Document zz9pwX6y2zRar1pX7yEV4YVXm

CAM-296 T ALe AND PYROPHYLLITE By Robert L. Virta Mr. Virta, a physical scientist with 16 years U.S. Bureau of Mines experience, has been the commodity specialist for talc and pyrophyllite since 1986. Domestic survey data were prepared by Linder Roberts, statistical assistant; and international data tables were prepared by Brad Colquitt, international data assistant. Domestic production of talc decreased adjusted by trends in employment and 12 % from that of 1990 to 1,040,000 other guidelines. (See table 1.) metric tons and increased 3 % in value to $32 million. Sales of crude and ANNUAL REVIEW processed talc decreased 15 % in tonnage to 864,000 tons and 23 % in value to $83 Legislation and Government Programs million. Imports for consumption increased 3 % in tonnage to 67,000 tons The Occupational Safety Health and 8% in value to $12 million. Exports Administration (OSHA) issued a final decreased 25% in tonnage to 178,000 rule on June 8, 1992, removing the tons and 9 % in value to $30 million. nonasbestiform varieties of actinolite, Over the past 10 years, talc production anthophyllite, and tremolite from the averaged 1,060,000 tons; sales, 957,000 scope of its asbestos standard. The tons; domestic consumption (talc and nonasbestiform varieties will be regulated pyrophyllite), 955,000 tons; exports, according to limits set for "particulates 232,000 tons; and imports, 53,000 tons. not otherwise regulated. ,,' The major use for talc was in ceramics, The Mine Safety and Health which accounted for 31 % of the domestic Administration (MSHA) continued to consumption, followed by paint, 17 %; review its proposed revisions to its air paper, 16%; roofing, 11 %; and plastics, quality, chemical substances, and . 6 % Other applications accounted for respiratory protection standards. The 19% of consumption. Production and proposed permissible 8-hour timesales ofpyrophyllitedecreased from those weighted average exposure limit is 2.5 of 1990. The major uses for pyrophyllite milligrams per cubic meter (mg/m3) of air were in ceramics, refractories, for talc (containing no asbestos), 3 mg/m3 insecticides, paint, plastics, and rubber. for respirable soapstone, and 6 mg/m3 for total soapstone dust. The nonasbestiform OOMESTIC DATA COVERAGE varieties of tremolite, anthophyllite, and actinolite would be covered under the Domestic production and sales data for proposed respirable mine dust standard.2 talc and pyrophyllite are developed by the MSHA continued reviewing its U.S Bureau of Mines from a voluntary proposed rule that would create a hazard survey of U.S. mines and mills. Survey communication standard. Mine operators forms were sent to 17 companies that would be required to provide information operated 47 mines and mills. Sixteen to their employees through labeling, companies that account for approximately material safety data sheets, and employee 96 % of the domestic production training if hazardous chemicals were responded to the survey. Production data produced or used on the premises. for the nonrespondent was estimated from reported prior-year production levels Issues An issue that is attracting attention from some segments of the talc industry is the classification of crystalline silica as a probable human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, an agency of the World Health Organization. Additionally, OSHAregulated sites that receive and/or use products containing more than 0.1 % crystalline silica must comply with OSHA's Hazard Communication Standard (HCS). Both the classification of crystalline silica as a probable human carcinogen and the need to quantitatively analyze for crystalline silica at the 0.1 % level to demonstrate exemption from the HCS are controversial. Production Talc.-Twelve companies operating 19 mines in 8 States produced talc, soapstone, and steatite. These companies generally were structured to cover all aspects of talc mining, from mining to processing. Only a few companies hired custom grinders to mill the ore. The largest of the domestic producers were Cyprus Minerals Co. Inc., Dal Minerals, Gouvernel,lr Talc Co., Montana Talc Co., and Pfizer Inc. The major producing deposits were in Montana, New York, Texas, and Vermont. Commercial talc production was from deposits that were formed through hydrothermal alteration of ultrabasic rocks and low-grade metamorphism of siliceous dolomites. They generally occur as lenses or pods in the country TALC AND PYROPHYLLITE-1991 1575 rock. Magnesite, quartz, chlorite, magnetite, serpentine, anthophyllite, tremolite, dolomite, and actinolite may be present as accessory minerals. Most of the domestic talc production was from open pit mining operations. Underground mining was used only when a large waste-rock-to-ore ratio made open pit mining uneconomical. Typically, overburden was removed and blasting was used to fracture the ore. The companies then used selective mining and manual or automated sorting to produce a high-grade feed for the mill. Jaw crushers were used to reduce the size of the mill feed, and ball mills or roller mills were used to produce the final product. Fluid-energy mills or pulverizing mills were used for ultrafine grinding of the talc ore. In a few instances, the ore was calcined prior to milling to increase its white~ess. Flotation processes were used when the desired product purity was not obtained by using conventional processing~ The milled ore was chemically treated, passed through rougher and cleaner cells to separate the talc from the gangue material, dried in a flash dryer, and ground in a pulverizer. Ore composition, reagent type, pulp density, pH of the flotation system, and residence time in the flotation circuits determined flotation efficiency. Cyprus Minerals Co. signed a letter of intent to sell its talc operations to RTZ Corp. PLC, London. The sale includes talc operations in Alabama, California, Montana, Vermont, and Spain. Also included is a milling operation in Belgium and an interest in a talc operation in Japan. 3 Southern Talc Co., a subsidiary of UCI, Louisville, KY, closed its mine in Georgia. The company recently built a flotation plant to improve the quality of its milled products but the ore could not be adequately upgraded for higher value markets.4 Pfizer Inc. completed its flotation mill at its Barretts, MT, operation. The $8.6 million expansion will permit the company to produce a higher value talc product and extend the life of recoverable reserves. s ECC Group PLC sold its U.S. subsidiary, Southern Clay Products Inc. Southern Clay Products' bentonite operations in Texas were sold to Laporte PLC.6 Its talc operations in Texas were sold to United Clays of Texas, a subsidiary of WBB Ltd., London. U.S. mine production of crude talc decreased 12 % in tonnage to 1,040,000 tons and increased 3 % in value to $32 million. Mines that operated in Montana, New York, Texas, and Vermont accounted for 96 % of domestic talc production. Montana led all States in the tonnage and value of talc produced. Pyrophyllite.-Pyrophyllite was mined by two companies operating three mines in North Carolina. Production was from hydrothermally altered volcanic deposits of acidic composition. The deposits consisted of pyrophyllite with sericite, andalusite, and/or quartz as accessory minerals. After removing the overburden, the ore was either stripped using dozers and scrapers or extracted using conventional open pit mining techniques. The ore was dried, and then jaw crushers and gyratory crushers were used to reduce the size of the mill feed. Ball, pebble, or roller mills were used to produce the final product. U.S. mine production of crude pyrophyllite decreased in tonnage from that of 1990. (See table 2.) Conswnption and Uses. Talc.-Talc was used in a wide variety of products because of its softness (1 on the Mobs scale), purity, fragrance retention, whiteness, luster, moisture content, oil and grease adsorption, chemical inertness, low electrical conductivity, high dielectric strength, and high thermal conductivity. These properties were not universal to all talcose materials because of differences in their mineralogical composition and particle shape. Mineral content was extremely important because it determined the end use for the material. Generally, only two or three of these properties were critical for anyone application. Domestic producers reported that overall sales (including exports by producers) declined 15 % in tonnage to 864,000 tons and 23 % in value to $83 million in 1991. The major consumerof talc was the construction industry, with applications in ceramic tiles and sanitaryware, joint compounds, paint, and roofing. The end-use distribution was ceramics, 31 %; paint, 17%; paper, 16%; roofing, 11 %; plastics, 7 %; cosmetics, 5 %; and insecticides, refractories, rubber, and other, 14%. Reported sales to the ceramics and plastics industries increased in 1991. Sales to the paint, paper, and roofing industries declined as a .result of the downturn in the building construction industry. More than 90 % of the companies responded to the end-use portion of the 1991 annual survey, representing 91 % of the data in table 3. Pyrophyllite.-Pyrophyllite, being different in composition from talc, did not. have the same applications as talc. Properties such as softness (1 to 2 on the Mohs scale), whiteness, chemical inertness, high melting point, low electrical conductivity, and high dielectric strength made pyrophyllitic materials useful for ceramics and refractories. Domestic consumption of pyrophyllite decreased 3 % in tonnage in 1991. The largest portion of domestically produced ground pyrophyllite was used in ceramics, followed by refractories, insecticides, paint, plastics, and rubber. (See table 3.) Markets and Prices Talc prices were based on the quality and on the degree and method of processing. The unit value of crude talc based on data reported by producers was $32 per ton. The average reported unit value of processed talc was $105 per ton. The average unit value of crude and processed pyrophyllite was unchanged from that of 1990. Unit values for imported crude and ground talc ranged from $66 per ton to $928 per ton for quantities greater than 100 tons. The 1576 TALC AND PYROPHYLLrrE-1991 average unit value for all imported talc was $178 per ton. Unit values for exported talc ranged from $95 per ton to $1,044 per ton for quantities greater than 100 tons and averaged $169 per ton for all exports. Prices, quoted by the American Paint & Coating$loumal, December 26, 1991, in U.S. dollars per metric ton for paintgrade talc in carload lots ranged from $99 to $226. Approximate equivalents, in dollars per metric ton, of price ranges quoted in Industrial Minerals (London), December 1991, for talc, c.i.f. main European ports, ranged from $210 to $385. (See table 4.) Foreign Trade Talc exports decreased 2S % in tonnage to 178,000 tons and decreased 9% in value to $30 million. BelgiumLuxembourg was the largest importer of talc, followed by Canada, Mexico, and lapan. Talc imports increased 3% in tonnage to 67,800 tons and 8 % in value to $12 million. Canada and China provided 86 % of all talc imports. (See tables 5 and 6.) into production within a short period of time with minimum capital expenditure. (See tables 7 and 8.) Canada.-International Larder Minerals Inc.. (ILM) evaluated a proposal to permit Bakertalc Inc. to mine ILM's undeveloped high-grade talc deposit near Thetford Mines, Quebec. The proposal also requested funding to upgrade Bakertalc's operations and reduce company debt. 7 Finland.-Finnminerals operates three facilities in Finland. The flotation mill near Sotkamo is the largest of its operations. The facility produces approximately 180,000 tons of talc per year. The flotation process increases the purity of the talc to 97 %. Talc is used by the paint, paper, and polymer industries. Its second facility, in northern Karelia, has an output of approximately 120,000 tons per year. Its third facility, in Luikonlahti, was acquired from the Partek Group in 1991. This operation produces approximately 75,000 tons per year for the fertilizer, paint, paper, and plastics industries.8 year for sale to the animal feed, chewing gum, fertilizer, olive oil, paint, paper, rubber industries. 1o OUTLOOK The average annual growth in domestic demand for talc and pyrophyllite was 1.2% between 1982 and 1991. Demand averaged between 900,000 and 1,000,000 tons per year for this period. Relative increases and decreases in demand have been the result of minor market fluctuations rather than long-term trends. Demand for talc and pyrophyllite is expected to continue to fluctuate about 1 million tons per year in the near future. With a slight improvement in the domestic economy predicted, talc markets affected by the current economic recession also should improve. Ceramics will continue to be the major domestic end use for talc, followed by consumption in paint, paper, plastics, roofing, and cosmetics, in descending order. For pyrophylIite, the major domestic end uses will continue to be in ceramics and refractories. World Review China was the world's largest producer of talc. The United States remained the largest market economy talc producer, and lapan remained the largest pyrophylliteproducer. China, lapan, and the United States accounted for 52 % of the world's talc and pyrophyllite production. Capacity.-The data in table 6 are annual rated capacity for mines and refineries as of December 31, 1991. Rated capacity is defined as the maximum quantity of product that can be produced in a period of time on a normally sustainable long-term operating rate, based on the physical equipment of the plant, and given acceptable routine operating procedures involving labor, energy, materials, and maintenance. Capacity includes both operating plants and plants temporarily closed that, in the judgment of the author, can be brought India.-Pyrophyllite is mined in Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Rajasthan, Udaipur, and Uttar Pradesh. Approximately 46 % of India's pyrophyllite production is from Madhya Pradesh. Talc is mined in Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, and Rajasthan. Production in Rajasthan accounts for 83 % of India's talc production.9 Spain.-Three companies mine talc in Spain: Iberica de Tatcos SA, Sdad Espanola de Talcos SA, and Distribuidora Malayuena de Talcos SA. Iberica de Talcos and Sdad Espanola de Talcos operate mines in the Pueblo de Lillo area. Sdad Espanola de Talcos produces 30,000 to 40,000 tons per year, one-half of which is cosmetic-grade talc. Distribuidora Malayuena, a subsidiary of Cyprus Minerals Co., operates mines near Mijas and Malaga. These facilities produce approximately 25,000 tons per 'Federal Register. Occupational S8fctylllll Health Administration. Occupational Exposure to A8best0a, Tremolite, Anthophyllite, II1II Actinolite. V. 57, No. 110, Iune 8, 1992, pp. 24310-24331. 2_ _ Mille S8fcty II1II Hca1Ih Aclminislralioo. Air Quality, Chemical Substances, II1II Respiratol)' Prorcction v.Standard. 56, No. 39, Feb. 27, 1991, pp. 8168-8171. 'CypNS Minerals Co. Ncws. CypNS MiDeraIa PIaoa Sale of Talc Busineaa to RTZ. Dec. 19, 1991, p. 1. 'Ellis, 1. $25 Mi1lion Talc Facility To CIoee. Chatsworth T'IIDCI, 1l1li. 30, 1991. 'CbemicaI Madtetiua Reporter_ PrIZCl' Talc S1arfB, v. 239, No. 17, Apr. 29. 1991, p. 9. 'Wall StteetJOUI1IaI. U.S. UDitAgn=eato seUSoutbem Clay to Laporte, Aug. 10, 1991, p. A8. "IudustriaJ MiDeraIa (London). Bakerta1clIntemati Urder Deal. No. 283, Apr. 1991, p. 82. "RusaeU, A. lndia'.lndustriaJ MiDeraIa. Ind. Miner. (London), No. 288, SepL 1991, pp. 45-55. 'Benbow,I. FmIand'. MineralIndUStl)'. Ind. Miner. (London), No. 283, Apr. 1991, pp. 19-37. Industrial MiDeraIa (London). FIIIIIIDineraIa Acquirea Panek Talc. No. 280, Ian. 1991, p. 70. "'Griffiths,I. Spain'. Millenia. Ind. Miner. (London), No. 285,1une 1991. pp. 23-47. TALC AND PYROPHYLLlTE-1991 1577 OTHER SOURCES OF INFORMATION Bureau or Mines Publications Talc and PyrophyUite. Ch. in Mineral Facts & Problems, 1985. Talc and PyrophyUite. Ch. in Mineral Commodity Summaries, annual. Talc and PyrophyUite. Ch. in Minerals Yearbook, annual. Talc and PyrophyUite. Ch. in Mineral Industry Surveys, annual. Infonnation Circular 9220, 1989. Other Sources Company annual reports. Industrial Minerals, monthly. Engineering and Mining Journal, monthly. Mining Engineering, monthly. Mining Journal (London), monthly. TABLE 1 SALIENT TALC AND PYROPHYLLITE STATISTICS (Thousand metric tons and thousand dollars) 1987 1988 1989 United States: Mine production, crude: Talc Pyropbyllite Total 1,080 83 1,163 1,136 97 11,234 1,172 81 1,253 Value: Talc Pyropbyllite Total $27,265 $1,607 $28,872 $29,364 $1,820 $31,184 $27,731 W $27,731 Sold by producers, crude and processed: Talc Pyropbyllite Total Value: 975 82 1,057 940 93 1,033 1,065 79 11,145 Talc $113,394 $115,899 $114,453 Pyropbyllite Total Exportr (talc) Value $3,712 1$117,107 255 $19,607 $4,164 $120,063 260 $21,391 W $114,453 319 $28,949 Imports for consumption (talc) Value Apparent consumptionS 48 $10,348 956 80 $12,268 1,054 78 $12,128 1,012 World: Production 8,490 '8,853 "E.Iimotecl. 'RmNd. W WlIbbold 10 avoid clilclooiD& _ propriclaJy cia..; DOl inchxlod in 1OIa1. or'Dala Il1O)' DOl odd 10 IOIaIa obown boca_ indcpoaIoal rouadiD&. 'ExcIuIIoo pcJMIo_1aIcum (ID JIICb""l, faoo, .... c:cmpoct. 'PnxIucIicD, plus imporI8, !IIimIo cxpmIa. plus odjus_ in 0 . - _ .... induslJy .Iock. Docs DOl include impor1ed pyt<Jpby1Uk:. '9,359 1990 1,185 82 1,267 $31,068 W $31,184 1,021 80 1,101 $110,585 W $110,585 238 $32,909 65 $11,056 1,054 '9,084 1991 1,037 W 1,037 $32,051 W $32,051 864 W 864 $82,579 W $82,579 178 $30,050 67 $11,925 926 "8,932 1578 TALC AND PYROPHYLLITE-1991 TABLE 2 CRUDE TALC AND PYROPHYLLITE PRODUCED IN THE UNITED STATES, BY STATE (Thousand metric tons and thousand dollars) State 1990 Quantity Value Quantity Montana (talc) 474 18,883 365 Texas (talc) 250 4,844 213 Oregon (talc) (I) 72 (I) Other' Total' 4 543 1,267 '7,270 31,068 - -4-59. 1,037 'ReviIccI. 'Leu IbaD 112 "';1 ....,...... AIabomo, ArbDou, Califomia, Goot&ia (1990), Nor1h CouoIlna, Vormonl, and Virginia. ror'Dooa IIOt iacludc quoaility and ..... JIYI'IIliIyWIe. 'Data may IIOt odd 10 __ boc:auoe or iDdc:pc:o:IouI l<IUllI!inc. 1991 Value 15,741 4,561 68 11,682 432,051 TABLE 3 END USES FOR GROUND TALC AND PYROPHYLLITE (Thousand metric tons) Use Ceramics 1990 Talc Pyrophyllite Total 235 W 235 1991 Talc Pyrophyllite Total 255 w 255 Cosmeticsl 36 36 37 37 Insecticides Paint 6 ISS W W 6 ISS 14 W 14 135 w 135 Paper 143 143 133 133 Plastics 48 W 48 53 W 53 Refractories 3 W 3 4W 4 Rooting 94 94 88 88 Rubber 20 W 20 16 W 16 Other 109 W 109 77 W 77 Total' 849 4100 849 811 W 811 W Wilhbcld 1<1 avoid clilc:biDa ~ proprioIary daIa .............. daIa. Scmo.......u. 10k: .......... 10 be iDcIudod in Otbor. ....,...... OIl ocuIpIuIe, ...,mIl fiIIor and oaoIiDp, oraymo, IIoor 1iIo, roundty facinp, rico poliahin&, llUcco, and OIbcr ..... IIOt ..,ocificd. '1lIIa may IIOt odd 10 IOIaIa IiIDMI boc:auoe or iDdcpcudoIIl 1OUII<Iiuc. Dooa IIOt !Delude JIYI'IIliIyWIe .......... impoI1aI JIYI'IIliIyIliIe. rALC AND PYROPHYLUl'E-1991 1579 TABLE 4 PRICE OF TALC (U.s. dollars per metric tons) Canada: Fme micron, Hegman No.6 Montana: Ultrafine grind, HegmanNo.6 New York: Nonfibrou8, bag., mill: 98% through 325 mesh 99.6% through 325 mesh Trace retained on 325 mesh Norwegian: Ground (ex store) Micronized (ex store) French, fine-ground Fmnish, micronised halian,co8metic~de Chinese, normal (ex store): UK 200 mesh UK 325 mesh New York, paint, minimum 2O-ton lot Value 226 243 99 115 182 245-263 289-385 210-333 228-280 306 252 271 165 s...-: AIIIIorieIID PoD a: CooIb!p JoumoI, Doc. 1991. IDduotrial MiDoralo (LcuIaa). Doc. 1991. TABLE 5 U.S. EXPORTS OF TALCl (Thousand metric tons and thousand dollars) Year BelgiumLuxembourg Canadr Quantity Value Quantity Value 1987 27 2,482 55 5,000 1988 27 3,942 62 5,079 1989 30 4,766 81 5,614 1990 45 6,109 43 6,995 1991 46 6,023 42 7,767 "EatimoIod. 'Excbllloo ~ (Ill pocbp). face, IIDl """","",. 'JI.d,obly iDdIdeo .......... ill lIOmil Ibrou&b CaDodiaD porto. 'IDcludoo 57 CCUIIrioa ill 1991. 'Dota _ "'" odd \0 IoIala obowD "'-* of iDIopmIeIIl n>IIDIliDc. Japan Quantity 24 30 35 31 20 Value 2,405 3.849 4,710 4,233 2,338 Mexico Quantity 101 97 107 "82 28 Value 4,182 3,225 6,601 "8,006 3,791 Other' Quantity 47 44 65 37 42 Value 5,538 5,296 7,258 7,566 17,898 Total Quantity 255 260 319 238 178 Value 19,607 21,391 28,949 32,909 30,050 1580 TALC AND PYROPHYLLITE-1991 TABLE 6 u.s. IMPORTS FOR CONSUMPfION OF TALC, BY COUNTRY Country 1989: 1990: AuBtralia Brazil Canada China Italy Korea, Republic of Other Totall 1991: Not crushed or powdered Quantity (metric tons) Value (thousands) 16,416 = $1,460 = 5,449 37 76 6,364 2,625 554 17 12 486 677 102 16,652 = 19 1,765 Brazil Canada 75 20 China 20,255 1,346 Italy 4,660 365 Korea, Republic of Other' 31 28 Total 25,061 1,758 .'D...o.l.a......,2D4I_ll odd_'" 1aIaItI .......... 0I1adopcadoaI1OI8IdiDc ......... 17--. Saunoo: a . - 01 . . Ccaouo. Crushed or powdered Quantity (metric tons) Value (thousands) 60,115 = $9,265 7,014 190 39,665 58 7 527 1,141 48,602 373 30 5,880 7 6 122 1,015 7,432 182 33,689 18 423 546 3,283 38,141 36 5,185 2 162 116 1,183 6,683 Cut and sawed Quantity (metric tons) Value (thousands) 1,185 =$1,404 35 25 895 857 706 446 208 1,844 192 2,658 533 531 1,859 139 2,424 349 246 3,629 571 3,484 Total unmanufactured I Quantity (metric tons) Value (thousands) 77,716 = $12,128 12,463 262 40,636 7,128 2,632 527 1,451 65,099 = 927 72 6,750 939 683 122 1,56" H,056 374 36,422 20,806 5,083 546 3,560 66,791 175 7,629 1,698 526 116 1,782 H,92S TALC AND PYROPllYLLlTB-I991 1581 TABLB7 WORLD TALC AND PYROPHYLLITE ANNUAL . PRODUCTION CAPACITY, DECEMBER 31, 1991 (lbousand metric tons) Country Rated capacityl North America: Canada United States 299 1,361 Total 1,660 Latin America: Argentina 45 Brazil Mexico 454 36 Other Total 36 ----s7i Europe: Austria 136 F"mland France Italy 363 363 163 . Norway U.S.S.R. Other 136 544 236 Total Africa: =1,941 Bgypt South Africa, Republic of 13 18 Other Total Asia: 32 = China India Iran Japan 1,179 454 32 1,633 Korea, North Korea, Republic of Other 998 82 Total 4,379 Oceania: Australia World total 227 =8,810 i ......... copcitioo fA apenIiIIc pilla _D pilla CDIIIIIIIbr ....is. 1582 TALC AND PYROPHYLLlTB-1991 TABLE 8 TALC AND PYROPHYLLITE: WORLD PRODUCTION, BY COUNTRY AND PRODUCT! (Metric tons) Countrf Argentina: PyropbyUite Steatite Talc Australia: PyropbyUite Talc Austria: Steatite Brazil:' Agalmatolite Pyropbyllite Talc Bunna: Steatite Canada (shipments): Pyropbyllite, soapstone, talc Chile: Talc Cbina: Unspecifiedo Colombia: Pyropbyllite, soapstone, talc Egypt: Pyropyllite, talc, soapstone, steatite Finland: Talc France: Talc Federal Republic of Gennany, Western states: Talc (marketable) Greece: Steatite Hungary: TalcO India: Pyropbyllite Steatite Iran: Talc Italy: Steatite and talc Japan: Pyropbyllite Talc Korea, North: Unspecified Korea, Republic of: Pyropbyllite Talc Mexico: Talc Nepal: Talc' Norway: TalcO Pakistan: Pyropbyllite Paraguay: Unspecified PelU: Pyropbyllite Talc Philippines: Talc Portugal: Talc Soc f _ .. cad at 1abIo. 1987 1,260 300 27,103 6,036 206,865 129,959 104,536 51,114 425,513 22 136,418 980 rl,700,OOO 11,927 6,600 '324,000 "328,800 19,785 1,507 15,000 51,724 359,448 r16,975 150,718 1,241,069 55,899 170,000 690,819 161,052 17,469 3,359 100,000 23,278 180 705 1,447 7,292 1988 671 250 26,108 5,750 199,631 132,974 122,531 60,070 378,463 "25 r146,443 1,070 rl,900,OOO 12,800 7,268 379,000 "320,000 19,500 rl,587 13,000 64,923 417,493 '29,261 158,722 1,244,491 49,797 170,000 673,776 146,478 13,645 4,430 100,000 37,429 150 rg,2oo rl,450 27 7,187 1989 1,310 250 26,658 5,000 195,000 133,078 120,000 162,000 433,000 "20 rl44,828 835 '2,100,000 9,196 7,146 '398,000 329,960 13,000 r 01,600 12,000 97,264 414,268 r11,039 146,000 1,233,600 55,665 170,000 770,298 162,098 13,908 6,728 100,000 38,290 200 r "7,500 r 01,500 8,063 1990 1,300 250 "26,000 os ,000 "200,000 '133,971 120,000 ' 120,000 ' "330,000 "20 r137,290 r898 '2,200,000 rl0,113 r6,34O '385,000 '284,000 r12,OOO r 01,600 12,000 r "80,000 r "390,000 '31,087 r158,851 rl,213,036 61,550 170,000 '657,611 r181 ,600 r13,590 rl,798 100,000 '30,177 "200 r "7,500 ' 1,500 7,926 1991 1,200 250 25,000 6,000 210,000 133,000 120,000 120,000 330,000 20 130,000 900 2,300,000 10,000 6,000 375,000 300,000 12,000 1,600 10,000 80,000 400,000 30,000 158,500 .51,229,287 .565,625 170,000 660,000 180,000 .514,368 2,000 100,000 30,000 200 7,500 1,500 8,000 TALC AND PYROPHYLLlTE-I991 1583 TABLE 8-Continued TALC AND PYROPHYLLITE: WORLD PRODUCTION, BY COUNTRY AND PRODUCTl (Metric tons) Countrf 1987 Romania: Talc '50,000 South Africa, Republic of: Pyropbyllite 3,467 Talc 8,005 Spain: Steatite 75,307 Sweden: Talc and steatite '16,981 Taiwan: Talc 22,102 Thailand: Pyropbyllite 37,749 Talc 4,101 Turkey 15,000 U.s.S.R.: Talc 530,000 United Kingdom: Talc 12,529 United States: Pyropbyllite 83,000 Talc 1,080,000 Uruguay: TalcO '1,648 Zambia: Talc 258 Zimbabwe: Talc 516 Total rs,489,822 Ofwbicb: Pyropbyllite 2,190,221 Steatite 566,543 Talc '3,420,698 Unspecified '2,297,360 "Eslima1Ccl. 'Rmocd. 'Tabko iDoIudoo cIoIa awilable tIuoucb May II, 1992. 2Jn addition 10 Ibo COIIIIIriea JisICcl, CzocbooJovakia producea laic, but information is oriDacIoquaIo 10 ..... ",liable ..tm..... ouIpII ........ or~oIaI heDoficialecl produc:tioa, aalable cIircct ahippin& praluclioa, and thaI consumod by producers. 'Data buecI CD InDian fiacaJ,.. beBimiD& Mar. 21 or,.. stalCcl. 'Ro:porICcI fi&we. 'Data buecI CD NepaIoao r...,.. ,.. beBimiD& mid-July or,.. .talCcl. 1988 '50,000 3,162 10,111 68,979 16,000 21,603 37,285 4,843 5,397 530,000 14,182 97,000 1,136,347 1,600 73 976 rs,853,158 '2,233,757 '621,308 '3,458,782 '2,533,914 1989 ' '45,638 3,942 11,596 "75,000 16,000 22,559 39,799 7,242 5,614 530,000 15,413 81,301 1,171,871 1,600 114 1,513 '9,358,504 '2,440,304 '624,216 '3,575,000 '2,713,370 1990 '40,000 2,759 11,179 "75,000 16,000 '22,123 '29,290 '4,360 "6,000 500,000 '14,781 82,025 1,185,142 '1,600 '160 '1,787 '9,084,414 '2,228,698 '600,841 '3,430,081 '2,818,794 1991 40,000 '4,448 '6,235 70,000 16,000 22,000 30,000 4,000 6,000 450,000 15,000 W '1,037,196 1,600 180 1,500 8,848,,235 2,168,435 604,870 3,242,104 2,910,700 1584 TALC AND PYROPHYLLITE-1991