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78 CHAPTER 4 1953 Guide FLOW MEASUREMENT The measurement of quantity of flow of fluids is generally accomplished either by making observations on the change of state due to flow system configuration, such as the pressure drop across a metering orifice, or by the displacement of some device, such as a rotating vane system. The selec tion of the metering system will be determined by the type of fluid, the precision of measurement desired, the cost of equipment and installation, the range of flow quantity, the ease of maintenance, and the method of observation and recording. Fluid meters may be classified as follows: (1) Head Meters (Pressure Sensitive), which may be of Veniuri, flow nozde, orifice plaie, or Pitot tube types; (2) Area Meters, which may be of gate, tapered lube, or tapered plug types; (3) Force Meters, which may be of vane, propeUor, or turlnne types; (4) Quantity Meters, which may be of weighing tank, reciprocaiing piston, or geared impeller types. ' Rate meters are generally of the first three groups, although rates are Fig. 9 Flow Coefficients, K, for Square-edged Orifice Plates and Flange Taps in Smooth Pipe Note: From Table 6 of Reference 2. a75 Fig. 8. Dimensions fob International Standards Association Flow Nozzle Note: From Reference 3. Used by permission of AJSJ&.E. obtainable from timed observations of quantity meters. Similar quantity measurements can be obtained by suitable integration of fate meter indications. Head Meters The head meter is of sufficient flexibility so that almost any type of flow measuring problem can be handled. For this reason, standard and refer ence measurements are usually made in this way: With prdper care, extreme precision can be obtained. Also, an inexpensive installation can be made to give moderate precision. In general, a head meter requires fairly competent installation and maintenance to give satisfactory service. Among the types of head meters, the Venturi has the advantage of having a low pressure loss, but requires considerable length of space. The orifice plate reduces the required length to a minimum at the cost of considerable pressure drop. The flow nozzle represents a compromise, but must be calibrated individually, or made with extrepie care from standard specifica tions, to obtain a good precision of measurement. Standard configurations, for representative orifice plates and flow nozzles, are shown in Figs. 7 and 0.55 *S I I I I_________ ______Ii__ II M . * 10* *3 S 10 REYNOLDS NUMBER. \----- 1--L...I. .Mil _ *3.9 10 Fig. 10. Flow Coefficients, K} for Square-edged Orifice Plates and Radius Taps in Smooth Pipe Note: From Fig. 36d of Reference 4. Fig. 11. Flow Coefficients, Kt for Square-edged Orifice Plates and Vena Contracta Taps, in Smooth Pipe Note: From Table 7 of Reference 2.