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FILE NAME: National Safety Council (NSC) DATE: 1959 DOC#: NSC121 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: NSC - Accident Prevention Manual for Industrual Operations - 4th Edition 4th Edition ACCIDENT PREVENTION MANUAL FOR INDUSTRIAL OPERATIONS Two years before completion of this F ourth Edition of the Accident Prevention Manual, an unprecedented review of the previous edition's content was undertaken to update, refine, and augment text and illustrations. The "pilot review" operation was conducted by members of the National Safety Council's Industrial Conference under the direction of its Publication Committee Chairmen W. O. W ilson and E. Clark Woodward. Roy Benson, Secretary of the Conference and Manager of N SC's Industrial Department, coordinated the project in liaison with the Committee. In all, close to four hundred reviewers--individuals ex perienced in the field of industrial safety--screened assigned sections of the Third Edition and provided a firm basis for thoroughgoing revision of that volume's forty-three chapters. Revision manuscripts and copy for two and one-half en tirely new chapters then were prepared by Industrial D epart ment engineers and other NSC staff specialists, collaborating with a group of outstanding authorities drawn from the pro fessions and industry of the nation. A host of consultants checked final drafts and proofs and contributed commentaries that further improved the new edi tion's material. The following credits name original authors of indicated chapters (in roman typeface) and F ourth Edition revision authors (in italic typeface). book 6 0 4 ma/? ds of and septum, nd nails, s which j maligU severe iy never ; poison, 5 of the found in ilso connd nails >out two sure and Dmetimes rminated. considerd can be hours of : a long entration vent the lount of i,-rapto-l>ed as --mg. It -- ing from .nic comtment of .gh cases was not :rial poi be the iced accii enerated. contains d in the i handling plant, in ave held he cleantied with cadmium circum- 11s. After j are those time the tged red | W- J. chives y, 1957). INDUSTRIAL POISONS 41-7 J cells, which appear as a dark or bloody 5 million particles per cubic foot has been urine. The kidneys may then become too suggested, precisely as for pure free silica. clogged to operate at all. Barium, in the form of its soluble- salts, The possibility of arsine formation should is toxic on both ingestion and inhalation always be considered when there is hydro and highly caustic when applied to the skin. gen formation around the active metals or The carbonate and sulfide are sufficiently around ores of the heavy metals, since ar soluble to be toxic, although n ot very caus senic is widely distributed in small amounts tic. The sulfate, which is used as a contrast and only a trace of it is required to pro medium in X-ray work, is too insoluble to I duce enough arsine to be troublesome. show any toxicity, and soluble sulfates are i; One of the more common sources of arsine specific antidotes for ingested barium salts. I incidents in recent years has been the han Since these salts produce violent stimula 1 dling of dross from the aluminum refining tion of all muscle, upon ingestion they pro of metals.* Probably the most significant duce severe disturbances of the digestive observation about these cases, aside from the system. After absorption, the barium salts fact that the moisture in the atmosphere is produce an increase of blood pressure by enough to form arsine, is the fact that the constriction of the arterial muscle, a slow people involved in them have not been aware heart beaf by an action similar to that of of the garlic-like odor which is supposed to digitalis on the heart, and first excitation be a warning of the presence of arsine. and then paralysis of the central nervous sys tem. In spite of the high inherent toxicity, The extremely high acute toxicity is re there are few cases of industrial poisoning flected in the maximum acceptable concen with barium. The maximum acceptable con tration of 0.05 ppm. Arsine, in very small centration for soluble barium compounds is amounts, is also capable of producing a 0.5 mg/m.8 chronic type of poisoning, but it is more Barium is a heavy metal, and the dust of typically a source of acute episodes. the insoluble salts will collect in the lungs Asbestos is a hydrated magnesium silicate and give rise to the condition known as found in the minerals chrysotile, amiandius, baritosis. Its nodular appearance on X-ray actinolite, and tremolite. Practically all the film may be mistaken for that of silicosis. commercial asbestos is either chrysotile or Men showing the sign of baritosis are ap amianthus, and about 90 per cent of that parently not disabled or inconvenienced in used in this country is chrysotile. It is used any way. almost exclusively for heat insulation or for Benzene is a colorless, flammable, volatile textiles which must resist high temperature, liquid with a rather pleasant aromatic odor. such as heat-resistant clothing and brake Its fire hazard is between that of ethyl alco linings. hol and that of ether. The greatest hazard Inhalation of excessive quantities of as is that of chronic poisoning by inhalation of bestos fiber can produce a fibrosis in the comparatively small amounts over a long pe lungs similar to that found in silicosis but riod of time. It is one of the two or three somewhat milder and usually not so rapidly most dangerous organic solvents in com progressive. Like silicosis, the condition de mercial use. velops slowly and advances slowly and is The action is primarily on the blood- equally resistant to treatment. forming organs, producing severe anemia, Prevention is essentially dust control. A bleeding under the skin, and great reduc maximum acceptable dust concentration of tion in the ability of the blood to clot. *"Arsine Poisoning, Epidemiologic Stud ies of an Outbreak Following Exposure to Gases from Metallic Dross," Louis W. Spolyar, R. N. Harger, AM A Archives of Indus trial Hygiene and Occupational Medicine, 8:419-436 (1950). "Arsine Poisoning in the Smelting and Refining Industry," K. M. Morse and A. N. Setterlind, AM A Archives of Industrial Hy giene and Occupational Medicine, 2:l48 (August, 1950). The extent of chronic exposure to benzene may be determined qualitatively by measure ment of the ratio of organic to inorganic sulfates in the urine. The most convenient measurement of damage is given by a blood count. People who may be exposed to benzene vapor should have blood counts at regular intervals. Consistent change in the blood count should be closely investigated. Par- 42-6 TABLE OF CHEM ICAL HAZARDS Substanref asbestos7^ Flash point 0 F. TABLE OF CHEMICAL HAZARDS--Continued, Auto- Maximum ignition acceptable Explosive limits temperature concentration for % by volume F. 8-hr. exposure Usual mode of entrance to body Signs and symptoms of poisoning Lower Upper nonflammable 5 mppcf38 inhalation Chronic: shortness of breath. Evaporation rate E th er^ l* ^ barium i (soluble! compounds) benzene (benzol)8,18 peroxide, chlorate, and nitrate produce violent combustion in flammable materials 12 1.4 7.1 1000 benzene hexachloride benzyl chloride'" 153 1.1 beryllium37, " 53 bromine* . . . ... ... ... butadiene-- 1, 3 butane--n butanols (butvl alcoholfu)10- " gas 2.0 11.5 842 --76 1.9 8.5 806 84 1.4 11.2 650 *Openj cup flash point. **Thejhighet the num ber, the slower the evaporation rate. (Superior num bers in this colum n indicate collateral references. 0.5 mg/cu m38 inhalation or ingestion of soluble salts, direct action on skin Severe dermatitis from the caustic salts, vomiting, dyspnea, abdominal pain, cyanosis, paralysis. 25 ppm inhalation Chronic: weakness, fatigue, bleed 2.8 ing from the gums and nose, head ache, dizziness. Acute: inebriation, convulsions, and loss of consciousness. See lindane. . . . 1 ppm inhalation, Acute: irritation of skin, eyes, nose, 47.8 $.skin contact throat, and lungs. 2 gg/cu m3S inhalation 0.1 ppm38 inhalation, direct attack on skin and mucous membranes Irritation of eyes and respiratory tract, irritation and corrosion of skin, probable lung irritation in acute cases. 1000 ppm38 inhalation Narcotic, i r r i t a t i o n of eyes and throat, nausea. none adopted (see gasoline) inhalation Mildly anaesthetic. 100 ppm38 inhalation No known industrial poisonings, 19.6 local anaesthetic, nar cot i c, pro duces dermatitis. TABLE OF CHEMICAL HAZARDS-- Continued X Auto- Maxiim t. Fvanon ....... - .......< r ) sz-sfr....... ...... saaavx o.NiaaaNiDNa Axaavs TABLE 45-0. A GUIDE TO VENTILATION RATES FOR TYPICAL INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT Stale or Local Regulations Should Be Consulted and Followed Where Higher Ventilation Rates Are Specified O peration Abrasive blast rooms (sand, grit, or shot) Abrasive blast cabinets Asbestos Carding Spool winding Bagging Open bag top Barrels -- Drums (filling or r e m o v i n g material by scoop) Type of Hood Tight enclosure with air inlets (usually in roof) Tight enclosure with access openings Enclosure Local hoods Booth or enclosure (provide spillage hopper) Local hood Booth V entilation A ir Flow 60-100 fpm downdraft (long rooms of funnel proportions 100 fpm crossdraft) 20 air changes per minute but not less than 500 fpm through all openings 800 cfm per machine 50 cfm per spool Paper bags-- 100 cfm per sq. ft. open area Cloth bags--200 cfm per sq. ft. open area 100 cfm/sq. ft. of container cross section 100 fpm at face Belt conveyors Bins (closed top) Bucket elevators Hood at transfer point Connect to bin top away from feed point Tight casing required Belt speeds less than 200 fpm-350 cfm per foot of belt width, but not less than 150 fpm through open area. Belt speeds over 200 fpm--500 cfm per foot of belt width but not less than 200 fpm through open area 150-200 fpm through open area at feed points 10 cfm per sq. ft. of elevator casing cross-section -Usual T ran sp o rt Velocity (FPM ) 3500 Remarks and References Ref. 8. Many codes specify minimum downdraft of 80 fpm 3500 Ref. 14 3000 3000 3500 3500 3500 3500 3500 Ref. 2, 16, 17. See references for details and other operations Ref. 18 Ref. 15, 19- Hood with 1-in. slot extending 120 to 180 deg con tainer. Does not confine spillage. Confine spillage--also recommended for container upsetting. Ref. 18, 20. 3500 Ref. 19, 20 3500 Ref. 19