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> . BULLETIN NO. 41 Revised 1942 1 R -1 33V rNo.V\ 28 JIXim m *-- OCCUPATION HAZARDS AND DIAGNOSTIC SIGNS Bulletin Number 41 is a Revision of Bureau of Labor Statistics Bulletin No. 582, by LOUIS I. DUBLIN, Third Vice President and Statistician, and ROBERT J. VANE, Supervisor of Occupational Ratings, Metropolitan Life Insurance Company UNTIED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR TRANCES PERKINS, Secretary DIVISION OF LABOR STANDARDS VERNE A. Director I/ Contents Preface.............. ............................ ..................................................................... Introduction_________ _______________________________________________ SiCTJoy I.--Alphabetical hit of occupations------------------------------- --------- Section II.--List of hazards, symptoms, occupations exposed, and methods of prevention________ ......... ........... ................. ............................. A. Abnormalities of air pressure............................................................... 1. Compressed air (increased atmospheric pressure). -................ 2. Altitude; rarefied air (decreased atmospheric pressure).......... B. Abnormalities of temperature and humidity................................... 1. Heat____________________________________________________ ~ Sudden variations of temperature...................... -..................... C. Dampness.----------------------------------------------------------- ------------------ D. Defective illumination................................ ........................................ E. Dust.......... --.........------------------------------------ --------------------------1. Organic dust___________ ______________ _____ _______ _____ 2. Inorganic dust containing free silica______________ _______ - 3. Inorganic dust (except asbestos) containing no free silica----- 4. Asbestos....................................................................................... F. Infections----------------------------------------------------------'............ ........... 1. Anthrax........................................ -.............................................. 2. Fungus infections------- -------------------------------------------------- - 3. Septic infections------------------------------------------------ ------- ------ 4. Undulant fever (brucellosis).................. .................................... G. Radiant energy...................................................................................... 1. X-rays, radium, and other radioactive substances (radio thorium, mesothorium, etc.)____ ___________ ___________ 2. Ultraviolet and infrared rays..................................................... 3. Repeated motion, pressure, shock, etc........ ...................................... J. Poisons----- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1. Acetaldehyde.............................................................................. 2. Acetanilide--------------------------------------------------------------------- 3. Acetone_________________ _____ ____________ ______ -......... 4. Acridine..... ........................... -................................ -................. 5. Acrolein_________________ _______ _______________________ 6. Aluminum---------------------- ---------------------------------- ------------- 7. Ammonia.......................... ............. ............................................. 8. Amyl acetate................. ................. ......... ................................. ` 9. Amyl aloohol------- ----------------------------- -................................. 10. Aniline and other amino compounds of benzol and its homologuea 11. Antimony and its compounds------------------ ---------------------- - 12. Arsenic and its compounds (except areeniuretted hydrogen). 13. Arseniuretted hydrogen (arsine)................................. .............. 14. Barium_______________ ____________________________ _____ 15. Benzine (naphtha-gasoline)______________________________ 1ft. Bensol (benzene) and its homologues (toluol and xylol)___ 17. Beryllium.................................................................................... IS. Brass............................................................................................. 19. Bromine___ _____ ___________________________ ___________ 20. Butanone (methyl ethyl ketone).................................... *1.! 21. Butyl acetate................ ..................... ........................... 22. Butyl alcohol______________ ______ ________ ___________ 23. Cadmium*.J 24. Calcium cvanamide (cyanamidV).!"..". 25. Carbon dioxide____________ ___________ 2ft. Carbon disulphide...... ......... ................. *......... ......................... II Tim V l 4 15 15 15 15 17 IS 19 20 21 21 23 24 24 25 25 20 20 27 27 27 27 28 29 30 31 31 31 32 32 32 32 33 33 33 34 34 35 35 36 36 37 37 37 38 38 38 38 38 39 39 CONTENTS II* Section II.--List of hazards, symptoms, occupations exposed, and methods of prevention--Continued. J. Poisons--Continued. / 27. Carbon monoxide............... ..................................................... 28. Carbon tetrachloride................................-.............................. 29. Cellosolve (mono-ethyl ether of ethylene glycol)................... 30. Chloride of lime......................................................................... 31. Chlorinated diphenyls............................ .................................. 32. Chlorinated hydrocarbons........................... ............................ 33. Chlorinated naphthalenes................ ............... ...................... .. 34. Chlorine________________ _____ __________ _______ _ 35. Chlorodinitmbenzol................................................................... 36. Chloronitrobenzol......... ............................................................ 37. Chloroprene (2- chloro-butadiene)....................... ................. 38. Chromium compounds___________ __________ _ 39. Cobalt.......... ......................... .................................................... 40. Copper.............................. ................. ............. ........................ 41. Cresol (eresvlic acid)................................................................. 42. Cyanogen compounds........... .................................................... 43. D'ichlorethvlene----------------------- ------------------------ -------------44. Dichloroettvyl ether....... ............................................................ 45. Dimethyl sulphate..................................................................... 46. Dinitrobenzol 47. Dinitrophenol (1-2-4)________________________ __________ 48. Dioxan (diethylene dioxide)____ 49. Ethylbenzene.............................. -....................................... 50. Ethyl bromide and ethyl chloride............. ...................... ..... 51. Ethylene dibromide....................................................... ........... 52. Ethylene dichioride (dichlorethane)........................................ 53. Ethylene oxide__________________________________ _______ 54. Ethyl silicates_____________ ______ _________ ______ ______ 55. Fluorine and its compounds...................................................... 56. Formaldehyde.................................... ......................................... 57. Formio acid'...................................................-........................... 58. Furfural_____________________________________ __________ 59. Gasoline________________________________________________ 60. Hexanone (methyl butyl ketone)............ ......... ..................... .. 81. Hexone (methyl isobutyl ketone)------------------ ------------------- 62. Hydrochloric acid_____________ _____ ________ ___________ 63. Hydrocyanic acid_________ 64. Hydrofluoric acid____________________________________ ___ 65. Iron carbonyl 66. Lead and its compounds_______________________ _________ 67. Lead arsenate_________________ ________ _ 68. Magnesium_______________________________ ________ _____ 69. Manganese............ ............... ............................... ...................... 70. Mercury and Its compounds...................................................... 71. Metal fume fever........... ................. ......... ................................. 72. Methanol (methyl alcohol)______________________ ________ 73. Methyl bromide________________________________ _______ _ 74. Methyl cellcsolve (ethylene glycol monomethyl ether)......... 75. Methyl chloride___________________ __________ __________ 78. Methylene chloride (dichloromethane).................................... 77. Methyl formate_______________ _________ ________ _ 78. Naphtha 79. Naphthols_____________________________________ _________ 80. Naphthylamines 81. Nickel........................................................................................... 82. Nickel carbonyl__________________________ _______________ 83. Nicotine__________________________ _____________________ 84. Nitraniline.......................................... ......................................... 85. Nitrabenxol and other nitro compounds of benzol and its homologues. 88. Nitroglycerin.................. ........................ ............... ................... 87. Nitronaphthalene............. -............................... ......................... 88. Nitrous fumes and nitric acid................................................... 89. Oxalic acid._______________________________________ _____ Pa* 39 10 41 41 41 42 42 42 42 42 42 43 43 43 43 44 44 44 45 45 45 45 45 46 46 46 47 47 47 47 47 47 4S 48 48 48 49 49 49 49 50 50 50 51 52 52 52 52 53 53 53 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 4 l IT CONTENTS 1 Scctioh II.--List of hazards, symptoms, occupations exposed, and methods of prevention--Continued. J. Poisons--Continued. / Pts flO. Ozone........................... ....... ........... --*......... ......................... ort 61. Pentanone (methyl propyl ketone)........................................ 56 92. Petroleum.............. -......................................................:......... 5(5 93. Phenol------- ------------------------------------------- 57 94. Phenyl hydrazine...................................................................... 57 93. Phosgene..................... 57 96. Phosphorus..................................... 97. Phosphuretted hydrogen i phosphine).................................... 57 58 98. Picric acid (trinitropheuol).....................-................... ........... 58 99. Potassium hydroxide................................................................ 58 100. Pyridine.................... 58 101. Radium____________ _____ -......... ....... ................................... 102. Selenium compounds................... 59 39 103. Silver........................................................................................... 59 104. Sodium hydroxide........................ -.......................................... 59 105. Sulphur chloride.................. 59 106. Sulphur dioxide......... ........ 59 107. Sulphuretted hydrogen (hydrogen sulphide).......................... 60 108. Sulphuric acid_________________________________ 60 109. Tar and pitch-------------- 61 110. Tellurium compounds________ 61 111. Tetrachlorethane (acetylene tetrachloride)............................ 62 112. Tetraclilorethylene (perchlorethylene).................................... 62 v 113. Tetraethyl lead................ 114. Thallium____ ______________________ 62 G2 115. Thorium______ 63 116. Tin............................................................................................... 63 117. Titanium oxide________________________ 63 118. Toluol......................................................................................... 83 119. Tricnlorethylene...... .................................................................. 63 120. Trinitrophenol_____________ 63 121. Trinitrotoluol__________________________ 63 122. Triorthocresyl phosphate........ .................. 63 123. Turpentine................................... 64 124.' Uranium.......... .............. 64 125. Vanadium......................... 64 126. Vinyl chloride---------------- 64 127. Xylol........................................................................................... 65 128. Zinc_______________________________________ 65 Section III.--Dermatoses................................................................................. 68 Section IV.--Selected sources of information on industrial hygiene.......... 69 Preface The first edition of this guide to the hazards of occupations and to the symptoms of the diseases they cause was intended primarily to aid the medical examiners of the Metropolitan Life Insurance. Co. in the discovery of impairments among applicants for insurance. The pamphlet soon attracted the attention or others not immediately interested in insurance medical examinations. Industrial physicians, directors of compensation boards, factory inspectors, safety eturineers, industrial rehabilitation agents, faculties of medical colleges, and. most important of all. general practitioners of medicine, have made a call for this work and have expressed their approval of it. Sub sequent editions have been equally well received. It has been repro duced either in whole or in part in a number of works by authorities on the subject of industrial hygiene. The present publication is a complete revision of Bulletin 2?o. 582 of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, issued in 1933 under the same title. The authors are convinced by their experience with these earlier editions that this bulletin has served a useful purpose, and that there is a vital need for a compilation, of this kind, which makes readily available the most recent findings on industrial hazards to those who have not the time for a thorough study. Obviously, the extension of the compensation laws of the severalStates to include all occupa tional diseases, or an increasing number of them, has made it neces sary for physicians to be familiar with at least their most common symptoms. Those who may wish to look further into the causes and effects of specific hazards will find detailed information in the sources referred to in the last section. The two decades which have passed since the first edition of this bulletin was prepared have been years of tremendous expansion in the field of industrial hygiene. It has come to be recognized as an important branch of industrial management in which industrialists, < physicians, engineers, chemists, laboratory technicians, statisticians, labor law administrators, workmens compensation officials, and factory inspectors cooperate in the discovery of hazards, the nature of the injuries they cause, and in working out measures for their preven tion, They have been years noteworthy for the large number of scientific investigations undertaken here and abroad to determine the causes of ill health among workmen and the effects of exposure to specific hazards. As a result of newer findings, we have had to revise many of our views on the effects of specific industrial exposure;:. Our idea that dusts, for example, were injurious in proportion to the hardness and sharpness of their particles, has been shown to be erroneous. It is now neld that dusts are injurious in proportion to the amount of free silica or the amount of asbestos they contain Our knowledge of the effects of many other hazards, long recognized as injurious, has been enhanced, and in addition a wealth of in forma - VI PREFACE tion has been supplied on the effects of important new hazards, notably the volatile solvents and chemicals employed in the manu facture of synthetic resins, to mention onlv twqt In preparing- this, the fourth edition of the pamphlet, the authors have endeavoreu ro present the most recent thought on occupational hazards expressed in this vast literature on industrial hygiene. They realize full well the inadequacy of existing knowledge of the effects of many industrial hazards, and the amount of scientific research necessary before these effects are definitely known. They have not presumed to attempt to settle controversial questions, nor have they attempted to set up standards for the guidance of those whose responsibility it is to puss upon claims for compensation or damages. The symptoms, conditions, or diseases cited are those which "ire reported m the best works available on the several hazards. They have not been listed in the order of their importance, and many are perhaps of rather rare occurrence. Similarly, the occupations and industries listed are those in which the hazard may be present, and not necessarily those in which specific cases of injury have occurred. It should be recognized that even where poisons or other hazards are present the chances of injury may be slight. Some industries today, due to the excellence of the preventive measures they have instituted, are manufacturing or handling extremely toxic materials with virtually no danger to the workmen. There is every reason to believe that "most, if not all, plants could eliminate the hazard of poisoning if management ana employees worked together toward that end and this may be said of many other hazards. A word of caution should be given to the layman against the use of the material presented here for self-diagnosis or for diagnosing the illness of others. That is a practice fraught with the gravest danger. The only people competent to make a diagnosis are physi cians. They should be .consulted without delay whenever there "are signs or symptoms of ill health. The hazards covered now include `abnormalities of air pressure;" "abnormalities of temperature;'' "dampness;" "defective illumination;" "dust;" "infections;' "radiant energy;" "repeated motion, pressure, shock, etc.;" the "poisons:'' and "dermatoses. The number of poisonous substances considered has been increased from 94 to 128. The number of occupations listed has been increased to approximately 1.100. The authors desire to acknowledge their indebtedness .to the mem bers of the medical profession of the United States and Canada who have so graciously received the previous editions and who have so enthusiastically cooperated in extending its scope. It would be im practicable to make personal acknowledgment of all the assistance which has been received in preparing this revision. Mention, how ever, should be made of the following authors and organizations from whose published works so large a part of the information used in the pamphlet was secured: Drs. Alice Hamilton, George M. Kober, Emery H. Hayhurst, Yandell Henderson, Howard W. Haggard. R. R. Savers, W. F. Von Oettingen, L. Schwartz, L. Tulipan. W7D. McNally. H. F. Smyth, R. Prosser White, Carey P. McCord. Henry H. Kessler, Ethel Browning; and also the International Labor Office of the League of Nations, Harvard School of Public Health, United States Department FRETACE vi r of Labor, United States Public Health Service, United States Bureau of Mines, and the Division of Industrial Hygiene of the New York State Department of Labor, / The authors are especially indebted to Dr. Anthony J. Lanza and Dr. William J. McConnell, assistant medical directors, and to Miss Eleanor Rantoul. all of the Metropolitan Life Insurance C'o., for re viewing the entire manuscript, for assistance in the preparation of the text, and for manv valuable criticisms suggested By their broad ex perience in the field of industrial medicine. _ The detailed work of this compilation was carried our by Sol Ungar. Jules V. Quint, anti Robert S. Levin of the Statistical Bureau of the Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. Louis I. Dcbujt. Robert J. Vajte. March 1. 1942. / > 5345T-4*--r. / OCCUPATION HAZARDS AND DIAGNOSTIC SIGNS A Guide To Impairments To Be Looked For In Occupations Introduction Many occupations have injurious effects on the physical condition of those engaged in them. The health of those who work with the poisons, such as lead, arsenic, mercury, picric acid, and so forth, or those who are exposed for long periods to dust, heat, humidity, or to the infectious materials, may be impaired seriously as the result of their work. The occupation is now recognized as of the very first importance as a factor in the causation of disability'and even of death. We see this reflected in the frequent revisions of compensa tion laws to include an increasing number of occupational diseases. It is now generally recognized that patients come to physicians with pains and complaints of an indefinite character, but which in many instances are tne effects of their occupation. With their attention directed to occupation as a possible factor, physicians are able to diagnose a great many obscure cases which previously had puzzled even the most competent clinicians. In this way they discover u great many more cases of disease of occupational origin than had before been thought possible. The medical examiner should therefore be very careful to see if any of the usual diagnostic signs of poisoning, dust, heat, or other hazards which are known to Be inherent in occupations are in evi dence' among his patients, where no other explanation of the case is readily available. In the case of those exposed to lead, such as paint mixers, painters, and so forth, the blue line on the gum, the pale, sallow appearance, and the trembling fingers, are significant as indi cations of chronic lead poisoning, and the physician should look for these signs. Physical symptoms and conditions which ordinarily might be passed by in this way become very important if they point to the possible effect of the occupation. This handbook has been prepared to aid physicians in general practice, industrial hygienists, safety engineers, and others who come into close professional contact with those who are engaged in indus trial processes. Nine major hazards of employment are listed: namely, "abnormalities of air pressure''; "abnormalities of tempera ture"; "dampness"; "defective illumination"; "dust"; "infections"; "radiant energy"; "repeated motion, pressure, or shock"; and the "poisons." A separate section of the bulletin is devoted to a dis cussion of the dermatoses. Long exposure to any of these may leave definite physical signs which tne medical examiner can discover if he will look for them. To aid him in detecting the hazards a in I 1 o OCCUPATION HAZARDS AND DIAGNOSTIC SIGN'S their effects on the worker. two lists are presented. The first con sists of the more common occupations in which hazard*. may be found, arranged alphabetically: the second consists of hazards, together with their effects or symptoms, as well as the occupations affected. After each occupation in the* first list is a reference in code to the particular hazard in the second list. The capital letters after each occupation. A. B. C. and so forth, refer to the general hazard. The arable numerals signify the particular hazard, as E 1. organic dust; E :2. inorganic dust containin'; free silica. ' The following example will show how this guide may be of value to the general practitioner: A man who works as a prefer, suffering from continuous headaches, visits his physician. The latter can find no cause for the patient's illness. The patient shows no signs of dis ease other than the subjective symptoms which he cle-rnbes. Per haps the physician will recommend an examination of the subject's eyes, ears, and sinuses, which will prove negative. A correct diag nosis in a puzzling case such as this is much easier to determine when the occupation is ascertained and this guide is utilized. Alongside of pressers" in the Alphabetical List of Occupations, the physician finds the symbols H. J 27. UH" represents the hazard "repeated motion, pressure, shock"; "J" the hazard "poisons": and 27 the par ticular hazard "carbon monoxide." Upon looking up the symptoms of these hazards in the second list, he finds that carbon monoxide produces headache. In such a case an effort should be made to discover if this poison exists as a hazard in the plant where the patient is employed. The remedy consists in the removal of the etiological factor--the specific poison. Hie following procedure is therefore recommended : The medical examiner or physician should ascertain the occupation of the person undergoing examination. He should then look for it in the Alphabeti cal List of Occupations (p. 4). If found there, it is possible that the person has been exposed to. and possibly is suffering from the effects of. some hazard of his occupation. The numerals will indicate the particular hazards of the occupation. The physician should then make special effort to discover the symptoms or signs referred to in the second list. His examination is in this way made more illumi nating. Physicians not specialists in occupational hygiene can thus learn to detect the effects of industry and, conversely, can eliminate the occupation as the cause when certain symptoms are observed which do not fit the usually observed effects of the occupation. Medical examiners should remember that it is often necessary to keep in mind not only the present occupation but former ones as well. Per sons suffering from certain ailments may no longer be engaged in the industry which was responsible for their condition. But careful in quiry into their occupational history will sometimes result in the re cording of an occupation the effects of which are clearly those from which the patient is suffering. The medical profession must give occupational findings greater weight in forming their judgments re garding physical conditions and in diagnosing and treating disease. It is hoped in this way that the medical profession will become more and more acquainted with occupational diseases and help in the move I>TRODCCTIOX 3 ment to discover and eliminate cases thereof. In our country it is still true that very large numbers of working people are constantly exposed to serious occupational hazards and suffer, often/unnecessarily. very seriously, from the effects of such exposure. Occupational disease haz ards can be brought under control if management and men work to gether. The greater interest of medical practitioners will help mate rially in the campaign of prevention. Medical schools can aid greatly in bringing about this result by giving due weight to the subject in their courses of study. Already the form and content of this pamphlet have recommended ft to several schools, which report its value. In the same wav. plant executives and safety engineers must take cognizance of the existence of these occupational diseases and look carefully into their own establishments to see to what degree the processes or their shops are devoid of the dangers which are usually associated with in dustrial operations. Factory inspectors, labor officials, and workmen's compensation boards will find it helpful in inspecting and evaluating the hazards of numerous industries. Many hazards may be revealed which they have not known were associated with the processes of manufacture, and of which the employers themselves have been ignorant. Those concerned with industrial rehabilitation should find this bulletin an aid in selecting occupations for those with .arrested cases of tuberculosis or other organic diseases. All of the foregoing comments receive a special emphasis at this time due to the general defense program. One result of the enor mously increased manufacture of munitions of all kinds is the use of many chemicals about which little or nothing is known, and many of which are entirely new. Furthermore, the lengthening of the hours of work and of the number of work days in tne week ar.d the added stress of production carry with them a likelihood of aggra vation of occupational hazards so that hazards which are ordinarily of minor importance may become serious under the stress of war time conditions. 1 / Section I.--Alphabetical List of Occupations Abraslres worker?. B 1. K 1. 2. 3. Acetaldehyde workers. J l. 7". Art-elass workers. J 9. 1.7. 64. <36. 72. 123. Arrirtclal-aniber makers. J 36. Acetanilide workers. J 10. Artificial-dower makers, H. J 12. .38. 66. Acetic ncid makers. J 62. 70. 70. 72. Acetous workers. J 3. 70. Artlficlal-gem milkers, .f 114. Acetylene workers. E 3. .r 3. 7. 13. 28. 27. ArtlficlHl-lce makers. B 2. C. r 7. ux) 30. 3S. 07. See nluo Carbide makers Artificial-leather workers. II 1, .1 3. 8. 10. /Kid Welders. Acid dippers. C. J 13. 42. 02. AS. 1<8. 12. 16. 20. 22. 72. 'S ios. Artificial-manure makers. Ferti Acid finishers (glass). J 62. 66. 108. lizer makers. Acid makers. See particular acid. Artificial-pearl makers. J 3. 9. 60. <9. 111. Acridine workers, J 4. Artificial-rubber makers. See Rubber Acrolein workers. J 3. Actors. J 68. (synthetic) makers. Artificial-silk makers. See Rayon. Agricultural workers. Sec Farmers. Arriflclal-stoue makers, E 3. -I UK). Air-hammer operators. H. Asbestos miners. Sec Miners. Airplane-dope makers, J 3. 8, 10. 28, B7, Asbestos products workers, B 1, E 4. 74. 111. J 16 56 109. Airplane-hangar employees, J 15. 16. 28. Ashmen. E 1. 3. Airplane pilots, A 2. J 27. Asphalt workers, B 1, J 109. 4 Airplane pilots--crop dusting. A 2. J 12. Automobile mechanics. See Garage i. 27, 66. workers. / Airplane wing varnishers. See Var- Automobile painters. C. J 18. 72. See nisbers. alto Painters. Alcohol-distillery workers, J 8. 9, 16 57, Automobile radiator cleaner?. J 49. 70,72. Aviation personnel (flying), A 2. See Aldehyde pumpmen. J 1. 72. alto Airplane pilots. Alkali salt makers. C. J 25. 34, 62. 106, Aviators. See Airplane pilots. 107. Alloy makers, B 1, J 12, 17.27. 38, 39. 68, Babbitt metnl workers. J ll. 66 69, 81, 102, 125. Babbitters, J 11. 66 Aluminum extractors, J 04, 89. Bacteriologists. F. F 1. Alum workers. J 108. Bakers, B 2. E 1. G 2. J 25, 27. Amalgam makers. J 70. Baking-powder makers, j 25. Amber workers. J 66 Balloon (hydrogen) workers, J 13. Ammonia workers, J 7. 24. 27. Balloon infiators, J 27. Ammonium salt makers. B 1, J 7. 26, 42, Barbers. F. H. 62. m Barium carbonate makers. J 14. 107. Ammonium sulphate makers. J 108. Bar-mill workers (iron and steel). B 1. Amyl-acetate workers. J & 9. Barometer makers. J 70. Amyl alcohol workers, J 9. Basic slag (artificial munure) workers. Amyl-nitrite makers, J 9. S3. Aniline dye makers. See Dye makers. Batch makers (glass works I. sre i a.iss .Aniline workers, J 10, 13. 16 38. 62. 86, mixers. 88 Batch makers (rubber works). See Animal hair dressers. See Hnlr work Compounders (rubber). ers. Baters (tannery), F 1. Animal handlers, F 1, 2, 3. Bathhouse attendants, F. Annealers. B 1, J 7. Battery (dry) makers. E 1. 3 .1 9. 16. Antifreeze makers. J 72. 36 62. 66 69. 70, 109. Antimony extractors i refiners). B 1. Battery (storage) makers. Sr,- St.,r;i*i> J 11. battery makers. Antimony flnorlde extractors, J 04. Beamers (textiles), E 1. Antlpyrlne makers, J 94. Beamhouse workers (tannery). C F l. Arsenic roasters, B 1, J 12. Beatermen (paper and putpi. J 34. 4 ALPHABETICAL List OF OCCCPATION'3 Beauty parlor operatives. F, J 18. Broom makers. E 1. F l. J 34. 56. 108 Bed rubbers < stone), E 2. 3. Browner* (gun barrels). J 42. 6ft 70, 92. Bench molders. Set Holders (foundry). Brusbers I felt hats*. E 1. J 70. Benzene workers. Srr Lieuzol workers. Brush milkers.*! 1, F 1. J 30, 66. 72. 109. Benzine workers, J 15. Benzol purifiers. J 18. l"ft Beozol-stillmen. B 1. J 16. Buffers. D. E l. 3. Buffers I rubber). J ft 13, fi, Rttlb (mercury) makers, J 70. Benzol workers, J 16. Buoy makers. J 97. Beryllium alloy workers. J 17. Burners (enameling). B 1. J 66. Beryllium extractors. J 64. Burnishers (metals i. D. J 11. 13. 28. 106. Bessemer-converter workers (iron anil 119. steel). B l. J 27. Burrers (needles). E 2. 3. Beta-still operators (beta uaphthol). B 1. J 106. Bevelers, E 3. Rleyclisrs. H. Billet mill workers (iron nnrl steel). B 1. Risque-kiln workers. B 1. E 2. 3, J 27. Burr filers. E 3. Butchers. B 2. F. F 1. 3. 4. Burnm makers. E 1, 3. F. J 3. 30. 56. Butyl acernte makers. J '-"J. Buryi alcohol makers. J 22. Butyl cellosolve makers. J 33. Blacksmiths. B 1, Cl H. J 25. 27, 42, (SB. Blanket makers. F 1. Cable m.-ikers. J 6ft Blasters. E 2. 3. J 27. '<8. 107. Cable splicers. C. J 27. 66. 1"7. 123. Blnst-fnrnnee workers. B 1. I 25. 27. 42. Cadmium alloy makers, J 23. 97, 106, 107. Cadmium and cadmium-compound mak Bleachers. B 1. 2. J 30. 34. 38, 62. 64. 88. ers. J 13, 2ft 89. 90. 95. 99. 104. 106. Cadmium platen. J 23. Srr alio Elec Bleuchery driers, B 1. troplaten. Bleaching powder milkers. J 13. 30. 34, Cadmium vapor lamp makers. J 23. 69. Caisson workers, A 1. B 2. C. D. J 25. Blenders (motor fuel). Bee Gasoline 27. 107. blenders. Blocker* (felt hatsl. B 1. J 27. Calcium carbide maken. See Carbide makers. Blooders (tannery). J 86. Calcium cyanamlde maken. B 1, E 3, Blooming-mill workers (Iron and steel), J 24. BL Blowers (felt hats), E 1. J 70. Blowers (glass manufacturing). Glass blowers. Calenderen (rubber i. B 2. E 3 Calico printen. See Textile printers. See Camphor maken. J ft 10. 62. 123. Candle maken. J 5. 10. 12. :)& 108. Blowera-out (zinc smelting), B 1. J 128. Candy maken. B 1. 2. Blue print makers. J. 38. Cannen. B 1. 2, C, F 3, J 12. 25. 06. Blue print paper makers, J 10, 89. Can sealers. J 1ft Bluers (revolvers). B 1. Cap loaden, J 70. Boiler cleaners and washers. C. J 27. Cappen (window glass), B 1. Boiler-room workers. B l. J 23, 27. Carbanillde makers. J 26. Boneblack makers. J 7. 96. Carbide maken. B 1. E 1. 3. J 7. 27. Bone tenderers, extractors, etc.. E 1, F1, Carbollc-acld maken. J 16. 93. 10ft l')8. J 5, 42. 10ft Carbonated-water makers. J 25. Bookbinders. J 5. 8. 12. 66. 72. S9. Carbon-black workers, B 1. E I. Bottle-cap makers, J 6ft Carbon-brush makers, E 1, E 3. Bottlers (mineral waters), J 25, 107. Broke-lining workers, E 4. J 16. Carbon-dioxide ice worken. J 25. Carbon-dioxide maken. J 25. Brass founders, B 1, J 11, 12, 25, 27, 40, Carbon-disulphide makers. J 26, 107. 6ft 9ft 10ft 12ft Carbonic-acid maken. J 25. Brass polishers, J Oft See alto Polish Carbonizers (shoddy). E 1. J 13. 62, 108. ers and cleaners (metal). Carbon-paper maken. E 1. Braziers, B 1. G 2, J 06. 128. Carbon printen (photography). J 38 Brewers, B 1, 2. C. F 2. J 9, 25, 27. 5ft Carbon-tetrachloride workers. J 26, 28, 64, 9ft 108. 95. 106. Brick burners, B 1. J 2ft 27. 6ft Carden (asbestos), E 4. Bricklayers, E 3. Carders (textiles), E 1. Brick makers, B 1. C. E 2. 3, J 64, 6ft 68, Card grinders (textiles), E 1, 3. 69, 10ft Carpenten. H. Briquet makers. J 12. 109. Carpet cleaners. E 1. F 1. Bromine makers, J 10. 19. 34. Carpet maken, E 1. F 1. J 12 Bronze powder makers. J 3. 12ft Carroters (felt hata). J 12. 70. 88. Brorisers, E 3, J 7. ft 12. 1ft 1ft 1ft 42, Cartridge cup waaben. C 62, 9ft 09, 70, 72, 107, 12ft Cartridge dippers, J 62, 88, 106. 6 OCCUPATION HAZARDS AND DIAGNOSTIC SIGNS Cartridge felt and wad makers. C. Coal curbonlzers. J 107. Cartridge makers. J 66. 70. Coal miners. See Miners. Cartridge shot shell paraffin dippers, Coal passers. B 1. 3. B 2. C. I'onl-tnr workers. B 1. J 10. 16.. 27. 41. Case hardeners. B 1. J 42. 42. 93. 109. See alto c* ike-oven ('asters (metal). See Foundry and also worker*. particular metal. CnlihleM. E 1. F l. H. J 16. 28. Casting cleaners (foundry), E 2, 3. N* < Culn makers. J 81. utt. alto Acid dippers. (\>ke-"ren workers. B 1. J 7. 16. 27. ll>;. Cast scrubbers (electmplnters). J 15. 16 in". 109. Srr nl*o Cniil-rar workers, Catchers ilron and steel). B 1. i 'old-storaee-pluur workers. See Re- Cattle -alesmen, F 1. 4. frlirerntlng-plnnr workers. Cellulose formate makers. J 57. Collar i fused i maker-. J 3, 72, 74. Cellulose makers. C. J 104. 106. 107. 108. Collodion makers. .1 *-S. Cellulose-products makers, see rayon. Colored paper workers. J 12. pyroxylin-plastics, lacquers. Colorers I marble). J 38. C'ementers i rubber i. J 15. 16, 22, 26. 28. Colorers (white) of shoes. J 66. 43. 72. 111. 119. 123. color makers. B 1. E 3. J 7, 10. 11. 12. Cement (Portland) workers, B 1. E 3, 15. 16. 19. 23. 34. 38. 39. 45. 66. 69. 7<). J 27. 102. 73. 75. 7T). 102. 108. 111. 114. Cement (rubber, plastic, etc.) mixers. Cotnb makers. E 1. J 3. J 3. 7. 8. 15, 16. 26. 23. 43, 66. 100. MS. Compositors. D. E 3. H. J 10, II. 15. mi. 109. Ul. 123. Ceramic workers. See Pottery workers. Compounders (rubber), E 3, J 10. U. 12. Chambermaids. F. 15, 16. 38. 66. Cbnmbermen (sulphuric acid), 3 106. Compressed air (caisson) workers. See 108. Charcoal burners, J 25. 27. Caisson workers. Compressed air (pneumatic tool) work Charcoal workers. E 1. J 27. ers. See Pneumatic-tool workers. . .Charcoal workers (sugar refining), B Concentrating mill workers. C. E 2. 3. J 1 2 66. 69. 102. See alto Oil floturion Chargers (furnace). B 1. E 3, J 27. See plant workers. alto particular metal. Coners (felt bats). E 1. J 70. / Chargers (smelting and refining). B 1. Confectioners. See Candy makers. E 3. J 27. See alto particular metal. Construction worker-. C. E 3. Chasers (steel). E 3. Cooks. B 2, F. G 2. J 27. Chauffeurs. B 2, C, H. J 15, 27. Copper founders, J 12, 40. Chemists (radium research), Q 1. Copper miners. See Miners. Chimney masons. J 27. Copper refiners and smelters. B 1. J 11. Chimney sweepers. E 3. J 12, 27. 109. 12, 27. 40. 64. 66. 69. 102. 106. 110. Chlppers, E 2. 8, J 66. Coppersmiths. J 12. 40. Cblorlde-of-ltme makers, J 30, 34. Copper (strip) roller-uilll workers. J 3. Chlorinated diphenyl makers, J 31. Cordage factory workers, F 1. J 109. Chlorinated naphthalene workers. J 38. ('ore makers, B 1, E 2. 3. J 27. 28. 128. I Chlorinated rubber makers, J 28. Chlorine compound makers. J 62. Cork workers. E 1. Corn-products workers, B 1, 2. C. Chlorine makers, J 34. 62. 68. 70. Cosmetic workers, J 12, 70. 74, 85. Chlorodlphenyl makers, 3 16. Cotton-mill workers. B 1. C, E 1. 3. Chloroform maker*. J 3, 28, 30. 75. Cottonseed-oil workers. B 1. Chrome workers, J 33. Cotton twisters, E 1, H. Chromium platers, J 38. See alto Elec Cranemen (glass Industry). Bl. troplaters. Cranemen (iron and steel). B 1. Cigar makers, E 1. F 2, J 66, 83. Crayon (colored) makers. J 38. 66. Clay and bisque makers (pottery). B 2. Creosoting-plant workers. C. J 109. C, E 2. 8. Cresol-soap makers, J 41. Clay-plug makers (pottery), C, E 3. Cresyllc-acid makers, J 41. Clay-products workers. See Pottery Crucible mixers, E 1. a workers. Crucible - steel - department employ*****. Cleaners (metal). Bee Polishers and cleaners (metal). Clerks. D, H. Clothes presoera, J 25. BL Crushermen (clay and stone). E 2. 3. Crushers (asbestos), E 4. Cloth preparers, B 1, C. See alto Cupola nun (foundries), B 1. J 2". jt i Bleachers. Cloth singers, J 27. Curers, vapor (rubber). See Vulmiitxers. Clutch disk impregnators, 3 16. Curriers (tannery), E 1, f 1. J 12. 13. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF OCCUPATIONS <'ut-glasg workers. E 3. J 12. 66. Dye makers. B l. 2. J l. 3. 4. 7. 10. 11. Cutlery makers. E 2. 3. J 8. 66. 12. 13. 14. 16. 19. 22. 25. 28. 30. 34. 38. Cutters < oxy-ucetrlene and other 41. 42. 45. 47. 48. 50. 7,6. 57. 5-v 62. gases). See Welders. 66. 69. 70. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 79. 83. Cynnamlde makers. B l. E 3. J 24. 89. 93. 94. 95. 98. 100. 104. 106. 107. Cyanide workers. .: :. 42. 108. 114. 119. 123. 124. 125. Cyanogen makers. J 42. TO. 107. 1 yers. B 2. J 3. 7. 8. io. n. 12. 15. 38. 7,2. 36. 62. 64. 66. 69. 72. sS. .89. 93. 98. 100. Dairy workers. F 1, 4. 105. 117. 124. 125. See til to Mordnn- Dnmuscening workers. J 88. t*rs. and other preparatory process Dancers. H. workers. Denil nilI mill handlers, F. De-brasaers. J 88. Electrical condenser mukers. J 31. 33. Decnrnrnrs (pottery), J 12. 15. 16. 66. Electrical transformer makers. J 31. 33. 70. 123. Electricians. G 2. J 90. Degreasers. J 15. 16. 26. 28. 33. 44. 48. Electric induction furnace workers, J TO 52, 76. 111. 112. 119. Electric linemen, C, G 2. See alto ('able Denatured-alcohol workers. See par splicers. ticular denaturanr. Electrode makers. E 1, J 109. Dental workers. J 66. 70. Electrolytic process (copper) worker*. Dentists. O 1. J 70. J 13. Depilatory makers. J 14. 114. Electroplaters. C, J 11. 12. 13. 13. 16. 23. Detlnning workers. J 34. 26. 28. 33. 38. 42. 57. 62. 64. 66. 70. 81. Detonator cleaners. J 70. i 88. 99. 108. 111. 119. Detonator fillers. J 70. i Electrotypers. B 2. E 1, 3. J 7. 11. 66. Deronator packers. J 70. : Nee alto Electroplacers. Devil operators (felt hats). E 1. J 70. Elevator runners, H. Diamond cutters. E l 3. H. I Embalmers, 3 56. 70. Diamond polishers, J 66. | Embalming fluid makers, J 70. Dlchlorethylene workers. J 43. Embossers. J 70. Digester-house workers < paper and Embroidery workers. D. J 66. pulp), B 1. 2. J 106. 107. i Emery wheel makers. E 3. J 66. Dimethyl-sulphate makers. J IS. 40. 72. Enamelers. B 1. C, E 2. H. J 8.11. 12.15. 38, 106. ! 16. 26. 27, 38, 66. 69. 81. 111. 123. Dlnltrobenzol workers. J 85. : Enamel makers, J 8.11. 12. 14. 15. 16. 26. Dlnltrophenol workers, J 47. , 27, 38, 62. 64. 66, 69. 74. 88. 111. 123 Dloxau makers, J 48. ! Engineers (stationary i. B 1,2. E 3. J 27. Dippers (gun cotton). J 88. , Engravers, D, E 3. H. J 16, 40. 62. 66. 70, Dippers (rubber), J 15, 16. 28. ! 88. 89, 104, 108. Dippers. See alto Acid dippers. Etchers, J 13, 62. 64. 88. 93. 108. Dish-washers, F 2. Ether makers, J 106. Disinfectant makers. J 1. 10, 12. 16. 19. Ethyl-bensene makers, J 49. 25, 30. 34. 41. 42. 36. 70. 90. 03. 98. 106. Ethyl-bromide makers, J 50. 114.119. See alto Insecticide makers. Ethyl-chloride makers. J 50. Divers, A 1. J 25. 27. Ethylene-dlbromlde makers. J 19. 51. Doffers (textile). B 1. C, E 1. Ethylene-dlchlorlde makers. J 52. Dog-pound workers, 7. Ethylene-oxide makers. J 53. Dope workers. Bee Airplane dope Examiners using fluoroscope nr X-ray. makers. G :L Dressers (glass), B 1. Excavation workers, F 2. Dresser tenders (textile). B1.2.C. Explosives workers. C, J 1. 3, 7. 8. 9, 10, Driers, B 2, J 25. 27. 11. 16, 19. 25. 28, 38, 41, 47. 56. 66. 70. Driers (felt hats), B 2. J 72. Driers (lacquer). G 2. Driers (rubber). J 15.16. 26. Drier workers (foundries). J 27. Drillers (rock), E 2. 3. Drivers. See Chauffeurs. Drop forgers, B L Dry-battery workers. See Battery (dry) makers. 72, 85, 86. 8a 93. 96. 98. 100, 108. Setalto particular occupation. Exterminators and fumlgators. See Insecticide makers. Extractor operators (soap), B 2. C. Extractors (gold and silver). See Gold and silver refiners and extractors. Extractors (oils and fata), J 3, 15. 16. 28, 52, 111, 119. Dry cleaners. B 2, J 8. 15. 18. 26. 28. 43. Farmers, F, F 1, Z 4, J 12, 24. 66, S3. 52, 72,89. Ill, 112.119,123. Fat Tenderers, B 2, F 1, J 5. 68. 90. 107. Drying room workers (miscellaneous), 108. B 2, J 25. 27. Feather curera, E 1, J 12. * I54o7t*--13----- 3 8 OCCUPATION HAZARDS AND DIAGNOSTIC SIGNS Feather workers. E 1, F 3, J 10, 12, 15. Fumfgators and exterminators, see In 16. 72. 106. 123. secticide makers. Pelt-hat makers. B 1. 2, E 1. J 27, 70. 72. Fur carders. E 1. F 1. 88. 108. See alto particular occu Fur clippers, E 1. F 1. pation. Fur cutters. E 1. F 1. Felt makers. B 1. F1, J 107. Fur handlers. E 1. F 1, J 70. 107. Ferrosillcon makers. E 2. : Furnace workers. B 1. E 3, G 2. J 25, Ferroallleon workers. J 12. 13. 97. | 27- See alto parrlcular metal. Fertiliser makers. O. E l. J. F 1. 3. J 5, Furniture polishers. E 1. H. J 8, 15. 88. 7. 12. 13. 16. 24. 25. 42. 62. 64. 68. HO. 72, 92. 123. 83. 88. 106. 107. 108. See alto Phos Fur preparers, E 1. F 1. J 56. 70, 88. phate mill employees. Fur pullers. E 1. F 1. Flberlzers (asbestos), E 4. Fusel-oll workers. J 9. Fiber workers. E 1. Filament makers and finishers (Incan Galvanlsers. B 1. C. J 5. 7. 12. 13. 15. 62. descent lamps). J S. 27. 72, 114. 66. 88. 106. 108. 119. 128. File cutters, E 3. J 66. Garage workers, .1 5. 15. 27. 66. Fliers, E 3. J 11. 66. Garbage workers. F 3. Filling station workers. J 15. 27. 66. Gardeners. F 4. J 12. 24. 66. 83. Film makers. See Photographic him Gas (Illuminating) workers. B 1. 2. J 7. makers. 13.16. 27. 42. 64. 93. 107. 109. 119 Filter press workers, C. Gasoline blenders. J 10.15, 16, 49. 31. 66. Finishers (leather), E 1. 85. 113. Fire-extinguisher makers, J 25, 28. 50, Gasoline engine workers. J 5. 15. 27. 51, 73. Gas purifiers. J 7, 42. 93, 107. Firemen (city), B 1. 2, C. J 27. 96. 106. Gassers itextile). J 27. Firemen (stationary), B 1, 2. B 3. G 2. Gatherers (glass), B 1. J 27. Gelatine makers. F 1. J 5, 106. Fireworks makers. J 11, 12. 14. 60, 70, Germicide makers. See Disinfectant 96, 98,114. See alto Explosives work makers. ers. Gilders. J 8, 15. 16. 42, 70. 72, 88. 100. Fishermen. B 2, C, F 3. J 100. Glass blowers. B1. E 3, G 2. Fish market workers. F. Glass colorers, J 23. 38. 39, 102. 110. Flangers (felt hats). B 2. J 27. Glass cutters, C. E 3. Flatteners (glass), B L Glass etchers. J 56. 64. Flavoring extract makers, J 8, 9, 16, 22. Glass finishers, C. E 3. J 62, 64. 66.106. 85. Glass-furnace workers. B 1. E 3. G 2. Flax-rettery workers, J 107. J 27. See alto Glass mixers. Flax spinners, BIEL Glass mixers. E 2. 3. J 11. 12. 14. 62. 66. Flint workers, E 2, 3. 68, 69. 102, 104. 114. 124. 125. Floor molders. See Molders (foundry). Glass polishers. J 66. Floor polish makers. See Polish mak- Glass (safety) makers, J 22, 72, ill. - era.- ----- Glaze dippers (pottery), C, J 11. 12. 33, Flour mill workers. B 1, F 2. Flue cleaners. E 3, J 27,106, 100. 62. 88. 69. Glase mixers (pottery>, E 2, 3, J 11. 12. Flue dust recoverers (sulphuric mfr.). J 114. Flush tenders (aluminum), C. Fly paper makers. J 12. Food irradiators, G 2. Forestry workers, F. Forgemen. B 1. Formaldehyde workers. J 36. acid 62, 66, 89. Glost-klln workers. B 2. J 27, 68. Glove makers (leather preparers). C. E 1. See alto Tannery workers. Glue workers, B 2. C. E 1. F l. 3. J 7. 15. 18. 25, 26, 28, 41, 82. 85. 106. 107. 106, 119. Formers (felt hats). E 1. J 70. Glycerine refiners, J 89. Formic acid workers, J 57, 89. Gold beaters. E 3. H. Foundry workers. BLG230 2. J25, Gold and sliver refiners and extr;i<-ri,r. 27. Bee alto particular metal. E 3, J 12, 13, 19, 34, 42, 56, 64. 66. 70. Freight handlers, F 1. Frosters (glass and pottery), J 38. Fruit-essence makers. See Flavoring extract makers. Fruit preservers, J 106. 105. Grain-elevator workers, E 1. F 2. J 25 Granite workers. See stonecurtt-r* Graphite workers, B 1, E 1. 3. Fullers (textiles), J 16. 28. 44. 111. Grinders (colors). See Coior uuik'T- Fulminate mixers, J 42, 70. Grinders (metals), C, E 2.3. H. J u >>6. Fumigant makers. See Insecticide Grinders (rubber). E 1, J 11. 66 makers. Grinding wheel makers. E 2. 3 ALPHABETICAL LIST OF OCCUPATIONS 9 Grooms, F 2 Japan makers. B 2. J 12. 15. 88. 72. 123. Guncotton dippers, J 88. 108. Jupanners. J 12 15. 66. 72. 123. Guncotton pickers. E 1. Jewelers. D. E 3( H. J 8. 13, 42. 82. 86. Guncotton washers. C. 70. 88. 108. 7 Gypsum miners, J 107. Gypsum workers, B 2. E 3. Junk (metal) refiners. B 1, E 3. J 86. 128. Jute workers, E 1. 3. Hair workers, C, E 1. F 1. 3. J 70. Hammermen. H. Kiln tendera B 1, J 27. Handlers of putrid or decomposing ani Knitters. H. ! mal products, F 3. Knitting-mill workers. K 1. Hardeners i felt hats), J 70. 72. Hardeners. See Temperera. Labelers (paint eansi. J 86. Harness makers, E 1. Laboratory workers, J 27. 70. Hat makers (felt). See Felt-hat mak Laboratory workers (radium research i. ers. G 1. Heel makers (shoe), E 1. Lace makers. E L Hemp workers. E 1. Lacquerers. J 3. 8. 9. 12 13. 16. 28. 49. Hide workers. F 2. 32, 37. 86. 72. 78. 100. 111. 119. 122,123. Horn workers. E 1. Lacquer makers, J l. 3. 7, 8. 9. 12 14. Horse handlers. F. 13. 16. 20. 22 28. 2ft. 31. 33. 48, ."2. 56. Hospital attendants, G 1. 57. 60. 61. 66, 72, 74, 78. 88, 91, 100. Hothouse workers. B 2. See also 111. 119. 122. 123. Gardeners. Hot-rod rollers (Iron and steel). B 1. Housemaids. H. House wreckers, E 3. Hunters, F. Hydraulic construction workers, C. Lampblack makers, E 1. J 92.93. Lamps (electric). See Incandescent lamp makers. Lapidaries. E 3. Lard makers, J 5. Lasters (shoes). B 2, C. E 1. J 72 Hydraulic miners, C. Lathe turners. H. Hydrochloric-acid makers. J 13, 82. 107. Laundry workers, B 1, 2. C. J 27. 30, 34. 108. Hydrocyanic-acid makers, J 42. 10& 56, 9G Lead arsenate makers. J 98. / Hydrofluoric-acid makers, J 64. Lead burners. J 13, 66. Leadfoll makers. B 1. J 66. Ice (artificial) makers See Artlflclal- Lead miners, J 66. see alto Miners. lce makers Lead-pipe makers, J 68. Ice-cream makers. B 1C, J 7, 25. Lead platers (on iron). J 70. Imitation. Bee Artificial. Lead-salts makers, J 66. Incandescent-lamp makers. J 8. 27, 88. Lead smelters. B 1, J 11. 12 23. 27. 66, 70, 72, 114. See alto particular occu 102 106, 110. pation. Leather workers, E 1. F l, J 8. 14. 28, Incandescent mantle hardeners, 0 12. 82 72, 119. Bee alto Tannery work J 64. 100. ers. Ink makers, J 7.12,14. 15,16,1ft. 27, 28, Lehr tenders (glass), B L 34, 38, 41. 56, 62. 66, 70, 72, 74, 85. 89, Letter sorters,. D. H. 90. 106. 123, 125. Lerermen (Iron and steel), B 1. Insecticide makers, F, J 12, 14, 15, 19. Llfters-orer (glass), B 1. 25.26.27, 28,41, 42.43.48.52,53,56, Lime burners. B 1. E 3. 3 13. 25. 27. 102. 68. 70, 78, 77, 88. 88, 96. 105, 106, 111, Lime-kiln chargers, E 3. J 25. 27. 114. lift, 128. See also Disinfectant Lime pullers (tannery), C, F 1. makers. Lime workers, E 3. Inspectors using fluoroscope or X-ray, Linen workers. E L G 1. Instrument-dial (luminous) painters, GL Insolation (sound, heat) workers, E 3. Insulators (wire), J 11,12,16, 28, 31, 33, 52. 100. Iodine makers, 3 34. Iron and steel workers (all depart* ments), B 1. E 8, O 2 J 27, 117. Bee Linoleum makers, B 1, 2, C, E 1, 3, J 3. 8. 12, 14. 15, 16. 28. 38. 6K 6ft. 72 108. 128. Linotypers, 3 11, 27. 66. Linseed-oil hollers, J 5. 25, 66. Litharge workers, 3 66. Lithographers. E 3, H. J 10, 12. is. 18. 38, 62, 68, TO. 72, 88, 89. 108. 111. 123. also particular occupation and Alloy Llthopooe makers, j 14.23. makers. Llthotranafer workers, J 66. Ironers, B 2, H, J 27. Loqkamltha, H. .Irradiators (food), G 2 Longshoremen, F 1, 3 68. 10 OCCUPATION- HAZARDS AND DIAGNOSTIC SIGNS Lumbermen. B 2. Mixer* f felt hats). E 1. J 70. Luminous dial factory workers. G 1. Mixers (rubber). B 2. E 3. J 10. 11. 12. Luters (zinc smelting). B 1. J 128. 15. 18, 23/38. 66. Lye makers. J 99. Mlxlng-room workers (mlscellnucm->. E 1. 3. Machinists. H, J 92. Mold breakers (foundry). E 2. 3. Magnesium alloy makers. J 68. ^ Mold breakers (pottery). J 27. Mall carriers. <F. " Molders (asbestos). E 4. Mall sorters, D. H. Mulders (foundry) B l. E 2. 3, J 66. 128 Manganese-dioxide workers. J 69. Monotypers. J 11, 27. 66. Manganese grinders. J 69. Mordnnrers. J 9. 11. 12. 13, 16. 30. 38. 42. Manganese-ore separators, .r 69. 57. 88. 125. Mnnganese-teel makers. J 69. Morion-picture film workers. J <3. 22. 27. Manometer makers. J 70. 111. See alio Pyroxylin plnsrlo Mnnure handlers. F 4. workers. Marble cutters. E 3. Motlon-plcture-macblne operator*. G 2. Marblers I glass), B 1. J 88. Masons. C. E 2. 3, E Motion-picture-studio worker- ami ac Masseurs. F. tors, D. G 2. Match-factory workers. C, E L 3, J 11. Morormen. B 2. 26. 38. 66. 69. 96. 99. 107. Mortlers (leather), J 8, 72. Mattress makers. E 1, F 1. Muffle tenders. B 1. Meat Inspectors, F. F 1. F 4. Mule handlers. F. Meat packing employees, see Packing Muriatic-acid makers. See H.vdro- house employees and slaughterhouse. cblorlc-acid makers. Mechanics < gas engines 1. J 27. 92. Muriatic-acid mixers. See Aeirl mixers. Melters (foundry, glass). B 1. Musical-Instrument makers. J 66. Mercerizers. J 62. 104. 108. Musicians. EL Mercury-alloy makers. J 70. Mercury-boiler workers. J 70. Xaphthytamlne workers. J 10. Mercury-bronsers, J 70. Neon lights lettermakers. J 27. Mercury-miners. J 70. See nl*o Miners. Nickel extractors, J 81. Mercury-pump workers. J 70. Nickel platen C. See aito Kleetro- Mercury-salt workers. J 70. - platers. Mercury smelters, B 1, J 27. 70. 106. Nickel-purification workers fM"iid Mercury-solder workers. J 70. process), J 81. 82. Mercury-still cleaners. J 70. Nltrsnlltne workers. J 10. Mercury-switch makers. J 70. Nltraton J 85. 88. 108. Mercury-vapor-lamp makers. J 70. Nltric-acld workers. J 7. 66. 88. 108. Metallizers. J 23. 66. 102, 128. Nitrobensene workers, see Nirrohenzni Metal polishers and cleaners. See Pol workers. ishers and cleaners (metal i. Xitrobensol worken J 18. 85. 88. 108. Metal-polish makers. See Polish Nitrocellulose workers. J 3. 8. 9. 13. 16. makers. 74. 88. 108. See alto Pyroxylin pln>- Metal turners. B 3. tlcs workers. Metal workers. See particular occu Nitroglycerin makers, J 13. 66. s. -a. pation. *' 108. Metal washers, J 15. Nitrous-oxide workers, J 38. Methane (synthetic) makers. J 27. Nurses, Q L . Methyl-alcohol workers, J 3. 27. 72. Methyl-bromide makers. J 19. 72. 73. Oilcloth makers. See Linoleum umk- Methyl-Chloride makers. J 62. 72. 75. en Methyl-compound makers. J T2. Oilers, J 92. Methylene chloride workers. J 76. Oil exrracton See Extractors i oils Mica strippers or splitters, E 3. and fats). Mica workers. E 3. Oil-flotatlon-plast workers, J 92. 106. Mlcioscoplsts. EL 107. See alto Concentrating mill Milken, F Z H. worken Milk Inspectors, F 4. Oil purifiers, J 108. Millers, F 2. OH reflnen See Petroleum refiner*. Millinery workers. J 10. 15. 16. 72. 123. Oil-well worken J 92. 107. Mineral earth workers. E 3. Open-hearth-department workers (mm Miners, B 1. 2, C. D. E 2. 3. H. J 25. 27. and steel), B 1, J 27. 69, 88, 103. 107. Ore concentrating mill workers s.. Mlnkery workers, F 1. Concentrating mill workers Mirror sllverers, B 2. C, J 1, 7, 18. 42. 56. Ore crushermea (siliceous rock i K 2 57, 36, 70, 108. Oxalic-acid makers. J 42. 88. 39. '.) ALPHABETICAL LIST OF OCCUPATIONS 11 Oxy-aeetyletie cutters. See Welders. Pbotographic-fllm makers. O. J 8. 19, 22. Osonatorj, J 90. 88, 106 See pUto Pyroxylin-plastics workers. > Packing-house employees. B 1. 2. C. F. Photographic-material workers. J 1. 3. F 3. 4. J 107. Sep ninn Slaughterhouse 7. 10. 14. 10. 34. 38, 41. 42. .Vi. 62. 70. 93. workers. 98. 106 110, 119, 123. 124, 125. ,v < Painters. H. J 3.f>. 10. 11. 12. 13. 16. 26. alto Photographic-dim makers. 28. 38. 66. 69. 70. 72. 88. 119. 123. Photograph retouchers, J 66 Painters i luminous watch and instru Photogravure workers. J 38, S3. ment dials). G 1. Physicians. G 1. J 25. 70. Painters (tar), J 109. Picklers. B 1. C. J 13. 42. 82. 61. 88, 106. Paint makers. C. J 3. S. 9. 10, 11, 12, 14, Picric-acid makers, J 16, 88. 93, 98, 108. 15. 16, 23. 26. 28. 31. 33. 38. 62 06. 68, Pigeon fatteners, F 2. 69. 70. 72. 96 100, 102, 104. 106, 100, Pigment makers, see Color makers. 117, 119, 123, 124. Pile drivers. H. Paint-remover mukers. J 15. 16 20. 28, Pilots (airplane). See Airplane pilot*. 41. 44, 48 ns. 72. 76 93. 111. 119. Pipe fitters, J 86. See alto particular Paint removers, E 3 J 3, 8, 15, 16. 28, 44, liquid piped. 66 76 93, 111. 119. Pitch workers, B 1, J 12, 41. 100. Pair heaters (tin plate). B l. Planer men (stone), E 2, 6 Paper-bor makers. H. Plasterers, C. E 6 F 1. Paper glazers, ,T 12. Plaster of Paris workers, E 3. Paperhangers E 3. .1 12. 38, 66 Platers. See Electroplaters and Metal Paper makers. B 1, 2. C. F 2. J 7. 8 16 lizers. 34, 36 56 62, 04. 66 88. 99. 104. 106 | Platinum extractors. J 19. 107. 108, 117. See alto particular oc Plumbers. J 16 27, 66 See alto particu cupation. lar substance piped. Paper-money makers. J 38. Pneumatic tool workers. E 6 H. Paraffin workers. J 3. 16 26 2S. 52,92. Policemen, C, J 27. Parakeet handlers, F. Polishers and cleaners (metal 1. D. E 1. Paris-green workers, J 12. Z 6 H, J 15, 16 42. 62, 06 72, 89. 100, Parrot handlers, F. 106 119. 126 Patent leather makers, B 2, J 6 27, 66 72, 89. 90. 106. 123. Polish makers, E 6 J 6 10,15. 16. 28, 42. 46 7Z 85. 89, 119, 123. Pavers, B 1, H, J 109. Pencil makers, J 6 10, 12, 16 36 100 Perfume makers. J 6 7, 8, 10, 15, 16 22, 28, 41, 43, 45. 50. 57, 62, 72, 75, 76 79, 86 93, 99, 106 119. Petrolenm refiners, B 1. C. J 3. 5. 7, 16 16 16 27, 44. 62. 06, 76 85, 92,104. 106 107,106, 119, 123. Pewter makers, J 1L Pharmaceutical workers, E 1. J 6 5. 16 1L 12. 16 19, 24. 26 26 30, 47. 46 50. 51, 52, 57, 68, 69, 70, 73, 75. 76 79. 88. 88, 93, 94, 95, 96 96. 99, 104, 106, 116 111. 112,119, 123. 124. Phenol makers, J 16 96 106 Phenyl-hydraxine workers. J 91 Phosgene makers, J 27,3196. Phosphate extractors, J 62. Phosphate-mill workers, B 2, C, E 6 J 81 96 See alto Fertiliser makers. Phosphine workers, J 27,97. Phoephor-bronae workers, J 96 Phospboretted-hydrogen workers, J 97. Phosphoric-acid makers, J 42,86 106 Phosphorus-compound makers, J 96 107. Phosphorus evaporating machine oper ators, B 2, C, J 96 108. Porcelain makers. Sec Pottery workers. Porters, H. Potassium-hydroxide makers, J 99. Pot fillers (glass). B 1. PotUfters (iron and steel), B 1. Pot pullers (foundry), B 1. Pot-room workers (aluminum foundry : carbide plant), B 1. Pot setters, B L Pottery workers, B 1, C, E Z 3, J 12, 25. 27, 88, 39. 62, 64, 06 69, 70. 10Z 106. See alto particular occupation. Pouncers (felt hats), I 1,3. Pourers (foundry), B 1. Powder makers. See Smokeless powder makers. Preparers (tannery), C, F 1, 6 Preservative makers and handlers, J 56 Preseers, H, J 27. Pressmen (oil refining), C, J 92. Pressmen (printers). See Printers. Pressroom workers (rubber), B Z J 10, 11, 12, 16 16 Primers (explosives), J 70. Printers, E 3, J 10, 11,1Z 15, 16, 27, 28. 42. 06 70, 72, 11Z 126 Printers textile. See Textile printers. Puddlers (lion and steel), B 1, J 27. 69. Phosphorus extractors, J 81 96 97. Pullers-out (felt hats), B L Phosphorus (red) makers, J 96 97. Pulp mill workers, B 1, C. See nhn Photoengrmvers, J 7, 6 16, 36 72, 88. 99. Paper makers. Photographers, D, G 2, J 72. See alto Putty makers, E 6 J 16 26 86 Photographic-material workers. Putty polishers (glass), E 6 J 66 12 OCCUPATION1 HAZARDS AND DIAGNOSTIC SIGNS Pyridine makers, J 100. Sanders, E 2. 3. Pyrites burners, B 1, E 3, J 12, 102. 106, Sanding machine operators. E 3. 107. Sandpaperyrs (enameling aud painting Pyroxylin plastics workers. E 1. J 1. 3. an to bodies, etc. i. E 3. J 06. 5. 8. 9. 10. 13. 15, 16. 22. 27. 2S. 42. 43. Sandpaper makers, E 2. 3. 48, 51. 60, 72, 74. 88, 107. 108, 111. 122. Sand pulverizers. E 2. Sandstone quarrlers, crushers, dro-sera. Quarrymen, E 2 3. H. E 2. Quartz workers, E 2. Saw filers, E 3. Sawmill workers, E 1. Radioactive paint makers, G 1. Sawyers. H. Radioactive water makers. Q 1. Sawyers (stone). E 2. 3. Radiologists. G 1. Scissors sharpeners. E 3. H. Radio tube makers. J 70. Scourers (belts), J 16. Radium miners. G 1. Scourers (metals). J 15, 28, s*. 106. U9 Radium ore reduction workers. G 1. Scourers, wood lasts (shoes), E 1. Radium specialists, G 1. Scouring powder makers. E 2. 3. Rag workers. E 1, F 1. 3. Scrapers (foundry i. E 2. 3. Rayon makers. B 1. C. J 7. 8. 13. 22. 28. Screen tenders (pulp mill). C. 31, 34, 42. 43. 48. 56. 82, 72, 76. 88, 89. Screen workers (lead and zinc 'melt 104. 107. 108. 111. ing), E 3, J 66. Reclaimers (rubber), J10,16, 26,62, 66, Scrubwomen. H. 93. 106. Sealers (Incandescent lamps i. J 27. Red lead workers, J 66. Sealing-wax makers, J 12,123. Refiners (metals). B 1. J 12, 13. 27. 62. Seamstresses, H. 66. 70. 88. 102. 108. 108. See also par. Selenium refiners, J 102. tlcular occupation. Sewage purification workers. J 34. Refiners (sugar). See Sugar refiners. Sewer workers, C, 3 7, 15. 25. 27, 107. Refrigerating-plant workers, B 2, O, J 7, Sewing machine operators. EL 25, 75, 90. Shade cloth makers, J 15. 16- Refrigerator (mechanical) makers and Shale oil workers. See Petroleum re repair-men. J 5. 50. 73, 75, 77.106. finers. Resins (synthetic) makers, E LJ 1, S, Shavers (felt hats; fur; tannery), 31. 33, 41. 44. 56, 58. 72, 74, 89. 98. 102. E1FU 119, 128. Shearers, F, F 4. Riveters, H, J 66. Sheep dip makers, 3 12. Road repairers. B 1, E 3, J 109. Sheet metal workers, J 66. Roentgenologists, G 1~ Sbellackers, J 8. 15. 16. 22. 68. 72, 123. Roller coverers (cotton mill), B 1. E 1. Shellac makers, J 7, 8, 15. 16, 22, 66, 72. Rollers (metals), B 1. 123. Roll setters (iron and steel), B 1. Shell Allen, 3 47. 35, 86. 96. Roll wxenchers (iron and steel), B 1. Shepherds, F, F 1. Roofers, B 2, J 06.109. Sherardlsers, 3 128. Roofing material workers, B 1, E 3, Shingle stslners, J 15. J 109. Shipyard workers, J 109. Rope makers, E 1, J 109. Shoddy workers, E 1, F 1. 3. J 13. 34.62, Rotogravure workers, J 16. 108. Roughen (Iron and steel), B 1. Shoe dyers, J 68, 85. Rubber-cement makers. See Cement Shoe factory operatives, E l, F1, 3 3. 8. mixers (rubber). 15. 16. 28, 72. 111. 119. 123. See also Rubber glove makers, J 15. particular occupation. Rubberised asbestos board makers, J 15. Shoe finishers, B 2, J 7. 8, 9,15. 16. 72. Rubber (synthetic) makers, J 1, 9, 10, Shoe-heel (wood) coverers, J 3, S. 15, 84, 37, 41, 88. 106. 16, 72. , Rubber tire builders, 3 15,16. Shoemakers. See Cobblers. Rubber workers. B 2, E 1. 2, 3, J 3, 10. Shooting gallery workers. J 70. 11, 11, 14. IS. 16. 26. 28. 38, 52. 56. 57. Shot makers, J 11,12. 66. 66, 68. 72, 88, 93. 100. 104, 110, 111. Shove-ln boys (glass), B 1. 119, 123. See alto particular occupa Shifters, E 1,3. tion. Silicon alloy makers, B 2. Silk weighters, J 86. 116. Sagger makers, C. E 3, J 68. Silk workers, E 1. F 3. Sailors, B 2, H. J 27. Silo worken, 3 25. Salt extracton (coke-oven byproducts), SUverers (mirror). See Mirror <ilver- J T, 108. ers. Salt preparers, B 1, 2, B 3. Silver-foil makers, J 103. Sand blasters. E & 3. Silver melten, B 2, J 27. 42.103. Sand cutters, E 2. Silver miners, 3 12. li ALPHABETICAL LIST OF OCCUPATION'S 13 Silver nitrate makers. J 103. Stonecutten. C, E 2. 3, H. Silver platen, J 108. See alto Electro Stone masons. See Masons. platen. Silversmiths, J 108. Singers (cloth), J 27. Sintering plant workers, E 3. Sizers (felt hatsi. B 1. J TO. Skimmers (glass), B 1. G 2. Slug workers, B 1. E 3. Slate grlnden. E 2, 3. Stone worken, 2 3. Storage-ba ttery 'makers. J 8. 11. 13. 23, 27. 66. 70. 81. 106, 108. Straw cutten. F 2. Straw-hat makers, B 2, E 1, J j, 8, 30, 56. 72. 111. Street cleaners, E 1. 3, F 3. Street repairers. B 1. E 3. J 106. Slaughter-house workers. C, F. F 1. 3. Submarine worken, J 13. 25. 3-4. 4. Bee alto Packing-house workers. Subway construction workers. E 2. Slip maken (pottery), C. E 3. J 06. Blushers (porcelain enameling), J 88. Smelten, B 1. E 2. 3. J 106. Bee alto particular metal. Smokeless-powder makers. J 3. 8. 9, 16, Sugar refiners. B 1. 2. C. E 1. 3. J 7. 14. 25. 34, 32, 106. 107, 108. Sulphates muken. J 106. Sulphides makers. J 107. Sulphite cooks (pulp mill). B 1. 2. .J 106. 26. 85, 88. 88, 83, 96. Sulphur burners. B 1, E 3. J 12. 106. Smoothers (glass), C, E 3. Sulphur chloride makers, J 34. 62. 105, Soap (abrasive) workers. E 2, 3. 107. Soap maken. B 2, C. E l, F 3, J 5, 8. Sulphur dioxide maken, J 27. 106 12, 15, 16. 28. 44. 52. 36. 57, 62, 89 Suiphuren (malt and hops). J 106. 72. 85. 90. 104. 107, 108, 109, 111. 112. Sulphur extracton. J 20. 119. Sulphuric acid workers. J 7. 12, 13, 66. Soda makers. C. J 7. 13, 25, 27, 34. 88. 88, 102. 106 107, 108, 125. 107, 108. Sulphur miners, J 106 107. Sodium hydroxide maken. C, J 34, 104. Sumacken (tannery), C. F 1. Sodium silicate maken. E 2. Surgical dressing maken, J 96. Sodium sulphide makers. J 107. Softeners (tannery). E 1. Tablehands (tannery), C. F 1. Solderen, O 2. J 13, 23, 27, 42. 82, 88. Table operatives (Iron and steel), B 1. Solder maken, J 11. 23, 66. Table turnen (enameling), B 2. E 3. J 66. Sole stltchen (Blake machine), J 70. Tailors, H. J 27. Soot packers, E 1, J 12. Takers-down (glass), B 1. Spice makers, E L Spinnen (asbestos), E 4. Talc workers, E 3. Tallow refiners. F 3, J 5, 26. 106 Sptnnen (textiles), E 1. H. Spongers. B1C. Tank cleaners, J 16 15, 16 64. 106. 116 See alto particular chemical. Sprayers (metals). See MetallLsers. Tank men, B 1, C. Sprayen (paint). See Painters. Tannery workers, C, FI, 6 J 7, 8. 10, 12. Sprayers (trees). J. 12, 12, 69 16 25, 30. 36 42, 56 57, 62. 66 70. s8. Spreaders (rubber works), B 2, J 28. 96 104, 106 107. 106 Stablemen, F L 2, 4, J 7. Tapers (airplanes), J 111. Stamp-mill workers, B 1, C. E 2. 3. Tappen (smelting), B L See alto par Starch makers, E 1, 3 23, 107. ticular metal. Starten (felt hats), B 1, J 70. Tar (distillery) workers, B 1, J 12, 41. Statuary workers, 15 2,3 109. See alto Coal tar worken. Steam fitters. See Pipe fltten. Taxidermists, E 1. F 1, 6 J 12. 70. Stearic add makers, B 2, 3 6. Tear gaa maken. See War gas makers. Steel alloy maken. See Alloy makers. Teasen (glass). B 1, J 27. Steel (chrome) makers, J 38. Telegraphers, H. Steel (corrosion resistant) maken, J12. Telephone linemen (trench work), i.\ Steel engraven. See Engravers. J 27. See alto Cable splicers. Steeple Jacks, J 27. Temperers, B L J 24, 27, 42, 66. 70. 92. Stereotypers, B 2, J 11, 68. 106 StifEenen (felt hats), J 70. 72. Tetraethyl lead maken, J 19. 66 113. StQl (coal tar) cleaners, B 1, J 16, 100. Textile (asbestos) worken, E 4. Stillmen (carbolic acid), B 1. J 93. Textile comb makers, E 6 Stillmen, operating, B L See alto par Textile finishers. See particular occu ticular chemical. pation. Stltchera (shoes), J 72. Textile printers. B 1. 2, J 6 10, 11. 12. Stockmen, F 4. 23, 27, 34. 36 42, 56 62, 66 66. 70. 72. Stockyard workers. See Slaughter 8& 96 106 123, 125. house workers. Textile workers, B 1. 2, C, E 1. Stoken, Bl, 2.B6G6J27. Stone (artificial) maken, E 3, J 100. alto particular occupation. Thallium worken, J 114. Stone cleaners, J 84, 80. Thermometer makers, J 70. 75. 114 I 14 OCCUPATION" HAZARDS AN'D DIAGNOSTIC SIGNS Thread glazers. B 1, 2. Vintners. J 25. Tile makers. B 1. 2. C. E 2. 3, J 66. 124. Vinyl chloride makers. J 126. See alto Pottery workers. Vulcanizetv. B 2. J 7. 10. 11. 1.". 16 25. Tin-foil makers. B 1. J 66 26. 28. 38. 72. 102. 105. 106 107. Tinners. B 1. C. J 7. 12. 13. 62. 60. Vulcanizers (steam). B 1. ('. Tin plate mill workers. See Inm and steel workers. Wallpaper printers. B 1. 2. J 12. :!S. 66. Tin recovery workers. J 34. Warehouse workers. F 1. Tire builders. See Rubber rire builders. War gas makers. J 13. 10. 19, .14. 42. 45, Tobacco denlcotlnlzers. J ."2.110. 95. 08. 10.*.. Tobacco molsteners. J 23. Warming-house employees (guncotton), Tohacco seedling treaters. J 16. B 2. Tobacco workers, E 1. J S3. Washers, C. Tongsmen (Iron and steel, B 1. Washers (metal). .1 13. See also De Toolmakers. E 3. greasers. Top fillers (foundry). B 1. E 3. J 27. Washwomen, C. H. Towermen (sulphuric acid!. J 13, 158. Watch dial (luminous) painters, r, l. 106. 108. See also Sulphuric acid Watchmakers. D. H. workers. Water gilders, J 70. Toy makers. J 8 12, 66. Waterproofers < paper and texrlle i. J 15. Train dispatchers. D. 16 26 36 36 100. Transfer workers ipottery). J 66, 123. Water purifiers. J 14. 30. 34. 00. Transparent wrapping materials work Wax makers. J 16 31. 33. 00. 108. 111. ers. B 2, J 3. 28, 62, 104, 107,108. 126 See also Petroleum. Trappers, F. Wax-ornament makers, J 5, 12. 38. Treaders (rubber), J IS, 16. Weavers, E 1. H. Tree sprayers. See Sprayers (trees). Weavers (asbestos), E 4. Trlchlorethylene workers, J 110. Weighers, E 1. 6 Trinitrotoluol makers. J 16, SS. Welders, B1.02.J 12, 16. 23. 27, 36 40. Tube makers (glass), B 1. 64, 66 69, 70, 88, 90. 96 97, 102. 128. Tabulators (incandescent lamps), J 27. Well workers. J 25. Tumbling-barrel workers. E 2,3. White lead workers, J 23. 66 Tuunel workers, A 1, D, E 2, 3, J 23, 88, Window-shade makers. J 15, 16 107. Wire drawers, J 12, 62, 106 Turners-out (glass). B 1. Turpentine extractors. B 1, J 123. Wlrers (Incandescent lamps), J 8 Wood-alcohol distillers, J 3. 27, 72. Type cleaners, J IS. 72. Wooden heel workers. F 1. Type founders. J 11. 66L Type melters, J 5. 66. Typesetters. See Compositors. Wood-last scourers (shoes), E 1. Wood polishers. See Furniture pol-v lshers. Typists, H. Wood preservers, J 12, 47, 70, 93. 106 109. Ultramarine bine makers. J108. Wood Stainers. J 38. 66. Upholsterers, E 1, F 1, J 72. Woodworkers, E 1, J 15. 72. Uranium miners, G 1, J 124. Wool carders. E 1. F 1. Uranium workers, G 1, J 124. Wool scourers, B 6 C, F 1, J 6 7. Wool spinners, E 1, FI Vanadium steel workers, B 1, J 125. Wool workers, E 1. F 1. See also Par Vapor curers. See Vulcanizers. ticular occupation. Varalsbers. J 1, 3, 8 9.10. 15,16, 22, 28, Wringers (guncotton), J 86 48. 62. 57. 66, 68. 72, 111, 119, 123. ,Varnlah makers, B 2, J 1. 3, 5. 7. 8, 9.10. X-ray machine makers. G 1. 12,14 15, 16 22. 26 26 31. 33, 46 52. X-ray photographers, G L 57, 56 61. 06 69. 72. 74, 90, 96 104. X-ray technicians. G 1. 105. Ill, 116 123. X-ray tube makers, G 1. Varnish remover makers, J 15,16 44,60. 91, 111. Feast makers, J 1, 25, 61. 106 .Varnish removers, J 15, 16 44, 66 91, 111 Zinc chloride makers, J 16 34. 62. Vatmen. B 1. C, J 25. Zinc electrode makers, J 70. Vat vsmlshers. See Varnlshers. Zlncers, J 42. Vault workers, J 25. Zinc miners, J 12, 66 69. See nhn Velvet makers. B 1, J 12. Miners. Veterinarians, F, F 1, 6 4. Zinc smelters and refiners. B 1. F, 2. 3. .1 Vlgnetters, J 62. 11. 12. 26 27. 66 69. 102. lOi. lm 128. Vinegar workers, J 1, 25. Zoological technicians, F 4. / Section II.--i-ist of Hazards, Symptoms, Occu pations Exposed, and Methods of Prevention A. Abnormalities of Air Pressure 1. Compressed Air (Increased Atmospheric Pressure) In building tunnels, laying deep foundations for large buildings, aiul so forth, it is often necessary for the work to be carried on under increased air pressure in order to prevent the entrance of water into the excavations. After the workers enter the compression chamber or "lock" the pressure of the air in the compartment is increased gradually and at short intervals. The first sensation of compression is felt on the eardrums, which may be relieved by the act of swallow ing. If the air is too quickly compressed, hemorrhage may occur. The greater part of the danger of working in compressed air lies in hasty decompression. While under compression the blood and tissue juices dissolve an increased amount of air, the gases of which are re leased when the pressure is suddenly decreased! The bubbles of ni trogen thus formed cut off the blood supplyfrom various parts of the body by blocking up the capillaries. The symptoms of com pressed-air illness, the so-called "bends," are the result. Workers in compressed air must follow strictly the rules governing gradual compression and decompression. State regulations regard ing work in compressed air cover limits of pressure, hours of labor under varying pressures, time of compression and of decompression. fhysical requirements, and other safety measures; see. for example, ndustrial Code: Rules Relating to Work in Compressed Air, Bulle tin No. 22, of the New York State Department of Labor, 1922. and the amendment to these rules reported in Special Bulletin No. 135 of the New York State Department of Labor, 1925, page 24. STKPTOH. CONDITION, OK DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Prarttis mad rash; excruciating pain In abdomen and extremities. Joints and muscles; painful pressure in chest: aphasia and asphyxia; monoplegia and panplegia; dyspnea; vertigo; Meniere's syndrome. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Caisson workers Divers Tunnel workers 2. Altitude; Rarefied Air (Decreased Atmospheric Pressure) In contrast to working under compressed air. rising to an altitude of 10.000 feet.as in aviation is accompanied by a reduction in the barometric pressure from 760 mm. at sea level, to 520 mm., and at 18,000 feet, the normal pressure is approximately halved. Exposure to decreased atmospheric pressure nas a profound effect on health. 534374* 15 16 OCCUPATION' HAZARDS AND DIAGNOSTIC SIGNS The physiological changes which occur are chiefly due to oxygen want (anoxia), and the term used for the resulting condition is "altitude siclmess." It may be acute, due to rapid asasnt or prolonged stay at high altitude, or chronic? due to the cumulative effect of repeated prolonged exposures to minor degrees of oxygen want. Furthermore, as the external air pressure on the body decreases, the internal pressure mu>t decrease correspondingly if the body is not to burst; so, given, sufficiently extreme conditions of decreased pressure und rapia ascent, the internal gases of the body will expand and eventually, at altitudes of 30,000 feet or oyer, dissolved air bubbles will form in the biood vessels and tissues as in compressed air illness ("the bends"). "Aeroembolism" is the term given to this condition in aviation medicine, and normal individuals vary greatly in suscep tibility, so that it may occur at lower altitudes. Disturbances of the middle ear are common among flying personnel due to rapid changes in altitude and pressure. A rapid dive with negative pressure on the eustachian tube prohibiting its opening may cause the drum to rupture. The lowered partial pressure of oxygen in the inhaled air at high altitudes has also a dangerous indirect effect in that it renders the individual more susceptible to carbon-monoxide gas should this be present in the pilot or passenger compartment. Low concentrations which would be considered safe at normal atmospheric pressure are capable of causing anoxemia and asphyxia at high altitudes due to the progressively decreasing oxygen saturation of the blood under these conditions. The discussion in this section is based upon the exhaustive treatment of the subject given in the work by Capt. Harry G. Armstrong entitled "Principles and Practice of Aviation Medicine," Williams & Wilkins, 1939. Anyone interested in any phase of this increasingly important subject will find this work indispensable. STKPTOM, CONDITION. OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Acute altitude eicknet (anoxia).--Sleepiness, headache, altered respiration, fatigue, psychological impairments, unconsciousness, and respiratory failure. Warning symptoms preceding unconsciousness are not always present. There may be even a feeling of freedom from care because of the dulling effect on the sensory nervous system. . The effects of snoxla after a flight may be more severe than the subjective symptoms noticed while flying. There may be persistent fatigue, severe head ache, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, abnormal behavior, mental confusion, and muscular weakness. Chronic altitude sicxnett.--Repeated exposure to anoxia (even without symp toms of acute altitude sickness) results in bodily and mental fatigue, lrritabilitv, insomnia, marked deterioration in efficiency, and disregard for danger in the air. Aeroembolltm.--The symptoms depend on the location and volume of the air babbles, and may manifest themselves as joint pains. Itching, formicatlou. pul monary pain and edema, neuritis, paralysis, convulsions, and coma. Middle-ear dUturbancet. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Airplane pilots Aviation personnel (flying) Pilots (airplane) LIST OF HAZARDS, SYMPTOMS, ETC. 17 B. Abnormalities of Temperature and Humidity Exposure to environmental temperature beyond the action of the body's thermostatic control primarily results in disturbances of the circulatory system. The cutaneous circulation responds to heat stimu lation in the skin by increasing the blood flow through the capillaries. The capillaries, responding to a reflex action of the nerves in the skin, dilate and induce the flow of a greater volume of blood through the cutaneous circulation. Cold, on the other hand, constricts tne blood vessels of the skin, causing a diminished blood supply through the cutaneous circulation and not infrequently a serious congestion of the internal organs. Abrupt changes of temperatures, from extreme heat to cooler temperatures or vice versa, are of frequent occurrence, and are a contributory cause of respiratory diseases. Extremes of tem perature may produce acute symptoms in the body directly attributable to the temperature. Thus, exposure to excessively high temperatures results in neat exhaustion, heat stroke, or in heat cramps; to exces sively low temperatures in frostbite or gangrene and death. The relative humidity is an important factor to consider in connec tion with temperature. It is contended that a low relative humidity tends to dry up the mucous membranes of the nose and throat, thus lowering the resistance of these organs to infection. An excessively high relative humidity, on the other hand, is undesirable because of its interference with the normal evaporation of moisture from the skin. Under extreme conditions of high temperatures and high relative hu midities there occurs a marked increase in the pulse rate, systolic blood pressure, and in the body temperature. Low temperatures and high relative humidities have the effect of undermining the general vitality of the organism, weakening its resistance to diseases of the respiratory passages, and to neuralgia and rheumatic affections. With the above data in mind, abnormalities of temperature have been classified under two headings, namely, ``Sudden variations of temperature," and "Heat." "Extreme cold" has not been listed as a distinct hazard, because the factor of occupational exposure is readily recognized and the effects well known. It is evident that the occupations listed in the division "Heat" are exposed not only to the danger of the direct action of the high temperatures but also to the hazard, "Sudden variations of tem perature.'* The prevention of diseases due to exposure to extremes of tempera ture consists in the avoidance or mitigation of such exposure as far as practicable. In recent years, ventilation, refrigeration, and air-con ditioning have received much attention, and installations of machinery to control atmospheric conditions are becoming more and more com mon. Protective clothing and insulating methods can mitigate haz ards of abnormal temperatures. The use of salt as a preventive of heat cramps has. become a standardized procedure. Those who have a need for technical data on these subjects will find much of value in the chapter on "Lighting and Atmospheric Control" by Dr. William J. McConnell, in Industrial Hygiene, Lanza and Goldberg, Oxford Medi cal Publications, 1939; in the article bv C. P. Y&glou entitled "Ab normal Air Conditions in Industry; Their Effects on Workers and Methods of Control," in the Journal of Industrial Hygiene, January 18 OCCUPATION' HAZARDS AND DIAGNOSTIC SIGNS 1937, page 12. and in reports of cooperative studies conducted by the United States Public Health. Service, United States Bureau of Mines and the Research Laboratory of the American/Sociecy of Heating and Ventilating Engineers. 1. Heat SYMPTOM. CONDITION. OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOB Common acute effects. Heat stroke.--Dizziness, nausea, acute pain In the head, skin dry and hoc. face red or purple, breathing difficult, high temperature, unconsclounness. Seat exhaustion.--Pallor, cold moist skin, rapid shallow breathing, weak pulse, body temperature subnormal or sllshtly elevated. Heat cramps.--Spasms of muscles of the extremities or of the abdominal wall. Other effects of exposure. Anemia, general debility, respiratory and rheumatic affections, skin eruption.*. . OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Abrasives (artificial) Catchers (Iron and steeli Glass-furnace workers makers Cement (Portland) work Graphite workers Alloy makers ers Hot-rod rollers i Iron and .Ammonium-salts makers Charcoal workers (sugar steel) Annealers refinery) Antimony extractors (re Cloth preparers Iron and steel workers (all departments! finers) Arsenic roasters Coal-tar workers Coke-oven workers Artificial-leather workers Color makers Junk imetal) refiners Kiln tenders Laundry workers Asbestos-rooting makers Copper smelters Lead-foil makers Asphalt workers Core makers Lead smelters Bar-mill workers (Iron Corn-products workers Lehr tenders (glass) and steel) Benzol-still men Cotton-mill workers Cottonseed-oil workers Levermen (Iron and steel i Llfters-over iglass) Bessemer converter work Cranemen (glass Indus Lime burners ers (Iron and steel) try) Linoleum makers Beta-still operators (Iron Cranemen (Iron and Luters (zinc smeltlngi and steel) steel) Marblers (glass) Blllet-mlU workers (Iron Crucible steel-department Melters (foundry: glass) and steel) employees Mercury smelters Bisque-kiln workers Blacksmiths Cupola men (foundries) Miners Cyanamid makers Molders (foundry) Blast-furnace workers Digester house workers Muffle tenders Bleachers (paper and pulp) Open hearth - department Bleachary driers Doffers (textile) workers (Iron and steel i Blockers (felt hats) Dressers (glass) Packing-house employees Blooming-mill workers Dresser tenders (textile) Pair heaters (tin plate) (Iron and steel) Drop forgers Paper makers Blowers-out (zinc smelt- Dye makers Pavers inf) Enamelers Petroleum refiners Blners (revolvers) Engineers (stationary) Plcklers Boiler-room workers Felt-hat makers Pitch workers Brass founders Felt makers Pot fillers I glass) Braziers Firemen (city) Pot lifters (Iron and Brewers Firemen (stationary) steel) Brick burners Flatteners (glass) Pot pullers (foundry) Brick makers Flax spinners Pot-room workers r alu Burners (enameling) Forgemen minum foundry; carbide Candy makers Foundry workers plant) Cantters Furnace workers Pot setters Cappers (window glass) Galvanizers Pottery workers Carbide makers Gas (Illuminating) work Pourers (foundry) Carbon-black workers ers Pnddlers (iron and steel> Case hardeners Gatherers (glass) Pullers-out (felt harsi Costers (Iron and steeli Glass blowers Pulp-mill workers LIST OF HAZARDS, SYMPTOMS, ETC. 19 Pyrites bun-era Spongers Textile workers Rayon makers Stamp-mill workers Thread glazers Refined (metals) Starters l felt hats) Tltymakers Road repairers Still (coal tnr) cleaners Tin-foil makers Roller covered (cotton Stillmen (carbolic acid) Tinners mill) Stillmen (operating) Tongsmen (Iron and Rollers (metals) Stokers steeli Roll .setters t iron and Street repairers Top tillers < foundry i steel) Sugar reliners Tube mukera (glass > Roll wrenchers I Iron and Sulphite cooks (puli* mill i Turners-out (glass) steel) Sulphur burners Turpentine extractors Rooting-material workers Table operators (iron and Vanadium-steel workers [toughers (Iron and steeli steel) Vattnen Suit preparers Takers-down (glass) Velvet makers Shove-In Itoys (glass i Tank men Vulcanizers (steam) Sizers (felt hnts) Tappers ismelting) Wall-paper printers skimmers (glass* Tar-distlllery workers Welders Slag-machine tenders Teazers (glass) Zinc smelters (Iron and steel) Temperers Smelters Textile printers 2. Sudden Variations of Temperature SYMPTOM. CONDITION, OH DISEASE TO LOOK FOB Respiratory Infections, neuralgic and rheumatic affections OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Artlficlal-ice makers Felt-hat makers Roofed Bakers Firemen (city) Rubber workers Bleachers Firemen (stationary) Sallod Brewers Fishermen Salt prepared Butchers Flangers (felt hats) Shoe finishers Calsaoa workers Gus (Illuminating) work Silver melted Calendered (rubber) ers Soap makers Candy makers Glost-klln worked Spreaders (rubber work? i Caliners . Glue worked Stearlc-acld makers Cartridge shot shell par Gypsum workers Stereotyped affin dippers Hothouse worked Stoked Charcoal workers (sugar Ice-cream makers Straw-bat makers refining) Ironed Sugar refiners Chauffeurs Japan makers Sulphite cooks (pulp nalil t Clay and bisque makers Lasted (shoes) Table turners (enamel (pottery) Laundry workers ing) Cooks Linoleum makers Textile printers Corn-products- workers Lumbermen Textile worked Digester - bouse workers Miners Thread glazed (paper fnd pulp) Mirror sllverers Tile makers Dreaaer tenders (textile) Mixers (rubber) . Transparent - wrapping- Driers (felt hats) Motormen material coaters ami Dry cleaners P^ldng-house employees dried Drying-room workers Paper makers Varnish tasked (miscellaneous) Patent-leather makers Vulcanised Dye makers Phosphate-mill worked Wall-paper printers Dyers Electrotypers Engineers (stationary) Phosphorus evaporating Warming-house employees machine operators (guncotton) Pressroom worked (rub Wool scourers Extractor operators ber) See also occupations ex (soap) Refrigerating-plant work posed to heat Fat rendered ers 20 OCCUPATION HAZARDS AND DIAGNOSTIC SIGNS C. Dampness Aside from high atmospheric humidities wjfich have been dealt with under "Abnormalities of temperature-' there remains to be considered exposure to constant wetting. Tankmen, vatmen, and washers, for example, may be required to carry on their duties constantly in wet clothes. Such exposures are brought together under the heading "Dampness." Rheumatic and neuralgic affections may result from exposure to dampness, which also may be a contributing factor to respiratory infections. When dampness is a feature of any industrial process, work places should be supplied with drain channels to prevent the accumulation of water, or use should be made of duck boarding. Adequate waterproof clothes, such as rubber boots, rubberized aprons, and so forth, should be supplied. SYMPTOM. CONDITION. OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Respiratory, neuralgic, and rheumatic affections. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Acid dippers Fertiliser makers Policemen Alkali-salt makers Filter-press workers j Pottery workers Artlticial-ice makers Firemen (city) Preparers (tannery) Auto painters Fishermen Pressmen toil refining) Beamhouae workers tan* Flush tenders (alumi Pulp-mill employees nery) num) Rayon makers Beatermen (paper and Galvanizers Refrigeratlng-plant work pulp) Glass cutters ers Boiler washers Glass finishers Sagger makers Brewers Glaze dippers (pottery) Screen tenders (pulp mill > Brickmakers Glove makers (leather Sewer workers Cable spUcers preparers) Shavers (felt hats; fur: Caisson workers Glue workers tannery) Cannera Grinders (metals) Slaughterhouse workers Cartridge-cup washers Guncotton washers Slip makers i pottery) Cartridge felt and wad Hair workers Smoothers (glass) makers Hydraulic construction Soap makers Cartridge shot shell paraf workers Soda makers fin dippers Cellulose makers Hydraulic miners Ice-cream makers Sodium hydroxide makers Spongers Chauffeurs Lasten (shoes) Stamp-mill workers Clay and bisque makers Laundry workers Stonecutters (wet proc (pottery) Lime pullers (tannery) ess) Clay-plug makers (pot Linoleum makers Sugar refiners tery) Mail carriers Sumackers < tannery i Cloth preparers Masons Tablehands (tannery) Concentrating-mill work Match-factory workers Tank men ers Miners * Tannery workers Construction workers Mirror silversrs Telephone linemen (trench Corn products workers Nickel platers work) Cotton-mill workers Packing-house employees Textile workers Creotodng-plant workers Paint makers Tile makers Doffers (textile) Paper makers Tinners Dresser tenders (textile) Petroleum refiners Tobacco moisteners Electroplaters Phosphate-mill workers Vatmen Enamelers Phosphorus evaporating Vulcantzers < steam) Explosives workers machine operators Washers Extractor operators Plcklers Wool scourers (soap) Plasterers LIST OF HAZARDS, SYMPTOMS, ETC. 21 D. Defective Illumination Defective illumination, characterized by insufficient quantity of light, glare (light out of place), unsuitability of color, and improper diffusion and distribution of light, is the cause of eye fatigue, head ache, dizziness, and errors of refraction. Miners' nystagmu-. a con dition in which the eyeball acquires a peculiar involuntary oscillatory movement, is attributed to the effects of insufficient illumination. This disease is very common among British miners, but apparently is not found to any extent among American miners. The explanation for the favorable situation of the American miner probably lies in the better illumination of the American mines. Mot only is defective illumina tion the cause of these serious impairments of vision but it is an im portant factor in reduced working efficiency in industry generally, and it is a very frequent cause of industrial accidents. The hazard of defective illumination is not limited to any single industry or group of industries. It may be present in any plant. Men engagea in occupations requiring close, fine work, such as jewelers, en gravers, clerks, and mail sorters, are especially likely to suffer from exposure to this hazard. It is a comparatively simple matter to provide for all the require ments for properly illuminating workplaces in some industries, while in others the advice of illuminating engineers is required. The Ameri can Standard Code of Lighting for Factories, Mills, and Other Work Places, prepared by the Illuminating Engineering Society. New York City, is an excellent reference work for those who have need of technical knowledge on this subject. SYMPTOM, CONDITION. OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Nystagmus, eyestrain, deficient vision due to astigmatism or hyperopia, head ache. giddiness. Eyestrain contributes to neurasthenia. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Virtually all occupations. The following and similar occupations ate especially subject to this hazard: -Buffers Burnishers (Iron steel) Caisson workers Clerks Compositors Embroidery workers Jewelers and Letter sorters Mail sorters Miners Motion-picture workers Photographers Photographic film makers Polishers (metal) Steel engravers Train dispatchers studio Tunnel workers Watchmakers E. Dust Dust arising from industrial processes is produced by mechanical action, such as grinding, crushing, cutting, drilling, and so forth. Its composition is similar to the substance or substances from which it is derived, and in this respect it differs from fume, which is the result of chemical action and which does differ from the substance of its origin. The size of dust particles is important because this influences their ability to be inhaled into the finer air passages and reach the pulmonary parenchyma.  22 OCCUPATION HAZARDS AND DIAGNOSTIC SIGNS Poisonous dusts are not considered in this section but under their appropriate headings relating to their composition. For practical purposes industrial dusts are divided into two classes, organic and inorganic. ORGANIC DUST Organic dusts contain carbon and are largely derived from sub stances of animal and plant origin. Examples of these are textile dusts, flour, sugar, wood, leather, and feathers. Organic dusts may irritate the skin, causing an occupational dermatitis or may irritate the conjunctiva. Many, if not most, organic dusts may cause an allergic reaction in some persons. When present in very large quan tity, any organic dust may cause irritation of the upper air passages. Some woods may also cause skin irritation, notably Brazil wood, satinwood. teak, some mahoganies, cocobolo, California redwood. Organic dusts do not cause pneumoconiosis or pulmonary fibrosis of a specific disabling nature. The particles of many types of organic dusts are not of the size or shape to permit them to penetrate to the lung tissue and those which do gain entrance into the body are ab sorbed. Coal is an organic dust, but on account of its origin is some times classed with the mineral dusts. Coal dust does get into the lungs, causes pigmentation, and may stimulate the production of fibrous tissue but will not produce a disabling pneumoconiosis. The "miners' asthma" of anthracite miners has been shown to be in fact a silicosis, modified by the presence of coal dust along with the silica, and is properly termed anthraco-silicosis. INORGANIC DUST Inorganic industrial dusts are mostly metallic and mineral. Of all the various types of such dusts, only those containing "free" or un com bined silica will produce the specific pneumoconiosis known as silicosis. Other inorganic dusts may cause some pulmonary fibrosis of a benign or nondisabling character. The action of silica dust upon the lungs is probably chemical, and the dust particles producing the reaction are mostly those from one-half to three microns in diameter. The reaction of silica is the production of nodules, distributed throughout both lungs, producing a characteristic appearance on the X-ray film. Another effect of silica is to stimulate tubercle infection and severe cases of silicosis frequently die with tuberculosis. Dusts containing silica in combined form, do not cause silicosis. However, one such dust, asbestos, a magnesium silicate, will produce a characteristic fibrosis. This is quite different in its pathology from silicosis, and has a characteristic "ground glass" appearance on'X-ray film. Animal experimentation indicates that the action of asbestos is probably mechanical, since it cannot be produced in other than the pulmonary tissue. Asbestosis may cause disability, and a few fatal cases have been recorded, but in those cases showing marked disability, other organic disease is usually also present. ' The control and prevention of silicosis and asbestosis depends on both medical and engineering supervision. Periodic X-ray examina tion of workmen exposed to these dusts is essential. Engineering methods for the control of dust comprise: LIST OF HAZARDS, SYMPTOMS, ETC. 23 (1) The ose of exhaust systems or suction devices which entrap the dust at its point of origin. / (2) The use of water, and occasionally mi. to lay the/dust and keep it out >>f the atmosphere. Both these methods mar be combined. (3) The use f enclosed systems for ilust-cuu~ing procedures, properly * exhausted. (4) increased ventilation, thus diluting the amount of dust in the air and decreasing its concentration. f (3) The use of helmets or respirators, of a type approved hy the United States Bureau of Mines, where intermittent exposures, not otherwise controllable, are inv dved. 1. Organic Dust 3YMPTOM. CONDITION. OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Irritation of the skin and upper air passages, allergic effects, asthma. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Abrasives makers Ashmen Bakers Battery (dry) makers Bearner* (textiles) Fertilizer makers Fiber workers Finishers i leather) Flax spinners Flour-mill workers Pouncers i felt hat* i Pyroxylin - plastics work ers Itag workers Resins (synthetic) Blowers (felt hats) Formers (felt hats) makers Boneworkers Fur carders Roller coverers I cotton Broom makers Brushers (felt bats) Fur clippers Fur cutters mills) Rope makers Brush makers Buffers Button makers Carbide makers Carbon-black workers Fur handlers Rubber workers Fur preparers Sawmill workers Fur pullers Scourers, wood lasrt Furniture polishers (shoes) Glove makers (leather Shavers (felt hats: fur; Carbon-brush makers preparers) tannery) Carbonizers (shoddy) Glue workers . Shoddy workers Carbon-paper makers Grain-elevator workers Shoe-factory operatives Carders 1 textiles) Graphite workers Sifters Card grinders (textiles) Grinders (rubber) Silk workers Carpet cleaners Guncotton pickers Soap makers Carpet makers Hair workers Softeners (tannery) Charcoal workers Harnessmakers Soot packers Cigar makers Heel makers (ahoe) Spice makers Coal passers Hemp workers Spinners (textiles) Cobblers Horn workers Starch makers Comb makers Jute workers Straw-hat makers Coners (felt hats) Knltting-mlll workers Street cleaners Cork workers Lace makers Sugar refiners Cotton-mill workers Lampblack makers Taxidermists Cotton twisters Lasters (shoes) Textile workers Crucible mixers Leather workers Tobacco workers Curriers (tannery) Linen workers Upholsterers Devil operators (felt Linoleum makers Weavers hats) Match-factory workers Weighers Diamond cotters Mattress makers Wood-l ast scourers Doffers (textiles) Mixers (felt hats) (shoes) Electrode makers Mixing-room workers Woodworkers Electrotypers (miscellaneous) Wool carders Feather carers Pharmaceutical workers Wool spinners Feather workers Polishers (metal) Wool workers Felt-hat makers 5C45T4*--43- 4 i 24 OCCUPATION' HAZARDS AND DIAGNOSTIC SIGNS 2. Inorganic Dust Containing Free Silica SYMPTOM. CONDITION. OR DISEASE Tjf LOOK FOR Cuugli. dyspnea, pleuritic pnlns. deficient chest expansion. dullness, dhmtiGlied resonance. colds, pleurisy, tuberculosis, hemoptysis. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Abrasives makers Flint workers Sandpaper makers Abrasives workers Foundry workers (quartz varieties) Bedrnbbers (siliceous Glass mixers Sand pulverizers stone) Glaze mixers (pottery) Sandstone q harriers. Bisque-kiln workers Grinders, metal isand crushers, dressers Blasters--underground stone wheels I Sawyers i siliceous stone) i siliceous rock I Grinding wheel (sand Scouring powder makers Brtckmakers (refrac stone) dressers Scrapers i foundry) tories) Granite cutters Silicon alloys makers Bti rrers--needles stone wheels) (sand Masons (refractory terials) ma Slute grinders Smelter workers Casting cleaners < foun Miners in siliceous rock dry ) Molders (foundry) Chlppers (foundry) Clay and bisque makers Ore crushermen t siliceous rock) (pottery) Concentrating Planer mill -- ore rock) men (siliceous crushermen (siliceous Polishers (metal) rock) Pottery workers Co remakers Quarrymen (siliceous Crushermen (siliceous rock) rock) Quartz workers Cutlery grinders (sand Rubber workers (filling) stone wheels) Sandblasters Soap <abrasive) makers and packers Sodium silicate makers Stampmill workers Statuary igranite or sandstone 1 makers Stonecutters (granite or sandstone) Stone workers (granite or saudscone) Subway construction workers (in siliceous rock) Tile makers Drillers (siliceous rock) Sand cutters Tumbling barrel workers Enamelers (free silica Sanders (quarts paper) Tunnel construction frits) Sanding machine opera workers (la siliceous Ferroalllcon makers tors (quartz paper) rock) 3. Inorganic Dust (except Asbestos) Containing no Free Silica SYMPTOM. CONDITION. OB DISEASE TO LOOK FOB Exposure to Inorganic dusts containing so free silica has been found in some Instances to be associated with simple linear fibrosis (nonspecific benign fibresisGardner) not associated with disability. The exact relationship of various dusts to this type of flbrotic reaction Is not entirely clear. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OPTES SUCH EXPOSURE Abrasives makers Abrasives workers Acetylene makers Ashmen Basic slag (artificial ma' nure) workers Battery (dry) makers Bed rubbers (stone) Bevelers Blsque-klln workers Blasters Bricklayers Brtckmakers Bronsers Buffers Barren (needles) Burr filers Button makers Calender?rs (rubber) Compounders (rubber: Carbide makers Concentrating-mill work Carbon-brush makers ers Card grinders (textiles) Construction workers Casting cleaners Core makers (foundry) Cotton-mill openers Cement (Portland) work Crucible mixers ers Crushermen (clay and Chasers (steel) stone) Chimney sweepers Cut-glass workers Chlppers Cutlery makers Clay and bisque makers Cyanamld makers (pottery) Diamond cutters Clay-plug makers (pot Drillers (rock) tery) Electrotypers Coal passers Emery-wheel maker* Color makers Engineers (stationary i Compositors Engravers I K ** * LIST OF HAZARDS-. SYMPTOMS. ETC. . 25 Fertilizer makers Mien strippers or splicers Sandpaper makers File cutters Mien workers Saw fliers Filers Mineral-earth workers SawjVrs (stone i Firemen I stationary) Miners Scissors sharpeners Flint workers Mixers (rubber i Si-ouring.powUer makers Flue cleaner?* Miximt-room workers Scrapers i foundry i Foundry workers i miM-ell.-iMeons I Sereeii workers l lead and Furnace workers Mold breakers i foundry t zinc .-melting l Gin** blowers Mulders i foundry i Sifters Glass cutters Paint removers Sliirering-plant workers Glass finishers Paper hangers Slag workers Giass-furimee workers Phosphate-mill workers Slate grinders Glass mixers P I a n e r in e n (stone: Slip makers l pottery) Glaze mixers iporreryi metal) Smelter workers Gold lienters Plasterers Smoothers i glass i Gold refiners Plaster of Paris workers Soap (abrasive i workers Graphite workers X*nenmnric-rool workers Stamp-mill workers Grinders I metals i Polishers (metal 1 Statuary workers Grinding wheel makers Polish makers Stokers Gypsum workers Pottery workers Stone (artificial) makers House wreckers Pouncers (felt luitsi Insulation (sound, heart Printers ' Stonecutters Stone workers workers Putty makers Street cleuners Iron and steel mill work Putty polishers iglass) Srreet repairers ers Jewelers Pyrites burners Gunrrymen Sugar refiners Sulphur burners Junk rmetnl) refiners Road repairers Table turners (enamel Jute workers Roofing-material workers ing) Lapidaries Rubber workers Talc workers Lime burners Sagger makers Textile comb makers Lime-kiln chanters Salt preparers Tile makers Lime workers Sand blasters Toolmakers Linoleum makers Sunders Top fillers ( foundry) Lithographers Sanding machine opera Tumbling-barrel workers Marble cutters tors Tunnel workers Masons Sandpaper-era (enameling Weighers Match-factory workers and painting auto bod Metal turners ies. etc.) 4. Asbestos SYMPTOM. CONDITION, OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Cough, dyspnea, pallor, clubbing of fingers, diminished chest expansion. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Asbestos - products work Crushers (asbestos) ers Flberisers (asbestos) Brake-Unlng workers Molders (asbestos) Carders (asbestos) Spinners (asbestos) Textile (asbestos I work ers Weavers (asbestos) F. Infections Infections, both localized and systemic, are frequently of occu pational origin. Anthrax, fungus infections, undulant fever, and "septic infections" are typical examples. A brief summary of the symptoms of these diseases and the principal occupations m which infection is likely to occur are given in this section. Other infectious diseases especially worthy of mention are listed below: Butcher's pemphigusButchers, dead-animal handlers. Erysipeloid____________________________ Butchers, button makers, cooks, fish handlers, meat Inspectors. 26 OCCUPATION HAZARDS AND DL\GXl)STtC sICNs Glanders___________________ Psittacosis--------------------------Rabies--------------------------------Ringworm---------------------------- Rocky Mountain spotted fever Tetanus------------------------------Tularemia---------------------------- Well's disease_______________ Hore and mule handler*. Bacteriologists, parrot, and parakeet handler^ D<>g-pouu? workers, mail carriers, vet erinarians. Barbers, bathhouse attendant*. 1'eanry- pnrlor operatives, cltumhonuaiils. masseurs. Foresters, hunters, sheep herder*, trap pers. Fanners, slaughterhouse and packing house worker*. Bacteriologist*, hurdlers, cooks, fnrmers. forestry workers, hunters, shearers. Doit-pound workers. Insecticide makers, fishmarket workers, veterinarians. Cases have also lieen found among British butchers, canal workers, coni miners, farmers, gardeners, street cleaners. 1. Anthrax SYMPTOM. CONDITION. OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR AnfAraw (external).--Begins as small red spot or papule In the skin, with no pain but an Itching, burning sensation. This later has a blister indented in the center and la surrounded by severe swelling. Next, the center becomes black and the blister may break and discharge a bloody fluid. The black depressed area has an elevated border of small vesicles. Regional lymph nodes become enlarged and tender and often suppurate. High fever, headache, restlessness, Insomnia, have also been noted. Anthrax (Internal).--Pulmonary anthrax, of which there hns been almost none In America, has no external lesions and Is always rapidly fatal. Intestinal anthrax Is not an Industrial hazard. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Animal handlers Bacteriologists Baters (tannery! Beamhouae workers (tannery) Blanket makers Bonemeal workers Broom makers Brush makers Butchers Carpet cleaners Carpet makers Cattle salesmen Cobblers Cordage-factory workers Curriers Dairy workers Farmers Fat renderera Felt makers Fertilizer makers Freight handlers Fur carders Fur clippers Fur cutters Fur handlers Fur preparers Fur pullers Gelatine makers Glue makers Hair workers Leather workers Lime pullers (tannery) Longshoremen Mattress makers Meat Inspectors Mlnkery workers Plasterers Preparers (tannery) Rag workers Shavers (felt hats, fur, tannery) Shepherds Shoddy workers Shoe-factory workers Slaughterhouse workers Stablemen Sumackers (tannery! Table hands (tannery) Tannery workers Taxidermists Upholsterers Veterinarians Warehouse workers Wooden-heel workers Wool carders Wool scourers Wool spinners Wool workers 2. Fungus Infections SYMPTOM. CONDITION. OB DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Fungus infections may be due to a wide variety of fungi. They may be local or systemic. Many of them are of mild clinical Importance, others may produce marked disability and death LIST OF HAZARDS. SYMPTOMS, ETC. Skin diseases are caused by mouilla. yeasts, dermatophytes, sporotrlchum. blastomycetes. as well as a great many other fungi. Fungus disease of the lungs may be due to blastomycetes. actinomyces, ruonllla. coccldloldes immltis. cryptocnccus. and aspergilla*. The symptoms are largely those of tubercuh sis. from which it is often most dltllmlt to dlfferenriate. The X-ray film may also closely resemble tuberculosis. The sputum usually reveals large numbers of fungi "f predominantly one type. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Animal handlers Brewery workers Uigur nmkers Dishwashers Excavation workers Farmers Flour- ami grain-mill workers Pi rooms Hide workers Milkers Millers Paper makers Pigeon farreners Srablemen Straw cutters 3. Septic Infections SYMPTOM. CONDITION. OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Boils, carbuncles, folliculitis, cellulitis, localized lymphangitis, erysipelas. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Animal handlers Butchers ('tinners Feather workers Fertilizer makers Fishermen Garbage workers Glue makers Hair workers Handlers of putrid or de Silk workers composing animal prod Slaughterhouse workers ucts Soap makers Packing-house workers Street cleaners Preparers (tannery) Tallow refiners Rag workers Tannery workers Shavers (felt hats; fur; Taxidermists tannery) Veterinarians Shoddy makers 4. Undulant Fever (Brucellosis) SYMPTOM. CONDITION. OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Weakness, profuse sweating, chills, fever, headache, usually bilateral and frontal, constipation, loss of weight, hacking nonproductive cough, general aching. Reddish, widely separated skin lesions accompanied by intense itching and burn ing ampng veterinarians have been attributed to Brucella infection. Butchers Cattle salesmen Dairy workers Farmers Gardeners OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Manure handlers Meat Inspectors Milk inspectors Packing-house workers Shearers Slaughterhouse workers Stablemea Stockmen Veterinarians Zoological technicians G. Radiant Energy L X-rays, Radium, and Other Radioactive Substances (radiothorium, mesothorium, etc.) The increasing use of X-rays and of radium in the detection and treatment of disease and the more extended use of X-rays in industry as an aid in detecting hidden defects in metals have greatly added to their importance as potential sources of occupational disease. Radio active substances (radium, radiothorium, mesothorium) have been added to the list of occupational hazards found in various manufac turing industries. The hazard is now known to be present a!<o m several other industries. 28 OCCUPATION" HAZARDS .AND DIAGNOSTIC SIGNS Exposure to X-rays and emanations from radium and other radio active substances may produce serious burns.and cancer, while the blood and blood-forming organs are profoundly affected. Anemia and leukopenia are frequently associated with exposure to radiations. Much lias been learned concerning adequate measures for the pro tection of workers exposed to X-ray- ami radioactive substances since the early days of their discovery, when many pioneers in medical treatment with these new agencies suffered severe mutilating disabili ties because of their unmitigated exposure. Protective measures today have been worked out in considerable detail for the variety of condi tions met with. See, for example, United States Department of Com merce, National Bureau of Standards Handbook H'23. "Radium Pro tection and Recommendations of The British X-ray and Radium Pro tection Committee," fifth revised edition (January 1938). SYMPTOM, CONDITION. OR DISEASE TO luOK FOR Severe dermatitis usually on hands and arms, loss of null.-, burns, destruction of .-kin. Injury to Joints, necrosis of bones, cancer, anemia, leukemia, leukopenia, sterility. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Chemists and laboratory ers of Instrument dials, Radium ore reduction workers (radium re and other workers In workers search) plants manufacturing Radium specialists Dentists luminous dials. Roentgenologists Incandescent mantle Physicians, nurses, and Cranium miners makers hospital attendants Cranium workers Inspectors and examiners Radioactive-paint makers X-ray machine makers using fluoroscope or X- Radioactive-water makers X-rny technicians and ray Radiologists photographers Painters of luminous Radium miners X-ray tube makers watch dials and paint 2. Ultraviolet and Infrared Rays Ultraviolet and infrared rays are an industrial hazard in a number of occupations where there is exposure to excessive radiance. Welders and cutters especially are exposed to ultraviolet rays; furnacenien and other workers around molten metal and glass, to infrared rays. Al though we cannot see ultraviolet and infrared rays, they are very active and powerful and are usually coexistent with excessive radiance. Ultraviolet rays are chemical in their action, and cause intense irritation of the eyes and bums of the skin, similar to sunburn. Snow blindness, desert "blindness, and the "eye flashes" of welders are one and the same condition, all due to the action of ultraviolet rays upon the eye; their effects can be very painful and cause disability for sev eral days, though usually they do not cause permanent damage. Infrared rays act upon the eyes simply os heat, but may cause per manent damage (cataract). There is little definite evidence that weld ing has caused cataract, similar to glassblower's cataract, but it is probable that prolonged exposure to infrared rays may cause haziness of the cornea. The injurious effects resulting from excessive light due to defective illumination are not consideredliere, but treated as a separate hazard. See Hazard D. LIST OF HAZARDS SYMPTOMS, ETC.. 29 Goggles, helmets, shields, and masks, equipped with colored lenses especially designed to exclude the kinds and intensities of rays met with, afford protection to the eye. Booths should be provided tor welders working indoors to protect others working nearby. Ciothitui which covers the body completely protects the skin from irritation caused by the rays. Protective measures are covered in detail in I'nited States Department of Commerce. National Bureau of Stand ards Handbook H24, "American Standard Safety Code for the Pro tection of Heads. Eyes, and Respiratory Organs." (N'ovendier l`J3'> >. SYMPTOM. CONDITION. OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Burns, conjunctivitis, electrical ophthalmia, pbutophuhia. retinitis, cataract. dermatitis. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Bakers Blacksmiths Braziers Cooks Driers (lacquer) Electricians Electric linemen Firemen (stationary) Food irradiators Foundry workers Motion-plcture-om chins Furnace workers otierurors Olass blowers Motion - picture - < r u ii i ,i < (lass-furnace workers workers and acrors Incandescent-mantle hard Photographers eners Skimmers (glass I Iron nDd steel mill work Solderers ers Stokers Irradiators (food) Welders H. Repeated Motion, Pressure, Shock, etc. Under this heading are included those conditions which are caused by continuous repetition of movements, pressure, or blows peculiar to many occupations. This section is not concerned with the neurasthenic phenomena following accidental injuries, commonly referred to as traumatic neurosis. Everyone is familiar with the muscular strain experienced in per forming for the first time some exercise, such as rowing, long walking, and so forth. Men newly introduced into a process requiring sucn repeated action are affected similarly but often much more severely, so as to disable them temporarily for the particular job. When the body is subjected to constant pressure or repeated shocks such as are encountered in working with pneumatic tools or when muscles are used for a long period under conditions of severe strain, there may result tenosynovitis or bursitis. In the use of pneumatic tools, due to the repeated shocks or vibration, there may occur also marked vasomotor changes with a characteristic condition known as "dead fingers.'1 Ex posure to vibrations may also cause changes in bone structure. After long-continued repetitive motion in which small groups of muscles are used excessively, the muscles involved may not function when called upon to perform the accustomed task, although their func tion is unimpaired tor other activities. This condition, of which a typical example is writers' cramp, is referred to as occupational or professional neurosis. Where continuous pressure or shock is the cause, pads or cushions are often beneficial. Workers who have to grasp tools tightly would do well frequently to change their method of holding the instrument, if this is possible. Occasional rest periods will do much toward i In prevention of muscular pains and cramps. 30 OCCUPATION' HAZARDS AN'D DLAGN'OSTIC SIGN'S SYMPTOM, CONDITION. OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Pain of muscle useil. sec up hr a myositis. hiirsitl^. synovitis, or other local changes of a chmnic inflammatory nature : trembling; cramp. Among pneumatictool workers also vasomotor disturbance*: local anemia of hand followed by hyperemia, cyanosis, and hurtling sensation. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SLCH EXPOSURE Air-hammer operators Artiflclnl-flower makers Barbers Bicyclists Blacksmiths Carpenters Chauffeurs Clerks Cobblers Compositors Cotton-twisters Dancers Diamond cutters Elevator operators Enamelers Engravers Furniture polishers Gold-beaters Grinders (metals) Hammermen Housemaids Ironers Jewelers Knitters | Lathe turners Letter sorters j Lithographers Locksmiths Machinists Mali sorter* t Masons ! Microscoplsts ' Milkers , Miners Musicians 1 Painters Paper-box makers Paver* , Pile-<lrivers ! Pneumatic-tool workers Polishers ! Porters . Pressers Quarrymen Riveters Sailors Sawyers Scissor* sharpeners Scrubwomen Seamstresses Sewing-machine operators Spinners (textiles) Stonecutter* Tailors Telegraphers Typists Washwomen Watchmakers Weavers J. Poisons Industry today produces or employs a far greater number of poi sonous compounds than ever before* Extensive chemical research, particularly in the field of the volatile solvents, is adding to the number every year. The production of new synthetic materials find ing industrial uses as substitutes for wood, textile, and other natural products, has also added to the list. It would be impracticable to cover all or even the greater number of these industrial poisons in a work of this kind. Only the more important ones concerning which we know something of the toxicity have been included. Some poi sons, long used in industry, on the other hand, are being displaced. Since it is extremely difficult to determine whether their use has been entirely discontinued, and we cannot foretell when a new use will be found for them, their inclusion in our list has been thought desirable. The revised List of Industrial Poisons, compiled by Sommerfeld and Fischer for the International Association of Labor Legislation 1 formed the basis for the data presented in the section on poisons in the first edition of this bulletin. The material in that list has been revised and amplified in subsequent editions, and new poisons have been added. The symptoms cited are those which are reported in the beet works available. In order to avoid swelling the list of poisons to unwarranted proportions, substances whose effects are similar have been grouped. Thus all nitro compounds of benzol and its homologues nave been included under one heading, and the same procedure nas been followed with amino compounds. The next section is devoted to the substances occurring in industry which pro duce typical occupational dermatoses. -Because of the very larire 1 S D. a Bnreaa of Labor Statistic* BulL No. 100. Washington, 1912. LIST OF HAZARDS, SYMPTOMS, ETC. 31 number of substances in the latter class, it has not been possible to treat them as fully as the other poisons. The occupations ami industries listed under/the various poisons are those in wh:"h the hazard may be present. They are not nece-sarily those where actual cases of poisoning have been reported. Adequate preventive measures, vigilantly carried out. may make the chance of poisoning from even an extremely toxic compound vir tually impossible. That fact has been fully established by the splendid record of many American companies which have manu factured >ome of the most toxic compounds for years without having a single case of poisoning develop in their plants. To"prevent industrial poisoning the following precautions should be taken: Workers must be instructed as to the toxicity of the substance handled. Frequent medical examinations of workers must be made to detect early symptoms of disease. Before new substances are employed in industrial processes, their toxicity should be determined. Personal cleanliness must be maintained, aiul proper washroom facilities, therefore, should be provided. Men should uot be allowed to eat in workrooms where poisonous substances are handled. Work clothes should receive special attention and should be removed at the end of the day's work. The use of gloves and boots is often necessary. Mechanical* devices for confining the poisons are of prime impor tance. Reference should be made in this connection to tne preventive measures discussed under "Dust." Fumes and gases should be taken care of bv proper ventilation, the use of exhaust systems, fans, and blowers. If complete removal of the poison is not possible, men who are required to work in an atmosphere polluted by poisonous fumes and gases should wear respiratory protective devices constructed for the specific poison with which they work, and approved by the United States Bureuu of Mines for the conditions of exposure likely to be encountered. 1. Acetaldehyde SYMPTOM. CONDITION, OB DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Irritation of mucous membranes of eyes and respiratory tract, dyspnea and cough, acceleration of heart, profuse night sweats. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Acetaldehyde workers Aldehyde pumpmen Disinfectant makers Dye makers Explosives workers Lacquer workers Mirror sllverers Rubber isynthetic) Photographic workers ers Pyroxylin-plastics work Varnlshers ers Varnish maker* Resin (synthetic) makers Vinegar workers Tease makers mak 2. Acetanilide. See Aniline 3. Acetone SYMPTOM. CONDITION. OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Irritation of skin and mucous membranes of eyes and respiratory rract. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Acetone workers Acetylene workers * Airplane-dope maker* Artificial-leather makers Arrldctal-pearl makers ArrlScial-silk workers Bronze-powder makers Burton makers Cement (rubber, pin'tic etc.) mixers Chloroform maker* Collar (fused) maker- 32 OCCUPATION HAZARDS AND DIAGNOSTIC SIGNS Comb makers Dye makers Dyers Explosives workers Extractors (nils and fats) Lacquerers Lacquer makers Methyl-alcohol makers Nitrocellulose workers Painters Paint makers Paint removers Rubber workers Paraffin workers Shoe-factory operntlvi's Pencil makers / Shoe-heel (wood) cover- Perfume makers ' ers Petroleum refiners Smokeless-powder makers Pharmaceutical workers Transparent - wrapping - I'botogrnphic workers material workers Pyroxylin-plastics work Vumishers ers Varnish makers Rayon workers Wnori-aionhol distillers Resin makers Wool scourers ' 4. Acridine SYMPTOM. CONDITION. OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Irritation of skin and mucous membranes of ey es and respiratory tract, violent sneezing. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Acridine workers Dye makers 5. Acrolein SYMPTOM. CONDITION, OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Irritation of skin and mucous membranes of eyes and respiratory tract, dyspnea, bronchitis. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFPZH SUCH EXPOSURE Acrolein is formed whenever fatty substances are heated t<> dryness and Uecom posed. Acrolein workers Gasoline engine workers Bone renderers Oelatlne makers Bookbinders Glue makers Candle makers Lard makers Copper (strip) roller mill Linoleum makers workers Linseed-oil boilers Pat renderers Petroleum refiners Fertilizer makers Pharmaceutical workers Qalvanizers Pyroxylin-plastics work Oarage workers ers . Refrigerator > m e c b a n leal I makers and repair men Soap makers Stearic-acid makers Straw-hat makers Tallow refiners Tinners Type melters Varnish makers Wax ornament makers 6. Aluminum Not generally regarded as an industrial poison. 7. Ammonia SYMPTOM, CONDITION, OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Intense irritation of upper respiratory passages, cough and dyspnea, pulmonary edema, bronchitis, severe irritation of eyes, caustic action on skin. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Acetylene workers Ammonia workers Ammonium-salts makers Annealers Artificial-Ice makers Boneblack makers Bronzers Calcium carbide makers Cement (rubber plastic. etc.) mixers Coke-oven workers Color makers Cyanide makers Dye makers Dyers . Electrotypers Explosives workers Fertilizer makers Galvanizers Gas (illuminatingi \\ ers rk- LIST OF HAZARDS, SYMPTOMS, ETC. 33 Gas purifiers Glue makers Ice-cream makers Ink makers Lacquer makers Mirror silverer* Xltrlc-ucUl makers Paper makers Perfume makers Perroieum refiners PhomenarnvHr* Photographic materials workers Rayon makers Itefriuerarinir-plnii t work ers Salt fitrai-rnr' uoke.ni-en byproducts I Sewer Workers Sliellue makers Shoe finishers Sn<la i Solvny i makers Sr:il)Iemen Sqfaur retiners Sulphuric-nria w.irk>Ts Tannery workers Tinners Varnish makers Vulcunlzers Wool scourers 8. Amyl Acetate SYMPTOM, CONDITION, OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Irritation of mucous membranes of eyes, nose, throat: heuiluche and wrtM!n. fullness of the head, drowsiness, oppression in chest, cough, nausea. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Airplane-dope makers Furniture polishers Polish makers Alcohol-distillery workers Gilders Pyroxylin-plastics w .1 r ti Amyl acetate workers. Incandescent lump makers ers Art-glass workers Jewelers Rayon makers Artificial-leather workers. Lucquerers Sbelluckers Artificial-pearl makers Lacquer makers Shellac mukers Battery (dry) makers Leather workers Shoe-factory workers Bookbinders Linoleum makers Shoe finishers Bronzers Motion-picture film work Shoe-heel (wood) coverers Buffers (rubber) ers Smokeless-powder makers Camphor makers Mottlers (leather! Soap makers Cement (rubber, plastic. Nitrocellulose workers Storage-battery makers etc.) mixers Painters Straw hat makers Cutlery makers Paint makers Tannery workers Dry cleaners Paint removers Textile printers Dyers Paper (coated) makers Toy makers Enamelers Patent-leather makers Varnishers Enamel makers Perfume makers Varnish makers Explosives workers Photoengravers Wlrers (incandescent Fruit-essence makers Photographic-film makers lamps) 9. Amyl Aleohol OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Irritation of eyes and respiratory tract, headache and vertigo, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Alcohol-distillery workers Amyl-acetate makers Amyl alcohol workers Amyl-nltrlte makers Brewers Explosives workers Fruit-essence makers Fusel-oil workers Lacquerers Lacquer makers Mordnnters Nitrocellulose workers Painters Paint makers Pyroxylin-plastics work- era Rubber (synthetic) mak ers Shoe finishers Smokeless-powder makers Varnish makers Varnishers 10. Aniline and Other Amino Compounds of Benzol and Its Homologues SYMPTOM. CONDITION, OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOE Pallor followed by cyanosis, especially of Ups and finger tips, somnolence. lrrltablUty. mental confusion, headache and vertigo, nausea and vomiting, un steady gait, weakness, muscular tremor and convulsions, anemia, weak pulse, visual disturbances, brownish discoloration of the blood and urine, disorders (tumors, etc.) of the bladder, eczematous eruptions. 34 OCCUPATION' HAZARDS AN'D DrACN'OSTIC SION'S OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Acetanilide workers Aniline workers Artifieinl-learher makers Blueprint paper makers Bromine makers Camphor makers Candle (colored makers Coal-tar workers Color makers < 'nmpositors Compounders i rubber i Dlslufpcr.iut makers Dye makers Dyers Explosives workers ' Feather workers Polish makers ] Gasoline blenders / Pressroom workers > rub Lithographers ' ber i Millinery workers Printers Mixers i rubber i Pyroxylin-plastics work Nnphthylainlne workers ers N'lcranlline workers Reclaimers t rubber i Painters Ruhher i synthetic > mak Paint makers ers Pencil (eolorpdi makers Rubber workers Pertume makers Tannery workers Petroleum refiners Textile printers Pharmaceutical workers Varnlshere Photographic materials Varnish makers workers Vulcanizers 11. Antimony and Its Compounds SYMPTOM. CONDITION, OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Irritation and eczematous eruptions of the skin. Inflammation of mucous membranes of nose, mouth, and throat, sores In mouth, metallic taste, gastro intestinal disorders with vomiting, diarrhea, colic. ' A clear picture of symptomatology of Industrial antimony poisoning Is diffi cult to obtain. Antimony utilized in industry almost always contains arsenic and. furthermore, it Is associated with lead compounds In most of its industrial uses. Both of these substances are poisons which produce many of the symp toms ascribed to antimony poisoning. Metul fume fever, iSee Zinc.) OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER 9UCH EXPOSURE Antimony extractors (re finers i Babbitt-metal workers Babbitters Brass founders Burnishers < iron and steel) Color makers Compositors Compounders (rubber) Copper refiners Dye makers Dyers Electroplaters Electrotypers Enamelen Enamel makers Explosives makers Filers Fireworks makers Glass mixers Glaze dippers (pottery) Glaze mixers (pottery) Grinders imetals) Grinders (rubber) Insulators i wire) Lead smelters Linotypers Match-factory workers Mixers (rubber) Monotypers Mordantert Paint makers Painters Pewter makers Pharmaceutical workers Pressroom worker* i rub- ben Printers Rubber ired) workers Shot makers Solder makers Stereotypers Storage-battery worker* Textile printers Typefounders Vulcanizers Zinc refiners 12. Arsenic and Its Compounds (Except Arseniuretted Hydrogen) SYMPTOM. CONDITION, OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Eruptions and bronxlng of skin, loss of nails and hair, keratosis, epithelioma, inflammation of eye. nose, mouth, and respiratory truct. perforation of na*al septum, headache, gastro-lntestlnal disturbances with nausea, vomiting, and severe diarrhea and abdominal pains, peripheral polyneuritis, muscular weakue-s. and paralysis Metal fume fever (see Zinc). OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Arsenic roasters Arsenic workers Artificial-flower makers Artificial-leather makers Avtatora--crop dusting Bookbinders Canners Brass founders Carpet makers Briquet makers carroters (felt iiu'* Bronzers Chlmney sweeper:- Candle (colored) makers LIST OF HAZARDS. sTMTUMS. ETC. :3o Colored-paper workers Color makers Compounders ( rubber i <'npper founders Copper smelrers Coppersmiths Cosmetic- workers Curriers (tannery; Cut-glass workers Deeorators I pottery) PU'nfeetant makers Pye makers r >yers Elect roplnters Enamelers Enamel makers Exterminators Fa rmers Feather curers . Feather workers Ferrnsilicon workers Fertiliser makers Fireworks makers Fly-paper makers Galvnnizers Gardeners Glass mixers Glaze dippers 1 pottery) Glaze mixers f pottery i Refiners fmetals i i odd redners Ilid'sur workers Tnk makers Se/lma-wax makers Insecticide makers .^neep-ilip makers fnsuliirors iwltvi Slior mukers dapaa makers Silver miners Japanners Soap mukers La-spierers Soot packers Laeciuer makers Sprayers itrees) Lead-arsenate maltei-* Steel (corrosion re>isranr i Lead smelters makers Linoleum clorers Sulphur burners Lithographers Sulphuric-mid worker- Mixers (rubber) Tannery workers ilonlanters Tar workers Painters Taxidermists Paint makers Texrlle printers Paper giazers Tinners Paperbangers Toy makers Paris-green workers Varnish makers Pencil (colored) makers Velvet makers Pharmaceutical workers Wallpaper printer. Pitch workers Wax-ornaiuent makers Pottery workers Welders Pressroom workers (rub Wire drawers ber) Wood preservers Printers 7.1nc miners Pyrites burners Zinc redners 13. Arseniuretted Hydrogen (arsine) SYMPTOM, CONDITION, OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Feeling of faintness and wenkness. intense headache, nausea and vomiting, jaundice, abdominal pains, hemoglobicuris, anemia, suppression of urine, shiver ing and chills, gastric disorders. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Notx.--Arsine is formed when a metal and an acid react to produce nascent hydrogen which unites with arsenic present in either the acid or metal, to rive the toxic gas. Acetylene workers Ferroslllcon workers Pyroxylin-plastics work Acid dippers Fertilizer makers ers Aniline workers Galvanizers Rayon makers Balloon (hydrogen) work Gas l illuminating) work Refiners i metals) ers ers Shoddy workers Bleachlng-powder makers Hydrochloric acid work Soda makers Bronzers ers Solderers Cadmium workers Jewelers Storage-battery makers rarbonlxers (shoddy) Lead burners Submarine workers Dimethyl-sulphate makers Lime burners Sulphuric-add workers Dye makers Nitrocellulose makers Tank cleaners Electrolytic-process (cop Nitroglycerine makers Tinners per) workers Paper makers Towermen (sulphuric Electroplaters Plcklers acid) Etchers Plumbers War-gas makers Extractors (gold) Zlnc-chlorlde makers 14. Baritun The soluble salts of barium are poisonous when Ingested. Few cases of indutrial poisoning, however, have been reported. The symptoms reported In indus trial poisoning Include dermatitis, whitening and loss of b&lr. paralysis, acceiera ,tion of the heart, cyanosis of the skin, gastric pain, and vomiting. 36 OCCUPATION HAZARDS AND DIAGNOSTIC SIGNS OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Barium r:irb>nar** milkers I Ink iprinrlng) makers Depllntory makers I Inswricide makers Dye makers Lacquer makers Enamel makers ! Leather workers Flrewurks makers Linoleum makers Glass mixers I Lithnixme makers Paint makers /\ Photographic workers t Itubber worker' Sugar refiners Varnish makers Water purifiers 15. Benzine (naphtha-gasoline) SYMPTOM. CONDITION, OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Hendache and vertigo, nausea and vomiting, abdominal pain. Irregular respira tion. pneumonia, drowsiness, irritation of skin and murnns membranes, "nnphrha Jag" (a condition resembling mild alcoholic intoxication), visual disturbances, twitching of the muscles. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Airplane hangar em Oalvn niters Putty makers ployees Garage workers Pyroxylin-plastic* wnrkers Art-glass workers Gasoline blenders Rubber-glove makers Benzine workers Gasoline-engine workers Rubberized asbestos board Bronzers Gilders makers Buffers I rubber I Glue workers Rubber-tire builders Burnishers 1 metals l Ink makers Rubber workers Cast scrubbers (electro Insecticide makers Scourers (metals) platers ) Japan makers Sewer workers Cementers (rubber shoes) Japanners Shade-cloth makers Cement mixers (rubber) Lacquerers Sbellackers Chauffeurs Lacquer makers Shellac makers Color makers Linoleum makers Shingle stainers Compositors Lithographers Shoe-factory workers Compounders (rubber) Metal-pollsb makers Shoe finishers Curriers (tannery) Metal washers Shoe-heel (wood) coverer* Decorators (pottery) Millinery workers Soap makers Degreasers (fertilizer; Mixers (rubber) Tank cleaners leather; metals: textile) MordAnters Tannery workers Dippers (rubber) Painters Type cleaners Driers (rubber) Paint makers Varnisbers Dry cleaners Paint-remover makers Varnish makers Dyers Paint removers Varnish-remover makers Electroplaters Perfume makers Varnish removers Enamelers Petroleum refiners Vulcanizers Enamel makers Polishers Washers (metal) Extractors (oils and fats) Polish makers Waterproof-cloth makers Feather workers Pressroom workers (rub Window-shade makers Filling station workers ber) Woodworkers Furniture polishers Printers 16. Benzol (benzene) and Its Homolognes (toluol and xylol) SYMPTOM, CONDITION, OB DISEASE TO LOOK POE Headache and rertigo, gastrointestinal disturbances, hemorrhages, purpura. Injury to blood-forming organs with marked but varied changes in the blood picture--alight polycythemia followed by leukopenia, erythropeuta, anemia, and so forth, injury to blood vessels, heart, liver, kidneys, and nervous system, marked susceptibility to infection, local Irritation (bronchitis, conjunctivitis, gingivitis, and so forth). In acute poisoning; inebriation, staggering gait, twltcbings. convulsions, and loss of consciousness. Note.--The effects of toluol and xylol differ from those of benzol particularly as regards their effects on the blood and blood-forming organs. Neither of these compounds produces the changes lu the blood characteristic of benzol. It Is Important to note however that the toluol and xylol used in Industry are frequently mixed with benzoL LIST OF HAZARDS. SYMPTOMS, ETC. 37 OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Airplane-dope worker* Enamel makers Plejrte-arld maker. Airplane bang a r em Engravers I'ofi'b makers ployees Explosive-, workers Fetishers Alcohol (denn cured i Extractors (nils ami fari Pressroom workers i rub workers Feather workers ber i Aniline workers Fertiliser makers Printers Artificial-leather makers Flavoring-extract makers Pyroxylin-plastics Ashe-tiis-produets inipreg- Fullers (Textilesi workers na tors Gils (illuminatingi work Reclaimers ( rubber i Auro painters ers Rotogravure worker. Battery (dry) makers Gasoline blenders Rubber-tire builders i Beauty-parlor operatives Gilders Keiia >1 purifier-* Glue workers Rubber workers Sixmrers ibeli-i Benzoi-sriilmen Ink makers Shade-cloth makers Benzol workers Insulators (wire) Shelluckers Brake-lining makers Lacquerers Shellac makers Bronze rs Lacquer makers Shoe-fact"ry workers Can sealers Linoleum workers Shoe finishers < 'arboilc-neirl makers Lithographers Shoe-heel iwoodi '-over, Cast scrubbers (electro Millinery workers era platers! Mirror sllverers Smokeless powder Cementers (rubber! Mixers (rubber! makers Cement mixers (rubber) Mordnnters Soap makers Chiorodlphenyl makers Xitrobenail makers Still (coal tnrl cleaners Clutch-disk impregnators Nitrocellulose workers Tnnk cleaners Conl-tar workers Painters Tobacco seedling treaters (Gobblers Paint makers Treuders i rubber) Coke-oven workers Paint-remover makers Trinitrotoluol mukers Color makers Paint removers Varnishers Compounders (rubber) Paraffin makers Varnish makers Decorators (pottery! Pencil makers Varnish-remover mukers / Degreasers Dippers (rubber) Perfume makers Petroleum refiners Varnish removers Vulcanizers Disinfectant makers Pharmaceutical workers War gas makers Driers (rubber! Phenol makers Waterproof-fabric makers Dry cleaners Photoengravers Wax makers Dye makers Photographic materials Welders Electroplaters workers Window-shade makers Enamelers ! 17. Beryllium SYMPTOM. CONDITION. OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR i Metal fume fever (see sine). Severe lung Injury has been reported from the extraction of beryllium, but this Is thought to be due to the fluorine compounds used In the process of extraction. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSUBE Beryllium alloy workers 18. Brass. See Zinc 19. Bromine SYMPTOM. CONDITION, OB DISEASE TO LOOK POE Violent irritation of air passages, bronchitis, and conjunctivitis, sensation of suffocation, cough, skin eruptions, brownish stain on skin and mucous mem branes. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OTTER SUCH EXPOSURE Bromine extractors Explosives workers Bromine-salts makers Extractors (gold) Color makers Ink makers Disinfectant makers Insecticide makers Dye makers Methyl bromide makers 'Ethylene dibromlde mak ers Pharmaceutical worker* Photographic-film maker* Platinum extractors Tetraethyl-lead makers War-gaa makers 38 OCCUPATION HAZARDS AND DIAGNOSTIC SIGNS 20. Butanone (Methyl Ethyl Ketone) Butanone is at present employed In the manufacture nf pyroxylin solutions. Chiefly in the artificial leather and larmier industries, anil is also used in paint removers. Although ac present limited largely to these uses, butanone has possi bilities as a solvent In other fields. The United State* Bureau of Mines studied the acute response of guinea pigs to a single exposure to vapors of burunnne. According to tills Bureau the symptoms are principally those of eye and nose irritation, and narcosis, the hitter being apparently the m">t significant. Animals time did not die during exposure recovered. The principal gros* pathological findings Immediately after exposure were congestion, edenia. and hemorrhage of vital organs, death beiDg due to a narcosis terminating in death. Butanone. according to the same authority, has a distinct odor and is markedly irritating to the nose and eyes of man in concentrations found to be harmful to guinea pigs. It also has moderate warning properties lodor. and eye and nose irritation) in concentrations apparently harmless to guinea pigs after several hours' exposure. 21. Butyl Acetate. See Amyl Acetate 22. Butyl Alcohol No case of industrial poisoning has been reported, but it has been considered a contributing cause In a number of cases of poisoning. Animal experimenta tion showed marked dermatitis, early liver degeneration, a definite decrease la red-blood cells, with an absolute and relative lymphocytosis. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Artificial-leather workers Butyl acetate makers Butyl alcohol makers Cementers (rubber) Dye makers Fruit-essence makers Glass (safety) makers Lacquer makers Motlon-plcture-film work ers Perfume makers Photographic-film makers Pyroxylin-plastics work ers Ruyou makers Nhellackers Shellac makers Varnlshers Varnish makers 23. Cadmium SYMPTOM. CONDITION. OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Dryness of throat, coughing, rightness, and soreness in chest, dyspnea, severe Inflammation of lunga, weakness, loss of appetite, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, headache, shivering, rapid pulse, brown urine, inflammation of kidneys, fatty degeneration of kidneys and liver. Metal fume fever (Bee Zinc). OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Cadmium-alloy makers Cadmium and cadmiumcompound makers Cadmium platers Cadmium - vapor - lamp makers Color makers Electroplaters Glass colorers Lead smelters Llthopone makers Metallisers Paint makers Solderers Solder makers Storage-battery makers Textile printers Welders Zinc smelters and refiners 24. Calcium Cyan&mide (Cyanamide) SYMPTOM, CONDITION. OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Severe Irritation of nose, throat, and skin. Flushing of skin, headache, short ness of breath, rapid pulse, vasodilation with lowered blood pressure have been reported among workers who have consumed alcoboL LIST OF HAZARDS, SYMPTOMS, ETC. 39 OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Ammonia workers J Cyanamlde makers Calcium cyanamide Farmers makers I Fertilizer makers ]/ Gardeners Y Phajrnaceutlcal workers i Temperers 25. Carbon Dioxide SYMPTOM. CONDITION. OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Carbon dioxide is now generally regarded as a simple asphyxiant. The symp tom* preceding asphyxia are: Headache and vertigo, rapid breathing, dyspnea, drowsiness, muscular weakness. Hushing of face, ringing in ears. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Alkali-salt makers Disinfectant makers Bakers Divers Baking-powder makers Drying-room workers Blncksmlths Dye makers Blast-furnace workers j Exploslres ( safety ) Boiler-room workers 1 makers Bottlers < mineral , Fertilizer workers waters 1 I Fire-extinguisher mak Brass founders ers Brewers Foundry workers Brick burners Furnace workers Caisson workers Glue makers Canners Grain-elevator workers Carbonated - water Ice-cream makers makers Insecticide makers Carbon-dloxlde-ice work Lime burners ers Lime-kiln workers Carbon-dioxide makers Linseed-oil boilers Carbonic-acid makers Miners Charcoal burners Pharmaceutical workers Clothes preesers Physicians Cupola men (foundries > Pottery workers Refrigerating plant workers Sewer workers Silo workers Soda makers Starch, makers Submarine workers Sugar refiners Tannery pit men Tobacco moisteners (storehouse) Tunnel workers Vatmen Vault workers Vinegar makers Vintners Vulcanlzers Well workers White-lead makers Yeast makers 26. Carbon Disulphide SYMPTOM. CONDITION. OB DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Headache, vertigo, weakness, psychical effects (hilarity, agitation, irritability, hallucinations, mania), disturbances of sensation, particularly of sight, poly neuritis, digestive disturbances. Irritation of the akin. ' OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Acetylene workers Electroplaters Ammonium-salts makers Enamelers Cnrbanillde makers Enamel makers Carbon-dianlphide makers Explosives workers Carbon tetrachloride work Extractors (oils A fats) ers Glue workers Cementers (robber shoes) Insecticide makers Cement mixers (robber) Match-factory workers Degreasers Painters Driers (rubber) Paint makers Dry cleaner* Paraffin workers Putty makers Rayon makers Reclaimers (rubber) Rubber workers Smokeless-powder makers Sulphur extractors Tallow refiners T r a n s p arent-wrapping- matertal workers Varnish makers Vulcanlaers 27. Carbon Monoxide SYMPTOM, CONDITION. OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOB Tightness across forehead, painfnlness of the eyeball, dilatation of cut:in---ms vessels, headache (frontal and basal), throbbing In temples, weariness, weukno*. 40 OCCUPATION' HAZARDS AND DUGNOSTIC SIGNS dizziness, nausea and vomiting, loss of strength and muscular control. Increased respiration and pulse, collapse, anemia, polycythemia, presence of carbon monox ide. hemoglobin. / Note--Poisoning may proceed in some persons to me stage of collapse without causing any subjectlv symptoms. Exposure to high concentrations of carbon monoxide for short periods, may. through the effect of oxygen deprivation, cause degenerative changes In various tissues of the body. Chronic exposure to low concentrations for long periods of rime according to some investigators, mar produce permanent injury. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Acetylene workers Felt-hat makers Neon-light* letter makers Airplane pilots Filament makers and fin Patent-leather makers Alloy makers ishers (incandescent Petroleum refinery Ammonia makers lamps) workers Bakers Filling-station workers Phosgene makers Balloon inflaters Firemen (city) Phosphine workers Bisque-kiln workers Firemen (stationary! Pilots (airplane) Blacksmiths Dangers (felt hats) Plumbers Blasters Due cleaners Policemen Blast-furnace workers Foundry workers Pottery (kiln) workers Blockers (felt hats) Furnace workers Pressers Boiler cleaners Garage workers Printers Boiler-room workers Gas '(illuminating) work Puddlers (foundries) Brass founders ers Pyroxylin-plastics Brewery workers Gasoline-engine workers workers Brick burners Gassers (textiles) Refiners (metals) Cable splicers Glass-furnace workers Sailors Carbide makers Glost-lciln workers Sealers (incandescent Cement (Portland) Incande9cent-lamp makers lamps) makers Ink (printer's) makers Sewer workers Charcoal burners Insecticide makers Silver melters Chargers (furnaces) Iron and steel workers Singers (cloth) Chauffeurs Ironers Soda makers (Leblanc i Chimney masons Kiln tenders Solderers Chimney sweepers Laboratory workers Steeple jacks Cloth singers Laundry workers Stokers Coal-tar workers Lead smelters Storage-battery makers Coke-oven workers Lime burners Sulphur-dioxide makers Compressed air (caisson) Lime-kiln chargers Tailors workers Linotypers Teazers (glass) Cooks Mechanics (gas engines) Telephone linemen (trench Copper smelters Mercury smelters work) Core makers Methane (synthetic) Temperers Cupola men (foundries) makers Textile printers Divers Methyl-alcohol (synthetic) Top fillers (foundry i Drier workers (foundries) makers Tubulators (incandescent Drying-room workers Miners lamps) (miscellaneous) Mold breakers (pottery) Welders Enamelera Monotypers Wood-alcohol distillers Enamel makers Motion-picture-film work Zinc smelters Engineers (stationary) ers . 28. Carbon Tetrachloride SYMPTOM, CONDITION. OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Irritation of nose, eyes, and throat, headache, visual disturbances, vertigo, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, loss of appetite, mental dullness. confusi"i> .mil excitement, nervousness, injury to liver. Jaundice, nephritis, dermatitis, mm "m-. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Airplane-dope workers Airplane-hangar employees Burnishers (metals) Carbon-tetrachloride workers Cementers (rubber) Cement mixers (rubber) Chlorinate <1 r>iM*-r makers Chloroform maker* Cobblers LIST OF HAZARDS, SYMPTOMS, ETC, 41 Core makers Lacquerers Polish makers Degreaaers (metals > Lacquer makers Printers Degreasers ( textiles) Learber workers Pyrbxylln-plastics work Dippers (rubber) Linoleum makers ers Dry cleaners Metnl-pollsh makers Rubbers workers Dye makers Mixers (rubber) Scourers l metals) Electroplaters Painters Shoe-facrory workers Fire-extinguisher makers Paint makers Sonpmakers Fullers (textiles) Paint-remover makers Spreaders (rubber) Glue workers Paint removers Varnlshers * Ink makers Paraffin workers Varnish makers Insecticide makers Perfume mnkers Vulcanisers Insulators (wire) Pharmaceutical workers Waterproof-fabric makers 29. Cellosolve (mono-ethyl ether of ethylene glycol) This compound is used as a solvent for nitrocellulose and resins in the manu facture of lacquers. The United States Bureau of Mines studied the acute response of guinea pigs to a single exposure to vapors of eellosolve. According to this Bureau, the animals showed inactivity, weakness, dyspnea, and death following exposure for 18 to 24 hours to air saturated with cellosolve vapor (0.6 percent by volume). The principal gross pathological findings were congestion and edema of the lungs; distention of the stomach, with numerous reddish-brown petecbiae scattered over the mucous membrane: and congestion of the kidney. The contents of the stomach were also discolored reddish brown. Ail these occurred in the animals that died during or soon after exposure. The congestion and edema were the principal rJ findings in the animals that died 24 hours following exposure and broncho pneumonia In the animals that died 3 days following.'......... .................. They also determined that men exposed to 0.6 percent for a few seconds reported the atmosphere to be irritating to the eyes and to have a very disagreeable odor. They thought that the odor and the irritation were sufficiently disagreeable to f make one desire to avoid a like exposure. Actual examinations of workers in lacquer and paint manufacture by the British Factory Department in 1984 revealed very little evidence of any Injury to health from the use of cellosolve. 30. Chloride of Lime SYMPTOM. CONDITION, OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Irritating cough. Inflammation of upper air passage, difficulty In breathing, asthma, bronchitis, conjunctivitis, lachrymatlon, byperhldrosis, burning eruptions on the skin. I OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Acetylene workers Chlorlde-oMlme makers Bleachers Chloroform makers Bleaching-powder makers Disinfectant makers Button (shell, pearl) mak Dye makers ers Laundry workers Mordanters Pharmaceutical workers Straw-hat-makers Tannery workers Water purifiers 3L Chlorinated Diphenyls SYMPTOM. CONDITION, OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Acneform skin eruptions, jaundice, and atrophy of liver. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Chlorinated-diphenyl mak Insulators (wire) ers Lacquer makers Electrical-condenser mak Paint makers ers Bayon makers Electrical-transformer makers Besln (synthetic) ers Varnish makers Wax makers work 42 OCCUPATION" HAZARDS A-N'L) D LAG NOSTIC SIGNS 32. Chlorinated Hydrocarbons See the following: Carbon tetrachloride, chlorinated diphenyl, chlorinated zwphthalenes. chloroprene. dichlorcrhylene. ethyl chloride. ethylene illchlort'le. methyl chloride, methylene chloride, tetrachlorethane, tetrachlorethylene, rnchlorethylene. and vinyl chloride. 33. Chlorinated Naphthalenes SYMPTOM. CONDITION, OR DISEASE TO LOOK POR Acneform skin eruptions. Jaundice, and atrophy of liver. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Chlorinated naphthalene Electrical-transformer workers makers Degreasers (metals) Electroplaters Electrical-condenser mak Insulators (wire) ers Lacquer makers Paint makers Resin i .synthetic i wurkers Varnish makers Wax makers 34. Chlorine SYMPTOM. CONDITION, OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Irritation of mucous membranes of eyes and respiratory trnct. feeling of suffocation, bronchitis, cough, pulmonary edema, dyspnea, pallid countenance and emaciation, gastric disturbances, decayed teeth. Irritation of skin. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Alkali-salt makers Extractors (gold and Soda makers Beatermen (paper and silver) Sodium-hydroxide makers palp) Ink makers Submarine workers Bleachers Iodine makers Sugar refiners Bleachlng-powder makers Laundry workers Sulphur-chloride makers Bromine makers Paper makers Textile printers Broom makers Phosgene makers Tin-recovery workers < "hlortde of lime makers Photographic workers War-gas makers Chlorine makers Rayon makers Water purifiers Color makers Rubber-substitute makers Zinc-chloride makers Dettnnlng workers Sewage-purlflcatlon work Disinfectant makers ers Dye makers Shoddy makers 35. ChlorodinitrobenzoL See Nitrobenzol 36. ChloronitrobenzoL See Nitrobenzol 37. Chloroprene (2-Chloro-Butadiene) SYMPTOM. CONDITION. OE DISEASE TO LOOK FOB This compound Is the starting material for the manufacture of a synthetic rubber. According to Von Oettlngen and Sayers, It haa narcotic properties but Is mainly characterized by Its injurious effect on the liver and In addition it han ;iii~- a toxic effect on the kidneys and the circulation. Von Oettlngen and others have shown that vapors of chloroprene mixed with air cause a primary lrritathu: of the respiratory tract. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Rubber (synthetic) makers I LIST OF HAZARDS, SYMPTOMS, ETC. 43 38. Chromium Compounds SYMPTOM. CONDITION. OR DISEASE TO LOO^ FOR Pitlike ulcers, or so-culled chrome holes, very difficult to heal, occurring on the skin, most frequently on the hands, and on the mucous membranes; Inflam mation and perforation of the nasal septum at the cartilaginous portion; eczematous eruptions. Irritation of the conjunctiva and of the respiratory passages. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSUR* Acetylene workers Enamel makers Pencil (colored) makers Ani'lne workers Explosives (nmmonnl and Photoengravers Artlflclal-flower makers pyroxylin workers Photographic workers Battery (dry) makers Frosters (glass and pot Photogravure workers Bleachers tery ) Pottery workers Blueprint makers Furniture polishers Rubber workers Candle (colored) makers Glass colorers Steel (chrome) makers Carbon printers i photog Glaze workers (pottery) Tannery (chrome) work raphy) Ink makers ers Chrome workers Linoleum workers Textile printers Chromium platers Lithographers Vulcanizers Colorers (marble) Match-factory workers Wallpaper printers Color makers Mixers (rubber) Waterproofers i paper and Compounders (rubber) Morrianters textile) Crayon (colored) makers Painters Wax-ornament workers Dye makers Paint makers Welders Dyers Paperhangers Wood Stainers Electroplaters Paper makers Enamelers Paper-money makers 39. Cobalt There Is little information available on the effects of cobalt. A case of poison ing with severe damage to the liver and kidneys was reported from a French tile factory. Animal experimentation reveals polycythemia. Metal-fume fever (see Zinc) has been reported. Alloy makers Color makers OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE I Glass colorers | Pottery workers I Steel-alloy makers | 40. Copper Metal fume fever (see Zinc). Chronic poisoning from Inhaling or ingesting copper dost has been reported to cause hemochromatosis or bronsed diabetes. Other authorities doubt the existence of a chronic form of copper poisoning of Industrial origin. Few cases have been reported upon. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER 8UCH EXPOSURE Brass founders Copper founders Copper refiners and smelt- Engravers ers Welders Coppersmiths 4L Cresol (cresylic add) SYMPTOM. CONDITION. OB DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Toxic effects resemble those of phenol but are less severe. The chief symp toms are Irritation and erosion of skin and mucous membranes, and nephritis. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Coai-tar workers Cresol-soap makers Cresyllc-add makers Disinfectant makers Dye makers Explosives workers Glue workers Photographic workers Ink makers Pitch workers Insecticide makers Resin (synthetic) makers Paint-remover makers Rubber (artificial) work Perfume (synthetic) mak ers ers Tar-dlstQlery workers 44 OCCUPATION' HAZARDS AND DIAGNOSTIC SIGNS 42. Cyanogen Compounds SYMPTOM. CONDITION. OR DISEASE TJ> LOOK TOR Acute poisoning.--Exposure to large amounts hi hydrogen cyanide causes death from asphyxia almost Immediately. Exposure to lesser amounts causes Irritation of eyes and mucous membranes, headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, shortness of breath, palpitation of the heart, trembling, muscle cramps, shallow breathing, convulsions, unconsciousness. Hydrogen cyanide and cyanide solutions also cause skin eruptions. Chronic poisoning.--Exposure to small amounts of cyanide compounds over a long period of time Is reported to cause losa of appetite, weakness, nausea, muscle cramps, unsteady gait, paralysis of arms and legs, psychoses. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OPPER SUCH EXPOSURE Acid dippers Fertiliser makers Photographic workers Ammonium-salts makers Fulminate mixers Picklers Art-printing workers Fuml gators Polishers (metals) Blacksmiths Gas (Illuminating) work Polish makers Blast-furnace workers ers Pyroxylin-plastics work Bone distillers Gae purifiers ers Bronzers Gilders Rayon makers Browsers (gun barrels) Gold refiners Silver refiners Case hardeners Hydrocyanic-add makers Solderers Coal-tar-distillery workers Insecticide makers Sprayers (trees) Cyanide workers Jewelers Tannery workers Cyanogen makers Mirror silverers Temperers Disinfectant makers Mordanters - Textile printers Dye makers Oxalic-add makers War-gas makers Electroplaters Phosphoric-add makers Zlncers Extractors (gold and sil ver) 43. Dichlorethylene SYMPTOM. CONDITION, OK DISEASE TO LOOK FOR This substance. has Irritant and narcotic properties. Post mortem findings of men overcome by the vspors of dlchlorethylene show an excess of tat iu the blood suggesting death from embolism rather than asphyxiation. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Cementers (rubber) Dlchlorethylene workers Dry cleaners Insecticide makers Perfume makers Pyroxylin (plastics) workers Rayon makers Varnishers 44. Dichloroethyl Ether Dichloroethyl ether Is an active solvent for fats, tars, waxes, resins, and similar materials. . STMPTOM. CONDITION. OE DISEASE TO LOOK COB The United States Bureau of Mines studied the acute response of guinea flg to a single exposure to vapors of dichloroethyl ether. According to this inreau, the physiological action among these, animals u primarily Irritation of the respiratory passages and the lungs. In order of their appearance the symptoms produced were: nasal Irritation, eye Irritation, lacrimatlou. ills-* turbances In respiration, dyspnea, gasping, and death. All of these appeared in concentration! of 0.028 to 0.10 percent vapor In air by volume. All evoept lacrtmatlon were attained with 0.01 percent, while an exposure of 810 ml mites to 0.0085 percent caused no symptoms other than signs of slight nasal irritation. The principal gross pathological findings were congestion, emphysema, i-iTM. and hemorrhage of the lungs. These occurred In all anlmala that died during LIST OF HAZARDS, SYMPTOMS, ETC 45 or after erposujj*^Ahw severity iMraaslng with length of exposure, and also during 1 to 4 days after exposure. The same Bureau found that concentrations of 0.065 and 0.10 percent dlchloroethyl ether vapor In air on brief exposure of men. were very Irritating to the eyes and nasal passages. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Degreasers Fullers (textiles) Faint-remover makers Paint removers Soap makers Petroleum refiners Varnish-remover makers Resin (synthetic) makers Varnish removers 45. Dimethyl Sulphate SYMPTOM. CONDITION. OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Strongly corrosive effect on the skin and mucous membranes, hoarseness, lacrimatton. conjunctivitis, bronchitis, pulmonary edema with hemorrhages, photophobia. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Color makers I Dyemakers. Dimethyl-sulphate makers I Perfume makers I War gas maker* I 46. Dinitrobenzol. See Nitrobenzol 47. Dinitrophenol (1*24) SYMPTOM. CONDITION. OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOB Burning thirst, sweating, panting, excitement, high fever, patchy yellow skin, and convulalona. After Ingestion, evidence of Uver and blood damage have been observed. Bilateral cataracts have also occurred aa a sequella. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Dinitrophenol workers I Explosives worker* I SheU fillers Dye makers I Pharmaceutical workers | Wood preservers 48. Dioxan (Diethylene Dioxide) SYMPTOM, CONDITION. OR DI8KASE TO LOOK FOR Headache, vertigo, drowsiness. Irritation of eyas, nose, throat, and lungs, gastric disturbances, injury to Uver and kidney*. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OPPER SUCH EXPOSURE Cement (rubber, etc.) mixers Degxeasers Dioxan makers Dye makers plastic, Insecticide makers Lacquer makers Paint-remover makers Pharmaceutical workers Polish makers Pyroxylin-plastics ers Rayon makers Varnish makers work 49. Ethyl Benzene This compound Is used as an "antiknock," as a lacquer diluent, general solvent, and so forth. The United States Bureau of Mines studied the acute response of guinea pigs to a single exposure to vapors of ethyl benzene. According to this Bureau these animals showed in the order of occurrence, eye and nose Irritation, and apparent vertigo, static and motor ataxia, apparent unconsciousness, tremor of extremi ties, rapid Jerky respiration, then shallow respiration, and finally slow, gasping respiration, followed by death. Exposure to 1 percent caused all these symptom* and death in from 2 to S hours; Oil percent caused all the symptoms up to and including tremor of extremities, but not respiratory disturbances and death .-v.- - 46 OCCUPATION' HAZARDS AND DIAGNOSTIC SIGNS during or after exposure of 8 hours; 02 percent caused all the symptoms up to and Including ataxia In S hours; 0.1 percent did not cause symptoms other than eye Irritation during S hours. The gross pathologic^ findings were congestion of the brain and congestion and edema of the lungs. These were most severe for the exposures to I percent concentration of vapor until death ensued. Men exposed, according to the same authority, were of the opinion that a 0.2 percent concentration of vapor would give ample warning and would not be tolerated: and that 0.5 percent would have sufficient Irrttating properties to render working In this atmosphere Impossible. 50. Ethyl Bromide and Ethyl Chloride SYMPTOM. CONDITION. OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR See note under Methyl Chloride. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Dye makers Ethyl-bromide makers Ethyl-chloride makers Fire-extinguisher makers Refrigerator (mechaalval Perfume makers makers and repair meu Pharmaceutical workers 5L Ethylene Dibromide SYMPTOM. CONDITION, OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Irritation of eyes and respiratory tract, vomiting, headache, auorexiu, pallor, weakness, vertigo. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Ethylene dlbromide makers I Gasoline blenders I Pyroxylin - plastics work- Flre-extlngulsher makers | Pharmaceutical workers I era 52. Ethylene Dichloride (Dichlorethane) This compound Is used as a solvent, particularly in the extraction of oil and fats. SYMPTOM. CONDITION, OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Acute poisonings In Industry have been reported with the following symptoms: Dlzslnesa, nausea, and vomiting followed by weakness, trembling and epigastric cramps. Evidence of liver damage was shown by presence of extremely lowblood sugar levels. Leukocytosis and dermatitis also appeared. The United States Bureau of Mines studied the acute response of guinea pigs to a single exposure to vapors of ethylene dlchlorlde. According to this Bureau, these animals showed Irritation of eyes and nose, vertigo, static and motor ataxia, retching movements, semiconsdouaness, and unconsciousness, accompanied by uncoordinated movements of the extremities, and death If exposure Is continued. Exposure to 6 percent vapors caused all these symptoms, excepttng death, to occur In less than 10 minutes, and death In about 30 minutes. Exposure to 1 percent caused all the symptoms to appear in 25 minutes with the possibility of death occur * ring a day or more following an exposure of about 15 to 20 minutes. The gross pathological findings were hyperemia, congestion, and edema of the lungs with sec ondary degenerative changes In the kidneys. The severity of the pathology in creased with the concentration of vapor and duration of exposure. The lung Lesion was the moat prominent and probably the greatest causative factor in death. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Degreasers (textile) Extractors (oils and fats) Dry cleaners Insecticide makers Dyers Insulators (wire) Ethylene-dlchloride mak Lacquerers ers Lacquer makers Exterminators Paraflln workers Pharmaceutical workers Rubber workers Soap makers Tobacco denlcotlnlzers Varnlahen Varnish makers LIST OF HAZARDS, SYMPTOMS, ETC. 41 53. Ethylene Oxide SYMPTOM, CONDITION. OR DISEASE TO LOO& FOR HeadiU-li*-. viuiiiring. dyspnea, diarrhea, irritation cifimucoox membrane* <>f nose iinci eyes, verrlgn. nausea. l> inphiK-ytosis. dullness:, disturbances of respiration ami of heart nerittn. pulmonary edema. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Bury! cellosnlve makers I Exterminators Ethylene oxide makers I I Insecticide makers I 54. Ethyl Silicates. Tetraethyl-ortho-silicate; Tetramethylortho-silicate Animal experimentation shows these eotnpouuds to be toxic, hur no eases have been reported from Industrial exposure. 55. Fluorine and Its Compounds. See Hydrofluoric Acid 56. Formaldehyde SYMPTOM, CONDITION, OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Irritation of eyes and respiratory tract, cough, bronchitis, dyspnea, severe dermatitis, destruction of finger nails. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE ArtlflcLal-amber makers Aabestos (goods) makers Brewery workers Broom-makers Brush makers Button makers Disinfectant makers Dye makers Dyers Embalmers Explosives workers Formaldehyde workers Fur preparers Glass etchers Ink makers Insecticide makers Lacquer makers Laundry workers Mirror sllverers Paper makers Photographic workers Preservative makers and handlers Rayon makers Recoverers (gold and sli ver) Resin (syuthetic) makers Rubber workers Soap makers Straw-hat makers Tannery workers Textile printers Waterproofers (paper and textile) 57. Formic Acid. See aieo Formaldehyde SYMPTOM. CONDITION, OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Dermatitis (blisters, ulcerations, necrosis), irritation of mucous membranes of eyes, nose, and throat OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Airplane-dope makers Alcohol fermenters Cellulose-formate makers Dye makers Electroplaters Formic-acid workers Lacquerers Lacquer makers Mirror sllverers Mordanters Perfume makers Pharmaceutical workers Rubber workers Soap makers Tannery workers Varniahers Varnish makers 58. Furfural SYMPTOM. CONDITION. OB DISEASE TO LOOK POR Vapors are Irritating and may be dangerous to eyesight OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE bye makers Paint-remover makers Resin makers Varnish makers 48 OCCUPATION HAZARDS AND DIAGNOSTIC SIGN'S 59. Gasoline. See Benzine 60. Hexanone (Methyl Butyl/Ketone) Heranooe Is an organic solvent. It Is reported to be a good solvent for nitro cellulose and has possibilities of use in malting lacquers and also varnish and lacquer removers. The United States Bureau of Hines studied the acute response of guinea pigs to a single exposure to vapors of hexanone. According to this Bureau, hexanone produces in these animals narcosis, terminating in death in the higher concen trations. Symptoms are principally eye and nasal irritation, followed by nar cosis. Animals that did not die during exposure recovered. The principal gross pathological findings were congestion and hemorrhage of the lungs, slight congestion of the brain, and moderate congestion of the liver and kidneys, as observed in the autopsies performed immediately after exposure. Men exposed to 0.23. 0.6S, and 20 percent vapor in air, according to this same authority, pronounced the atmosphere extremely disagreeable even for a short time (one-fourth to 1 minute) bemuse of strong odor and irritation to eyes and nasal passages. One-tenth of 1 percent was found to have a strong odor and moderate eye and nasal irritation. Concentrations producing no marked symp toms and apparently harmless to guinea pigs after one exposure of several hours have distinct warning properties of both odor and irritation that are very disagreeable to human beings. 6L Hexone (Methyl Isobutyl Ketone) Methyl lsobutyl ketone, commercially known as hexone, bas been proposed as a diluent and denaturant of ethyl alcohol for external use, and is used indus trially in making varnishes and lacquers. The United States Public Health Service studied the acute response of guinea pigs to inhalation of methyl isobutyl ketone. They found that: "Methyl lsobutyl / ketone vapor Inhalation canses Irritation of conjunctival and nasal mucosa in man at concentrations below 0.1 volume percent, although this concentration is well tolerated by guinea pigs. This indicates good warning qualities. At higher concentrations marked irritation is exhibited by guinea pigs as evidenced by lacrtmatlon and salivation. A progressive narcosis occurs, causing lowering of body temperature, respiratory rate, and heart rate. A lose of static control, consciousness, and the deeper reflexes follows. Death finally ensues at 1.0 volume percent In about 4 hours and In progressively shorter periods at higher concentrations. Complete recovery can be effected by removal at any but the terminal stages. Gross and microscopic pathology is slight and resembles that of moat acute reactions to solvent exposures." 62. Hydrochloric Acid STMVTOJC CONDITION. OS DISCASK TO LOOK FOB Irritation and ulceration of skin and mucous membranes, conjunctivitis, corysa. pharyngitis and bronchitis, dental caries, pulmonary hemorrhages. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OfTKB SUCH EXPOSURE Acetic-add makers Add dippers Add finishers (glass) Alkali-salt makers Ammonium-salts makers Aniline workers Battery (dry) makers Bleachers Bronsers Camphor makers Carbonlxers (shoddy) Cartridge dippers Chlorlne-componnd mak ers Chlorine makers Dye makers Dyers Electroplaters Enamel makers Engravers Etchers Fertilizer makers Galvsnisers Glass finishers Glass mixers Glaze mixers (pottery) Glasers (pottery) Glue makers Hydrochloric-acid makers Ink makers Jewelers Leather workers Lithographers Mercertzers Methyl chloride makers Paint makers Paper-mill workers Perfume (synthetic) mak ers Petroleum refiners Phosphate extractors Photographic workers vt 6k LIST OF HAZARDS, SYMPTOMS, ETC, 49 Plcklers (metals i Polishers and cleaners (metals) , Pottery workers Rayon makers Reclaimers i rubber i Refiners (metals) Shoddy workers Soap makers Snlderers Sugar refiners Sulphur-chloride makers Tannery workers Textile printers Tinners Tranaparent-wrapping- material workers Vlgnetters Wire makers Zinc-chloride makers 63. Hydrocyanic Add. See Cyanogen Compounds 64. Hydrofluoric Acid SYMPTOM, CONDITION, OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Redness and burning of skin. Intense Irritation of eyelids and conjunctiva, coryza, bronchitis with spasmodic cough, ulceration of the nostrils, gums, ;iud oral mucous membranes, painful ulcers of the cuticle, erosion, and formation of vesicles, suppuration under the finger nails. Chronic poisoning (fluorosis) la characterized by gastro-intestinal disturb ances, cachexia, stiffness of limbs, disturbances of calcium metabolism, nervous ,'vmptoma. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Aluminum extractors Electroplaters Incandescent-mantle hard Antimony-fiuorlde extrac Enamel makers eners tors Etchers Paper (filter) makers Art-glass workers Fertilizer makers Phosphate-mill workers Beryllium extractors Gas (Illuminating) work Phosphorus extractors Bleachers ers Picklers (metals) Brewers Glass etchers Pottery workers Brick makers Glass finishers Stone cleaners Copper refiners and smelt Gold refiners Tank cleaners (brewery) ers Hydrofluoric-acid makers Welders / Dyers Yeast makers 65. Iron Carbonyl. See Nickel Carbonyl 66. Lead and Its Compounds SYMPTOM, CONDITION, OR DISEASE TP. LOOK FOR Ashen pallor, Jaundice, metallic taste, gastrointestinal disturbances, constipa tion, abdominal pains, lead line on gums, asthenia, lassitude, irritability, headace, backache, pain about joints, weakness of grip, tremors of fingers and tongue, lead paralysis, especially of muscles used moat, stippling of red-blood cells, anemia, ocular disturbances, mental symptoms (lead encephalopathy). Abnor mal amount of lead In urine or feces. Lead In blood stream and spinal fluid. Metal-fume fever (see Zinc). OCCUPATIONS WHICH OPFER SUCH EXPOSURE Acid finishers (glass) Brass polishers Colorers (white) of shoes Actors Braziers Color makers Airplane pi lota -- crop Brick burners Compositors dusting Brickmakera Compounders (rubber) Amber workers Bronzers Concentrating-mill work- Art-glass workers Browsers (gun barrels) era (lead and zincj Artificial-flower makers Brush makers Copper refiners Artificial-pearl makers Buffers (rubber) Crayon (colored) makers Babbitt-metal workers Burners (enameling) Cut-glass workers Babbltters Cable makers Cutlery makers Battery (dry) makers Cable splicers Decorators (pottery) Blacksmiths Cannera Dental workers Blooders (tannery) Cartridge makers Diamond polishers Bookbinders Cement workers (ceramic) Dye makers Bottle-cap makers Chlppers Dyers Brass founders Cigar makers Electroplaters 50 OCCUPATION' HAZARDS AN'D DIAGNOSTIC SIGNS Electrotypers Linseed-oil boilers Screen workers i lead and Embroidery workers Litharge workers I zinc smelting) Emery-wheel makers Lithographers / Shewt-meral workers Enamelers Lithorrun.-fer workers Shellackers Enamel makers Engraven* (steel 1 Explosives workers Jlarch-favrury worker* Metallizers Mirror silverers Shellac milkers Shot makers silk weigbrers Farmers .Mixers i rubber) Slip makers (porteryi File cutters Fliers Fllllng-riattoa workers Galvanlzers Garage workers Gardeners Gasoline blenders Glass finishers Glass mixers Glass polishers Glaze dippers (pottery 1 Glnze mixers (pottery) Glost-klln workers Gold refiners Grinders (metals) Grinders (rubber) Incandescent-lamp makers Ink makers Insecticide makers Tapan makers Jnpanners Jewelers Junk-metal refiners Labelers (paint cans) Mulders (foundry) Mnnorypers Muslcal-lastrument mak. ers Nlrrtc-acld workers Nitroglycerin makers Painters Paint makers Paint removers Paperhangers Paper makers Putent-leatber makers Petroleum refiners Photograph retouchers Pipe fitters Plumbers Polishers Pottery workers Printers Putty makers Putty polishers (glass) Pyroxylin - plastics work ers Slushers (porcelain enam eling) Solderers Solder makers Sprayers (trees) Stnlner< (shoes > Sfereotypers Storage-buttery makers Siilphnrlc-ncid workers Table turners (enameling) Tannery workers Temperers Tetraethyl lead makers Textile printers Tile makers Tin-foil makers Tinners Toy makers Transfer workers (pot tery) Type founders Type melters Varnlshers Lacquerers Reclaimers (rubber) Varnish makers Lacquer makers Red-lead workers Wall-paper printers Lead burners Lead-foil makers Refiners (metals) Riveters Welders White-lead workers Lead miners Roofers Wood Stainers Lead-pipe makers Rubber workers Zinc miners Lead-salts makers Sagger makers Zinc smelters Lead smelters Sandpaperers (enameling Linoleum makers and painting auto bodies, Linotypers eta) 67. Lead Arsenate. See Arsenic; Lead 68. Magnesium SYMPTOM. CONDITION. OB OISEASE TO LOOK FOR Metal-fume fever (see Zinc). Toxic effects have been suspected but have not been demonstrated as due to Industrial exposure. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Alloy makers Brick makers Fat Tenderers Fertiliser workers Glass mixers Pharmaceutical workers Magnesium alloy makers Rubber workers Paint makers Paper makers 69. Manganese SYMPTOM. CONDITION. OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Languor and sleepiness, stolid mask-like facial expression, low mouoi.oions voice, muscular twitching, varying from a fine tremor of hands to gm** ryth mical movements of arms, legs, trunk, and head, cramps und -tiffnr*- >>f LIST OF HAZARDS, SYMPTOMS. ETC. 51 muscles in legs, Increase in tendon reflexes, ankle and patellar clonus, rerro- pulslon and propulsion, slapping gait, uncontrollable laughter arid cryliig. Moral- fume fever ytee Zinc i. / OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Alloy makers Fertilizer makers Open-hearth-department Aluminum extractors Fireworks makers workers Battery idryj makers Glass mixers Painters Rlencblng-powder makers Glaze dippers (pottery) Paint makers Brick makers Glaze mixers < pottery i Pharmaceutical workers Bmnzers Linoleum makers Pottery workers Chlorine makers Longshoremen Ptiddlers (Iron and steel i Color makers Manganese-dioxide work Soap makers Concentrating-mill work ers Steel-alloy makers ers Manganese grinders Textile printers Copper smelters Manganese-ore separators Varntshers Dye makers Manganese-steel makers Varnish makers Dyers Enamelers March-factory workers Miners (manganese) Welders Zinc miners Enamel makers Zinc smelters 70. Mercury and Its Compounds SYMPTOM. CONDITION. OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Stomatitis and gingivitis, salivation, blue line on gums, gastro-intestinal disorders, metallic or fetid breath, fine intention tremor, exaggerated knee Jerk, scanning speech, mercurial erethism, loss of memory, Insomnia and depression, anxiety and Irritability, mercurial eczema. Metal-fume fever uee ZlnC)' OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Acetaldehyde makers Electroplaters Mercury-solder workers Aoetic-acld (synthetic) Emba liners Mercury-still cleaners makers Embalming fluid makers Mercury-switch makers .Acetone (synthetic) mak- Embossers Mercury-vapor lamp mak ' era Engravers (steel) ers Alcohol (synthetic) mak Explosives workers Mirror sllverers ers Extractors (gold and sil Mixers (felt hats) Amalgam makers ver) Painters Artificial-flower makers Felt-hat makers Paint (antifouling) mak Barometer makers Fireworks makers ers Battery (dry) makers Formers (felt hats) Pharmaceutical workers Blowers (felt hats) Fulminate mixers Photographic workers Bronzers Fur (hatters) handlers Physicians Browners (gun barrels) Fur handlers Pottery decorators Brushers (felt hats) Fur preparers Primers (explosives) Bulb (mercury) makers Gilders Printers Cap loaders Gold refiners Radio-tube makers Carroters (felt hats) Hair workers Refiners (metals) Cartridge makers Hardeners (felt hats) Shooting-gallery workers Chlorine makers Incandescent-lamp mak Sizers (felt bats) Color makers ers Sole stitchers (Blake ma Coners (felt hats) Ink (vermilion) makers chine) Cosmetic workers Insecticide makers Starters (felt hats) Cyanogen gas makers Jewelers Stiffeners (felt hats) Decorators (pottery) Laboratory workers Storage-battery makers Dental workers Lead platers (on iron) Tannery workers Dentists Lithographers Taxidermists Detonator cleaner* . Manometer makers Temperers Detonator fillers Mercury boiler workers Textile printers Detonator packers Mercury-alloy makers Thermometer makers .Devil operators (felt Mercury bronzers Water gilders bats) Mercury miners Welders Disinfectant makers Mercury-pump workers Wood preservers Dye mskers Mercury-salt workers Zinc-electrode makers Electric-Induction furnace Mercury smelters workers 52 OCCUPATION HAZARDS AND DIAGNOSTIC SIGNS 71. Metal Fume Fever. See Zinc 72.Methanol (Methyl Alcohol) SYMPTOM, CONDITION, OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Burning and Irritation of eyes, respiratory tract, and skin; headache, nausea and vomiting, vertigo, severe colic, convulsions, chilliness and cold sweats, cya nosis, loss of reflexes and of sensation. Irregular and Intermittent heart action, rapid breathing followed by retardation, rapid and marked drop in tempera ture. Has a specific effect on the optic nerve and may cause optic atrophy and blindness. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFTER SUCH EXPOSURE Alcohol (denatured) Hardeners (felt bats) Polish makers workers Incandescent-lamp makers Printers Aldehyde pumpmen Ink makers Pyroxylin-plastics work Antlfreese makers Japan makers ers Art-glass workers Japanners Rayon makers Artificial-flower makers Lacqnerers Resin makers Artificial-leather workers Lacquer makers Rubber workers Automobile painters Lasters (shoes) Shellackers Bookbinders Leather workers Shellac makers B roarers Linoleum makers Shoe-factory operatives Brush makers Lithographers Shoe finishers Cementers (rubber shoes) Meth/l-alcohol workers Shoe-heel (wood) cover- Collar (fused) makers Metnyl-bromide makers era Dimethyl-sulphate makers Methyl-chloride makers Reap makers Driers (felt hats) Methyl-compound makers Stiffeners (felt hats) Dry cleaners Millinery workers Stitchers (shoes) Dye makers Mottlers (leather) Straw-hat makers Dyers Painters Textile printers Explosives workers Paint makers Type cleaners Featberworkers Paint-remover makers Upholsterers Felt-hat makers Patent-leather makers Varnlahers Filament makers (Incan Perfume makers Varnish makers descent lamps) Photoengravers Vulcanlrers Furniture polishers. Photographers Wood-alcohol distillers Gilders Polishers (metals) Woodworkers Glass (safety) makers 73. Methyl Bromide SYMPTOM. CONDITION. OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Irritation of respiratory passages, muscular twitchtngs, cramps, convulsions, disturbance of sight, fever, delirium, coma. Nervous symptoms--unsure gait, heightened reflexes, loss of visual acuity, loss of memory. Irritable temper--may persist for s long time. See note under Methyl chloride. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFTER SUCH EXPOSURE Color makers Insecticide makers Dye mtkers Methyl-bromide makers Exterminators Pharmaceutical workers Fire extinguisher makers Refrigerator (mechani cal) makers and repair men 74. Methyl Cdllosolve (Ethylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether) SYMPTOM, CONDITION, OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOE While it Is not positively established, recent studies suggest that methyl eilusolve may affect the blood and blood-forming organs and the nervous system OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Airplane dope makers Collar (fused) maken Cosmetic workers Dye makers Enamel makers Ink (printing) makers Lacquer makers Nitrocellulose workers Pyroxylin-plastics era Resin maken Varnish makers tvnrk- * V-- LIST OF HAZARDS, SYMPTOMS, ETC. o3 75. Methyl Chloride SYMPTOM. CONDITION, OR DISEASE TO LpOK FOR Progressive drowsiness, insomnia, headache, vertigo, nausea, anorexia, apathy, staggering gult, mental confusion, weakness, visual disturbances, tremors, pres ence of formates and acetone in urine. Not*.--The United States Bureau of Mines studied the acute response of guinea pigs to a single exposure to vapors of methyl chloride, methyl bromide, ethyl bromide, and ethyl chloride. According to this Bureau all four produced similar symptoms. Including excitement, loss of equilibrium, inability to walk, rapid pulse, convulsive rapid respiration with rales, frothy (often blood-tingedi exudate from nostrils. The signs of lung Irritation were not as pronounced for exposure to ethyl chloride as for the other compounds. The gross pathology was quite similar for ail four of these alkyl halides and was characterized by con gestion, hemorrhage, and edema of the lungs, and by Injury to the vascular system, us shown by the tendency toward hemorrhage. Congestion was present In the organs of all groups, but parenchymal degeneration was most marked in those exposed to methyl-bromide vapors. A distinct delayed effect of exposure was noted with methyl bromide and methyl chloride, to a lesser extent with ethyl bromide, but was not observed with ethyl chloride. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFEB SUCH EXPOSURE Air-conditioning workers Chloroform makers Color makers Dye makers Methyl-chloride maker* Perfume makers Pharmaceutical workers Refrigerator (mechani cal) makers and repair men Thermometer makers . 76. Methylene Chloride (Dichloromethane) SYMPTOM, CONDITION. OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Generally considered practically harmless If free front other products and under conditions of good ventilation. But one authority reports the effects from Industrial exposure to be headache, giddiness, stupor-lrrltabillty, numbness and tingling in the limbs, and possibly some degree of chronic anemia. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFEB SUCH EXPOSURE Degreasers Dye makers Lacquerers Lacquer makers Methylene-chloride work Perfume makers ers Petroleum refiners Perfume makers Pharmaceutical workers Paint removers Rayon makers 77. Methyl Formate Methyl formate Is used in fumigants. It has also been considered for use as a high boiling refrigerant for household appliances. The United States Bureau of Mines studied the acnte responses of guinea pigs to a single exposure to vapors of methyl formate. According to this Bureau, the animals showed. In their order of occurrence, nose and eye irritation, retching movement, uncoordination, narcosis accompanied by uncoordinated movements of the extremities, and death. Methyl formate vapor was found to be irritating to the longs. Congestion and edema were the most constant and prominent findings after exposure which resulted in death. A hyperemia of the liver and kidneys and congestion of the surface vessels of the brain and adrenals usually accom panied the lung changes. Lung irritation was frequently found Immediately after exposure which did not cause death, but was absent in animals examined 4 to ID days following exposure. Men exposed for 1 minute to 0.15 percent vapor in air. according to the same authority, noticed the pleasant ethereal odor of methyl formate, but experienced no nasal or eye Irritation or other signs or symptom* While the odor of methyl formate Is distinct and noticeable in concentrations which are relatively safe from the standpoint of producing acute poisoning, owing to Its pleasant nature aod the occurrence of olfactory fatigne It Is doubtful whether the odor of methyl formate . will serve as an effective warning of harmful conditions of exposure. 54 OCCUPATION HAZARDS AND DIAGNOSTIC SIGNS 1 78. Naphtha. See Benzine 79. Naphthols / SYMPTOM. CONDITION. OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Irritation of skin and kidneys. Injury to cornea and lens. Color makers Dye makers OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCK EXPOSURE I Perfume makers I IPharmaceuticalworkers I 80. Naphthylamines. See Aniline and Other Amino Compounds of Benzol and Its Homologues 8L Nickel SYMPTOM. CONDITION. OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR The only lesion reported to be caused by nickel, apart from the toxic effper* of nickel carbonyl. Is nickel eczema. This condition is reported mostly am* mt nickel platers who are exposed to many dermatitis-producing substances. Some authorities question whether nickel la the responsible agent. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Alloy makers Coin makers (nickel) Electroplaters En&melers Nickel extractors Steel-alloy maker* Nickel-purlflcatlon workers Storage-battery makers (Mond process) 82. Nickel Carbonyl / SYMPTOM. CONDITION. OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Giddiness, headache, nausea, constipation, dyspnea, cough, retrosternal sore ness and epigastric pain, sleeplessness, cyanosis, edema of lungs, pain In the loins, hemorrhages--especially in the brain and the adrenals. Metal-fume fever t Zinc) ___ ___ OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER 8UCH EXPOSURE Nlckel-puriflcatlon workers (Mond process) 83. Nicotine SYMPTOM, CONDITION. OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOB Industrial poisoning usually occurs through skin absorption. Acute cases may I be fatal. In less severe cases there may be severe prostration, gastric upsets, cardlo-vaacular collapse, precordlal distress, dyspnea. Toxic amblyopia bus been reported by some authorities to be a chronic effect of nicotine poisoning. Cigar makers Farmers OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE I Fertilizer makers I Gardeners | Insecticide makers | Tobacco workers 84. Nitraniline. See Aniline 85. Nitrobenzoi and Other Nitro Compounds of Benzol and Its Homologues SYMPTOM. CONDITION. OB DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Cyanotic face and lips, somnolence, headache, vertigo, nausea and vomiting, odor of bitter almonds in breath, unsteady gait, tremors, muscular twit.imig, LIST OF HAZARDS. SYMPTOMS, ETC. 00 and other manifestations of nerre injury. anemia, visual disturbance*. methenio- globin formation, presence of bematoporphyrln, albumin, and sometimes free poison in urine, eczematous eruptions. / OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Aniline workers ('osmetic workers Ditiitrobensoi workers Dye makers Explosives workers Flavoring-extract makers Fluor-polish makers I < lusoline blenders | Glue workers ink makers Nlrrutors Xirrobeniol workers Perfume maker* Petroleum refiners Polish makers Shell tillers shoe tlyers Smokeless-powder maker* Soap makers Trinitrotoluol makers 86. Nitroglycerin SYMPTOM. CONDITION. OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Intense headache, nausea and vomiting, flushing ot face, gastro-iute-tiiml disturbances, tachycardia, skin eruptions (characterized by dryness and the formation "f rhugndesj, marked vasodilation, and low blood pressure. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Explosives workers I Pharmaceutical workers I Smokeless-powder makers Nitroglycerin workers ' | shell Silers | 87. Nitronaphthalene. See Nitrobenzol 88. Nitrous Fumes and Nitric Acid SYMPTOM. CONDITION, OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Irritation of air passages, spasmodic cough, dyspnea, pulmonary edema, bron chitis. feeling of suffocation, pain in chest, digestive disturbances, peripheral vaso dilatation. methemoglobinemia and its sequelae, and depression of the central ner vous system, corrosion of teeth, severe burns <>u the skin. Continued exposure to diluted fumes L* said to cause chronic Inflammation of the respiratory tract and a general disability characterized by headache, sleepless ness, anorexia, gradual loss of strength, dyspepsia, constipation, and ulcers on the lips and mucous membranes of the mouth and pharynx. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Nitrous fumes may be present whenever nitric acid comes in contact with .i metal, an organic material or with air. They are also present when nitrated materials such as photographic film are burned, when explosives are incorupletely detonated and when an electric arc or an explosion causes extreme heat in the air. Add dippers Fur preparers Photoengravers Aniline workers Galvanizers Photographic film makers Artificial-leather makers Gilders Photogravure worker* Artiflclal-pearl makers Guncotton workers Plcklers (metals) Blasters Insecticide makers Picric-acid makers Bleachers Jewelers Pyroxylin-plastics work Carroters (felt hats) Lacquer makers ers Cartridge dippers Lithographers Rayon makers Collodion makers Miners (blasting) Refiners (metals) Damascening workers Mordanters Rubber-substitute makers De-brassers Motion - picture machine Rubber workers Dimethyl-sulphate makers operators Scourers (metals) Dippers (guncotton) Nitrators Smokeless-powder makers Dye makers Nitric-add workers Soda makers Dyers Nitrobenzol workers Sulphuric-add makers Electroplaters Nitrocellulose makers Textile printers Enamel makers Nitroglycerin makers Towermen (sulphuric Engravers Nitrous-oxide workers acid) Etchers Oxalic-add makers Tunnel workers (blast Explosives workers Painters ing) Felt-hat makers Pharmaceutical workers Welders Fertiliser makers - Phosphoric-add makers Wringers (guncotton) ..."V-jltu V' *it e.: ja jJ .* a % -4 -'-t r. * 56 OCCUPATION' HAZARDS AN'D DIAGN'OSTIC SIGN'S 89. Oxalic Acid SYMPTOM. CONDITION, OR DISEAS^TO LOOK FOR Lorn I caustic aci.n" on skin, bluish discoloration and brittleness of nails. Irritation of mucous membranes Including those of esophagus, stomach anti in- restines. peripheral circulatory trouble, curdiac weakness, nervousness, convul sions. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Auto-rntllntnr cleaners Bleachers i straw i Blueprint-paper makers Bookbinders Dry cleaners Dye makers Dyers Engravers Formic-add workers Glycerin refiners Ink makers Lithographers Metal-polish makers Ornlic-acld makers Patent-leather makers Polishers (metals' Rayon makers Rein makers Stone cleaners Tannery workers 90. Ozone SYMPTOM. CONDITION. OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Irritation of eyes and respiratory tract. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Bleachers Disinfectant makers Electrical workers Fat Tenderers laundry workers Ozonators Water purifiers Patent-leather makers Wax refiners Refrlgeratlng-plant work Welders ers Varnish makers 9L Pentanone (Methyl Propyl Ketone) Pentanone is an organic solvent. It is reported to be a good solvent for nitro cellulose and vinyl resin products and has possibilities of use In making lacquers and also varnish and lacquer removers. The United States Bureau of Mines studied the acute response of guinea plus to a single exposure to vapors of pentanone. According to this Bureau, pentanone produces In these animals narcosis, terminating in death In the higher concen trations. Symptoms are principally eye and nasal irritation, followed by nar cosis. Animals that did not die during exposure, recovered. The principal gross pathological findings were congestion, edema, and hemorrhage of lungs, liver, and kidneys, as observed in the autopsies performed Immediately after exposure. Men momentarily exposed to LS and approximately 5.0 percent pentanone vapor, according to the same authority, pronounced the atmosphere extremely dlsagreeable because of Irritation to the eyes and nasal passages. One-half percent was found to be very disagreeable, and 0.15 percent Tapor was found to hare a strong odor and to produce a moderate to marked sense of irritation to the eyes and nasal passages. 92. Petroleum. See aUo Benzine SYMPTOM. CONDITION, OB DISEASE TO LOOK FOB Petroleum and its volatile products are Irritating to the skin and respiratory organs, and may cause acute Inflammation of the lungs and headache, sensory disturbances, and so forth. I Bee Benzine.) Workers In petroleum refineries are subject to acne, keratosis, epithelioma, and melanoais from petroleum, paraffin, and petroleum residue. Workers exposed to petroleum oils and greases in a number of industries are subject to folli culitis, bolls, and papillomas. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH BXPOSUBB Browners (gun barrels) Furniture polishers Lampblack makers Machinists Mechanics Oilers Oil-flotatlon-plant work ers Oil-well workers Paraffin workers Petroleum refiner* Pressmen (oil refinery) Temperers LIST OF HAZARDS, SYMPTOMS, ETC. 01 93. Phenol SYMPTOM. CONDITION, OR DISEASE TO SOK FOR Erosion of rbe 'kin. eczema. gangrene, irritation of the respiratory organ' anrt eyes. Symptoms of acute poisoning following 'plashing with phenol or Inhaling its vapors Include: Headache, verrigu. nausea, tinnitus, fainting, dyspnea, excitement, convulsions, respiratory paralysis. " .symprmus of chronic exposure Include: Emaciation, vomiting. diarrhea. ano rexia. headache, vertigo, nephritis, degeneration of liver, circulatory disturb ances. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Brewers CarboIlc-acld makers 'oal-rar workers Disinfectant maker' Dye makers Dyers Etchers Explosives worker' Gas (illuminating) work ers Gas purifiers Lampblack makers Faint makers Faint-remover makers Falut removers i`erftime makers Pharmaceutical workers Phenol workers Photographic materials workers Picric-acid ltinkers Reclaimers i rubber i Resin < syurhetic i makers Rubber workers Smikele'S-i>owrier makers Sttllraen i carbolic acid i Surgical-dres-siug makers Textile prinrers Varnish makers Wood preservers 94. Phenyl Hydrazine SYMPTOM. CONDITION, OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Vesicular eruptions of the skin with Itching and burning, diarrhea, anorexia, granular degeneration of bl<x>d corpuscles, formation of metheiuogloblu. a sense of general malaise. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Antlpyrme makers Dye makers I Pharmaceutical workers I Pheynl-hydrazine workers |I 95. Phosgene SYMPTOM, CONDITION. OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Irritation of eyes, violent lung Inflammation with edema, necrosis of lung tissue, emphysema, bronchitis, bronchiectasis, dysfunction of the heart, dyspnea. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Phosgene L given off when certain chlorinated hydrocarbons come in contact with hot metals or au open flame. Bleachers Carbon-tetrachloride workers Dye makers I Phosgene makers Firemen (city) I War-gas makers Pharmaceutical workers I 96. Phosphorus SYMPTOM. CONDITION. OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOB Increasingly severe toothache, digestive disturbances, swelling and ulceration of the gums and buccal membrane, loosening and failing out of the teeth. '<i|>puratlon and destruction of jawbone with fistulous channels burrowing Through the cheek, meningeal Inflammation, emaciation. Necrosis of the bones, other than the jawbone, has also been reported. A different type of poisoning marked by generalised systemic effects is oi-o recognized. 58 OCCUPATION' HAZARDS AND DIAGNOSTIC SIGNS OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Bone-black makers Brass founders Explosives workers Kxrernilnurors Fireworks makers Insecticide makers Match-factory workers [^Phosphor-bronze workers Pharmaceutical workers [ Phosphorus-c onpnund Phosphate - mill workers makers (phosphorous manufac Phosphorus extractors ture) Welders 97. Phosphuretted Hydrogen (Phosphine) SYMPTOM. CONDITION. OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Oppression In chest, headache and vertigo, gnstro-intestlnal irritation, dyspnea, general debility, tinnitus nurium. tremors and convulsions, pain in the region of the diaphragm and feeling of chill. Symptoms similar to those of phosphorous poisoning are said to huve resulted from prolonged exposure to low concentration of phosphine. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Acetylene workers Blast-furnace workers Buoy makers Ferrosllicon workers Phosphine workers Phosphuretted hydrogen Phosphorus extractors workers Phosphorus (red) makers Welders 98. Picric Acid (Trinitrophenol) SYMPTOM. CONDITION. OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Irritation and inflammation of the skin and mucoas membranes, yellow color ing of skin and hair, headache, vertigo, digestive disorders, gastric pain, con vulsions, nephritis. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Disinfectant makers Dye makers Dyers Explosives workers Fireworks makers Pharmaceutical workers Photographic workers Picric-acid makers Shell fillers Smokeless-powder makers Tannery workers War-gas makers 99. Potassium Hydroxide SYMPTOM, CONDITION. OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Severe chemical burning of the skin, eye, and mucous membranes, formation of deep-seated and persistent ulcers, loss of nails. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Bleachers Electroplaters Ink makers Lye makers Uatch-factory workers Oxalic-add makers Paper makers Perfume makers Pharmaceutical workers Photo-engravers Potassium hydroxide mak ers Soap makers 100. Pyridine SYMPTOM. CONDITION, OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Irritation of respiratory tract and of eyes, dyspnea, congh, dermatitis, head ache, vertigo, gaatro-intestinal and nervous disorders, trembling of extremities. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Cement mixers (rubber) Dye makers Dyers Explosives workers OUders Incandescent-mantle hard Pendl makers eners Polishers Lacqnerers Pyridine makers Lacquer makers Rubber workers Paint makers LIST OF HAZARDS. SYMPTOMS. ETC.' .59 101. Radium. See Radiant energy 102. Selenium Compounds / SYMPTOM. CONDITION. OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR The effects of industrial expnm-i are: Derma rttl*. pallor, gastrointestinal disturbances garlicky i>d<>r f breath anil perspimrlnn. irritation of ti<>*e and throat, coating "f tongue, metallic taste in mouth, ami nervtm.sne**. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Alloy makers Glass mixers Cement (Portland! mak Lead smelters ers icertain areas! finers Color makers Litue burners Concentrating-mill work areas) ers Metallizers Copper smelters and re Paint makers liners Pottery workers Glass colnrers Pyrites burners | Resin i synthetic i makers and re Selenium refiners [ Steel-alloy maker* (rerra'n Sulphuric-acid worker* Vulcanize rs Welders Zinc smelters and refiners 103. Silver SYMPTOM. CONDITION. OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Argyrosis, a grnylsh-hlue or black discoloration of the skin and mucous mem branes, Is the chief effect reported In Industry. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Coin makers (silver! Ink (Indelible) makers Miners (silver) Mirror sllverers Photographic-film makers Silver-nitrate makers Polishers (silver) Silver platers Silver-foil makers Silversmiths Silver melters and refiners 104. Sodium Hydroxide SYMPTOM. CONDITION. OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Severe chemical burning of the skin. eye. and mucous membranes. >f deep-seated and persistent ulcers, loss of nails. Formation OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Bleachers Cellulose makers Dye makers Engravers Glass makers Mercertsers Paint makers Paper makers Petroleum refiners Pharmaceutical workers Rayon makers Rubber workers Soap makers Sodium-hydroxide makers Tannery workers Transparent wrapping- material workers Varnish makers 105. Sulphur Chloride SYMPTOM. CONDITION. OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Irritation of mucous membranes of eye and respiratory tract. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Carbon-tetrachloride mak Extractors (gold) Varnish makers ers Insecticide makers Vulcanizers Cement mixers (rubber) Rubber-substitute makers War-gas makers Dyers Sulphur-chloride workers 106. Sulphur Dioxide # SYMPTOM, CONDITION. OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Irritation and inflammation f mucous membranes of eyes and resplrar-wv tract, spasmodic cough, bronchitis, digestive disturbances, blood-tinged mu.--niInflammation of lungs. Physical examination of a group of workers with |,i-. I / % -1 60 OCCUPATION' HAZARDS AND DIAGNOSTIC SIGNS longed exposure Co sulpbur dioxide and a control group frmn the same plane showed a higher Incidence among rhe exposed workers of nasn-pharyngiris. altered sense of smell and seuse of taste, increased sensitivity toother irritants, abnormal urinary acidity, iucreused fatigability, shortness of breath on exertion, abnormal reflexes. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE ' Alkali-salt makers Exterminators Refrigerator f m e c h a n - Artilictal-ice makers Feather workers iciili makers and re Rlast-furmice workers Fertiliser makers pairmen . ISleachers Firemen (eityt Smelters Bone extractors Flue cleuners Storage-battery chargers Brass founders Fruit preservers Sugar refiners Brickmukers Galvanizers Sulphite cooks Brouinnuikers Gelatine makers Sulphur burners Carbolic-acid makers Gltienmkers Sulphur-dioxide workers Cellulose mtikers Insecticide makers Sulphurers (malt and Chambermen (sulphuric Lead smelters Imps) acid) Coke-oven workers Mercury smelters Sulphuric-acid workers Oll-flotation-plant workers Sulpbur miners Copper smelters Paper-mill workers Tannery workers DIgester-bonse workers Petroleum refiners Towermen (sulphuric (piper nnd pulp) Pottery workers acid) Disinfectant makers Pyrites burners Ultramarine-blue makers Dye makers Refiners (metals) Vulcanlzers (rubber) Zinc smelters 107. Sulphuretted Hydrogen (Hydrogen Sulphide) SYMPTOM. CONDITION. OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Irritation of mucous membranes of eyes and respiratory tract, conjunctivitis, keratitis, photophobia, bronchitis, rhinitis, pharyngitis and laryngitis, pulmonary edema, headache and vertigo, hyperpnea, gastrointestinal disturbances, depres sion of the nervous system, bradycardia, psychic disorders. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Alkali-salt makers Fertilizer makers Pyrites burners Barium-carbonate makers Flax-rettery workers Pyroxylin-plastics workers Blasters Fur handlers Rayon makers Blast-furnace workers Gas (illuminating) work Sewer workers Bottlers (mineral water) ers Soap makers Bronzers Gas purifiers Soda (Leblanc) makers Cable splicers Glue workers Sodium-sulphide makers Caisson workers Gypsum miners Starch makers Carbon-disulphide mAkers Hydrochloric-add makers Sugar refiners ' Cellulose makers Match-factory workers Sulphides makers Coal carbonizers Miners Sulphur-chloride makers Coke-oven, workers 011-fiotatlon-plant workers Sulphuric-acid makers Cyanogen makers Oil-well workers Sulphur miners Digezter-h o u * e workers Packing-house workers Tannery workers (paper and pulp) Paper makers Transparent - wrapping - Dye makers Petroleum refiners material workers Fat renderert Phosphorus-c o m p o u n d Tunnel workers Felt makers makers Vulcanlzers 108. Sulphuric Add SYMPTOM, CONDITION, OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Corrosive action on the skin, severe inflammation of the mucous membranes of the eyes and respiratory tract, Injury to the teeth through softening of the dentine, chronic catarrh. i LIST OF HAZARDS, SYMPTOMS, ETC. 61 OCCCPA1 KM WHICH --FER SUCH 1 Acid dippers Felt-hat makers Pickers (metals) Acid finishers i glass i F-rrillzer makers Picric-acid makers Alum workers (Julvanlzers Pyroxylin-plastics work Ammonium-salts makers Glass finishers ers Ammonium-sulphurs mak Glue mukers Rayon makers ers Guncotton dippers Reclaimers (rubheri Artificial-leather makers Hydrochloric-add makers Refiners i metals i Benzol purifiers Hydnx-yunie-acld mukers Suit extractors (Coke- Beta-Mill operators (beta Jewelers oven byproducts) nnphthol > Linoleum makers Scourers (metal*) Brewery workers Li thorra pliers Shoddy workers Burnishers (Iron and llercerizers Sonp makers steel) Nifrutors Soda (Lehtanci makers Candle makers Nitric-add makers storage-battery workers Carbollc-ncld makers Nitroglycerin makers Sugar refiners Carbonizers (shoddyi Nitrocellulose makers Sulphates makers Cartridge dippers Nitroglycerin makers Sulphuric-acid makers ('eliuiose makers Oil purifiers Tallow refiners Chambermen (sulphuric Paint makers Tannery workers add) Paper makers Temperers Color makers Parent-leather makers Textile printers Dimethyl-sulphate makers Perfume makers Towermen (sulphuric Dye makers Petroleum refiners acid) Electroplaters Pharmaceutical workers Transpareat-wrapplng- Engravers Phenol makers muterlal workers ! Etchers I Ether makers Phosphoric-acid makers Wax refiners Phorsphorus-evapora cing- Wire drawers Explosives workers machlne workers Wood preservers Fat purifiers Photographic workers Yeast makers 109.Tar and Pitch / SYMPTOM. CONDITION. OR DISEASE TO LOOE FOR Melanosis, tar itch, acne, eczema, or psoriasis, ulcers of the skin and cornea, warts, epithellomatous cancer, loss of appetite, nausea, diarrhea, headache, vertigo. Irritation of the respiratory tract, conjunctivitis, albuminuria, edema, ischuria. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFEB SUCH EXPOSURE Artificial-stone makers Creosoting-plant workers Roofers Asbestos goods workers Electrode makers Roofing-paper workers li Asphalt workers Fishermen Rope makers Battery (dry) makers Flue cleaners Shipyard workers Briquet makers Gas (Illuminating) workers Soap makers Brush makers Insulators Still (coal tar) cleaners Cement workers (plastic) Painters (tar) Street repairers Chimney sweepers Paint makers Tank cleaners Coal-tar workers Pavers Tar workers Coke-oven workers Pitch workers Waterproofers Cordage-factory workers Road repairers Wood preservers 110. Tellurium Compounds SYMPTOM. CONDITION. OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Garllc-like odor of breath and of secretions and excretions, suppression of sweat, dryness of the mouth. Dry, Itching skin, metallic taste, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, indigestion, con stipation, and somnolence. Copper refiners Glass colorera Lead refiners OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Pharmaceutical workers Rubber makers Photographic workera Zinc refiners k 1 62 OCCUPATION* HAZARDS AND DIAGNOSTIC SIGNS 111. Tetrachlorethane (Acetylene Tetrachloride) SYMPTOM. CONDITION. OR DISEASE T^ LOOK FOR Abnormal farimie. profuse [wr*plrntlnii. general discnnreiu ami uervon-mes-. headache and verri:m. vomiting. insomnia. anorexia, gaerro-inresrimil disorder-, nlulomlnnl [tains, injury r< liver. Jaundice. a Ihutninurlu. Increase of immature large mononuclear <vils In blood. elt varion of white-cell tminr, slight anemia. slight increase in immiter of platelets of blood, petechlae. polyneuritis. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Airplane-dope makers Artifk'ial-penri makers (Vmenters ( rublter) Cement mixers (rubber) Color makers Dwrreasers (metals, tex tiles) Dry cleaners Electroplaters Enamelers Enamel makers Extmotors (oils and fntsi Pullers (textiles) Glass (safety) workers Rnbher workers Insecticide makers shop-far-mry operative- Lacquerers Soap makers Lacquer makers >trnw-liat makers Lithographer* Tapers (airplanes llorlon-picture-fllm work-; Varnislters era : Varnish maker* Paint-remover milkers Varnish-remover naikers Paint removers Varnish removers Phnrmnceuticnl workers Wax makers Pyroxylin-plastics work er* Rayoa makers 112. Tetrachlorethylene (Perchlorethylene) SYMPTOM. CONDITION. OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Irritation of eyes, tightness In frontal sinuses. Increased perspiration of hands and increased secretion of mucous from nasal passages, nausea, elution, faint ness. dizziness, dyspnea, returded mental activity, headache, and visual dis / turbances. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCK EXPOSURE Degreasers (metals) Dry cleaners I Pharmaceutical workers I Soap makers | Printers | 113. Tetraethyl Lead. See also Lead and Its Compounds SYMPTOM. CONDITION. OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Insomnia, nausea and vomiting, anorexia, rertlgo and headache, muscular weakness, pallor, subnormal blood pressure, subnormal temperarure. loss of weight abdominal cramps, tremors, excessive quantities of lead in feces amt urine, lead encephalopathy. . OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Gasoline blenders | Tank cleaners | Tetraethyl-lead maker* 114. Thallium SYMPTOM, CONDITION. OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Loss of appetite, fatigue, reddish discoloration and falling out of rim lunr. pains In the limbs, severe eye affections, inflammation of the kidneys, albumin uriu. polyneuritis, lymphocytosis, eosinophilla. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Artificial-gem makers Color makers Depilatory makers Disinfectant makers Dye makers Exterminators Filament makers (incan Insecticide maker* descent lamps) Thallium worker- Fireworks makers Thermometer niuk'-r- Flue-dust recoverers (sul phuric acid mfr.) Glass mixers LIST OF HAZARDS. SYMPTOMS, ETC. . 63 115. Thorium. See Radiant Energy 116. Tin / Not generally regarded a* an Industrial poison. There Is a vase mi rei-nrd which 'ucge>rs that tin letrachlnrlde used In weight ing silk may have toxic effecr.-.. The >ympmms noted Included feeling of chilli ness in the chesr. pain in rhe throat, aiul heaviness in the stomach, anemia, and (races of tin In urine and feces. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Silk weigliters 117. Titanium Oxide This compound Is used as a substitute for white lend in the manufacture of paint. No ill effects have lieen reported as a result of Its use In Industry. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Dyers Iron and steel workers Paint makers Paper makers 118. Toluol. See Benzol 119. Trichlorethylene SYMPTOM. CONDITION. OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR The effects of trichlorethylene are nor fully established. Symptoms of acute poisoning Include excitement, drunkenness, dullness, nausea, vomiting, unconsciousness: sequelae include headache, vertigo, anorexia, disturbed heart action. Severe Irritation of the respiratory passages has also been reported, but this effect Is ascribed by some authorities to the action of its decomposition products, phosgene, nnd hydrochloric acid. Chronic exposure Is said to result In injury to the trigeminal and optic nerves. Impurities in trichlorethylene. it has been suggested, may be the cause of these injuries. Other effects are addiction and skin irritation. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Burnishers (metals) Cementers i rubber) Degreasers Disinfectant makers Dry cleaners Dye makers Electroplaters Extractors l oils and fats) Galvanlsers Gas (Illuminating) work ers Glue workers Insecticide makers Lacquerers Lacquer makers Leather workers Painters Paint makers Paint-remover makers Paint removers Perfume makers Petroleum refiners Pharmaceutical workers Photographic workers Polishers imetals) Polish makers Resin (synthetic) workers Rubber workers Scourers I metals) Shoe-factory operatives Soap makers Tobacco denlcotlnlsers Trichlorethylene workers Varnlshers Varnish makers 120. Trinitrophenol. See Picric Acid . 121. Trinitrotoluol. See Nitrobenzol 122. Triorthocresyl Phosphate SYMPTOM, CONDITION. OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR No clear-cut cases have been reported from Industry. It Is not hlshly volants, but if absorbed It may cause paralysis of extremities. Lacquerers OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Lacquer makers Pyroxylin plastics workers 64 occupation* hazards .and diagnostic signs 123. Turpentine SYMPTOM. CONDITION, OR DISEASe/to LOOK FOR Irritation of mucous membranes of eyes, nose, and upper air passage*, bronchial Inflammation. salivation. headache. vomiting. abdominal puln ;irid vertigo. state of excitement resembling drunkenness. Irritation of kidneys and bladder, strangury, odor of violets In urine, severe irritation of skin. OCCUPATION'S WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Art-glass workers Cable splicers Camphor makers Cementers (rubber) Compositors Decorators (pottery) Dry cleaners Dye makers Ennmeiers Enamel makers Feather workers Furniture polishers Ink (printing) makers Insecticide makers Japan makers Japanners Lacquerers Lacquer makers Linoleum milkers Lithographers Millinery workers Painters Paint makers Patent-leather makers Petroleum-refinery work ers Pharmaceutical workers Photographic workers Polishers Polish makers Printers Rubber workers Sealing-wax makers Sbellackers Shellac makers Shoe factory operative* Textile printer* Transfer workers i pot tery) Turpentine extractor* Varnishers Varnish makers Wax makers 124. Uranium Cranium, reported to be one of the most toxic of metals. Is s source of radiant energy. A high frequency of cancer of the lungs in Czechoslovakian miners of uranium Is believed to be due to the radioactivity of the ore. Very little has been published on the effects on man of exposure to uranium salts. The con ditions reporeed Include purpura of the legs, reduction of leukocytes, as well as diminution of red corpuscles, a reduction In urinary elimination of nitrated salts, and an increase In the chlorides. Experiments on animals with uranium nitrate are reported to show nephritis, glyeosnria. albuminuria, gastro-lntestlnal disorders, degeneration of liver, affec tions of nervous system. Dye makers Dyers Glass mixers OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Paint makers Pharmaceutical workers Photographic workers Tile makers Uranium miners Uranium workers 125. Vanadium SYMPTOM, CONDITION. OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Anemia, cachexia, irritation of respiratory tract, dry cough resulting In hemorrhages, diarrhea or constipation, emaciation, involvement of kidnevs, hysterical manifestations, melancholia. Alloy makers Dye makers Dyers Glass mixers OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Ink (blue) makers Mordanters Photographic workers Sulphurlc-acld workers Textile printers Vanadium-steel workers 126. Vinyl Chloride This compound Is used in the synthesis of organic compounds, principally resins. SYMPTOM. CONDITION, OB DISEASE TO LOOK FOB The 'United States Bureau of Mines studied the acute response "f g'linea pigs to a single exposure to the vapors of vinyl chloride. According m this Bureau, vinyl chloride produces In these animals unsteadiness ami nmtor LIST OF HAZARDS, SYMPTOMS, ETC. 65 ataxia. Incomplete and finally complete narcosis. The principal gross patho logical findings were congestion and edema of the lu)fgs with hyperemia of the kidneys and liver. / This same Bureau determined that men exposed to 2.5 percent for approxi mately S minutes soon began to feel dizzy and disoriented as to space and size of surrounding ohjecrs and complained of a burning sensnrlon In rlie soles of the feet. They immediately recovered on leaving the chamber, and complained only of a slight headache which lusted about 30 minutes. 127. Xylol. See Benzol 128. Zinc SYMPTOM. CONDITION. OR DISEASE TO LOOK FOR Metnl-fume fever characterized by: Irritation of respiratory tract, dryness of throat, dry cough, malaise, headache, nausea, severe chills with fever, 'pains in Uiuhs, shaking In limbs, sweating, leukocytosis. Metal-fume fever may ulso be caused by fumes of lead, mercury, maneanpse. cadmium, arsenic, antimony, and many other metals. Metnl-fume fever re'Ultiag from metals which may cuuse systemic poisoning should l>e regarded as a nam ing that continued exposure may have more serious effects. OCCUPATIONS WHICH OFFER SUCH EXPOSURE Blowers-out izim- 'melt ing) Brass founders Brasiers Bronze-powder makers Bronzers Core makers Galvanizers Junk-metal refiners Luters (zinc smelting) Met&ilizers Molders (foundry i Pourers f brass foundry i Sherardlzers Welders Zinc smelters / Section III.--Dermatoses Skin affections resulting from exposure to the hazards discussed in the foregoing section have been recorded with the svmptoms. condi tions. or diseases to be looked for in men employed in occupations where such hazards are present. Because the dermatoses form so large a proportion of all disabling occupational diseases the more important occupations exposed to agencies producing skin affections have been listed separatelv. A complete enumeration of such occupations would be impracticable. Almost any foreign substance can become a skin irritant if it is in continuous contact with the skin. Thus soap and water, which ordinarily do not irritate the skin, may cause severe dermatitis in laundresses. Under the dermatoses are included the effects on the skin of such causative agencies as poisonous and irritating chemicals, heat and cold, dust, radiant energy, friction, plants anu wood, proteins, and vegetable and animal parasites. Occupational dermatoses are frequently distinguished by their grouping, situation, mode of appearance, spread, ana evolution. They are most often local and predominate on the right side of right-handed people. The onset and development are usually sudden. The associa tion between occupational exposure and the dermatoses produced by some substances, particularly those which are primary irritants, such as caustic soda, chromic acid, and gasoline, is quite obvious. Many other substances, however, have no specific lesions or special pathology, and some are selective in the people in whom they cause injury, thus making it more difficult to associate the condition with occupational exposure. The excellent work bv Drs. Louis Schwartz and Louis Tulipan, entitled "Occupational Oiacaow pf tlw Skin," fully treats of the dis eases of the skin and the agencies involved in their causation. It should be consulted by anyone who has a need for an extensive work on the subject. Dr. R. Prosser White's book entitled "The Dermatergoses: or Occupational Affections of the Skin" is another very fine work. The data presented in this section are based largely on these two volumes. The following is a list of the more common occupations exposed to agencies causing dermatoses. It is a partial list only. Reference should also be made to the specific hazards listed for the occupation under consideration in section I. DERMATOSES Occupations Exposed to Specified Skin Irritant! Occupation aponi SUnMUuU Acatyltna matori.................................. Caldum carbide. Add wortari.......................................... ' Adds. Alkali-salt maton..................................... Caustic alkali. Anlfletal-flowar nukui______ Ciutfc ilkiU. dni, mlTifitt, Auto wuturs and dHunSolvaats, potassium cyanlda. Baton.. Barban. Battary (dry) maton. 66 Douch. potatoum panolpbaea. baat. dust. Soap, balr tontca. dyss. Adds, tine chlorida, ammonium salts, charcoal -rstsfr-- ft* / i i DERMATOSES 67 Occupations Exposed to Specified Skin Irritants--Continued Occupation tzpotcd Beaterraeo (paper and pulpj. Blaachars (doth)..................... Blooders francery).................. Bricklayers............................ . Bronzen ............................... Broom tad brush meken....... Calico printers______.... Candy makers.................. Coasters.............. ............ t'ap loaders ................... Carbide makers.............. Carbolic-acid makers___ Cardboard slickers.......... Carroters (felt hats)_____ Cartridge dippen ........ Cemeoters (rubber shoes) Cement workers.............. Chemical workers............ Chromium platen............ Clotb preparers................. Confectioners.................... Cooks................................. Cotton sizars...................... Curriers (tannery)............ Skin irritantJ Caustic alkali, dyes. Acid*, bleaching powder. caustic alkali. hydrogen sodium silicas*. ID.iymees.. Dyes. Dye*, ref*table dust, tar, bacteria, lutssl, parasites. parotide, . Dree. - surer. tartaric add. - Fruit acids, lacquer, fungt. parasites, dyes, bacteria. . Mercury compounds. . Calcium carbide. . Caustic alkali, pbtnol. . codium silicate. . Actda. mercury compounds. . Adds. soap. . Bentine. coal-tar products, oapatae, methyl alcohol . Lime, pitch, rod a. . See specific chemical in section [I I. . Chromium compounds, sulphuric add. . Adds, caustic alkali, lime, soap, potassium salts, sodium salts, sodium sllicata. . Sugar. . Fruit adds, glucose. . Adds, zinc chloride, arsenic salts, phenol, aluminum salts. calcium salts, maenadum salts. . Psraffln. benzine. Degmssen......................................... ........Solvents. Dentists...................................... .............. Procatn. mercury, cocaine. Detonator cleaners Mercury compounds. Detonator Alien....................................... Mercury compounds. Detonator packers....... ................_.......... Mercury compounds. - Dtshwasben.............................................. Caustic soap*, graaae. bacteria, run(l. Disinfectant maktrs.........._...................... Formaldabyda, erase1. Druggists........ ................ ......................... Blanching powder, soap, Iodoform, sodium salts, sugar. Dry cieaaan............................................. Dirt, benzine. carbon tetrachloride. Dyemaken............................................... Adds, banslna.oausttealkaU.ooal-tar products, dye (ntermeriktae, dyes, turpentine, antimony compounds, barium salts, calcium salta. erasoL dextrine*. ferro-cyaaidei, formaldebyrie. gums. _. hydro-qulnooe, lead salts, phenol, potassium chlorate. `a Dyer*......................................................... Dyes. Electroplated.......... .................................. Adds, benzine, caustic alkali, lima, potassium cyanide, soap. . nickel, sulphate, chromic add. r Embalmen.............. ............. .................... Formaldehyde, mercury. Enamelen.................................................Alkalis, adds, arsenic, chromium. ( Engraven............. ............. ............. .........Acids, caustic alkali, ferric chloride, potassium cyanide. Etdien............................. ...........--.......... Acids, caostto alkali. .Bxplodvaa workan................................... Dya Intermediates, explosives (TNT, etc.), ammonium salts, bromine, mercury compounds. Firman.................. Felt-hat maker*___ .1 Fertiliser makan... 4 A Fish dreaaaaa............ Flaxsplnnan.......... Flour-mill workan.. 1i Furnaoemes........... . Furniture pollabm Fur workan........... Ivy and other pleats. fertUlxen, inseotlddea, bacteria, fungi pirtsltM. Adda, mercurie nitrate, dyes. Caidam cyanamide, fluorides. Brin*. Lima* brio*. . Dust, fund, paneltee Heat. Benxlnt, caustic alkali, naptha, turpentine, methyl alcohol, pyridine, roaln. Dyes, Urns, formaldabyda. Gaivaaisan.........-..................................... Ammonium chloride. Gang* workers.......................................... oils, gnaat. solvents. Gardeners................................ ..................Ivy and other plants, fertOlsen, (naaedddaa. Oaa-mantla Impregnate*!......................... Thorium compounds. Olaea blowers-------------------------------------- Charcoal, pitch, roaln. Glam mines....... ....................................... Caustic alkali. Hairdranan. Coamatics, dyaa, tonka, partumas, bacteria, fungi. Inkmakan............. Insecticide nudtaaa. Dyta, turpantlna, chromate*. Araanla. a.3mSob^laycwk noarktws,, --------------------------- Soot. ..................-............. C auatio alkali, aoap, blaachlnc powder. SB8SB-*"-- .................... ........... Lima. ................. -........... Dyaa. l -'X 1 68 OCCUPATION HAZARDS and diagnostic signs Occupations Exposed to Specified Skin IrritaaU--Continued Occupation apond Skjfa IrrUtntt Machinists................................................ Cutting compounds, lubricants. oils. Muons................................ .................. Lime. Match-factory worker?............................. Dyes, dcxtrins. rums, chrome salts. Mcreerizcrs................................................ Acids, caustic alkali. Mixers (rubber).............................. Accelerators (hexamethylenetetramine). Mordaaters................................................Acids, caustic alkali, chromates, sine chloride, aluminum salts. antimony compounds, arsenates, copper salts, iron salts, lead salts, phosphates.silicates, tin salts. Mottlers(leather)_________ ___________ Dyes. Nickelplaters............................................ Zinc chloride, nickel sulphate. Nitroglycerin makers............................... Acids.explosives. Painters............................... Paint makers____________ Paper-box makers........ ....... Paraffin workers................. . Parchment makers............. . Pencil (colored) makers___ Petroleum r*doers.............. . Photographers........,,........ Photographic-plate cleaners. Pitch workers....................... Plasterers............................. Plumbers............................... Polishers............................... Polishers (silver and bran). Printers................................. Pyroxylin-plastics makers.. Acids, caustic alkali, paints, tine chloride, bendne, chrome picments. ... Qlue. dyes. ... Paraffin. ... Zinc chlorides. ... Dyes. ... Caustic alkali, paraffin. ... Acids, caustic alkali, chromates, metol. pyrotalllc acid, turpen tine. amidol, bronzing powder, bydroqulnooe, rodtoal. ... Caustic alkali. ... Pitch, tar. ... Lime. ... Caustic soaps, hydrochloric arid, tine chloride. ... Caustic alkali, naphtha, acid, cyanogen compounds ... Potassium cyanide. .. lux. beotlne, chromates, alkalis. ... Dyu. Radium workers................... .................. Radiant energy. Rayon workers......................................... Alkalis, aarbon disulphide, adds, solvents, bleaches. Rock-salt workan................................ . Brine. Ropemakers...................... ....................... Oil. tar. dyu. potassium hydroxide. Rubber workan................. ................ Accelerators (hexamethylenetetramine), solvents. Salt orepasan....................................... . Brine. 8heUftll*n................................................. Explosives (TNT. ate.). Shoe Ontshen________________ _ Beotlne. ooal-tar products, naphtha, methyl eloohol. Silk workers......................................... Alkalis, adds, dyes. Sizars (cotton).......................................... Zlne chloride, aluminum nits, salts, magnesium salts, adds, phenol, arsenic salts. Slaughter and packing-house workers... Bacteria, (tmgl, parasites, brine. Smeiters.___ __ ........... Arsenic. Soap maken.............................................. Caustic alkali, soap, vegetable oils, sodium silicate. godhsn-bydraxide makers........................ Caustio alkali. Soldenrs........ ............................................Adds. lino cblorido. Stockyard workan.................................... Bacteria, fungi, pandtss. 8ugarnfistn.............................................. Sugar. Tannery workers........................................ Adda, lime, aodlum sulphide, arsenic salts, brine, caldum hydro sulphide, chromium salts. Tar workan.............................................Tar. pitch. Taxldermlsta..................................... ...... Arsenic, marcorte chloride, calcined alum, tannin. Temperas......... ............................ ...........Oil. brine, cyanide. Ttnnen...................................................... Zinc chloride. Tobacco roDan________ ____ ____ _____ Vegetable dust. vegetable oils. clue. Typists_____ __ ______ ________________ Carbon paper, typewriter ribbons. (Jpholrteran.............................................. Lacquer, gins, bacteria, fungi, paiadtee. Veterinarians___________________ _____ Bacteria, ftmxl. parasites. Vulcanlxsrt................................................ Accelerators (hexamethylenetetramine). Waaben........................ ............................ Caustio alkali, soap, bleaching powder Washwomen......... ........ .................... ...... Caustic alkali, soap, bleaching powder. Watchmakers__________ _______ ______ Potassium cyanide, tricolorsthyiene. Weterprootes (paper)................ ............. Paraffin. Waxomiment maken............................. Dye intermediates, potantam cyanide. Wood pnaarvan....................................... Tar, tine chloride, bichloride of mercury. X-ray'workers.......................................... Radiant energy. Zlnochloride makers................................. Adds, sine chloride. Section IV.--Selected Sources of Information on Industrial Hygriene BOOKS Browning, EtheL Toxicity of Industrial organic solvents: summaries of pub lished work. Great Britain Medical Research Council, Industrial Health Re search Board. Report No. 80. His Majesty's Stationery Oifice. Loudon. 1037. 396 pp. Chenowith, Lawrence B, and Willard Machle. Industrial hygiene; a handbook of hygiene and toxicology for engineers and plant managers. F. S. Crufts Jc Co. New York, 1938. 235 pp. dark, W. Irving, and Philip Drinker. Induatrial medicine. National Medical Book Co., Inc. New York. 1935. 262 pp. Drinker, Philip, and Theodore Hatch. Industrial dust; hygienic significance, measurement, and control. McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc. New York, 1936. 316 pp. Hamilton, Alice. Induatrial poisons In the United States. Harper Sc Bros. New York. 1925. 590 pp. Industrial toxicology. Harper Sc Bros. New York. 1984. 352 pp. Henderson, Yandell, and Howard W. Haggard. Noxious gases and the princi ples of respiration Influencing their action. Chemical Catalog Co. Inc. New York. 1927. 220 pp. Kesaler, Henry H. Accidental injuries; the medico-legal aspects of workmen's compensation and public liability. Lea Sc Feblger. Philadelphia. 1931. 718 pp. Sober, George M* and Emery R. Hsyhnrst. Industrial health. P. Blaklston's Son Sc Co. Philadelphia, 1924. 1184 pp. Lanza, A. 1. Silicosis and asbestosia, by various authors. Oxford University Press New York, 1988. 439 pp. Lansa, A. J- and Jacob A. Goldberg. Industrial hygiene. Oxford University Press. New York, 1969. 961 pp. Legge, Sir Thomas. Industrial maladies. Oxford University Press. London. 1934. 225 pp. Leschke, Erica. Clinical toxicology; modern methods in the diagnosis and treatment of poisoning translated by C. P. Stewart and O. Dorrer. William Wood A Co. Baltimore. 1984. 346 pp. McCord, Carey P. Induatrial hygiene for engineers and managers. Harper A Bros. New York, 1931. 336 pp. McNally, William D. Toxicology. Industrial medicine. Chicago, 1937. 1,022 pp. Ssppington, C. 0. Medico-legal phases of occupational diseases; an outline of theory and practice. Industrial Health Book Co. Chicago. 1939. 405 pp. Schwarts, Louis, sad Louis Tulipaa. A text-book of occupational diseases of the skin. Lea Sc Feblger. Philadelphia, 1969. 755 pp. White R. Prosser. The Dermatergosea; or occupational affections of the skin. H. K. Lewis Sc Co- Ltd. London, 1984. 716 pp. REPORTS AND MISCELLANEOUS PERIODICALS Industrial Medicine; the Journal of occupational diseases and traumatic surgery. Industrial Medicine Publishing Co. Beloit, Wise. Published monthly. International Labor Office. Occupation and Health; Encyclopedia of Hygiene, Pathology, and Social Welfare, studied from the point of view of labor, in dustry, and trades Brochure edition. Brochurea Nos. 1-858. Geneva, 1925-1934. Occupation and Health; Encyclopedia of Hygiene, Pathology, and Social Welfare, studied from the point of view of labor, Industry, and trades. Sup plement Genera. 1983-1969. The Journal of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. Williams Sc Wilkins Co Baltimore. Md. Published monthly. 1 70 OCCUPATION' H. A/D DIAGN'OSTIC SIGN'S UNITED STA 'ERNMENT BUREAUS United States Department *>f nreau of Luh6r Statistics. United Stare' Department of 'Ivlsiou of Labor standards. United States Bureau of Mines.- United States Public Health Service. STATE HEALTH AND LABOR DEPARTMENTS Connecticut State Department of Health. Bureau of Occupational Disease-*.' Massachusetts Department of Lalwjr and Industries. Division of Occupational Hygiene. Netv York Smte Department of Labor. Division of Industrial Hygiene. Ohio Department of Health. Division of Hygiene. Bureau of Occupational Diseases. Pennsylvania Department of Health, Division of Industrial Hygiene. Pennsylvania Department of Labor and Industry. Occuputlntiul Disease Pre vention Division. l / i k * United States Gsrannnt Printing Office Washington : 1942 Wirtlimw, D. C - IS outs