Document zzdML2p0xLjLJbee79E7qwYD0

e PLAINTIFF'S EXHIBIT 20 tk r* INDUSTRIAL f.m- HYGIENE 14 FOUNDATION TRANSACTIONS BULLETIN NO. 29 HrffRT INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE FOUNDATION MELLON INSTITUTE 4400 FIFTH AVENUE OF AMERICA PITTSBURGH 13, PA. r -j /r<-i. i i m , frj.yj * 4a p- u',wjr TWENTIETH ANNUAL MEETING INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE FOUNDATION OF AMERICA HELD AT MELLON INSTITUTE PITTSBURGH, PA. NOVEMBER 16 and 17, 1955 TRANSACTIONS OF The General Meeting AND --Medical The Conferences-- --Chemical-Toxicological --Joint Medical aud Chemical-Toxicological --Legal --Engineering --Joint Engineering and Legal .W. THE ECONOMICS OF INDUSTRIAL HEALTH A. R. FISHER Pttiidtnl, Johnt-Mnvillt Corporation As a trustee of tlie Industrial Hygiene Foundation, it is only natural, 1 suppose, that I should be quite enthusiastic about its aims and its accomplishments duriug its twenty years of service to indus try. To me, the Foundation exemplifies what is being done by pri vately supported institutions to improve the health of tlie nation. When I use the word "health," I do not restrict it to its physio logical sense. My concppt of it is much broader than that. And I am sure yours is too. Nowadays when we speak of health, wc do not think only about diseases and injuries that afflict, mankind. Equally im portant arc the mental well-being and the personal dignity of man and the members of his family. Throughout, tlie ages man's well-being has been- his chief con cern. Since the dawn of civilization, man has sought protection against common ailments and dreaded epidemics. Hut for the most part, man's efforts were individual and inspired by his instinct for self-preservation. Neither the ruling classes nor private groups paid much attention to the health of the community. Our world is many thousands of years removed from primitive' man who first, sought shelter in a cave and who later relied on a fanatical medicine man to cure his physical and mental ills. And vet, in many regions of the globe, millions of people exist under con ditions not. too unlike those of primitive man. Poverty, ignorance and superstitions prevail. Disease is rampant. The death rate is high. In many areas, human life is considered cheap and expend able. It is a burden to be cast off. The Most Effective Approach It is only in our Western civilization that real progress has lweli made. And the greatest progress has been recorded in tlie United States and Canada. Perhaps there is a definite reason for this. Ours is the middle approach. We do not leave the problem of tlie nation's health entirely to the government. We do not leave it entirely to private groups. Nor do we neglect, it. or merely pay lip service to it. Through experience, we have found our way to be quite effective. Other countries may not agree with the way the nation's health is handled in (he United Slates and Canada. In this connection, I [12] read . eratlli swimi tain s set of tlie g swimi Was it Iut ncarb '] is to shoul is to is bo lose 1 ( of Hi nor ccllci ing t Cana pron brail t inns Our menfill Sen help our grnv ager initi Con divi witl '1 I < only aims itidusi.y primn. physio.1 l am think My iin..f man .f con nection most net for il ps paid T i imifive 1 on a i And lor con- itorance j j, rate is xpend- n t<*ss has * United is. Ours t. nation's indy to >-c to it. (Tpctivc. ' health tinn, I. read an editorial in the Wall Street Journal. It dealt with England's crndle-to-grave security. It happened that a man in England went in swimming and lost a set of false teeth he had obtained under Bri tain's National Health Program. The man's application for a second set of false teeth was turned down by the city's health council on the ground that he had--and I quote--'*exercised lack of care by swimming in a rough sea." This raised some interesting questions. Was the sea rough when the false tooth man first went in or did it become so later? Is that particular sea always rough and are the nearh}- beaches to be denied all wearers of false teeth? To rule that a man should be denied a second set of false teeth is to say that government responsibility in the matter of false teeth shoidd go so far and no further. Rut to say that about false teeth is to question the whole scheme of socialised medicine. For someone is bound to ask, as in the ease of the false tooth man, how did he lose his own teeth in the first place? Our approach to the health of the nation is different from that of England. Ours is neither a government-controlled health program nor one completely dominated by private enterprise. It is an ex cellent example of state health agencies and private enterprise work ing together for the common good. There are many private organizations in the United States and Canada, all supported by individual contributions and dedicated to promoting tbe health of the public of both nations. There are also health departments in every state and city. And there arc organiza tions devoted to improving the health of those engaged in industry. Our Industrial Hygiene Foundation is an outstanding example. In addition to these privately supported, local and state govern ment groups, there are several federal health agencies doing wonder ful work. There is, for example, the United States Public Health Service. Tn my opinion, this excellent organization has been most helpful and cooperative in collaborating with us in industry to solve our many, and at times, complex problems in health. This is a typical American way of doing things. Our private groups utilize the services of the government and our government agencies work with us. In this way, we retain our freedom ami our initiative. Concern for (he Individual's Welfare As a result, private Industry promotes the well-being of the in dividual. Indirectly, we`have our so-ealird eradle-to-grave security without the heavy hand of government. Directly we in industry are [13] interested in the employee from the day of employment to retire ]Ur. ment. And that covers a good measure of the span of life of most of of us. As you all know, industry does this through carefully planned tali programs based on maintaining a sound mind in a sound body. We need only refer to a few statistics to realize how the natiou's health Mill has improved through the combined efforts of state, industry and private groups. In 190!) the life expectancy of tbe industrial popu tin i lation was 46 years. For the general population it was 52 years. 1)10) In 1954 the life expectancy of the industrial population was nearly min 70 years or an increase of 24 years. And for the general population shot the life expectancy was also about 70 in 1954, an increase of only J8 years. There are trnly significant figures. They show that the life ex pectancy of the general population has increased roughly a third dur ing the last. 45 years. And they show that the life expectancy of the industrial population has increased more than a half in this period. These advances have been due to a considerable extent to the amazing achievements of our modern scientists. The figures also show the important part played by industry in improving the health of the nation. It has done so because industry today is directed by enlightened professional managers who realize ago work few little was conn otter. cases the c their obligations and responsibilities to their employees, customers, stockholders and the public. tel o highf Tbis concern for the individual's welfare, of course, is a rela 1 tively modern idea. At the start of the Industrial Revolution 200 probe 4 years ago, no one gave a thought to man's health or his dignity. All and i too frequently employees were looked upon as mere chattels or com plnyc modities. Men, women and children were transplanted from homes, 1 to factories and mines. Sweatshop conditions prevailed. puslir What little progress there was could hardly be detected. For and s example, what was considered a milestone in industrial relations oc Heine curred in 1S42, almost a century after the start of the Industrial motin Revolution. At that time Massachusetts passed a law forbidding chil dren under 12 years of age from working more than 10 hours a day in manufacturing establishments. I mention this merely to point out From that the capitalism of a century ago is a far cry from the progressive li capitalism existing in the United States and Canada today. on the Admittedly, early capitalism was primitive, crude and, on oc trentii casion,. inhuman and ruthless. Very little, if any, thought was given to the health, working conditions and general welfare of the em cine 1 dircct< ployees. Nor was any thought given to the effect on the community li of fumes, polluted streams, environmental and occupational health the ft- hazards and other nuisances of the factory and mine. talent; Amazing progress has been made in climioatiug such conditions. have ; ? [14] i to retire- . ni most plnuned kmIv. i s liraltb i>try and ceil popu7iJ years. v.s nearly ii|>nlation f only 18 lie life exthird durncy ol the his period, rent to the y industry industry v ho realize customers, r .1 . is a rela- ilution 200 dignity. All iris or cora- froni homes ( i tectcd. For \ relations oc- *5>c * Industrial bidding chil- i hours a day to point out >Sj r progressive 4 ay. * 1 and, on oc- * ht was given I r of the em ' v ir community tional health *i cb conditions. ji 1 But past evils are difficult to live down. Kvcn in this enlightened era of onrs the memory of former wrongs still haunts the word capi talism. Those who would undermine our system of private enterprise still build up their strawmen or tilt at fictitious windmills as they con tinue to hurl their reckless charges about the exploitation of the com mon man. Fortunately they are fast becoming a woefully weak minority. The falsity of their claims is too apparent. Industry has shocked and stunned them by its amazing strides. To he sure, industry's awakening was a slow one. Fifty years ago a few leaders in industry attempted to improve the health and working conditions of employees. But it was just an attempt. The few efforts that were made were crude and isolated. And precious little financial support was offered. It is not surprising that progress was slow. Then the public's voice was heard. The public's growing concern for the health of the emg^ivee was forcibly brought to the attention of industry. There wereZjust-too many occupational dis eases, too many tragedies in the mines, mills and factories. And to the great credit of industry, the problems were recognized. Industry no longer considered an employee to be a mere chat tel or commodity to he put on the Mock and auctioned off to the highest bidder. His dignity as a human being was acknowledged. Public-spirited men of wealth endowed research institutions to probe into occupational hazards and diseases and to develop methods and procedures to improve the health of the individual, of the em ployee in industry and conditions in the community. Progressive-minded companies established medical clinics: They pushed ahead with health and safety programs. The programs were, aud still ate, based on taking care of the physical and mental well being of employees, helping and protecting the consumer and pro moting the common good. From Defensive to Offensive Tn the early days, of coursej4^ustr'Al medicine was essentially on the defensive. For the most part its programs were confined to treating injuries and diseases. But in recent years industrial medi cine has taken the. offensive. Its programs are positive. They are directed at the preventing disease and maintaining good health. In its sincere concern for employees, industry has truly covered the field. Its entire resnurees have been mobilized to this end. The talents of engineers, doctors, scientists, chemists and personnel men have all been enlisted in the cause. Through the efforts of industry, > [is]  . 'l J % * .1*.'* occupational diseases, accidents and other causes of absenteeism have been reduced amazingly. It has been said (hat each year about a half a billion man days are lost to industry. But of these, only 10 per cent are duo to oc cupational causes. The problem of industry, therefore, is not only to try to reduce occupational absenteeism. Our job is to work with other health organizations iu our economy to reduce the nonoccupational causes of absenteeism. Obviously, such an undertaking requires a vast expenditure of funds. Statistics on this point arc not readily available. But in a survey made in 1951 by the National Association of Manufacturers, it is interesting to note that almost 1,600 companies spent many mil lions a year on health services. Multiply this figure by the thousands of other companies not surveyed ami 1 am sure you will agree with me that modern iniudustry is doing its liest to promote, the well^knng pf its employees. We iu industry realize that as good citizens it is part of our obligation to society to help improve the health of the nation as well as the community. Obviously it is also good business, for healthier employees mean less absenteeism and more productivity. Johns-Manville, of course, is but one of many companies that has established health and safety programs. In the thirty-two years that. I have been with Johns-Manville, I have observed the increasing interest in and the progress made by onr company in the field of occupational health. And our records show that, as long ago as 1895 we established a clinic with a doctor serving part time at our Asbestos Mine in Quebec. One Company's Program Today our program is typical of those in American industry. I mention it only because naturally I am more familiar with it. Johns-Manville's program includes a physical examination when cmployed; continuing preventive health mcasure^Wit periodic examina tions; control of occupational hazards; immediate on-tbe-job medical care; safety precautions; accident and health insurance; hospitaliza tion ; group life insurance; vacations; a pensiou plan; and plant staffs of medical, industrial hygiene and safety personnel coordinated by a headquarters health department. In past years Johns-Manville has sponsored independent research on variotls raw materials and finished products at private research institutions throughout the country. For example, the Industrial Ily- tl6] gicne Four, our newer All of employee i' more nsefu Responsib As wi bilitics to designed t< constantly proved prr ctTorl is ni. and better Years of health product w trial resr.v safeguard consumer. A mi and labor: that uiigh lowships f And : to label p sumer if 1 Health a All e , consumer, '/ sauces an of the d.v healthful Now lu m tem dim aware ol mere com nient. has the totali gicne Foundation is currently investigating the properties o one of our newer products. All of these features of our program are based on keeping the employee in good mental and physical health. They enable him to be more useful to himself, his family, his company and his community. Responsibility to the Consuming Public with the rest of industry, we are also aware of our responsi bilities to the consuming public. Today, the products of industry are designed to promote the health and comfort of the public. Industry is constantly striving to bring about more pleasant living through im proved products at better values to the consumer. Moreover, every effort is made nowadays to protect the consumer with safer products and better methods of handling them. Years ago industrial research was unconcerned about problems of health and safety that might be invoWcjJn a product. When the . product was developed, it was put on the mackejL Today our indus trial research organizations probe into every health hazard. And every safeguard is insisted upon before the product is marketed to the consumer A number of companies have established research organizations and laboratories for the sole purpose of eliminating health hazards that might injure the. consumer. Some companies have granted fel lowships for this specific purpose. _And industry has inspired, to a very great extent, the movement to label properly certain types ojf^ products that might harm the consumer if he were not forewarned. Health and Safety Outgrowth of Free Enterprise System All of these things not only help the individual employee and consumer, but the community at large. Modern plants, in which nui sances and health hazards are reduced to a minimum, are. the order of the day. And in their construction, every consideration is given to healthful and safe working conditions, Now how has this come about T -In my opinion, it is the natural result of the free enterprise sys tem directed by enlightened men of modern management who are aware of the fact that employees are first of all human beings, not mere commodities to be exploited. Under our system, modern manage ment has had the freedom to progress. It has not been shackled by th'c totalitarian state or dictator. [17] `And modern management has been able to finance these costly* projccts through the profits of the free enterprise system. As a result, industry has not only established its own health andt safety programs. It has also fostered independent research in oecu-<: pational health and has benefited through the by-products of this! research. All of these efforts are reflected in lower turnover, less absentees ism, and reduced production costs. At the same time, the employee'* health is better, his morale is higher. He and his family live longer and more happily. But despite our amazing progress, there is still a great deal to be done. Many problems have hardly been touched. Some are too big, too baffling, and too complex for one company to finance or to sludy.q All of them however have afreet bearing on the nation's health.-: A tremendous job lies ahead nf^M. . We must solve the tragic riddles of cancer, cerebral palsy, rauscu lar dystrophy, alcoholism. The common cold still exacts an as In nomical toll of absenteeism in industry. We have much to learn a boutmental health and rehabilitation. And in a nerve-wracked world, wi must redouble our efforts to further improve working conditio through noise abatement, the use of appropriate color schemes and other devices to promote the well-being of the industrial employee Continued Cooperation Needed I have merely mentioned a few problems that cry out for a solu tion. These problems call for further cooperation of managements labor and the government, all working together right down to the] man at the machine. For we all realize that no asset is more vital to a nation than thn health of its people. It affects a nation's happiness, its social welfare, its industrial productivity, its moral fibre, its future growth and its: prosperity. - There is no doubt in my mind that the job, no matter how gigan tic it may seem, can be done. And it can be done within the spirit and. the framework of free and enlightened enterprise. [18] *T * -v ?* ; .v . * /*'.* * /* v . | `* iv I-* v ... -1 ',* *.,,** i v#. 11 k> - .t.*- . ... \ - "* v m I BOARD OF TRUSTEES ANDREW FLETCHER, Chaumo* Pt$t. Joiifii lf^ Co--m*Yi Hf To^k, H. Y. CARl I. POUOCK, Socroforr Vko Friid*a(, AO+yho-y Ivdlvm StooJ CrfR*(w\ PPHhocflv Po. M. W. THOMPSON, TrMiwror C<Mr>l Mm|W ood TrMwtr, TW Moi Ckim Co--^ooy, (art Iwitpwl, O. T* C. WATWS, Cooorof Cow* Ml A Slo(kbrM|, lalliMrt, Mi. V. P. AHEARN Snrtlarfi Matiwal Udvrtriol SmA AhwwHw, ft* C H. W. ANDERSON Vic* PrtddooC, Cwwtl MMrt Cotporotioo, 0N>, Midi JOHN 8UCAS Vic* Prowdoot, Ford Motor Co--MaY* Oo*rh#*\ Mich. H. K. ClARIC Oirttfw, TW CaAcnwi-- Co-o*T. Nioforo FoM, M. V, J. DEWEY OORSEn Gooorol Mooofor, AimcoHm of CotwoPy o*4 Cro9**oi, Now York, M. V. PHIUP DRINKER, ScO. School #1 Pvhlic HooMv Hcrvari UorooctRy, loPoo, Mom. A. It FISHER ProwdoMf, Johor MooNNo Corporolioo, Now York, N. Y. A. D. ROSS FRASER Prosadoot, Iwi Co No Coportliov Com, M. Y. WHUAM S. GIVEN, JR. Word Ookoo% A--orkoo froko Shoo Co--pony, Now York, N. Y. OSCAR A. GUESER Vico Proridoot, IMtd StoUt S--olt--f toA--f ood M--og Ccoycay, SoR Loko CRy, Utoh A. C HtRTH Oocm.IBkoIi GIom Co--pooy, ToUdo, 0. HARVEY I. JORDAN IsocotFT* Vico Frowdoot, UMod Slotoi Stool Corporofioo. NlHkr|K N. I. E. KUECHIE VSco Protidoot, I--ployort Mool lipfcifify kwroot Co--pooy, Wowtoo, WH. A. J. IANZA, M.D. TW ftMldWi Coowiidoo o* Votorom* Footloot, Wo*h--ftoo, D. C GEORGE MIXTER DWoctor, Ufitod Stotos Sm*Itw| liMof ood MMn| Co--po*y, Wttoo, Mom. C. V. MURPHREE, Sc.D. Prowdoot, ftoo Roooorch ood l*t--oor--p Co--pooy, Now York, N. Y. :! AUN M. SCAIFE Vico Prcodtof, T. MoW A Soot, FitHh--fh, Po* R. C TAYtOR % loototwo Vico Proiido**, AflkOriCP* Coo Co--pO*y, Mow York, N. Y, C. RICHARD WAIMER, M.O. MoMfOy Dwoctor, lodocirlol Hyoroo lo'oioiiw, p;#**bwrph. Po. W. P. YANT. Sc.D. Dortor. Ro'oorch o**d Oowolop--oof, M*o Soloty Applo*ct Co--pooy. PMMhurfh, Po.