^ 9 9 0 * * -9 m :m * .m t 6 Location of areas having copper-bearing occurrences p . 9 Jf m 12 23 7. Location of areas having lead-, zinc-, and silver-bearing . occur.r6nc6Sf 8 Location of base-metal smelting and refining plants with respect 24 to mainline fa Uroad service...................................... 37 9. General price and production trends for major copper-producing States, 1948 to 1963. 33 10* General price and production trends for major lead-producing State s, 1948 to 1963.............................39 11. Estimate of lead and zinc metal that could be produced from reserves and potential resources for various price levels............., 41 12. General price and production trends for major zinc-producing States, 1948 to 19 69!............ ........................... 42 13. Projection of domestic copper consumption through 1980.. 1 .. .1 44 14. Projection of domestic lead consumption through; 1980..... 45 15. Projection of domestic zinc consumption through 1980..... 46 16. Classification of copper reserves and potential resources and the associated silver in terms of the ratio of the appraised produc tion costs to the price of the recoverable metal..*....,.......... 47 17 Classification of lead reserves and potential resources and the associated silver in terms of the ratio of the appraised produc tion costs to the price of the recoverable metal................ 48 18, Classification of zinc reserves and potential resources and the dissociated silver in terms of the ratio of the appraised produc tion costs to the price of the recoverable metal...........,.*.. 49 DUF040008943 TABLES--Continued Page 26. Estimated tonnage of recoverable zinc in the United States by ore type,2.3 27, Estimate of gold and silver in base metal deposits df the United States...,...,.,,.....,.*....................... ................................................... .. 29 23. Direct mine operating costs for various mining methods, period 1955-59...................... ........................................................................................ 31 29, Estimated percent of base metal reserves and potential resources in the United States according to mining method.................... 31 30* Location, mode of occurrence, metals, and mining methods for base metal deposits in the United States.................. 33 31, Comparison of cost of transporting zinc contained in ore or concentrate to cost of transporting slab zinc......................<:36 32, Problems affecting potential resources of copper............ 50 33, Problems affecting potential sources of lead and zinc.................... 5.1 DUP040008944 XXX TABLES .1. Copper production and ranking by States,.., 2 Lead production and ranking by States.,,,.. 5 7 3. Zinc production and ranking by States...... 9 4. Gold production and ranking by States...... 11 .5. Silver production and ranking by States.... 6 Reserves and potential resources of coppers lead, zinc, silver, and 12 the. associated gold in deposits of the United States..*,*,.*.,*., 17 Reserves and potential resources of copper, lead, zinc, silver, and the associated gold in deposits of the States east of the Mississippi River......................................................... ............................... .... 17 Reserves and potential resources of copper, lead, zinc, silver, and the associated gold in deposits of Arkansas, Kansas, Missouri, Oklahoma, and Texas................................................................................................... 18 9. Reserves and potential resources of copper, lead, zinc, silver, and the associated gold in deposits of Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, . South Dakota, Utah, and Wyoming...................... 10 Reserves and potential resources of copper, lead, zinc, silver, and 1:8 . the associated gold in deposits of California and Nevada........... IS 11 Reserves and potential resources of copper, lead, zinc, silver, and the associated gold in deposits of Idaho, Montana, Oregon, and . Washington.................... ........................ ............................. 12 Potential resources of copper, lead, zinc, silver, and the 19 associated gold in deposits of Alaska.................................................... ,.,..19 13. Reserves and potential resources contained in copper deposits of the United States.......................................................... ....................................... .. 19 14.. Reserves and potential resources contained in lead deposits of the United States................................. ................................................... .. 20 15. Reserves and potential resources contained in zinc deposits of the United States,............................. ............................................... ................. .. . 20 16. Reserves and potential resources contained in copper-zinc deposits of the United States....,.................. ...................................................... 20 17. Reserves and potential resources contained in lead-zinc deposits of the United States........................... ...................... . v,............... ............... .. 21 18. Reserves and potential resources contained in lead-silver deposits of the United States................................................................................ .. 21 ,19. Reserves contained in silver-lead deposits of the United States...... 21 20 Reserves and potential resources contained in zinc-copper deposits . of the United States............................................................... .. 21 Reserves ahcl potential resources contained xn zinc-lead deposits 22 . of the United States............................ 22 Estimated tonnage of recoverable copper in the United States by 22 ore type......................,. 25 23. Previous estimates of copper reserves in the United States........... 26 24. AverAge(annual and adjusted price of copper, lead, and zinc, 1 9,45" 64. ... .. a:.,,.,. ;... 27.............. 25. Estimated tonnage of recoverable lead in the United States by ore type................................................................................................................. 27 DUP040008945 2 need approximately 45 percent more copper in 1970 and 110 percent more by 1980 than was consumed in 1960; similar projections for lead indicate increases of 20 percent by 1970 and 45 percent by 1980; sine projections are 40 percent more by 1970 and 90 percent by 1980. Much of the production of gold and sil ver is a coproduct of base metals recovery and the projected need for the precious metals exceeds all the United States can produce. Some problems of the industry are mentioned. A graphic evaluation of the economic availability of the reserve and potential sources is shown. INTRODUCTION A nationwide investigation, completed in 1964, was made to establish quantities and sources of reserves and potential sources of ores of copper, lead, and zinc and theft coproduct and byproduct metals. These quantities Were classified according to metals in the ore reserve or potential resource; tjhe quantities were further cataloged as to mining method* Past and 1963 pro duction is reported along with projections of future eprisumptioki. The investigations were made to establish realistic ore reserve and potential resource estimates for Copper, lead, sine, silver, and related metals. The results indicated the adequacy of the resources as related to consumption and the probable trend Of future development. The economic status of the nonfetrous base metal industries is dependent Upon complicated factors having both domestic and international implications. The terms of the availability for the resources are necessary factors to be Used in planning such national policies 4s tariffs and import quotas, materi als for international barter, trade agreements, domestic! subsidies, depletion allowances, stockpile allotments, emergency requirements! and price controls, procurement5 and regional economic planning. Some of the problems affecting the development and exploitation of the potential resources are noted with the view of providing data for guidance of policy, industrial planning, and technologic improvement, Potential resources could become Commercial raw materials if solutions could be found to many of the problems. . The investigations were conducted by personnel of the Bureau of Mines Mineral resource offices. (See appendix.) Mining engineers obtained the reserve and potential resource data from many sources but mainly by contacting mining tompany officials. Because many companies demanded that reserve infor mation is confidential, company names are not mentioned. Published and unpub lished reports, State and Federal Government records, or estimates! of the engineers were used when information could not be obtained by personal con tacts, In all cases the data were appraised and final estimates adjusted according to the best knowledge available. Investigative work was completed in 1964, Data from the eight Mineral Resource Areas of the Bureau of Mines were compiled in the national estimate in January and February of 1965. In addition to estimates of reserves and potential resources, engineers of the various areas supplied production data DUP04000S946 EVALUATION OF DOMESTIC RESERVES AND POTENTIAL SOURCES OF ORES CONTAINING COPPER, LEAD, ZINC, AND ASSOCIATED METALS by F. D. Everett* and H. J. Bennett2 ABSTRACT This report summarizes the results of a nationwide investigation com pleted in 1964 to determine the nonferrous base metal ore reserves and poten tial sources of ore and to evaluate criteria for their ultimate exploitation* Engineers of the Bureau of Mines contacted mining company officials, reviewed reports and Government records, and where necessary made personal appraisals in arriving at the results. The estimates are presented by metals in ores in geographic regions and include some of the problems affecting the reserves and potential sources. The recoverable metal in the measured ore category and in the total ore reserves was estimated as follows: Metal Gopp.sir L&ct d * * e ****'*## 2* 2.33.C *#, Metal; 1 000 tons Total measured, Measured reserves indicated., and inferred reserves 21,990 74,700 570 30,600 2,680 21,980 At the 1963 rate of domestic mine production these total reserves would be adequate to provide copper for 62 years, lead for 121 years, and zinc for 42 years. Data also are given for gold, silver, and other coproducts. Reserve estimates greatly exceed those of previous investigations; some prior estimates of copper reserves ate included for comparison (table 23), Projections of requirements for base metals indicated the United States will 1 Project coordinator, Area V Mineral Resource Office, Bureau of Mines, Denver, Colo. 2Mining engineer. Area V Mineral Resource Office, Bureau of Mines, Denver, Colo. Work on manuscript completed April 1966. DUP040008947 4 shorn in copper Until just before 1900 when production began from deposits at Bingham Canyon, The change in 1905 from underground methods to surface, mining of the large disseminated deposit in the district stimulated development of other "prophyry" type deposits that have yielded the greatest production of copper in the United States, 'Che mines of the United States supplied 60 percent of the world primary copper production during World War I and U.S.-controlled mines in other parts of the Western Hemisphere supplied an additional 20 percent. Companies were able to supply all domestic requirements from mines in the United States until 1939 when increased defense needs necessitated importing copper. Since then domestic consumption has depended partly on imports except for the brief period 1960-62, when the United States was a net exporter of copper. 'Che progressive development of the domestic copper industry is illus trated in figure 1, which shows trends of production, apparent primary Con sumption, and price. Production data by States is given in table 1. Six States accounted for 98 percent of the total 1963 mine production of copper: Arizona, 54 percent; Utah, 17 percent; Hew Mexico, 7 percent; Nevada, 7 percent; Montana, 7 percent; and Michigan, 6 percent. FIGURE 1. - Price, Production, and Consumption of Copper in the United States, 1885 to 1963. DUP040008948 3 and evaluated problems of the industry. Consumption projections were provided by the Minerals Division of the Washington .Office, The status of nonferrous base metal reserves and potential resources is continually changing. Technologic improvement and expanded development have resulted in increasing reserves in Montana, Nevada, and New Mexico. These expanded reserves and new sources of ore, mostly in Arizona, Michigan, Missouri, Tennessee, and Utah, are in part responsible ifor a large difference between the present estimate of reserves and that of the President' s Materials,' Policy Commission of 1952. ^ ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Grateful acknowledgment is made to the many company officials, consulting engineers, and geologists who gave information on mineral deposits. Mineral specialists of State organizations also cooperated by furnishing information and offering constructive evaluations. Bureau of Mines personnel who directly contributed to the work include the following.: Area I, S. A, Gustavson and R, W. Metcalf ; Area II, J, R, Boyle; Area III, R, C, Briggs; Area IV, F F, Netzeband; Area V, W. E. Young (deceased), S. R. Wilson, and W, E. Burleson; Area VI, A, R, Kinkel; Area VII, G. A. Kingston, R, W, Khostman, and S. W; Zoldak; and Area VIII, R. S. Warfield, K. Malone, and R, L. Thorne. W. H. Kerns coordinated the work prior to May 1964, Robert W. Geehan} Area Director of Area V, directed the investigation, HISTORY AND PRODUCTION 1 Copper Copper was being fashioned into jewelry and crude farm and defensive implements by the Indians of North America prior to settlement by white men; the first copper was produced by colonists at Simsburgy, Conn., in 1709 (8),3 After the rich ore deposits of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan was discovered and exploited in the early 1850's several thousand tons of copper were pro duced yearly. By 1880 the copper industry was firmly established in the United States with the Calumet and Heela Mining Co, producing half the domes tic output from ore deposits in Michigan which contained as much as 400 pounds of copper per ton. Following the development of rich gold placers in Montana in the 1860's and of silver deposits in the 1870's, large copper deposits were found at Butte, Mont, The copper industry of Arizona also began in the 1860-80 period when oxidized silver-copper ores were developed by Phelps Dodge & Co. Production of small quantities of copper in Utah began about 1870 but little interest was 3Underlined numbers in parentheses refer to items in the list of references at the end of this report. Jj DUP040008949 6 discoveries and ultimately to development of the major central and western lead-mining districts such as the Tri-State district of Missouri, Kansas, and Oklahoma; Bingham Canyon, Park City, and Untie districts of Utah; Leadville district of Colorado; and Coeur d'Alene district of Idaho, Lead was only an incidental metal in most of the early organized western districts, being associated in ores valued for their gold and silver content. Hie precious metals, although now usually secondary in value, are important coproducts in lead production. Following 'World War I ores containing easily recovered lead-metal were nearing depletion, and smelter penalties for zinc content often offset pay ments for the lead and silver values in complex ores. At that time selective flotation concentration was developed which enabled the separating of lead aud zinc in complex ores, and deposits formerly considered unworkable were able to yield profitable production. Domestic mine production of recoverable lead reached a peak of 684,000 tons in 1925 and 1926, and subsequently declined with the most recent peak of 496,000 tons in 1942. Secondary production has steadily increased since the DUP040008950 5 TdBLE 1. ;? Copper production and ranking by States Production State Total recoverable Ranking Total 1963 Ranking metal (short tons) (short tons) sics. i ^ * o.. .*#..*.* .# # . * * " ':64 ' 686,084 26 7 : Al 0 1 0 XLOtl5[. *1.0 0* 0 O.0 0 19,087,663 1 660,977 1 Cs 1 if oi .*QXcL # .00.00000 640,848 S 916 11 Colorado * . * *.000000. 311,875 10 4,169 9 Gear gia................... 1,117 21 Idaho .. 0 # # 0 . # .0 # 0 0.0 183j247 11 4,172 8 Ma.Ins .# # 00 00 .0-0 .0.0 0 0 0 0.0 586 22 - - Maryland <> * * # 311 23 - <- CKl^3.n : 0 . 00 :0 000000 .0.0 0 0 5,625,000 4 75,262 6 MissonELI0 :# 0000 0 0 00.0 54,434 15 1,816 10 Mon tana *.. *.*. - 7,858,000 3 79,762 5 Wsvads. > # .0 0 * 0 0 0 2,893,GOO 5 81,738 4 New Hampshire1 *..,....... .. 137 24 - - tija'w Ma.fj.xc.o # .0 000 0.0000 # * , . 2,505,560 6 83,037 3 Horth Carolina............ 67,609 14 O - Oregon* 0:00 0i # 0.0 0 ..0 ..0 0 0 12,500 18 (2) Pennsy lva nia1............. 1.2 8, 13 - South Carolina............ 10 27 bout.li Dakota* # * # * * * * . 108 25 ' 1- 0 0 0 m .0 .0 .0 4 # 0 .0 0 0 * 0 0 547,095 9 13,717 7 V^fktesJ--.................. Utad * 0:.,0 0 0 0 .0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,400 8,813*172 19 2 203,095 a Vsi"(uoxit * .0 # ,0 * * * # * .# * # * * * # 44,292 16 - - Vxr xxi ag 1 .0000 -,# * .* * .0 * * * .0 * .0 .# 1,181 20 - Washington* e***#**#* *. 121,855 12 (8) - Wyoming 16,336 17 - - 1 Data not available prior to 1907. ^Less than 70 tons. Data concealed to avoid disclosing individual company da ta. Lead Records indicate that lead mining within the present boundaries of the United States started in Virginia in 1621. in 1659 surface outcrops of lead ores were discovered in the Upper Mississippi Valley district in Wisconsin and northern Illinois with mining starting in 1690. Surface mining began in south east Missouri about 1700. In 1867 deposits at depths over 100 feet below the surface were exploited by the St. Joseph Lead Co.; this enterprise expanded to become the most productive lead-mining enterprise in the world. In 1963, southeastern Missouri was the leading lead-producing district of the United States and is one of the three leading districts of the world (). Completion of the first railroad across the United States in 1869 marked the beginning of significant expansion of the mining industry. Vast unex plored regions were opened to prospecting which resulted in many mineral DUP040008951 8 About 1850 the New Jersey Zinc Co. developed-zinc mineral deposits and began producing ore at the Sterling Hill mine in New Jersey; later, other properties in the Eastern States had zinc ore production. The first commer cial production of the smelted zinc was by the Lehigh Zinc Co, of South Bethlehem,.Ea,, in 1858. Between 1860 and 1870 several important developments influenced the pro duction of zinc. At LaSalle, 111,, zinc ores from the Upper Mississippi Valley district were successfully smelted in 1860. , The first domestic galvanizing was done in 1864, and zinc ore from Missouri was first mined near Joplin in 1872. Three outstanding technological advances contributed to the development of the domestic industry between 1900 and 1930. The first commercial use of the electrolytic deposition of zinc metal was made in 1914. Two years later the economic applicability of this method was proven by The Anaconda Company at Great Falls, Mont., where cheap electric power was available, A selective flotation which allowed economic use of large reserves of complex ore that previously had been unworkable because of high treatment costs was developed. Also, the reduction of zinc ores and concentrates by continuous distillation in vertical retorts is a significant technical impriovement in the reduction of zinc ores and concentrates. DUP040008952 7 first recorded production in 1907 and itoports abruptly increased in 1940. During 1963, domestic mine production comprised 22 percent of domestic supply; imports, 34 percent; and secondary lead, 44 percent. Dead production, con sumption (including secondary as well as primary lead), imports, and price trends are shown in figure 2. Table 2 contains data for comparing by States the past and 1963 production* TA.BLE 2. - Dead production and ranking by States Production State Total recoverable Ranking Total 1963 metal (short tons) (short tons) A la ska #. * 25,000 19 - Arizona .*##* Arkansas**0000mmmm***.00 627,559 29,333 8 17 5,815 - Cal 3.ornxa. .* * .* .* * * * 264,699 13 823 Co Xorado Idaho * 0 0:0 * 0 * 0 * 9 0 0 *0 0 ** 000 * 2,816,407 7,171,859 4 19,918 2 75,759 Illinois 4:86,515 9 2,901 Xpm * * 0 -0 0 * * 0 0 0 0 0 * 0 0 0 -00 0 0 600 24 - IGansa s ** * * 0 * * * * ** * * * 000 .* Ksilt.u.cky 9 0 00000 0 000000 0 000 645,164 5,484 7 20 1,027 831 Name * 00 0 000900 00-90B?9**0 * -- MX S SCUT X 0 0 :m 0 0 m 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 # 10,332,858 1 79,844 Montsns 9009 0 009 0 0*0.00-9 0 900 928,000 6. 5,000 Nevada **** * New tiaic.pshxre .**.* * 393,547 132 11 26 1,126 - New W.eiiiico **<*# 337,430 12 1,014 lo^rlcNew *#*#. 48,108 16 1,009 North GArolzHci #** 1,044 22 62 Oklahoma, 1,291,570 5 3,192 Oregon^* 0* #**# 830 23 - South, Dakota, *, # * * > ## 504 25 - .Teiiaessee 0 27,143 18 - Xe2t<3: S n 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5,450 21 - Utafx.s 9 4, 0 0 0 0 0 rn 00 '09 '* 0000000 0 5,194,650 3 48,028 Vermont **, - -- Virginia # - * * . *# 142,354 15 3,500 Washington................ Wisconsin, **-* 227,014 430,000 14 10 5,374 1,116 1 Data not available for production prior to 1907. j Ranking 5 17 4 2 10 - 13 16 - 1 7 11 - 14 15 18 9 - - - 3 - 8 6 12 Four States accounted for 87 percent of the total 1963 lead production: Missouri had 31.6 percent; Idaho, 30.0 percent:; Utah, 17.6 percent; and Colorado, 8.0 percent* Zinc Zinc minerals in quantity were found originally in association with the lead ore mined. Tn the early period of lead mining, sine was considered a nuisance metal and, where possible, generally was avoided (2.) DUP040003953 10 placer gold* discovered in California in 1848, precipitated the famous gold rush of 1849, By 1853 the United States was the leading gold producer of the world, a position it maintained for 50 years. Gold was discovered in Alaska in 1869, and important production has ,come from several districts (14, p. 7). The major gold-producing properties in the United States in 1964 were the Homestake mine (discovered in 1879) at Lead, S. Dak., and the Bingham Copper mine at Bingham, Utah (Kennecott Copper Co.). The Carlin property of the Carlin Mining Company (Newmont Mining Co.), Carlin, Nev., became operative in May 1965 and was scheduled to attain a production of 200,000 ounces per year, Tib.us Homestake and Carlin were the only major properties mined only for gold in 1965. Virtually all production from the Cripple Creek, Colo., ore deposit (discovered in 1891), ceased in December 1961. In 1963, 36 percent of the domestics Lijr mined gold was recovered as a coproduct in the treatment of base metsili'i-oreis.' Figure 4 presents a graphical history of domestic gold production by showing trends, price, and source. Table 4 contains data for comparing by States past and the 1963 production. FIGURE 4. - Price, Production, and Source of Gold in the United States, 1885 to 1963, DUP040008954 9 Domestic mine production of zinc was sufficient to supply demand until about 1939 when domestic demand began to rely upon imported zinc. Zinc production, consumption (primary slab zinc plus zinc contained in pigments made directly from ore), and price trends are shown in figure 3, Table 3 contains data by States for comparing past and the 1963 production. Seven States accounted for 68 percent of the total 1963 mine production; Tennessee, 18 percent, Idaho, 12 percent; Hew York, 10 percent; Colorado, 9 percent; Utah, 7 percent; Montana, 6 percent; and New Jersey, 6 percent. IA.EU5 3. - Zinc production and ranking by States Production State Total, recoverable Ranking Total 1963 metal (short tons) (short tons) AlTXZOQi3l| #* 938,592 13 25,419 .Ar&3..nS3L S ^ 1,928 22 I- CcL Ixfornxa #* >* 150,676 18 101 Go loraflo* #. #. . 2,058,963 7 48,109 Xdsbo 2,400,930 6 63,267 Illinois. .0 0 000 ^ .0 ^ 0 _0 000000 376,081 17 20,337 130,000 19 - FAn.Sjl'S.* . 2,863,253 4 3,508 E[dp.ti!iiQky f. 0 0 0 0.0 * m-w 0,0 0 0 -0 37,825 21 . 1,461 Ms.X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -* -- Hissourif00000000000000*.m 3,697,403 3 321 Hontis.xis 000.0 00000 0 m .0 0 -m 0 0 0 0 0 2,742,000 5 32,941 NVS dS. 0000000000 p 0-0 * 0 0 00 0 0 New Hampshire1............ 483,925 - 15 - 571 Mew Jei* ssy^* *** 3,988,323 2 32,738 .MOW ,7feXlCO 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,267,187 11 12,938 Nfew Yoirk^* 0 0 0 0 m-0.0 0 *-0 0 0. m m 0 0.0 1,418,221 10 53,495 North Carolina............ 13 26 13 OkLukoics..# .m 0 0 0 ,m 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0 0 0 -0.0 5,159,079 1 13,245 Oregon,. #. 176 25 3 Pennsylvania1............. Sou tlx. Ijskots 0 0 0 0 0 : 0 .0 0 0 0 0 0 0 117,401 20 27,389 265 24 - #. # . 1,692,861 8 95,847 TeXilSm o 0 .0 0 0 0 m .m.0 0 m 0 0 0 00 0 0 m 850 23 r- Ujt&iX* 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,621,189 9 36,179 Vcnnont.^ f * - -- Vir giniat................. 710,905 14 23,988 W&.&Ixxngtion* 483,682 16 22,270 Wxseonsxn* **.*.** 1,155,000 1:2 15,114 1Data not available for production prior to 1907. Ranking 9 20 4 2 12 16 17 19 6 18 - 7 15 3 21 14 22 8 - l - 5 10 11 13 Gold Historical records indicate that gold was reported by the early explorers in the southwestern area and the eastern Appalachian area of the United States in the latter part of the 16th century and the early part of the 17th century. DUP04000895S 12 3X.BLE 5. - Silver production, and ranking by States State Total recoverable metal (1,000 ounces) A Xs-Tbsins. 6 A. i3. sics #.. * * 120,300 Airx^oricL* 375,260 C.l 1 ijEorniLd. C()lo.r&do ' 119,307 772,861 G^or^iSi <# d XX!L^i.t}.ox.s 0 ^ Kentucky.............. : MetXn 0 .0 0 :.0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 '0 0 .0 0 :0 17 769,274 158 5 m Mxcfox 0* ##* 12,196 Mi s sour i................ 8,459 MoKltlt2US. * .0 .0 0 0 0 0. 0 .0 0 0 0 0 . .0 841,699 See footnotes at end of table. Production Ranking Total 1963 (1,000 ounces) 25 10 ** 5 5,373 7 157 3 2,307 24 4 16,711 21 - 26 2 - -12 339 14 132 1 4,242 Ranking *- 2 10 5 - 1 16 7 11 4 DUP040008956 11 TABLE 4. - Gold production and ranking by States Production State Total recoverable Ranking Total 1963 A. Is. bs-HicL * .#**' metal (1,000 ounces) 1 " 5o4 17 (1,000 ounces) -......... A SlltS- *: * * m a 0.e 0 e, 129,800 4 100 Ar j l z oiOci A0.0'004(00990.0 0 13,017 8 140 Cell. xxxci 0#0.*** 105,995 1 87 Colorado * * 0 .* * < 40,697 2 34 GSO 3T,,lcl 0 0: .0 :. 0 0 m m0 .* 0 0 0 .9 871 14 - Idaho...................... .. 8,312 9 5 Maine3...................... .. - -- 9 9Mon iucLiici 0 # .9 0,0.0 9 0.0 0 0.0 # 0 00000000000 0 00 New Hampshire3........ 17,701 15,329 - 5 19 7 99 - New Mexico............ 2,251 12 8 9 0North Carolina........ QiC&'^O.IXai 0 0 i 000 0.0 00990 1,174 5,794 13 (3) 10 2 Pennsylvania3......... 52 16 (4) South Carolina........ 319 15 - Sou(:h Dakota..................... 29,963 3 577 V SS* 9 01 0 0 0S 0 900:0 > 0 0 00 0900 00 l'00*0 09 .0<00 0-0.0 0 9000 0009 # 0 0 99 00 .0000 0 0 :0000 00 .0009 09 9099 0 :0999 00 :0000 ' 24 4 17,051 2 12 32,844 18 (3) -20 6 286 21 - 19 - 11 99 ^Approximate ,, 3Da~a not available for production prior to 1907. JLe,3s than 150 ounces. "Included with Washington. 6Production for 1957-63 not included. Ranking 14 3 6 7 - 10 - 8 5 - 9 - 11 - - 1 - -- 2 - - 5 Silver Rich deposits of silver ore were discovered and exploited in the Western United States in the 1860's. These discoveries included the Comstock Lode, Reese River, and Eureka deposits, Nevada; Tintic and Sark City deposits, Utah; Leadville deposits, Colorado; and many others. Production from the Coeur d'Alene district, Idaho, started in the mid^-1880's (_). In 1963 this remained the only major area in which ores were mined chiefly for their silver content. In 1963, 67 percent of the domestically mined silver was recovered as a coproduct in the treatment of base metal ores. The historical trends of the domestic silver-producing industry are shown graphically by production, price, and source in figure 5. Table 5 contains data for comparing past production and 1963 production. DUP040008957 14 Inferred ore: Ore for which quantitative estimates are based largely on a broad knowledge of the geologic character of the deposit and for which there are few, if any, samples or measurements. These estimates are based on an assumed continuity or repetition for which there is geologic evidence; this evidence may include comparison with deposits of similar type. Mineral bodies that are completely concealed may be included if there is specific geologic evidence of their presence. Specific estimates of inferred ore usually include a statement of the special limits within which the inferred ore may occur, / Potential (submarginal) resources: Material that may become a mineral (ore) reserve with improved economic conditions or by advancements in the tech nology of mining and metallurgy enabling more economical production imethods. The definition of Blondell and Lasky (5) is appropriate and can be stated: Potential resources equals marginal plus submarginal plus latent resources. (No latent resources are included in the!estimates made for this report.) Glassification of Ores Definitions of pres as pertain to reserves and potential resources in this report were taken from classifications published in the 1954 Bureau of Mines Minerals Yearbook (4). Details of the classifications follow: Copper ores include direct smelting ores containing 2,5 percent or more recoverable copper, and ores and tailings concentrated of leached chiefly for their copper content. Ores leached in place or ores for which tonnage cannot be calculated are excluded; slags smelted for their copper content are included:. Lead ores include direct smelting ores containing 5 percent or more recoverable lead, irrespective of the precious metal content, and ores, tailings or slags that are concentrated chiefly for their lead content* Zinc ores include ores and tailings that are concentrated chiefly for their zinc content, irrespective of the precious metal content. Virtually no zinc ore is smelted directly except for cold slags, which when fumed are classified as smelting ore and may con tain as little as 5 percent recoverable zinc. Ores of Base Metals Copper Copper ores are classified as ores containing native copper and sulfide and oxidized minerals. The principal oxide mineral of copper, cuprite (Cu20) is found at many deposits but is not as abundant as the oxidized minerals in the form of carbonates, sulfates, or silicates. These include (1) the carbon' ate?, malachite and azurite; (2) the sulfates, brochantite, chalcanthite, and kronkite; and (.3) the silicates, chrysoeolla and dioptase (_6). DUP04000895S -r'Vf "i 'Jr:-' 13 TABLE 5. - Silver production and ranking by States'--Continued Production State Total recoverable Ranking Total 1963 metal (1,000 ounces) (1,000 ounces) MSVdda,............... ' 605,165 6 215 New Hampshire2........ - - New Mexico............... ...... 73,181 8 256 .ISfe-ISif YOlT^ ii # ,* m 1,100 17 20 North Carolina........ 473 19 <3) Oregon................ 5,381 15 58 Pennsylvania2......... South Carolina........ 347 20 C4) 40 23 - Sd 'U-IzIi IJukots, 11,875 13 117 Tennessee............. Texas,.....,.......... 4,079 33,300 16 . 9- 108 - Utah.................. nnont^ * m # t.* * 823,249 508 2 4,791 18 - Virginia2................ .. 90 22 Washington........,,,.: e16,391 1.1 374 ^Approximate. 2 Rita not available for production prior to 1907. aConeealed to avoid disclosing confidential information. ^Combined with Washington. "Production for 1957-63 not included, Ranking 9 - 8 15 "/ 14 - 12 13 - 3 - 6 ORE RESERVES AND POTENTIAL RESOURCES OF BASE METALS Definitions Definitions of ore reserves and potential resources and the classifica tions used in this report follow; Ore reserves; Material that can be mined, processed, and marketed at a profit under the economic and technologic conditions prevailing at the time of inquiry. Measured ore: Ore for which tonnage is computed from dimensions revealed in outcrops, trenches, workings, and drillholes and for which the grade is computed from the results of detailed sampling. The sites for inspection, sampling, and measurement are so closely spaced and the geologic character is so well defined that the size, shape, and mineral content are well established. The computed tonnage and grade are judged to be accurate within limits which are stated, and no such limit is judged to differ from the computed tonnage or grade by more than 20 percent. Indicated ore; Ore for which tonnage and grade are computed partly from specific measurements, samples, or production data and partly from projection for a reasonable distance on geologic evidence. The sites available for inspection, measurement, and sampling are too widely or otherwise inappropri ately spaced to outline the ore completely or to establish its grade throughout. DUP04Q008959 16 Emplacement occurrences include (1) massive deposits as at Bisbee, Aria., Bingham and Tintic, Utah, and Ducktown, Tenn,; (2) lode deposits as at Superior and Bisbee, Ariz., and Butte, Mont.; and (3) disseminated porphyry deposits as at Bingham, Utah, Ely, Nev,, Ajo, Miami,, Morenci, Ray, San Manuel, and others, Ariz., and Santa Rita, N. Mex. Lead and Zinc The important lead and zinc ores in the United States occur either as replacements or cavity- and fissure-filling deposits (3), y Replacement deposits commonly occur in sedimentary rocks As mineral replacement of limestone and dolomite. These deposits are lower in grade but larger in tonnage than the cavity- and fissure-filling deposits. Structurally, they are often flat lying or gently dipping deposits best exemplified in the southeast Missouri lead belts and the Tri-State zinc-lead district of Missouri, KanSas, and Oklahoma* Many other replacement deposits., such as the massive type, occur at Leadvllle, Colo. , and at the West Mountain (Bingham) and Tintic districts in Utah, or in vein type as at Park City, Utah; Coeur d'Alene, Idaho; and Franklin, N, J, Cavity- and fissure-filling deposits can be subdivided into (1) fissure veins as in the San Juan mining district, Colo,, (2) breccia filling as at Jefferson City and Mascot, Tenn*, and (3) pitches and flats as in the Upper Mississippi Valley of Illinois and Wisconsin. Compilation of Reserves and Potential Resources Ore reserves and potential resources are reported by quantity of material and by gross content of metals according to the applicable mining method and type of ore. No estimate is included of the low-grade oxidized or sulfide material surrounding minable portions of porphyry or disseminated copper deposits. Improvements in technology may allow these weakly mineralized materials to be a future source of metals. Estimates of reserves and potential resources must be considered as con tinually changing according to economic and technologic influences. Base metal reserves and potential resource data for copper, lead, zinc, silver and associated gold in these deposits in the United States, as estimated in 1964, are contained in table 6. Tables 7 through 12 list the reserves and potential resources by geographic regions. Combinations of certain areas were necessary to avoid disclosing confidential company data. Tables 13 through 21 concern distribution of the reserves and potential resources by types of deposits. Figures 6 and 7 show general location and type of deposits containing the reserves and potential resources. Where appropriate the quantities listed in tables were rounded; the measured and indicated quantities in both the reserve and potential resource classifications were rounded to contain a maximum of four significant figures, and the inferred quantities were rounded to contain a maximum of three signifi cant figures. DUP040008960 15 ' Sulfide copper minerals include chalcopyrite and bornite (each, containing iron as well as copper); enargite, containing arsenic; and tetrahedrite, con taining antimony . Chalcocite, a secondary mineral,. usually is a contituent of the richest sulfide ore. Mixed sulfide and oxidized ores normally are processed by milling, smelt ing, and refining. Oxidized ores are usually treated by leaching and the Cop per is recovered from solution by electrolysis or chemical precipitation (16), Lead and Zinc Lead ores may be conveniently segregated as comprising oxidized and sul fide minerals. Some ores contain but one mineral of lead, such as cerussite or galena; however, minerals of lead, iron, zinc, and sometimes gold, silver, and copper are often associated together in Complex deposits (9), Galena (PbS) is the most common lead mineral; when pure it contains 86.6 percent lead. The oxide-type minerals, anglesite and cerussite, are usually found in the oxidized or near-surface zone of deposits* The most important zinc mineral is sphalerite, and its oxidation products are the minerals smithsonite and hemimorphite. Zincite, wlllemite, and franklinite,, zinc oxides and silicates, .occur in a separate group of deposits. Ores of zinc often include minerals with lead, silver, gold, copper, iron, and other metals. Complex lead, zinc, and copper ores usually are concentrated by means of selective flotation. The metals are recovered from the concentrates by con ventional smelting and refining processes. High-grade oxidized ores are usually smelted directly but can be concentrated by gravity methods prior to smelting. Gravity concentration of lead-oxidized ores has yielded satisfac tory recovery, but gravity concentration of zinc-oxidized ores has not been practical'. Mode of Occurrence of Base Metals Copper Most copper occurrences (_3) are related genetically to hydrothermal solu tions associated With igneous intrusions. Disseminated deposits of this type Include cavity fillings and replacements with the majority of deposits classi fied as the replacement type. The White Pine deposit in Michigan, which is in Precambrian shale, has geological advocates for both hydrothermal and sedimentary origin (17). Cavity filling deposits are subdivided into the following types: (1) Fissure veins as at Butte, Mont,; (2) breccia filling as at Bisbee, Ariz.; (3) cavity fillings as at Bisbee, Ariz.; and (4) vesicular fillings as in the Lake Superior district in Michigan. DUP04000S961 18 TABLE 8. - Reserves and potential resources of copper, lead, zine, silver, and the associated gold ip deposits of Arkansas., Kansas, tiissouri, Oklahoma' and Texas Crude ore and gross metal content, 1,000 Baserves (1964) Potential resources (1964) Measured Indicated Inferred Measured Indicated Inferred vunits Crude ore......... tons* . Gold.... * ounces* Silver................ do... Copper...... *.tons* .; Lead*... *...... .do... Z XXI.C dO . . . .: '1 424,700 689,200 ; ?* ' 17,720 20,000 1.040 1,430 14,200 17,200 2.040 3,270 <X> ' 193*000 <2) 2,390 90 1,290 720 1Some companies have measured or indicated ores but many of them preferred that the Bureau combine the measured with the indicated or the inferred classification for this published record, 2 Small quantities are present. TABLE 9. Reserves and potential resources of copper, lead, zinc, silver, and the associated sold in deposits of Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, South Dakota, Utah, and Wyoming Crude ore and gross metal Reserves (1964) Potential resources (1964) content, 1,000 Measured Indicated Inferred Measured Indicated Inferred units Crude ore.....tons..: 2,752,000 856,700 913,000 103,400 991,600 1,750,000 Gold. ..! ounce s.., 9,970 3,480 4,030 20 450 1,510 Silver........do.... 183,300 110,000 211,300 1,510 11,090 119,000 Copper..*,,...tons., 21,390 4,930 6,470 610 3,460 7,800 Lead.... 0 > .do#.. 300 690 1 870 40 110 520 Z xnc.. m. ** ..* .*do 970 1,090 J*&0. 80 290 820 TABLE 10. - Reserves and potential resources of copper, lead, zinc, silver, and the associated gold In deposits of California and Nevada Crude ore and gross metal content, 1,000 Reserves (1964-) Potential resources (1964) Measured Indicated Inferred Measured Indicated Inferred units Crude ore.....tons.. 135,300 Gold........ounces.. 490 ; 43,660 450 77,100 1,980 230 C1) 10,760 140 17,100 400 Silver............. .do...,. CoppBir*.....** *. tons... Lead. .* .do.# Z jLnc do... 2,870 ' 890 10 10 24,380 : 88,000 230 ; 60 550 160 140 170 100 10 (*) 10 15,010 40 140 230 27,300 210 120 480 1 Small quantities may be present. DUP040008962 17 TABLE 6. - Reserves and potential resources of copper, lead, zinc, silver. and the associated gold jit : deposits of the United States1' """"" Crude ore and gross metal Reserves (1.964) Potential resources (1964) content, 1,000 Measured Indicated Inferred Measured Indicated Inferred ..... units .: Crude ore...tons.. Gold......ounces.. Silver'3 3.... do.... Co])p6i!tons Xj&ci'Ci # . . <* o .do. 3,170,000 10,830 346,300 24,510 670 2,445,000 5,620,000 247,300 1,239,000 4,590 .! IQ 1,650 299,500 549,000 ! 12,650 89,240 17,480 !; Riflp: 4,540 15,480 19,100 i. 7p!: 480 15,100,000 6,530 395,000 57,200 14,500 Zxncdo 3,570 11,500 13,600 200. 3,560 58,300 1 Tina totals of this table may not agree with totals from other tables owing to the rounding of numbers. ^Excludes silver in ores containing principally gold with tungsten. Copper metal produced in Michigan contains about 10 ounces of silver per ton; most of Idle silver is not recovered and is not included in the estimates. TABLE 7, - Reserves and potential resources of copper, lead, zinc, silver, and the associated gold in deposits of the States east of the Mississippi River1 Crude ore and gross metal Re?eryes (1964) Potential resources. (1964) content, 1,000 Measured Indicated Inferred Measured Indicated Inferred units Crude ore...tons,, Gold......ounces.. 55,070 ey 816,000 3,470,000 140,700 64,070 (S) <2) (3) 10,300,000 40 Silver3.....do.... 1,110 34,720 5,050 9,220 72:0 36.000 Coppiar.. . . # tons. 160 8,660 3p,hoo 2,280 80 45.000 XrBcld * w .. A m . do * * .* 20 90 50 <3> 30 80 Z itic <#.* do * * * 1,8$Q 6,910 7,940 100 2,100 3,980 1 States included in totals are Alabama, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Maine, Michigan, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania!, Tennessee, Vermont, Virginia, Wisconsin. 3 Small quantities reported. sCo;pper metal produced in Michigan contains silver of which only small quan tities aid recovered. This silver is not included in the estimates. DUP040008963 20 TAl BLE 14. - Reserves and potential re sources contained la lead deposits of the United States Crude ore and gross metal Reserves (1964) Potential resources (1964) content, 1,000 Measured Indicated Inferred Measured Indicated Inferred units, Crude ore.......tons., 510 421,500 680,000 i 1;010 1,180 157,000 Gold, ................ .ounces.. (") Sx l>ViX * 4 a dc 10,750 ::Copper ................ .. . tons.. c1) ' ' 5029,980 1,040 ! t0:" 21,100 1,430 f) 250 C1) to 1,050 (*> 320 15,170 loo Lead............,,do... 10 14,240 17,200 30 60 1,460 ____ 1,900 3,000 . -...ej....... 170 Small amounts may be present. TA.BLE 15. - Reserves and potential resources contained In zinc deposits of the Halted States Crude ore and gross metal content, 1,000 Reserves (1964) Potential resources (1964) Measured Indicated inferred Measured Indicated: Inferred units Crude ore............ .tons.. Cold..........ounces.. SiIver .. ,# do * 32,330 (X) 100 116,900 C1) 120 229,000 C1) 300 6,350 (J) C1) 55,720 30 100 120,000 30 580 Copper.......... tons,. Lead...,.........do.,. 0 C1) 1.330 () 5,430 (x) C1) 7,320 C1) C1) 140 C1) C1) 2,110 10 10 3,690 1 Small amounts may be present. IA.BLE 16, - Reserves and potential resources contained in copper-zinc deposits of the United States Crude ore and gross metal Reserves (1964) Potential resources (1964) content, 1,000 Measured Indicated Inferred Measured Indicated Inferred units Crude ore.......tons.. 15,900 70,010 260 710 9,490 4,800 Gold..........ounces.* (x) C1) C1) ( > -S.iljvtsxr do* * * * 1,610 5,260 640 C1) 150 10 410 730 Copper.......... tons.. '230 820 10 10 60 50 Lead..do,.. C1) C1) O C1) (X) C1) Zinc.,...........do... 310 900 C1) 10 60 80 1 Smalliamounts may be present. DUP040008964 19 TABLE 11, - Reserves and potential resources of copper, lead, zinc, silver, and the associated gold in deposits of Idaho, Montana, Oregon, and Washington. Crude ore and gross metal Reserves (1964) Potential resources (1964) content, 1,000 .......... '.'Units. Measured Indicated Inferred Measured Indicated Inferred Crude ore.....tons.. Gold. w..:. * ounces*. Silver . .... .. .do.'.;.. Copper........tons.. L&cld. . .. . ii . . . . ; d.O ... Z me ....a...... do.. i 228,100 303,100 380 :'|i70!,; 159,000 112,600 2,070 r 'i' %glib" 340 , ills '00; i 476.000 i 1,390 700 ? : 40 225.000 1-1*5^ 4,620 p' C) 780 20 . .stM 10 152,700 970 58^530 860 200 9l.d 2,420,000 40 180,000 230 12,500 52,300 1 Small amounts are present. TABLE 12, - Potential resources of copper, lead, zinc, silver, and the associated gold in deposits in Alaska Crude ore and grbss metal content, Potential resources1 (1964) Measured Indicated Inferred 1,000 units Crude ore ............ fcpns # Gold .punG.es ... Silver............. .>. .do.#... Copper tons *. 1,550 10 230 lb 19-,400 90 3,860 100 436,000 4,130 30,600 3,840 Lead. !.'..> ..........do..... <3) 10 10 Zmc. e * i* . do #. ....e.i, 30 30 1A11 estimates were reported as potential resburces. 2Small quantities may be present. TABLE 13. - Reserves and potential resources contained in copper|deposits of the, United States Crude ore and gross metal Reserves (1964) Potential resources (1964) content, 1,000 Measured Indicated Inferred Measured Indicated Inferred units Crude ore,,..tons,. 3,084,000 1,747,000 4,640,000 236,900 1,127,000 12,300,000 Gold*... ,, ..ounces., 10,210 3,290 5,490 10 1,080 5,000 Sx.lver .. ..do.... 203,500 i:53,000 270,000 9,440 16,020 142,000 Copper......tons.. Lead....0.0..do.. Z me..... <1...... do. 24,200 (2) 80 ].5,520 ( 3) . ( 3) 42,100 2,900 4,390 10 (2) (3) 10 ____!!__ ____fl,.,, 56,600 (3) 30 1See footnote 3 in table 6. 2Small amounts may be present. DUP040008965 22 TABLE 20. - Reserves and potential resources contained in zinc-copper deposits of the United States Crude ore and gross metal Reserves (1964) Potential resources (1964) content, 1,000 Measured Indicated Inferred Measured .Indicated Inferted Mbits.................. Crude ore.......tons., Go Id.. .. < ounce s * f>xl*ver# # *' .... . * .do. . . Copper # #i.. .,#.* t.oris * . 3Lead.............do... Z XI .C . C * . a tf do .. . . 10 (X) 20 (X) f1) <xr 3,170 1 30 1,920 60 C1) 190 380 . 20 1,670 10 (X) 30 590 50 .280 10 10 4-,930 60 2,660 50 10 200 36,300" 380 15 ,JOOO 330 70 720 1 Small amounts may be present. TABLE 21. - Reserves and potential resources contained In zinc-lead deposits of the United States Crude ore and gross metal Reserves (1964) Potential resources (1964) content, 1,000 Measured: Indicated Inferred Measured Indicated Inferred units Crude ore ...... tpns*., 32,320 80,790 53,800 650 30,650 2,370,000 Gold* .**.#. ounce s * 530 980 470 10 230 740 Silver... ........ do. ... 43,810 77,470 115,000 1,080 53,480 126,000 Copper v * tons.. 60 40 ; .60 C1) 30 90 Ceed. *..*#*...*. do. .. 410 840 830 10 220 11,100 Zincdo..* * .1,720 2,740 2,700 30 1,010 52,500 1 Small amounts may be present* Comments on Reserve Data Copper The measured, indicated, and inferred copper-ore reserves total approxi mately 75 million tons of recoverable copper metal (assuming recovery at 90 percent of gross content)* The copper is in different ore types, but pre dominately copper, copper-zinc, and zinc-copper ores, A total of 74 million tons is in ores mined principally for Copper (table 22). An additional 58 million tons of recoverable copper are estimated in the potential resources and may be recovered with future technologic and economic improvements. Esti mated measured copper-ore reserves contain almost 22 million tons of recover able metal. Measured copper reserves are sufficient for production at the 1963 annual rate of 1,213,000 tons for 18 years. Measured, indicated, and inferred reserves might sustain that production for 62 years. In addition, the meas ured, indicated, and inferred potential resources, if proven to be minable might extend that production for 110 years at the 1963 rate. The ore reserves average 0,86 percent copper; potential resources average 0.47 percent copper. - - -If'-' DUP040008966 21 TABLE 17. - Reserves and potential resources contained in lead-zinc deposits of the United States Crude ore and gross metal Res erves (1964) Potential resources (1964) content, 1,000 Measured Indicated Inferred -Medsnfed Indicated Inferred units Crude ore.......tons.. 2,720 4,200 14,400 1^060 " 8,700 " 97.700 Cold...,............ ounce s . . 70 1,30. 100 60 Silver .* do 11,200 34,800 81,000 1 ,590 14,000 93.700 Copper.........tons. #. *'- ...". *.... :.i. do... C1) 160 . 120 ' 10 : ,300 3ii 920 slO', C1). ( (H 20 160 ,j 10 , ,li0:.. i (*) 1,850 1,140 1 Small amounts may be present. TABLE 18, - Reserves and potential resources contained in lead*silver deposits of the United Stated Crude ore and gross metal Reserves (1964) Potential resources (1964) content, 1,000 Measured Indicated Inferfed Measured Indicated Inferred units Crude ore,tons.. 760 1,420 2,280 1,000 1,000 Gold,....,..,,ounces,, 10 Sxlver........ ^. do.... 14,960 110 15,520 390 35,000 C1) 1,510 (X) 1,500 Copper ^ . tons.. Lea d.............. do . . (X) 80 C1) 40 10 100 C1) 40 C1) . 30 Zinc .............. do ... 10 (l> ...... 50 C) *-Small amounts ma.y be present. 51ABLE 19, - Reserves contained In silver-lead deposits of the United States Reserves (1964) metal content, Measured Indicated Inferred 1,000 units Crude .ore............ ,.tons,, 1,410 50 700 GoXd... ... ounces, 10 i1) (X) Silvcx * ,............. # .* do.... 60,470 1,370 24,500 Copper. ..tons.. 10 C) 10 Lead......... .. .. .* ...do... <X) C1) C1) :Zf me .................... ... do o . .* (l) i1) --ill____ Small amounts may be present. DUP040008967 .....i ! 1 j i : -- i A 51 TABLE 32.. - Problems affecting potential resources of copper--Continued Resources, Copper, 1,000 tons1 percent 900.000 ; 0.40 200.000 3,500,000 .125 0.2-0,5 500.000 24,000 800.000 .50 .33 .35 3,367 1,48 172,000 0.75 2,427 1.56 Problems and remarks Area V?:--Continued Low-grade ore is a problem requiring an efficient low- cost operation or a higher price for copper. Ore body may be suitable for leaching-in-place tyve of operation much of the ore too low grade for current surface min- ing methods, /' 0o Ore containing less than 0.5 percent copper bordering known deposits. Research needed on methods of cheap extraction, possibly by leaching. Research needed for leaching copper-oxide-sulfide mate- rial in carbonate rocks. Research needed to develop copper-sulfide leaching methods for relatively small deposits. Large ore body of mixed oxide-sulfide material; leaching , in place say be applicable. . i,' Area^ 12;;;. Lower1 costs needed for mining and developing steeply ! dipping, lenticular, pyritic ore,shoots in bedded rocks Area 112 Operating costs are prohibitive: the deposits are in rugged terrain and are inaccessible during winter and spring seasons. Cost of ore transportation is high because of remoteness of deposits. Copper occurs in an ore with cobalt and arsenic minerals Mining costs are extremely high, because of square set mining and hydraulic backfilling. Mineral processing costly because of cobalt and arsenic. Cobalt and arsenic recovery costs exceed current value. 450,000 0,90 ;:'l. ""t.liAfcfea;111# } ' l:; : General high-cost problems are due to location, mining, development, processing, transportation, and marketing. 1Resource in terms of material having a potential of becoming ore. 3 States in area designations are shown in figure 6. TABLE 33. - Problems affecting potential sources of lead and zinc Resources, Copper, Lead, Zinc, Problems and remarks 1,000 tons1 percent percent percent Areas I. 11, and III2: 1,300 1.23 - 2.27 Several small; deposits with diversified ownership that cannot be worked on a scale large enough to yield a profit at current metal prices, 5,300 - - 1.70 Zinc has bean produced as a coproduct of fluorspar production. Fluorspar mines were npt operated in 1964. See footnotes at end of tab! .e. DUP040008968 52 TABLE 33. - Problems affecting potential sources of lead. and zinc--Continued Resources, Copper, Lead* Zinc, Problems'and remarks 1,000 tons1 percent percent percent Areas I, II, and III2 ^ -Continued 0.80 Zinc lias been produced as a coproduct of fluorspar production. .Fluorspar mines were not operated in 1964. 5,000 0.25 ? 1.00 Lead and zinc production is dependent on fluorspar production which in 1964 was not profitable. 108,600 3.20 Problem is one of a stable price to enable ' long-range planning and development of efficient mining operations. 8,950 * 3.80 Problems involve mining steeply dipping. ; deposits with lower costs. Area IV2 15,000 - 0.25 1.00 The problem is economics. Higher prices than exist in 1964 must be paid for metals. 166,000 .71 ,20: Ore deposits are low grade and require improvements in either technology or economic factors. 11,722 - .30 1.00 Grinding abrasive ore is a costly problem. Area V2 16,000 0.93 2.78 Problems involving unitiSatiph of several small deposits. Transportation and absence of milling and smelting plants are basis for relatively high costs. 349 10,00 Processing facilities are needed for zinc- oxide ore. Problems involve economics; nedd for increasing reserves and higher prices for zinc. 692 -- ** 2.4 Production will depend upon the use of manganese products from rhodenite veins. 16,511 0.25 1.15 1.85 Operating costs must be lowered. High- cost items include mining, transportation, And smelting. 4,489 7,630 12,631 0.50 0,50 2.68 2.4! 1,81 3.81 2*37 See footnote>s at encL- of table. Problems, include relative inaccessibility and need to process mixed oxide-sulfide ores of several small deposits. Do, Transportation costs to smelter and mar kets are a limiting problem* Some of the ore. is a mixed oxide-sulfide and cannot be economically concentrated-. Deposits are relatively small and require highcost operations. Excessive water pumping is a problem at some of the deposits. DUP040008969 49 FIGURE 18. - Classification of Zinc Reserves and Potential Resources and the Associated Silver in Terms of the Ratio of the Appraised Production Costs to the Price of the Recoverable Metal. (particularly lead) have had a less favorable competitive position, in gen-' eral, the world's abundant supply of lead and zinc has contributed to lower domestic output of these metals and discouraged exploration and development of new reserves. The comparatively recent discoveries in Missouri, Tennessee, and Maine are the exceptions to this trend. imports Accurate appraisal of domestic supply, imports, and expected demand is necessary for copper, lead, and zinc producers to regulate supply and stabil ize prices. Domestic lead-zinc production during World War II was inadequate and consumers became partially dependent on imports, principally from Australia, DUP04000897Q 50 Canada, Mexico, Peru, Chile, and the Republic of the Congo, Since 1950, the world mine output of nonferrous base metals has increased while United States mine output has declined. The U*.S, Government has been cognizant and appre ciative of the ready supply of foreign minerals and the need for trade devel opment with foreign countries; thus trade agreements have been, made for non- ferrous base metals, controlled by restrictive tariffs and import quotas. Although this has resulted in some restraint on domestic prices, benefits have been derived bjr consumers and by continued favorable international relations. It is possible, in fact quite likely, that the United States will not be dependent on imports in. the future, perhaps as soon as 1970, ,/' In 1958, efforts to protect domestic producers ineluded tariffs and import quotas for specific countries, Since 1958, most of those countries have been able to complete their quotas. TABLE 32. - Problems affecting potential resources of copper Resources, Copper, Problems and remarks 1,000 tons1 percent Areas I, It, III, and IV2 3,506 1.98 Several small deposits that can support operations only with higher price for Cu. 1,785 .71 Lead 0.1 percent and zinc 0,64 percent. Small deposits with high-cost problems. 8,000,000 .40 Ore too low-grade to be presently competitive. Problems relate to underground mining steeply dipping veins at depths' of more than 5,000 feet below the surface* Spe cific problems include ground support, control of rock bursts, ventilation, large-volume mining of irregularly distributed mineral, and materials handling. Back filling may be necessary. 194,000 1,40 Research needed to establish economical;, safe under ground mining method to recover pillars in heavy ground Other problems include materials handling, necessity for fine grinding, prevention of sliming. Research needed for leaching of concentrates. 134,491 1.70 Problems include ground support and materials handling. Mining research into applicability of longwall methods of mining. 87,200 .78 Do, 14,491 .78 Research needed for a method for mining steeply dipping replacement bodies in a large-volume operation. Area V2 100,000 0.60 Low-grade ore is a problem requiring an efficient low- cost operation or a higher price for copper. Ore body may be Suitable for leaching-in-place type of operation; much cf the ore too low grade for current surface ._______ mining methods. See footnotes at end of table. DUP040008971 47 Blocks must hove a ratio of less than 1 for a profitable situation FIGURE 16. - Classification of Copper Reserves and Potential Resources and the Associated Silver in Terms of the Ratio of the Appraised Production Costs to the Price of the Recoverable Metal, Figures 16-18 can. be useful to indicate the quantity of metal that could be produced at a particular cost-value ratio. For example, in figure 16 a ratio of 1.0 would apply to the various blocks at the following cents per pound of copper; A--IS, C--21, D--24, E--25, F and G--29, 1--30, J--31, M--41, N--50 , and 0--71. In figure 17, ores for blocks B, D, and E would have ratios of 1.0 if lead and sine prices were 10, 13, and 18 cents per pound, respectively. In. figure 18, ores in blocks G and J would have a ratio of 1.0 if lead and zinc prices each were 10 and 11 cents per pound, respectively (silver was assumed constant at $1.29 per ounce and copper was adjusted to lead or zinc equivalents). PROBLEMS OF THE INDUSTRY Problems of the base metal industry concern adequacy of reserves, economics, and need for technologic improvements. A resume of some specific DUP040008972 48 3.25 3.00 2.75 2.50 2.25 2.00 * a i .75 a 1.50 1.25 o I .OO5O' Toto I silver content =367,9 million ounces Block Silver content Geographic designation (million ounces) area A 28,2 B 37.7 C 5.7 D 172.0 E 37.5 F 19.2 & 48.1 H 11.8 J 1.4 J 6,3 Blocks must have a ratio of less than I for a profitable situation J-V 15 20 25 LEAD METAL, million tons FIGURE 17, - Classification of Lead Reserves and Potential Resources and the Associated Silver in Terms of the Ratio of the Appraised Production Costs to the Price of the Recoverable Metal. problems in relation to the ore reserves and potential resources is given in tables 32 and 33. Price of Metals Prior to World War II domestic producers supplied most of the metals required for consumption in the United States. Requirements during World War II were supplemented by large imports, and foreign producers have continued to supply large portions of our requirements. The abundance of world' supply since World War II has resulted in unstable and relatively low metal prices, particularly for lead. Copper producers have been more successful in regu lating the production according to demand partly because many of the domestic producers were also foreign producers, and this industry has benefited by ,a more stable price. The domestic copper industry also has been able to produce at competitive rates with foreign producers, whereas lead and zinc DUP040008973 PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION* 1,000 tons 45 FIGURE 14. - Projection of Domestic Lead Consumption Through 1980. (The 1980 forecast was developed by the Division of Minerals.) DUP040008974 46 FIGURE 15. - Projection of Domestic Zinc Consumption Through 1980.. (The 1980 forecast was developed by the Division of Minerals.) companies for similar deposits and assuming applicable production methods (1, H-19 to H-22). An average value of recoverable metals was calculated according to market prices and the recoverable metal in the reserves and potential resources.4 For example, in figure 17 costs to produce lead were estimated at $6.50 per ton of ore in block _B and the recoverable metal content was computed as $9.60 per ton* A ratio of costs divided by value is 0.68 or a favorable ratio for production. Ores in block A have a more favorable ratio than ores in block JD, Detailed data on production costs cannot be given as much of it is confiden tial, Reserve and potential resource quantities shown in figures 16-18 do not equal the totals given in tables 6-12 because production data could not be established for some potential resources. ^Recovery was assumed as 90, 87, and 77 percent and metal values used were 33, 15, and 15 cents per pound of copper, lead, and zinc, respectively- Silver price used was $1,29 per ounce. DUP040008975 43 New York--All from zinc ores, Qklahoma--All from zinc-lead ores, Tennessee--Almost all from zinc ores. Utah--Almost all from lead-zinc-silver pres, Washington--AH from zinc-lead ores. Operations in Tennessee are particularly favorable with respect to reservesj potential resources and mining costs and are expected to provide the hulk of any increase in production. The State of Washington contains vast amounts of potential resources which await improved mining technology or higher zinc prices before any significant increase in zinc production can;, be expected, ESTIMATED FUTURE CONSUMPTION Projections of consumption for copper, lead, and zinc are shown in fig ures 13, 14, and 15. Increased demand can be expected for all metals in the future but only in the copper industry does production appear near adequate for supplying the immediate consumption needs. Consumption for copper, lead, and zinc was projected to 110 percent,-45 percent, and 90 percent greater in I960 than for I960. Lead, zinc, and silver metal prices increased significantly in 1963 and 1964; with the incentive of higher prices many mines were reopened and com panies increased exploration for new sources of ore. Supplies for lead and zinc will be partially dependent upon foreign sources until domestic produc tion improves its competitive position. Domestic self-sufficiency for lead appears probable within the next 5 years; domestic self-sufficiency for zinc is highly questionable in the forseeable future. Increased output of lead and zinc is expected from new developments in Missouri, Tennessee, and New York, where low-cost mining methods are used. Increased production of lead is expected in Missouri by 1965 with additional increases in the years following. Domestic producers of copper from deposits in Arizona, Michigan, Montana, New Mexico, and Utah can be expected to supply most copper requirements of the United"States. Figures 16, 17, and 18 show the quantities of ore reserves and potential resources that might be produced according to the ratio of the cost of produc- cost tlon to the value or revenues of recoverable metals (ratio = vaxue) * Although the data on the figures were compiled from 1964 estimated costs and prices, comparative ratios should be applicable or easily adjusted to future changes in costs and metal prices, A ratio of 1.0 indicates production costs equals value of-metals, a nonprofitable situation (13). A ratio of less than 1.0 DUP040008976 44 FIGURE 13- - Projection of Domestic Copper Consumption Through 1980. (The 1980 forecast was developed by the Division of Minerals.) indicates a possible profitable production situation; the lower the ratio the more favorable the ore reserve is for profitable production. The costs of production will vary with changes in productivity resulting from a changing technology and organization as well, as factor costs. The data for the graphical illustrations were developed by grouping the reserves and potential resources by areas where similar costs of production Could be determined. These costs of production were obtained (1) by estimat ing the mining ,, processing, and administrative costs (24), (2) by analyzing annual reports of companies where quantities produced and production costs were discernible, and (3) by actual reporting of the companies* Data for potential resources were estimated by using production costs of operating DUP040008977 41 FIGURE 11. - Estimate of Leadand Zinc Metal That Could Be Produced From Reserves arid Potential Resources for Various Price Levels. Idaho, with a national ranking of second in production (1963), was not included in figure 12 because of the special effects of labor problems. Utah production generally increased while that of Colorado decreased. Ore produc tion in Colorado, as in Arizona, Nevada, and New Mexico, must bear higher costs of transportation of ore and'concentrates to smelting plants in other States. Production in the period 1949-61 was predominantly from the following I sources;,. Colorado--Approximately 50 percent from zinc-lead ores and 50 percent from lead-zinc ores with silver as a principal coproduct. Idaho--All from lead-zinc ores. , Kansas--All from zinc-lead ores, Missouri--AH from lead ores, Montana--Almost all from complex ores. New Mexico--Almost all from zinc-lead ores. DUP040008978 42 FIGURE 12. - Genera! Price and Production Trends for Major Zinc-Producing States, 1948 to 19(53. DUP040008979 39 FIGURE 10. - General Price and Production Trends for Ma jor Lead-Producing States, 1948 to 1963. DUP040008980 40 New Mexico--Almost all from zinc-lead ores with silver as a coproduct. Kansas-All from zinc-lead ores. Oklahoma--AH from zinc-lead ores. Utah--Almost all from lead-zinc ores with silver as a coproduct, Washington--A11 from lead-zinc ores. An analysis of past production leads to the assumption that at a price of 10 cents per pound for lead, most presently producing lead operations would become marginal and domestic production would decrease rapidly. Any profit able production below this price probably would depend upon values contributed by coproducts and byproducts, j; Many lead-zinc deposits in the Rocky Mountain province contain 7 to 15 percent combined lead and zinc supplemented by appreciable amounts of silver, while the lpw-grade ores produced both in the Eastern and Central United States contained as low as 2 to 3 percent of either lead or zinc, the large low-grade deposits of Missouri can be expected to continue to provide the largest portion of domestic lead production. Announcements have been made that the St. Joe Lead Co, would increase lead smelting capacity by about 80,000 tons per year, and a new 100,000-ton lead smelter and refinery is planned by American Metals Climax, Inc, and Home stake Mining Co, for the new "lead belt" of Missouri; production was scheduled for late in 1967 or early 1968. Production from Idaho fluctuated considerably in the past years, par tially because of labor strikes in 19.54 and 1959, In 1961 the State showed a remarkable increase in lead production* At this time the price of silver began increasing from $0,90 to the 1963 price of $1,29 per troy ounce. In collecting base metal ore data, some producers indicated the various metal-price levels for probable production of their reserves and potential, resources. These data were compiled and are shown in figure 11, The trends shown compare favorably with similar data prepared by the U.S. Tariff Commission (22). Zinc In contrast to lead> zinc production increased in some of the major pro ducing States from 1949 to 1961, as shown in'figure 12. Few labor strikes occurred in this period and production of zinc was not affected. Also during the period zinc had a relatively stable price which declined only 0.6 cent per pound compared with a 4,5-cent per pound drop in the price of lead. Explora tion in Tennessee resulted in finding additional zinc ore reserves and in increasing the production. The zinc ore output in Tennessee and New York was not affected by the general decline in lead and zinc prices. The Tennessee _ deposits are being mined by room and random-pillar methods resulting in rela tively large-volume, low-cost operations (_7). DUP040Q08981 34 ft o ft ft ft 85 ft d ft cd; as ft sd ft D *-) s d0 44 1 SO d aft 22 .** d ft cd q. as ft 0 h * rH ft ft ft cd a) d ft m ft ft CQ ft w O H ft ft ft d ft to 1 o ft w j--c ft ft d to Xii *ft o ' 09 cj d ft CQ ft d ft li "O W3 CJ d fats fctd tfoiftt EH SI fxta. cti <0 fdt CoO p *W 3O as , od O ; A ft ft ft <SiJ ft O 4-1 .ft O o 'ft d. ft O ft ^ft 'ft- fftt PO-i d ft -0ft ft "-fCQftQt ft B O rHd o H ft as 9 ^f3t d o as d, & s do d do A as as rH * A^t ! as d d as d d 3 |!H (S O & !> cd * lx H3 3E ft *H N OPi AA ^3f5t CQ as as as ft j > cd -U Pi-s3 3d3 fAt d d O O 03 o oo S CO p A as rH as cd A! 13 3 H d d cd as tft c ra .3 o 61) rft A ft SO - rl S as <a s rft 66 -33 to O d ft cd OS cd cd W ft 3 as o so A o ft A *h cd n ft ftAi o as as n ft as ** cd .* CQ Q O O . CQ t H OS CQ as P ft cd 44 .f6at cd ft ft ilfa)i' d' ft a3 A ft ft ft d d3 raHs CdQ; `^W- *d-3 o p cfdt O P PP d 0ft ,0 d OO :OCSU d3 SO ft ** O tj* d ft * H ** as SI_>l44*fH_ti.JfHt-ffttJ r--OOrl a ' ffltj. dT3 O sd M -Hd HS0.r-l _* .. . "H .ft Ift id dt) ca cd QJ SL,Ort :*a M d -"ft ft 43 ** SO SO dd -H rl ft>4J o -ft 4G4J <<U0 PQ SO ft 0) fHt t-->6I ft rQ afst :edo O O ft ft d -ft CQ R ft CQ O as ^ ft ft n ft > ft ft ft as d ft CQ o d U *ft d o TS as p A4 ft 3 cd ft o d ca -ft O 04 44 H) A ft fats 03 d p 44 SO d ft d d Hasj S cd -S so PdfQt d `H H ft ca pcqd A ft d as ft &4 ca as A ft d ft os -c d ft o da p A as ft Pi a d -d dft cd r--1 dI CD d ft* d O cfdt * *' T-1 * * ft .rft. SO * H *ri *drl f(3t ftvft CD OH Q) J3` ft *ft Oft n$ n ft TABLE 30. - L o c a tio n , mode o f occurrence, m e ta ls , and m in in g methods base m etal d e p o sits in the U nited S tates--C ontinued Gu Cu, Cu M p #> * o $> 5*.ft & > d * d so 'Q H 'O hi <1 pa cd PA 00)* d_ Od HI ft P* <6!0 >ral O* JgJ a* 0*) <d>0 rv! a "d .H<u <j ' * ft O <u PM S CQ ** ft i PH i . Od fi -dN d ts* as o d afts -ft. ft* fCtQ i cd d T3 <l i as ft 03 ft S ft 0 o o as ca a. o o o d as o as tS 'd rd ftas ft 43 d< as ft o tw *o d cd as u ft ca ft 60 TS d 3s1 as ;o d o ft u cd :<0 as Tft .0) rft Td *"i *!d P4 & (S' T3 ft Td as as M-i q SQ PQ ft * : d as i 44 i 1 3as CQ 4d4 1ft dft cd ca CQ 44 d ddd as o ft p < 9 fftt d SoQ GO sft d pA d N 42 Ph ft id cd as O0 oo as cd M *-i .^s A. as W iJ ecd KSOA _ 3 i^-L as t-H Td rft -a *h OS eft PQ e d B 0 d rHcd ioM d CS3 g d P : * B .* CO d ft os !> 0) y ,d CQ CQ ft 0 * 03 cd K as Eh td* 4ft? d :0S d dd os d -A cd AA dw rl fi: <U <9 fh. > HU as s>) 11 tl 33 !-! d a. 3H !j 03 a< o ca as cu ft ft s .* a d d o > to ft cd ft as c }H <I| R<0 SO (!) <1 S3 d >3 .-fftt d as d d as 42 A d ft h d as as > Sas as o Ud d ift ca p. ca as ft ft Ph B B o d ft o eft o p So .a so d so < *d3 -fQt d d 43 p pH .f . as ft dCQ as ft as ft d s A >rf3t dm ft as a) B > ft 42 0) > O as 43 - nj ft a. d ft *ft tft a. CdQ o as as CQ B4 t> SJ ft Ift cd 4J oO o& ft cd Pi o as g J43S4 as o a CQ h <o o pq .H JS ** ** ca 6*0 <019 C4O0 cdIi| so <5 a <d n -Tj ' n a <3J 03 .o is <31 c--dq fftt d p d as dd d 43 cd AA du rl d = as as >* > nu <a t>% OS O 43 ft cd d. d tft ft ccaa aas* oa. ft ft c Ift .9 > e 43 4d4 D A dft * as eo > 44 'ft as ca ft o da CQ os ca d cw d .0) d a> t 3 3 (U O 42 ,1-3 so d ft 6op> 5 DUP040008982 TABLE 30. - L o c a tio n , mode o f occurrence, m e ta ls ,, and m in in g methods fo r base m etal deposits in the U nited States See fo o tn o te s a t end o f ta b le . P O P P 4J m P X3 p O d O u <a u o >p"] d ji# kJ '( c :P i<a 16 k P ** 4 53 0 P a 3 O 6 44 a 0 a fl Cft SB 00 d P ft a P: CO pH 4) J> a) rH rQ d CO C CQ GJ CO <t) *P <0 H P t4 P d Pd S' d '3 0 *d 0 jQ ft 0 U p0 da ft <in 3 G) d p 0 41 p 0 P iH a d 5s & a) P 6 * X) O e CO XI a d c d C! 0) 0 X d Pu a 5d (S 43 4S d- pH 0) f-ft 00 0) CO P 43 CO .9 43 P 5S P CD >> vi 03 WjiilSS 0 XJ d m 00 ' 0 d ft d !p( * <!J CL ;* CL O 0C O Pd ft 03 *H 03 0) 0) fL d * no 0 iP 'd: frt 00 0) P (0 4J 43 (3 44 pH > p pl d CO <u CL -iH CL pH d (0 O P O 43 <0. id:' P 43 44 d a d CO so CO 0 1 ft p dd ft *r4 CL X) A M & s CO p 0 0d p0 & CQ .ft ft d d ss a pH ft pH <0 0 * CQ M-l * CD PM (K (0 9 aa d iH ft ft .n .* ft pl Qj 0 P ft -01 d CO a O pH .0 GJ 0 3 y pH d d p H CQ iH <0 ts a d 0p *H P P a s b 3 P0 a d (0 > X) d GJ tt dv id' d 4H O ft (J s 00 4 P d- 0 44-l p d Op Q 0) d) 44 .ft *pi a *r4 O ft *~3 00 U d Pr P d *3 d 0 rHi <p d P . ft 0 p S ft >H CJi d p CO d 0 d Mac d d 01 43 d & O p p d pH' 0) k-4 Si5!.| S3 a CO a ,0 w s2 a *r4 A CL P Od U pH w pH >rH p H * 1 H CL <U .00 CO _ > a > 6 a 'H d O rH CL p H X) 43 O 43 a 3 -a d d d CO as <0 CL O PH ft CO M G) H > d Q 9 pH d CQ a H d (0 CL a d 00 0 * 1 m GJ ft H ap nH d XI d P0 d0 SB O P GJ CL CL p CO p p G) d 4H d a XI CQ ad dH P pd ad d0 p0 O 9o p d ft rH 00 >9. us 00 p H pH d ft pi H CD d. CL X) 00 O C . d 6a d p M O CO d a as S rH p a a O p H a pH iH rl CL CL O P6 CO O X1 aa u d GJ O H GJ d 43 p CL P CL d> p CO O O ft fl O H p d ft S! CO d ft H dP 0d pd &0 G) 0 S3 l>% ft- c; <0 p dd 0 GJ 0 CO CQ a O Op Pd pH X) <U rl *H CL m H XJ XJ a 0d s P O d ft?1' 'd, L3 0 Ijoj- P Pa j.O !> coj . 'H cn i p x? 0 ! GJ d d XS Hd dp u a 0 00 O H rH 1 d P P G> CJ sd H P Ph 60 c N1 ft 4= P4 ft d 0 d NI 0 Q) 9 O d <0 (3 <0 d p 3 (0 0 a> a P 0 <U a J> *p <u u PP 0d GJ <D HH 6 6 O <0 CO <u 0 0) 0 G) d CO d *o pd fl p H ;l CL G> CL a> pH 0) Pi cci * X) :# d .0 d G> P e 0 dO P H (3 0 'CO *P P (4 d s 51) 53 P < !>> G) 03 5-* m * 3 55 d53 CO .*4 :oc d <0 43 43 P* P4 a a (3 MJ SSJ IM e00 9 0 0 *00 a0 0 9 D .0 a00 0 .9 0 0 .9 .ft 0 f 0 00 0 0 00 O 6O Td T3 XJ 00 0 ft. 0 0 0 : 0 0 ;* * * ` 0 00 03 0 ft d .* 0d 0 ft > cd u 1--! eH p > d JH CO *H (3 00 1* c 34 CO <t) 53 ft > CO CO ft v .0) m ft CO A 00 H. ( 44 00 Pw ft <0 a0 d <i < d NI d PH 3 3d 0 Op 1 <0 00 P 0 fl) *H X3 .9 U JH a u0 *H pH d0 CO 0 0 43 .ft d 0 > O CO 0) H j> <0 . li 3 H > 0 *d *rf CO 0 iH . CO X) 0 m co CTj (0 a pH <0 6 p H 3 09 d 0) a 0 ft a :!> 0) CQ co *rl Q) pH P 6 G) > CO w d P ri a H pH CQ d ~ d d 43 03 M CQ CQ rH O d *p| CO a a CO <!> X3 *r! S 4 PH 0 0 0 0 0 d .90 Hd H 43 d d pH 0) 0 .0 0 .0 00 0 0 >, M 0 0 d Up Od 0) q 0M 3 P p CQ pi 43 O to a pi CO a0 pi 03 01 d P> **H G) G) d P oc d to X? CQ d rH d Ph d a P pH 43 O PP Pd OO 53 CO t4 ft CO ft CO ft) ft 3 H. X5 0 > .60 43 ,<u PH d KS3 ft d .0 CO 3 0 .d d d P a O t) . ft X? GJ P d d rH 62 aa <a *h CQ 01 rH {> 0 0 0 0 d GJ CQ CO m d -d <0 &H1 ft op ? Gi a 00 <0 NJ iH <2 O ft H ft ft 43 ft d X3 CM CQ *aj y <s % 42 CM PH d dN O d u xl X3 q G) x3 x3 X3 X) 01 G) .43 43 XI ft d GJ dP d CO .0 to X) a P CQ ci) - P d rl P fit a HH d >6 a GJ X) H CO O a a p d d 01 3 pH CQ GO CL <TJ CO Cfl 0) X3 pi H P O x) fa 43 0 '0 0 CQ <*H HO Hd W pi rH ns a G) H 0 0 0 0 :d & H 43 O H S <! CO ft CO . a ft 3 H. 50 <1 43 d PM 0 1 5p PM ft aa Ml N .* CO P d pH cp X3 CQ dd d pi 0) m> <0 43 43 O CQ Pd H 60 CM x) .ft a to d X) 0 & S3 Q) -0 a CQ 09 pi a a G) H P p H G) a> 0) a CQ P G1 P GJ O a 4tei da pH 0 d CL 0 p H G) CLt O Oi 00 *0 0 a0 i-i CQ d d d 0 >d .0 CQ w M H dP is G) <f <4 33 DUP040008983 36 TABLE 31, - Comparison of cost of transporting zinc contained In ore or concentrate to cost of transporting slab zinc1 Cost of transporting zinc contained Cost of transporting slab in ore or concentrate2zinc in carload lots3 Value of ore or 'Nat,, Metal con Cost of trans Carload Rate, cents Cost of trans concentrate, dollars tent , pounds porting, "dollars size, . per 100 porting, dollar dollars per ton per ton4 per tons per ton-mile iiPbUhdlSS:,! ...troftindS',; per ton-mile 0 - 15.00 . 19.36,:- ' ":i*!336: ' 22.95 -0.169 60,000 i-:'`'SSli'S'' ' 0.015 15,00- 27.50 10,06 136-250 .169- .097 100,000 53.5 ,014 27.50- 50.00 50.00- 60.00 10.52 11.20 455-545 .097- .055 .055- .049 120,000 48i0 .012. y 60.00- 70,00 11.89 5^5-636 .049- .045 70.00- 80.00 80.00- 90.00 12.56 13,||4 727-818 .045- .041 .041- .039 90.00-100.00 ; 818-909 .039- .037 1Rates are not determined solely on basis of mileage; therefore costs per ton-mile will:' vary slightly. 3Based on a shipping distance of 833 miles, 3Based on a shipping distance of 782 miles, 4Rates established for these commodities by the railroad for $0,0,00-pound carload lots, 5Based on 100 percent recovery. 6Used 11 cents per pound to calculate the metal content. Lead-ore producers in Arizona, Kansas, Oklahoma, Wisconsin, Illinois, Colorado, Nevada, and New Mexico must ship ore or lead concentrates to smelters in other States. Zinc-ore producing operators in Arizona, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, Missouri, Kansas, Wisconsin, Kentucky, New York, Tennessee, Virginia, and Washington also must ship ore or zinc concentrates to smelting and refining plants in other States, BASE METAL PRODUCTION TRENDS Copper Copper production has increased in response to demand during the period 194.8 to 1963 (fig, 9), All dominant copper-producing States except Utah showed an increasing trend (slope lines or linear trends were calculated by the least squares method, using produc tion data of 1948 to 1963). In 1962 Kenneeott Copper Corp. started an expansion program at its Utah operations, the largest copper-producing facilities in the United States, to increase the output by about 100,000 tons of copper per year by 1967* The increase in Arizona production has been due to expansion of existing operations and development and exploitation of several new porphyry deposits (Esperanza, Ithaca Peak, Mission, and San Manuel), Development of the White Pine property accounted for most of the increase in Michigan. Expansion of existing facilities accounted for the increased production in Montana, Lead Output of lead declined in most States since 1949. General price and production trends were calculated for the principal producing States and are shown in figure 10; the 1949-61 period was used because labor problems were a minimum factor. Lead production in this period mostly was from the following sources: Arizona and Colorado^-Predominantly lead-zinc ores with silver as a principal coproduct. Idafao--Predominantly lead, lead-zinc, and lead-silver ores. Missouri--Almost all from lead ores. DUP040008984 35 :d 42 03 g ca qq 3q rM rl 0 44 Vi rl 3 .44 M 3 o 3 q 3 3 m3 3 . * O v! d O -V iM GOO dl 44 Q d 0 3 fi ra rM rl d d O o- q 43 3 43 3 Vf CO 32 44 CO rd 4% iM Vi 3 q q ot 42 q d pc U 0 (41 <3J 0 rM 3 d5 . * -* d ri .V 44 rM 3 co CO d ; ,* VM' d r--1 Vi Vi q o Vi o a o <:qrK.. q d3 O *0 r-i IS1 q 3 o 3 ?rl iS SO 3 -rl rl 3 P4 d P3 (4 W *3 3 so .q0 3q rJ 0 44 GO u h 3 05 0 VI 0 (3 s o d q 4J 0 CO Oo M q 44 CO 3 .0 * q 3 CO rl q d H rM 44 PO ww3 , Q qO 3 O *iM 4* co *3 oq 42 i-3 C0 44 iM V 03 q q rM dJ q 3 44 rrl 44 q rM rl d 33 q !5 q 3 rl vHi 44 O .3 3 rM >rM P 0' o rl 3 q oa 44 d .03 Vc ca Vj Vt D Vs P 43 ca d> H 3g qO q 0 d **2 0 42 MM pM O MM 44 *v P *v 3 q Vi Is ai g o ca 0 d o d3 3 * * 0 M 3 d CO rl .% CO d h 3 q 02 q a; ** Vi t M 3 rM d> ,3; a) .10 44 *<i q 4J tS* iM'i J> rl 3 > si a CO J-M is q 3 M q 3 C0 3i rl' q G Vi 44 o d PQ ca 13 S P q ca p o tq 44 a q Vi 9% 44 g d m ca 3 d Vi rM d q "rl 3 q Q 3 J-* 0 rl Ift <>& d 42 q rM 44 d3 iM . is AJ ca Vi Vi d 'VM o cjj d q t4 s iS ,k 44 i 3 q CO dJ rl -d d ft ca d 3 ^3 3 M d rM 3 S3 44 q ft o d 3Md ca MM' q 44 d 44 44 rM pM' 01 rM CO g w <1 d d 3 d d tM a rM ca q iM Vi ft CO < 3 42 rM 44 S3 dii q 44 r-->t i--* iiM ca rl q M q 42' 3 M d Vt 3 q o is dj <J ca 3 q0 .i q 3 -M Or GO qo Od 60 -M ,3 u a> o S OH 3 m 3 -h o rl -iM MM o 0rM Vi **'> u o q 42 dj 44 rM GO-GO . w > a H *iH .53 GO d dq d 0 44 H d rM * 0 *ri , d 3 43 GO +J d 'g O j> `rl qft 3 -3w y3 qcu 3co ta do 4V2r: 0 ~ W2 3 I GO q 45 d POi 3 *fHt o ** -44 44 GO d d ft *ri H 0q 3O > adfti 4IS4 Hq 3 .1 q&1r3d od * *'*' 44 GO ,q 60 d -tM 3 3* *rl i-M 3 3- q vM .3 6 > u q -w q 43 04 . .rM .co Q' q EM rl 5 EM 8 T l g g 3 3g H q 3 V3s rM 3 44 CO rl nS rM d GO d q rM 44 3 3 3 q rM 3 d ^rl EM EM EM > .44 q CM q co i 7Midi GO & If? 4. I I 3 I I q 44 44 rl 3 Vi 0 M 3 4g4 4d4 3d)qHH$> Hmm rl H q -rl 3 !zs PM CBj 03 e/3 C/3 44 $4 "q 0i o u 04 q 43 MM 3 44 d 44 q 43 44 o3 0 GO 3 <1i-_q op o j juo g3dq rt .* ** . * -rMGO 4J q <ri 5M3<* 0*'B* ja p <3u So wq , " -rl 60 h a <s CQ <* -03 O <3 * * * Ta id 41UB CO d3 jn N *0 43 PM PM 33 PP 3 ,N3 42 PM 1 >4 qd o -m d3 t-r g 0 *tM q 44 $4 3 q 0 .44 H 0} q3 -& d q S3 q * M d q q > w > g 3 U q H 43 PM 3,2 ra m<a B na u -H CM ooqq s 43 PM Pm . d rl 3 f-i o H MM > -rl rM tS m qp V4 * d d3 d q JSc Vi d H 3 42 GO 3 *1-4 CM CM rl -g ^ T-t d CM 3q *h qq 44 > CO e o e * H MO > S! d d d5 qM Vi <d * .Si fl h < a m " ." . " 60 c to <o H 60 T3> <U -A *s0 tQ o o a 3 ra < 3 fr3 43 PM - 3 O 3 *0 PM 3 P GO 3 rM 3 H q <44 g q qg Vi d 3.co a dq H Vi 5m o a K 44 3 O a Vi :d q 43 03 3 H q 5> q Vi 3 ca 03 rl Pm fl '9. B . B 3 O GO q Vi o 3 P \ i GO Js :3 & <l 3 b3ft 43 PM .3* -P GO < 3 < 3 ..fr3 PM 3 P T3 3 d na GO GO 33 rl rl i-4 i-M d r--I rM q H rl 44 44 q-4 q d rl Vi *rl e 3Oq 44 g gq w d Vi r*l Vf 4? T3 Pm .1 03 * dW 3g o d *rl 3 44 dd 3 d3 *H qS dJ q d 03 d co -43 'rl *3 n 03 q 5 -5 qw > e 9 * 3e o 44 ? . GO H 3 Ej s s: > :C0 to d d d rM IS q <d VI GO i q 43 * Em CM d3 3 q 3 q -rl co 3 Vi dj qq q 3 Sj i 3i * M 3 d3 'O O d 3 Vi q H H h 14 3 dJ > q d GO o 0 GO >t 0 q 3 rM q dJ d O V* ^ >df rM q rl CO Vi 3 qd 0c1o 4qD GO q rl O dj MM q p-i CQ 3 3 3 0q o rl d O 44 o od * o 3 O3 I O i 3 Vi oo i g O a 1 1 q i 3 3 -44 43 d q U d a u .0 o ca 3 O rl 44 ** dq 3 rM GO O H rO 44 -0 33 rl d 43 dqJ WS .3 d3 q F d co q H q dn 0 . PQ U 44 3 d mm CO I rl d3 Q 3 q o I <1 I w Q * O di SM I a S I go 3 J>> 5 3 I 43 3 O *H ^3 03 44 3 'H O *rl rM 44 >|M 44 q H 44 g 3 rM 3 ^o e q h 3 44 q EG 14 mg _ d3 O .3 Jm d3 t .60 q d P V d) ?rl d 43 O 3 44 rM <J .<{ PQ PQ a o vi *h d0 44 C/3 PfcJ H 01 03 O fcH cOo 5^ DUP0400089S5 38 ".1 :v; r ,'5li FIGURE 9. - General Price and Production Trends for Ma jor Copper-Producing States, 1948 to 1963. DUP040008986 DUP04Q008987 FIGURE 8. - Location of Base-Metal Smelting and Refining Plants With Respect to Mainline Railroad-Servi 31 Characteristics of the deposits which govern the mining methods include (1) the size and shape of the ore body, (2) the depth and type of overburden, (3) the attitude of the deposit, and (4) strength and physical nature of the surrounding rocks. Mining is done through underground openings or from the surface, depending upon the characteristics of the deposit. Some low-grade or waste-dump material contains metals that can be recovered by leaching methods. Table 28 shows the range of costs by mining with different methods (11); table29 presents the proportion of base metal reserves and potential resources that are or might be extracted from deposits by various mining methods. TABLE 28. - Direct mine operating costs for various mining methods, period 1955-591 Amount mined Direct mining costs Labor, Mining method per month, per ton3 percent of Square setting.....-,....,. Cut elXIct fill *.# # . *>*#*,## StiirxnlccLgs .. tens/ 439,330 585,300 305,820 High $18.72 14.73 8.12 Low $6.22 3.07 1.75 Average* $10.20 6.69 3.92 total cost4 71.2 56.7 (B) Room and pillar (trackless type).*.*..,,,; Sublevel sloping.......... Subleve 1 caving............ Block caving.............. 0p6H pit a"#;.# ****# 733,220 1,547,410 118,150 1,803,150 5,198,060 '1 2.41 4.71 e) 2.25 1.15 1 1.16 1.06 (S) 1.15 .21 2.05 2.37 4.97 1.41 .32 43.7 56.9 63.3 54.2 36.4 " Reference (11). 2Total aggregate tonnage of ore mined each month except for open pits (see footnote 6). 3Includes exploration and development,, sfoping, haulage, hoisting, pumping, and general underground and surface costs. ^Weighted average on the basis of tons produced from each mine. 5Not available. 6Cost is per ton of "material" and is based on total tons of oire and waste handled. TABLE 29* - Estimated percent of base metal reserves and potential resources in the United States according to mining method Mining method Total reserves, percent Total resources, percent Open pit 38.6 9.3 Open stope * . 26.9 68.2 Shf mlca^e* .2 1.4 R-c Lx ic Io io . px.lX3.2r *m fi 9 . 13.0 1.9 Room ahd pillar........... 8.1 8.2 Block caving..............: 7.6 .5 Sulb level ^ 0 Square setting............ .3 .6 1.3 .3 'Gut nncl ill##**#s . .2 .1 Miscellaneous * 4.5 8.8 1 Includes properties for which information was not available and methods which do not apply to the categories listed. DUP040008988 30 Arsenic is recovered as a coproduct of smelting arsenic-bearing copper ores by The Anaconda Company' at Anaconda, Mont., and American Smelting and Refining Company at Tacoma, Wash* Indium is recovered by American Smelting and Refining Company at the eoppei refinery in Perth Amboy, N. J. Rhenium concentrate is recovered entirely as a coproduct of molybdenite derived from southwestern porphyry copper ores. Selenium and tellurium are recovered as a Coproduct of the electrolytic refining of copper and lead. Thallium is recovered from cadmium-containing flue dust. Domestic antimony Is recovered as a coproduct of silver-lead ore refining Properties of the Sunshine Mining Co* and Hecla Mining Co. in Idaho are the principal sources of domestically produced antimony* Sulfuric acid is manufactured from the sulfur-oxide gases during roasting of pyrite and other sulfide concentrates from base metal ores. Chats (chert tailings), dolomite, limestone, sandstone, and smelter slags are byproducts used as road metal, railroad ballast, soil conditioning, and specialized prod ucts in manufacturing. Iton sinter is recovered as a byproduct by Tennessee Copper Co*, Pblk County, Tenn,, and is used in iron and steel plants, ECONOMIC FACTORS INVOLVING RESERVES AND POTENTIAL RESOURCES The economic exploitation of a mineral deposit is determined by the costs of producing and marketing salable products. Producing minerals involves locating, exploring, and developing deposits, mining and benefieiating the ore, and smelting and refining the metal. Marketing involves sales and dis tribution to consumers. These factors are considered in estimating costs of production and are used here in making comparisons of favorability of reserves and potential resources by States or geographic areas* Costs of production can not be considered as static but are subject to change according to economic factors and improvements in production technology. Improvements in production technology have been greatest for mineral deposits conducive to low-cost, large-volume extractive methods. Generally, the small high-grade deposits have required high-cost mining methods having compara tively less possibility for improvement in production technology* Mining Methods Mineral deposits have physical characteristics that govern the methods of mining. Factors affecting costs include geologic environment for optimum extraction, safety, capital investment, and methods of production for the largest net return. /4 -e to a 8 r DUP040008989 ! 27 t at r t .17. 24. - Average annual and adjusted price of copper, lead, and zinc, 1945-64, cents per pound Average Year annual copper price1 1945 11.8 1946 13.8 1947 21.0 1948 1949 22.0 is.2 1950 21.2 1951 24.2 1952 : 24.2 1953 28.8 1954 29.7 1955 37.5 1956 41.8 1957 29.6 1958 25.8 1959 31.2 1960 32.1 1961 29.9 1962 30.6 1963 30.6 1964 ; 32.0 Copper price, adjusted.3 2U0 22.4 27.9 26.9 24.0 25.6 26.4 27.1 32.0 32.9 40.6 43.3 29.8 2.5.9 30.8 31.7 . 29.7 30.4 30.4 31.6 Average annual lead price3 ' 6.5" 8.1 14.7 18.0 15.4 13.3 17.5 16.5 13.5 14.1 15.1 16.0 14.7 12.1 12.2 11.9 10.9 9.6 11.1 13.5 Lead price, adjusted 11.5 13.1 19.5 22". 0 19.3 16.0 19.1 18.5 15.0 15.6 16.3 16.6 14.8 12.2 12.0 11.7 10.8 9.5 11.0 13.3 Average annual zinc price4 8.3 8.7 10.5 13.6 12.1 13.9 18.0 16.3 10.9 10.7 12.3 13.5 11.4 10.3 11.5 12.9 11.5 11.6 12.0 . 13.5 Zinc price, ad justed3 14,7 14.1 13.9 16.6 IS,. 1 16*8 19.7 18.1 12;. 1 11.8 13.3 14.0 11.5 10,4 11.4 12.7 11.4 11.5 11.9 13,3 '''Engineering and Mining Journal copper price, domestic refinery. 3Adjusted according to the wholesale price index, 1957-59 = 100. (All commod ities except farm products and foods.) ^Engineering and Mining Journal lead price (New York). 4Engineering and Mining Journal zinc price (East St. Louis). TABLE 25. - Estimated tonnage of recoverable lead.in the United States by ore type Type of ore deposit L&cLi. -0 0 9 .0 0 -0 0 .0 :0 0 * .0 0 0.0 Lead-silver. Xi6.L.d*"Z 1T1G 0-909 0 09090.0 09 2 -LHC " 9 0 0 0 0 9.0 9 0 0 Reserves Metal content, Average 1,000 ore grade, short tons1 percent; 27,350 2.85 190 4.93 1,250 6.75 1,810 1.25 30,600 - 1Assuming 87-percent recovery. Resources Metal content, Average i,doo ore grade, short tons1 percent 1,350 0.97 60 3,50 1,770 1.89 9 , 860 .47 13,040 - Maintenance of the small measured reserve base has been governed by geo logic conditions and the high costs necessary to block out ores during irregu lar and low price fluctuations. At most of the properties included in the estimated reserves of this report indications of ore were sufficient to war rant development. Ore reserves in the measured and indicated categories S DUP040008990 28 should increase as production advances with little additional cost beyond the usual development and mining Costs* Discovery of the new "lead belt" in southeast Missouri has more than replenished the previously depleted lead reserves of the United States, The four States ranking highest in lead reserves are Missouri* Idaho, Colorado, and Utah; these States account for 91 percent of the total reserves, . Zinc The measured, indicated, and inferred zinc reserves are estimated as con taining 22 million tons of recoverable zinc metal (assuming 77-percent recov ery). This metal occurs in the various ore types as indicated in table 26, An additional 48 million tons of recoverable zinc is included as potential resources; these resources may become reserves by economic changes or improved technology. Measured reserved contain an estimated 2.7 million tons of recov erable zinc, and measured potential resources contain 154,000 tons. TABLE 26, - Estimated tonnage of recoverable zinc in the United States by ore type Type of ore deposit :Re serves . Metal content, Average 1,000 ore grade, short tons1 percent Z !LI1C t; Laad^z me -# * XHC 0 0 m m * mm .00 0 0 , Z.X3XO"C-0JjpejT 10,830 770 930 170 3.72 4.68 1.40 6.18 Z leadxxic** f Lead##* 5,510 3,770 4.29 .44 TotB.l 21,980 - 1Assuming 77-percent recovery. Resources Metal content, Average 1,000 ore grade, short tons1 percent 4,560 3.26 1,020 1.24 110 1.00 720 2.40 41,230 2.23 130 ,11 47,780 - Measured zinc reserves are Sufficient for 5 years at the 1963 rate of production of 529,000 tons. Measured, indicated, and inferred reserves are sufficient to maintain this production rate for 42 years. The major portion of the zinc reserves are contained in zinc and Zinclead ores. The average grade of the zinc ore reserves is 3.7 percent and of the potential resources, 3.3 percent. COPRODUCTS AMD BYPRODUCTS ! .' j Most nonferrous base metal ores contain recoverable coproducts and byprod ucts. Many ores have small quantities of valuable minerals which are not pro duced because of lack of markets or the excessive cost of recovery, j Some of the more common coproducts in the ores are antimony, arsenic, cadmium, cobalt, copper, fluorspar, gallium, germanium, gold, indium, lead, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, rhenium, selenium, silver, tellurium, thallium, - ~ j : Ji i DUP040008991 25 TABLE 22. Estimated tonnage of recoverable copper in the United States by ore type Reserves Predominate metals Metal content, Average in ore deposits 1,000 grade, short tons1 percent Coppsir 0 * . 00 0 *0 0000*00 O -0 0 73,640 0.86 Copper-z xoc# #.* .. .# *,# > 950 1.23 Zinc^eopper* mm.m .m000000 *00000 60 1.97: # ** 0 0*0 0 74,700 ' ' -' Assuming 90-percent recovery. Resources Metal content, Average 1,000 grade, short tons1 percent 57,530 0,47 110 .80 350 .98 57,990 - The States ranking highest in measured and indicated reserves are Arizona,, Montana, Utah, Mew Mexico, and Michigan; Michigan outranks the other States in inferred reserves. These five States account for 92 percent of total copperore reserves. Previous estimates (18) of copper reserves and the 1964 estimate are listed in table 23* This 1964 estimate of copper reserves greatly exceeds those of the past; this increase is the result of accelerated mineral develop ment: , improvement in mining and metallurgical technology, and greater effort in obtaining reliable data. Most of the production from newly discovered deposits is the result of development between 1950 and 1964 of large low-grade mines which will sustain large-volume operations. During this period the price per pound of copper, adjusted to a common level according to the whole sale price index (1957-59 base of 100), has increased about 6 Cents per pound (table 24). New porphyry deposits brought into operation between 1950 and 1964 include Copper Cities, ESperanZa, Ithaca Peak, Mission, San Manuel, and Silver Bell in Arizona, and Terrington in Nevada. New bedded replacement or sedimentary type deposits brought into operation during this same period include the Christmas in Arizona, Bayard in Nek Mexico, and Mbits Pine in Lead The measured, indicated, and inferred lead reserves contain about 31 million tons (assuming an 87-percent recovery) in ores classified as lead, lead-silver, lead-zinc, and zinc-lead (fable 25). In addition, approximately 13 million tons of lead are estimated in potential resources. Measured lead-ore reserves (table 6) are sufficient for 2 years at the 1963 rate of production of 253,000 tons; however, measured reserves in Missouri are included in indicated and inferred categories. Measured, indi cated, and inferred reserves are adequate for this rate of production for 121 years. Ores with lead as the principal metal comprise the largest reserves and the average grade is 2.9 percent. The second most important source is in leadzinc deposits with an average ore grade of 6,8 percent lead and 4.6 percent zinc, (The second largest quantity of lead is contained in the sine-lead DUP040008992 26 deposits, but the recovery of the lead is dependent upon mining the deposit for the zinc content,) TABLE 23, * Previous estimates of copper reserves in the United States Tear Reference Recoverable copper,3 1,000 tons Annual rate of Price, "Life", production used to cents years estimate "life", 1,000 tons 1931 (2, v. 131, p. 178) 1931 (19) At least 18,500 18,800 1934 (2, v, 135, pp, 448-449) 18,900 9 9 i io : 31 31 32 2 600 2 600 2 600 1935 (15) 1935 (15) 1936 (15) 1944 (10) 1945 (12) 1950 <18, P, 34) 1960 (16, p, 45) 1964 16,000 23,500 23,700 20,000 29,200 25,000 532,500 677,000 10 12 12% 413 413 20 32 32 22 32 33 25 : 36 25 30 63 3750 3 750 725 800 800 1,000 1,100 1,213 ` Recovery factor of 90 percent* 21925~35 average rate of production, ^Predicted by estimators from ttend. Actual 1935 production was about 400,000 tons. 4Premium price plan in effect, 5Measured and indicated ore reserves (no estimate was made for inferred reserves), sMeasured, indicated, and inferred reserves. DUP040008993 i FIGURE 6.. - Location of Areas Having Copper-Bearing FIGURE 7- - Location of Areas Haying Lead-, Zinc-, and Silver-Bearing 54 Financing The mining industry is a business venture involving high monetary risks, especially in the exploration and development stages; therefore, adequate financing is usually difficult to obtain* At some properties ore deposits are marginal according to the price of metals, and funds available are insufficient to sustain an operation until prices improve.. Other properties require additional exploration or develops ment to enable operators to plan for and achieve' long-range benefits; some companies have been unable to obtain the necessary finances for this work. The inability of some companies to obtain financing has been attributed to the poor metal.-producing outlook during specific periods. Many properties, particularly in. the Western States, have not been operated because sufficient ore reserves or money were not available for efficient operating facilities. Many individuals or companies who own. or control promising mineral prop erties attach an excessive selling or leasing value to the property With the result that possible profitable operations are prevented or Curtailed. Fre quently this overevaluation prevents consolidation of properties in areas where such combining is necessary for the most- economical development. Exam ples of the need for consolidation can be found in many of the older mining districts in the Western States, Some of the ore reserves and potential resources compiled in this report probably would be mined if agreements could be made among operators and property owners. Exploration financial assistance was available for promising deposits of Copper, lead, and zinc as well as other commodities through the Office of .Mineral Exploration (OME) until June 30, 1962. At this time the financial assistance for copper, lead, and zinc was withdrawn. Development financial assistance has been given to somfe producers through the Small Business Administration (SBA). Exploration Exploration is being increasingly directed toward discovery of deeper and obscured deposits. Greater reliance is being placed on geophysical and geo chemical detection methods,' Research is needed for cheaper, more efficient exploratory drilling methods, for new interpretive indicators in drillhole logging., and for development of new techniques for use in evaluation of ore deposits. Many economic and technical problems are being attacked and resolved by private companies. State research departments, and Bureau of Mines, and the Geologidal Survey. Improvements in technology of exploration have been notable since 1950. Mineralogy The mineralogy of the lead and zinc deposits of the Eastern and Central United States is relatively simple when compared with that of the complex ores of the Western United States. Greater recovery can be achieved in processing ores of simple mineralogy resulting in a larger net return to the mining :*h, V, -i '< ; i DUP040008996 53 TABLE 33, - Problems affecting potential sources of lead and zinc--Continued Resources, Copper, Lead,' Zinc, 1,000 tons1 Percent' percent percent Problems and remarks Area VII? 75,000 T.49 0.52 Ore deposits are too low-grade for present high cost operations. 830 5.00 10.00 Problem involves economical separation of mineral associated with abrasive gangue 20,000 3.40 1 .rock, ' 3,20 Ground support is an operating and cost problem. Rock bursts are common as depth of mining increases. Inadequacy of labor is a problem, and in some areas custom milling facilities are needed. 12,000 ,50 Mining, milling, and transportation costs exceed value of ore. Production depends on mining by low-cost underground methods for bedded replacement type of deposit. 1,500,000 ,25 1.75 This tremendous resource is at depths exceeding 2,0.00 feet. Recovery is, depend ent upon finding some cheap mining, method that is beyond current technology and economics. 2,000 3,50 4,00 Small, scattered mineralized deposits currently cannot he produced cheaply enough to compete with other sources. Deposits would require underground stdp- ing methods involving deep deposits . having allied operating problems. Area Villa 500 1.50 1.50 High operating cost is the problem. High- cost items are due to location and acces sibility; a beneficiation problem requites fine grinding of ore to minus 200 mesh to separate the lead and zinc minerals. lResource in terms of material having a potential of becoming ore, 2 States in area designations are shown in figure 6, Domestic Competition The aspects of competition usually are not indicated at the oreproduction stage but are evident at the marketing stage. Effects of domestic competition may be evident in the future on specific high cost production. Lead and zinc deposits of the Western States Contain relatively highgrade ore but are mote costly to mine and process than the disseminated deposits in Missouri and Tennessee, Deposits discovered and developed since 1956 in Missouri and Tennessee probably will restrict production in the Western States by Virtue of lower costs. DUP040008997 56 efficient, economical method of producing metal raw materials for use directly in manufacturing. Such plants varying in capacity to meet needs, could be planned to serve a particular area or State. Marketing Marketing problems are mainly associated with costs in transporting the metals to users. Most of the base metals are processed or fabricated into consumer items in the industrialised sector of the Eastern and Midwestern United States. Manufacturing markets in Illinois, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylva nia, and Indiana consumed about 62 percent of the slab zinc produced in 1963, Manufacturing plants in Mew Jersey, Illinois, California, and Indiana used about 46 percent of the copper and lead and other plants in the Eastern States accounted for the greatest portion of the remaining production. Base metal producers are faced with strong competition from substitute materials. Aluminum is being used in place of Copper in many electrical applications* Plastic materials are substituted for lead-in cable coverings and latex materials and titanium dioxide are used in paints replacing markets formerly dominated by white lead-type paints. Ceramic .and plastic coatings are replacing zinc in some metal covering usesi Substitute materials are a principal factor in restricting the price of copper, lead, and zinc, Research and market development are needed to find new uses of base metals. Efficient substitution for the. base metals is worthwhile but new uses for base metals is also desirable. DUP040008998 58 16. McMahon, A, 'D* Copper.. A Materials Survey. BuMines inf, Circ. 8225, 1965, 340 pp. 17. Ohle, E, L. Thoughts on Epigenetic Vs, SyngenetiC Origin in Certain Cppper Deposits. Econ, Geol. v. 57, Ho. 5, August 1962, pp.* 831-836. 18. President's Material Policy Commission. Resources for Freedom. V. II, The Outlook for Key Commodities, 1952, .210 pp, 19. 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Developing a Program To Determine the Economic Value of Mineral Deposits With Respect to Time. Short Course and Symposium on Computers and Computer Applications in Mining and Exploration, College of Mines, Univ, Ariz ., v. 1, Mar. 15-19, 1965, 25 pp. 2. Barbour, Percy. World Copper-Ore Reserves. Eng, and Min. J., v, 131, NO. 4, Feb. 23, 1931, p 178; V. 135, No. 10, October 1934, pp. 448-449. 3. Bateman, Alan E, Economic Mineral Deposits* John Wiley & Sons, Inc,, New York, 2d ed., 1950, 916 pp. 4. Bell, James E. , and Kathleen M. McBreen. Gold, Ch. in Bureau of Mines Minerals Yearbook 1954, Volume X. Metals and Minerals (Except Fuels), 1958, p. 507. 5. Blondell, F., and S. G. Lasky, Mineral Reserves and Mineral Resources. Econ. Ceol., v, 51, No, 7, November 1956, pp, 686-697. 6. Bureau of Mines and Geological Survey. Materials Survey--Copper. Com piled for the Office of Defense Mobilization, 1952, 694 pp. 7. .___. Materials Survey-Zinc, Compiled for the Office of Defense Mobilization, 1951, 613 pp, 8. Bureau of Mines. Mineral Pacts and Problems, BuMines Bull, 630, 1965, 1118 pp. 9. Calloway, H, M. Lead, A Materials Survey, BuMines Inf, Girc, 8083, 1962, 194 pp, 10. Cannon, R. D., Jr. , Helena Meyer, and M. Mosier. Statements on Mineral Resources, Copper* Ch, in Mineral Position of the United States, Nat. Res, Econ. Subcommittee, Committee on Public Lands, U,S, Senate, 80th Cong., 1st sess., 1947, pp, 240-241* 11. Chandler, John W, Mine Development and Operating Costs, Min. Cong. J* , v. 45, No, 11, November 1959, p. 46, 12. Federal Trade Commission. Report on the Copper industry. 1947, p. 4. 13. Just, Evan. Mining Profits are Inadequate, Min. Cong. J,, v. 51, No. 3, March 1965, pp. 48-51. 14. Kaufman, Alvin. Southeastern Alaska^ Mineral Industry. BuMines Inf, Cite. 7844, 1958, 37 pp. 15* Leith, K., and D. M. Liddell, The Mineral Reserves of the United States and Its Capacity for Production. 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Investigation of Copper-Bearing Pyrite OSes Fyriton, Clay County, Ala. BuMines Rept, of Ittv* 4494, 1949, 15 pp, Poque, Joseph E. Cid Mining District of Davidson County, N, C. North Carolina Geol, and Econ. Survey Bull, 22, 1910, 144 pp. Shearer, H. K., and J, P. D. Hull, A Preliminary Report on a Part of the Pyrite Deposits of Georgia. Geol, Survey Df Georgia Bull, 33, 1918, 229 pp. Smith, Eugene A,, and Henry McCalley, Index to The Mineral Resources of Alabama. Geol. Survey of Alabama Bull, 9, 1904, 79 pp* Warren, Jack R, A Study of Magnetic Anomalies Associated With Hltrabasic Dikes in the Western Kentucky Fluorspar District. Kentucky Geol, Series IX, Bull* 19m, 1956, p. 33. Weed, W. H. Copper Deposits of the Appalachian States. U.S, Geol, Survey Bull. 455, 1911, pp. 67-89; 127-145, Area III Agnew, F, F. Application of Geology to Discovery of Zinc-Lead Ore in Wisconsin-Illinois-Iowa District. Min, Eng,, v, 7, No. 8, August 1955, pp, 781-795. 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Now Its Official; Kennecott1 s Major Missouri Lead Find, V. 25, No. 8, July 1962, p. 19* Ohle, E, L], J. S, Brown, W, S, Detrick, J, A. Emery, J, E, Jewell, J, E, Riser, Fi G. Snyder, R, E, Wagner, W. W. Weigel and F, B. Whiting. Geologic Problems|in the Southeast Missouri Lead District. Geol. Soc. Am, Bull., v. 65, March 1954, pp. 201-222. i Reeds, C. A. A Report on the Geological and Mineral Resources of the Arbuckle Mountains, Okla. Oklahoma Geol. Survey Bull, 3, 1910, 69 pp. Ruhl, 0, Investigation of the Oronogo-Webb City-Duenweg Zinc-Lead District, Jasper County, Mo* BuMines Rept, of Inv. 4598, 1950, 84 pp. Ruhl, 0., S. A, Allen, and S. P. Holt, Zinc-Lead Ore Reserves of the TriState District, Missouri--Kansas--Oklahoma. BuMines Rept, of Inv, 4490, 1949, 59 j pp. Sellards, E, H., G, L. Baker, Edwin B. Eckel, Paul E, M. Purcell, Clyde P. Ross, anti W. E. Cartwright, The Geology of Texas, Dniv. Texas Bull. 3401, v, II, 1935, pp. 409-12, 503-05, 573-605, Sellards, . H., and G. L. 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Upgrading Cobalt-Nickel Stockpiles by the Roast-Flotation Process, BuMines Kept, of Inv. 5388, 1958, 10 pp. Flawn, P. I, The Hazel Copper-Silver Mine, Culberson County, Tex. Univ. Texas Rept. of Inv. 16, 1952, 23 pp. Fowler, G. M. Structural Control of Ore Deposits in the Tri-State Lead-Zinc District. Eng. and Min, j., v. 39, No, 9, September 1938, pp* 46-51. Fowler, G. M., and J, P. Lyden. The Ore Deposits of the Tri-State District. Trans, AIME, v, 102, 1931, pp. 206-51, Honess, C. W, Geology of the Southern Ouachita Mountains of Oklahoma. Oklahoma Geol. Survey Bull. 32, Part II, 1923, 80 pp, Kenworthy, H., and K, Kershner. Metallurgical Investigations of Southeastern Missouri Cobalt-Nickel Resources, BuMines Rept. of Inv, 4999, 1953, 37 pp. King, P. B, Geology of the Marathon Region, Tex. U,S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 187, 1937, pp. 138-139. King, P. B., and P. T. Flawn. Geology and Mineral Deposits of Precambrian Rocks of the Van Horn Area, Tex. Univ. Texas Pub. 5301, 1953, pp* 149-168. Knox, C. C. Investigation of Melrose Zinc-Lead District, Ottawa County, Okia., and Cherokee County, Kans, BiiMines Rept, of Inv. 4337, 1948, 92 pp, . Investigations of Zinc-Lead Deposits on Extensions of the Miami Trough, Ottawa County, Okla*, and Cherokee County, Kans, BiiMines Rept. of Inv. 4415, 1949, 35 pp* Lane, M, E. Mining Methods and Costs at the Hayden Creek Mine of St. Joseph Lead Co., St, Francois County, Mo. BuMines Inf. Circ, 7781, 1957, 33 pp. Lyden, J. P. Aspects of Structure and Mineralization Used as Guides in the Development of the Picher Field, Trans. A3ME, v. 187, December 1950, pp. 1, 251-59. DUP040009011 70 Dings, M. G* The Wallapi Mining District, Cerbat Mountains., Mohave County, Ariz. U.S. Gepl, Survey Bull, 978-E, 1951, pp 123-163# Disbrow, Alan E, and Walter C. Strall. Geology of the Cerrillos Area, Santa Pe County, N* Hex, Mew Mexico Bur; of Mines and Miner, Res,, Bull, 48, 1937, 73 pp. Emmons, S, F., J. P, Irving, and G, S, Loughlin, Geology and Ore Deposits of the Leadyille Mining District, Colo. U.S. Gepl. Survey Prof, Paper 148, 1927, 368 pp. Engineering and Mining Journal, New Process Relies on Unused Cu Quality. V, 164, No, 7, July 1963, p. 52, Franz, M, W. Leach, Precipitate and Flotation Process at Ray, Ariz# J, Metals, v, 11, No. 6, June 1959 pp, 382-385, Gilluly, James. Geology and Ore Deposits of the Stockton and Fairfield Quadrangles, Utah, U.S, Geol, Survey Prof, Paper 173, 1932, 171 pp* . The Ajo Mining District, Ariz, U.S. Gepl, Survey Prof. Paper 209, 1946, 112.pp,; supplement, 1949, 1 p. Hamilton, W. H., and R. R. McLellan. Investigation of the Kokomo Zinc Deposits, Summit County, Colo. BuMines Rept, of Inv, 5138, 1955, 28 pp, Hardwick* W. R, Open-Pit Copper Mining Methods, Morenci Branch, Phelps Dodge Corp., Greenlee County, Ariz, BuMines Inf, Circ. 7911, 1959, 67 pp. Open-Pit Copper Mining Methods at New Cornelia Branch, Phelps Dodge Corp., Pima County, Ariz. BuMines Inf, Circ, 7938, 1960, 83 pp. Hardwick, N. R., and M. M. Stover, Open-Pit Copper Mining Methods and Practices, Copper Cities Division, Miami Copper Co., Gila County, Ariz, BuMines Inf. Circ. 7985, 1960, 51 pp. Henderson, Charles W. Mining in Colorado. A History of Discovery, Develop ment, and Production, U.S. Geol, Survey Prof, Paper 138, 1926, 263 pp. Herfindahl, 0. C, Some Fundamentals of Mineral Economics, Land Economics, V. 31, No, 2, May 1955, p. 131. Ingham, George R,, and Alfred T. Barr. Mining Methods and Costs at the New Cornelia Branch, Phelps Dodge Corp,, Ajo, Ariz. BuMines Inf. Circ. 6666, 1932, 17 pp. Jackson, Chas. F., John B, Knaebel, and C. A. Wright. Lead and Zinc Mining and Milling in the United States; Current Practices and Costs. BuMines Bull. 381, 1935, 204 pp. : . 'V i "7 ..;j ; DUP040009012 69 Area V Ahderson, C A., E. A. Scholz, and 3, D, Strpbell, Jr, Geology and Ore Deposits of the Bagdad Area, Yavapai Gounty, Ariz. U.S, Geol* Survey Prof. Paper 278, 1955, 103 pp. Anderson, C. A,, and $. C. Greasey, Geology and Ore Deposits of the Jerome Area, Yavapai County, Aria, U.S, Geol, Survey Prof, Paper 308, 1958, 185 pp, Atkinson, `William A. Geology of the San Pedro Mountains, Santa Fe County, N, Hex, New Mexipo Bur, of Mines and Miner, Res, Bull, 77, 1962, 50 pp, Ball, Sydney H, Copper Deposits of the Hartville Uplift, Wyo, Ch. in Copper, U.S;. Geol. Survey Bull, 315-B, 1907, pp, 93-107, Bogert, John R, Christmas Mine Development, Min. World, v. 22, No, 8,. July I960, pp, 28l29, Boutwell, John Mason. Economic Geology of the Bingham Mining District, Utah, U.S. Geol, Survey Prof, Paper 38, 1905, 413 pp, . , . Geology and Ore Deposits of the Park City District, Utah, U.S, Geol, Survey Prof, Paper 77, 1912, 231 pp. Burbank, W, S, Geology and Ore Deposits of the Bonanza Mining District, Colo. U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 169, 1932, 166 pp. Structural Control of Ore Deposition in the Red Mountain, Sneffels, and Telluride Districts of the San Juan Mountains, Colo. Colorado $ci. Soc. Proc,, v. 14, No, 5, pp, 141-261. Butler, B. S., G. F, Loughlin, V. C. Haikes, and Others. The Ore Deposits of Utah. U.S. Gaol. Survey Prof. Paper 111, 1920, 672 pp, Butler, B. S, Geology and Ore Deposits of the San Francisco and Adjacent Districts, Utah* U.S. Geol. Survey Prof, Paper 80, 1913, 212 pp, Galkins, F, C., and B. S. Butler, Geology and Ore Deposits of the CottonwoodAmerican Forks Area, Utah. U.S. Geol. Survey Prof, Paper 201, 1943, 152 pp. Chapman, Thomas L, San Manuel Copper Deposit, Pinal County, Ariz. BuMines Rept, of Inv, 4108, 1947, 93 pp. Cross, Whitman, and F. S. Ransome. Rico Colo. U.S. Geol, Survey, Geologic Atlas of the United States, folio 130, 1905, 20 pp. Del Rio, S. M. Mineral Resources of Colorado, State of Colorado Miner. Res, Board, First Sequel, 1960, 764 pp. , / A .V* r .1 ; ,, .... ' ' .-fe'- 'n , .. - DUP040009013 71 Kelly, V. C. Geology, Ore Deposits, and Mines of the Mineral Point, Poughkeepsie, and Upper Uncompahgre Districts, Ouray, San Juan, Hinsdale Counties, Colo, Colorado Sci, Soc. Proc, , v 14, Ho. 7, 1946, 478 pp, Kerr, Paul F., J. L. Kulp, C, Meade Patterson, and Robert J. bright. Hydrothermal Alteration at Santa Rita, N, Mex. Geol, Soc, of Am, Bull,, v, (SI, No. 4, April 1950, pp. 276-347. Knight , Frank P., and Frank J. Tuck, Arizona Wage ..Statistics and Copper Output. Arizona Dept, of Miner, Res., May 1964, 14 pp, Ruellmer, Frederick, J, Geology of a Disseminated Copper Deposit Near Hillsbpro, Sierra County, N. Mex* New Mexico Bur. of Mines and Miner. Res., Circ. 34, 1955, 46 pp* Lacy, W, C., and S, R. Titley, Geological Developments in the Twin Buttes District , Ariz* Min, Cong, j., v. 48., No* 6, June 1962, pp. 62-64. Lasky, Samuel G. Geology and Ore Deposits of the Bayard Area, Central Mining District, N. Mex, U,S. Geol. Survey Bull, 870, 1936, 144 pp* . The Ore Deposits of Socorro County, N, Mex, New Mexico Bur. of Mines and Miner. Res. Bull, 8, 1932, 139 pp. . Geology and Ore Deposits of the Lordsburg Mining District, Hidalgo County, N. Mex. U.S, Geol. Survey Bull, 885, 1938, 62 pp, Lindgren, Waldemar. The Copper Deposits of the Clifton-Morenci District, Ariz, U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 43, 1905, 375 pp, Lindgren, Waldemar, Louis C. Graton, and Charles H. Gordon. The Ore Deposits of New Mexico, U,S*. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 68, 1910, 361 pp. Lindgren, Waldemar, and G. F. Loughlin. Geology and Ore Deposits of the Tintic Mining District, Utah, U.S. Geol, Survey Prof, Paper 107, 1919, 282 pp. Loughlin, G. F,, and A, H. Koschmann. Geology and Ore Deposits of the Magdalena Mining District, N. Mex. U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 200, 1942, 168 pp. Lovering, T, S. Rock Alteration as a Guide to Ore--East Tintic District., Utah. Econ, Geol. Monograph 1, 1949, 66 pp. Lovering, T. S., and E. N. Goddard. Geology and Ore Deposits of the Front Range, Colo, U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 223, 1950, 319 pp* Peterson, N P, Geology and Ore Deposits of the Globe-Miami District, Arizona. U.S. Geol* Survey prof. Paper, 342, 1962, 151 pp. DUP040009014 72 Pester son, N. P., and R. W, Swanson. Geology of the Christinas Copper Mine, Gila Copnty, Ariz, U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1027-H, 1956, pp, .351-37.3,, Preston, Bee E, Exploration for Non-Ferrous Metals--An Economic Analysis. Resources for the Future, Washington, D,C,, I960, p, 7, RampacekjCarl, W. A, McKinney, and F. T. Waddle ton. Treating Oxidised and Mixed Oxide-Sjulfide Copper Ores by the Segregation Process. BiiMines Rept. of Inv, 5501, 1959, 28 pp, Ransome, F. B. The Geology and Ore Deposits of the Bisbee Quadrangle, Ariz. U.S, Geol, Survey Prof, Paper 21, 1904, 16$ pp, ____Copper Deposits of Bisbee, Ariz. Ch. in Copper. U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 213d, 1903, pp, 149-157. , The Copper Deposits of Ray and Miami, Ariz. U.S. Geol* Survey Prof . Paper 115, I9l9, 192 pp. Richards, R. W. Notes on Bead and Copper Deposits in the Bear River Range, Idaho and Utah, Ch, in Bead and Zinc* U.S,- Geol. Survey Bull. 470-D, 1911, pp, 177-187. Short, M, N., F. W, Galbraith, E, N, Harshman, T. H.* Kuhn, and Eldrid D. Wilson. Geolbgy and Ore Deposits of the Superior Mining Area, Ariz. Dniv. Arizona Bull,1 151, Geol. Set, 16, 1943, 159 pp, Schrader, F. C. Mineral Deposits of the Cerbat Range, Black Mountains and Grand Wash Cliffs, Mohave County, Ariz. U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 397, 1909, 226 pp. . Mineral Deposits of the Santa Rita and Patagonia Mountains, Ariz. U.S. Geol, Survey Bull. 582, 1915, pp. 258-263* Schwartz, G. M, Geology of the San Manuel Copper Deposit, Ariz. U.S. Geol, Survey Prof. Paper 256, 1953, 65 pp. \ i \ Snow, Fred W* Mining Methods and Costs at the Magma Mine, Superior, Ariz, BuMines Inf. Giro. 6168, 1929, 32 pp. Soule, John H, Reconnaissance of the "Red Bed" Copper Deposits in Southeast ern Colorado and New Mexico, BiiMines Inf . Cire, 7740, 1956, 74 pp, Spencer, Arthur C. The Copper Deposits of the Encampment District, Wyo, U.S. Geol, Sufvey Prof, Paper 25, 1904, 107 Pp. . . ... Mineral Resources of the Encampment Copper Region, Wyo. Ch. in Copper, U.S. Geol; Survey Bull, 213d. 1903, pp. 158-162. Spencer, A. C., and Sidney Paige. Geology of the Santa Rita Mining Area, N. Mex. U.S, Geol. Survey Bull. 859, 1935, 78 pp. I DUP040009015 0 76 Idaho Bureau of Mines and Geology. The Cpeur d'Alene Mining District in 1963. Pamphlet 133, 1963, 104 pp* Idaho Department of Commerce and Development. The Idaho Almanac, gyms-York Co., 1963, 669 pp, Koch, George S., Jr. Lode Mines of the Central Part of the Granite Mining District, Grant County, Greg. State of Oregon Dept* of Geol, and Miner! Ind., Bull, 49, 1959, 49 pp. Linforth, F. A. Zinc Resources of Butte and Montana, Min, & Contracting Rev, , V. 54, No, 4, April 1952, pp, 8-1.0, MeNabb, J. S,, Jr, Manganese 'Exploration in the Phiiipsburg District, Granite County, Mont. BtiMines Rept, of Ihv, 5173, 1955, 25 pp, Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology. Mineral and Mater Resources of Montana, Report of the United States Geological Survey in Collaboration Mith Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology;, prepared at the request of Senator Lee Metcalf. Spec. Pub. 28, May 1963, 166 pp, Ransome, F. L., and F, C. Calkins. The Geology and Ore Deposits of the Coeut d'Alene District, 'Idaho. U.S, Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 62, 1908, 203 pp, Ross, Clyde P., and J. Donald Forrester, Outline of the Geology of Idaho. Idaho Bur, Mines and Geol,, Bull. 15, May 1958, 74 pp, Stanford Research Institute, An Analysis of Economic Development Possibil ities of the Colville Indian Reservation, Prep, for the Colville Business Council, Confederated Tribes of the Colville Indian Reservation, Nespelem, Mash. June 1962, pp* 68-70. Taber, JohnM, A Reconnaissance of Lode Mines and Prospects in the Bohemia Mining District, Lane and Douglas Counties, Qreg. BiiMines Inf, Circ, 7512, 1949, 50 pp. Toepfer, Peter H, Investigation of the Sunset Copper Mine, Snohomish County, Mash, BuMines Rept, of Inv. 4989, 1953, 9 pp, Mashington State Planning Council. Cascade Mountains Study* May 1940, 56 pp. Area VIII Capps, Stephan R. The Chisona-Mhite River District, Alaska, U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 630, 1916, 130 pp. Gault, H. R,, and R* E, Fellows, Zinc-Copper Deposit at Tracy Arm, Petersburg District, Alaska. U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 998-A, 1953, pp. 1-13, DUP040009016 75 . Mineral Resources of the Inyo and White Mountains, Calif* 0.S, Geol. Survey Bull, 540-B, 1914, pp, 81-120. , A Geologic Reconnaissance of the Inyo Range and the Eastern Slope of the Southern Sierra Nevada, Calif, U.S. Geol, Survey Prof. Paper 110, 1918, pp. 106-118. Knopf, Adolph, and C. A. Anderson, The Engels Copper Deposits, California, ECon. Geol., v. 2.5, 1930, pp, 15-35, Ransome, F,; L, The Yerrington Copper District, Nev. Ch, in Copper* U.S. ^ Geol, Survey Bull. 380-B, 1909, pp, 99-119, Ransome, F. L,, and Hoyt S. Gale* Contributions to Economic Geology. U.S* Geol. Survey Bull, 580, 1915, 462 pp. Tucker, W, B. Copper Resources of Shasta County* California Miner. Bur. Rept, 20, 1924, pp. 434-437, Tucker, W, B,, and R, J. Sampson. Mineral Resources of San Bernardino County, State of California. Div, Mines, Rept. 39, 1943, pp. 474-492. . Mineral Resources of Inyo County, State of California. Div. Mines, Rept. 34, 193:8, pp. 426-427 , 431-434, Westgate, L. G*, and Adolph Knopf. Geology and Ore Deposits of the Pioche District, Nev., U.S. Geol. Survey.Prof. Paper 171, 1932, 79 pp. Wilson, J, R. Geology of the Yerrington Mine, Nev, Min, Cong, J*, V. 49 , No. 6, 1963, pp, 30-34. York, Bernard, and H. G. Ferguson. The Geology of Nevada Ore Deposits and the Mining Districts of Nevada* Nevada Univ, Bull., v. 38, No. 4, 1944, pp. 7-76. Area VII Callaghan, Eugene, and A, F. Buddington. Netalliferous Mineral Deposits of the Cascade Range in Oregon. U.S. Geol, Survey Bull. 893, 1938, 141 pp. Fulkerson, Frank B, and Gary A. Kingston. Mine Production of Copper, Lead, and Zinc in Pend Oreille and Stevens Counties, Wash., 1902-56, Annual Totals by Mines, District, and Counties, BuMines Inf. Circ. 7872, 1958, 51 pp. Hecla Mining Co., and Lucky Fridan Silver-Lead Mines Co. Prosy Statement. December 1963, 55 pp. Hundhausen, R. J. Preliminary Investigation of the Takilma-Waldo Copper Districts josephine County, Oreg. BuMines Rept. of Inv, 5187, 1956, 22 pp. DUP040009017 78 APPENDIX. - BUREAU OF MINES RESOURCE OFFICES CONTRIBUTING TO THIS REPORT Bureau of Location Mines station .AX&et' X# Pittsburgh, Pa. Area field office at College Park, Md. States covered in resource activities Connecticut, Delaware, Maine, Maryland, "Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia. Area II.,.,.. Knoxville, Tenn. Area field office at Tuscaloosa, Ala, Area III,,,., Minneapolis, Minn. Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee. ,1 Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota;, Wisconsin. Area IV...... Bartlesville, Okla. Area field office at Dallas, Tex, Arkansas, Kansas, Louisiana, Missis*-, sippi, Missouri, Oklahoma, Texas. Area V.,,... Denver, Colo, Arizona, Colorado, Nebraska, North Area field offices at Dakota, South Dakota, New Mexico, Tucson, Ariz, , Socorro, Utah, Wyoming* N. Mex*, Salt Lake City, Utah, and Laramie, Wyo. Area VI. San Francisco, Calif. Area field office at Reno, Nev. California and Nevada, Area VII. ... Albany, Oreg. Area field office at Spokane, Wash, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Washington Area VIII Juneau, Alaska. Subarea office at Anchorage, Alaska, Alaska *.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING.OFFICE , 1967 0--247-247 DUP040009018 77 Gault, H. R. , D. L. R^ossman, G, M, Flint, Jr., and R, G, Ray. Some Eine-Lead Deposits of the Wrangell District, Alaska. I3VS,. Gepl. Survey Bull. 998-B, 1953, pp, 15-58* Kennedy, George C, Geology and Mineral Deposits of Jumbo Basin, Southeastern Alaska. TJ.s. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 251., 1953, 46 pp. Kennedy, George C., and Matt S. Walton, Jr. Nickel Investigations in South eastern Alaska. U,,S. Geol. Survey Bull. 947-C, 1946, pp. 39-64, Miller, Don J. Copper Deposits of the Nizina District, Alaska. U.S. Geol. ^ Survey Bull, 947-F, 1946, pp, 93-120. Robinson, G, D., and W, S. Twenhofel, Some Lead-Zinc and Zinc-Copper Deposits of the Ketchikan and Wales Districts, Alaska, U.S. Geol, Survey Bull. 998-C, 1953, pp, 59-84. Stefansson, Karl, and Robert M. Moxham. Copper Bullion Claims, Rua Cove, Knight Island, Alaska:. U.S, Geol. Survey Bu,, 947-Ej 1946, pp, 85-92. Warner, L, A., and E, N. Goddard, and Others. Iron and Copper Deposits of Kasaan Peninsula, Prince of Wales Island, Southeastern Alaska. U.S, Geol. Survey Bull, 1090, 1961, 136 pp. DUP040009019