Document zoNRLnkO79oX3rKbX3mZjDGG7

E. I. DU PONT DE NEMOURS & COMPANY KREBS PIGMENTS DEPARTMENT 256 VANDERPOOL STREET NEWARK, NEW JERSEY Serial No. Copy No. / ! 'TV"1 A *- t ---: W 1 C-OX" J t ,.>n m v * <* TX2L8* NEWARK PLANT PIGMENT COLOR RESEARCH REPORT Final Report M.MOS ASD APPARATUS FOR GOI^R SPECIflCATXOH AHB FOR BATIHS COLOR PXf3?EBiS0ES. LITERATURE SEARCH. Period Covered: FILE: DATE: ISO ftofftftt 1?44 ^ _____ N37951 Serial No. KN-44-50 Copy Ho, / Copy toi #1 * Nmerlcal File 2 - Research Office (150) i - Library File (150) 4 - #10 Building File 5-#6 * * 4 - Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd, 7- g ,, a it 9 - Sr, C. H. Rupprecht, Wilmington (ICI File) NEWARK. PLANT PIGMENT COLOR RESEARCH REPORT Final Report Titles METHODS AND APPARATUS FOR COLOR SPECIFICATION AND FOR RATING COLOR DIFFERENCES. LITERATURE SEARCH, Period Covered* 1920-1941 SUBMITTED BY: A. D, Reidinger DATE SUBMITTED: July 11,1944 DATE ISSUED: August 7, 1944 DUP050149809 2* MSKIHS DOCTlOBt Shis report covers a literature search made in 1941 on methods and apparatus for color specification and for rating color differences* Possible application to measurement of color in pig mented films was particularly in mind in selecting the references listed below but a number of items on the subject of color theory are also included* tmm leaearch File* Chemical Abstracts Fol* 14-35, 1920-1941* Subjects for which references were searched included colors, colorimeters, paint, pigments, photometers, spectrophoto meters, etc. Soring the period covered in this search, efforts to represent color in more definite terms than is possible by visual inspection have been directed along several lines. In the field of classification and nomenclature, Munsell had already published (in 1915) his Atlas describing his color sphere with its use of symbols based on hue, value and chroma* During the next decade considerable attention, some of it adversely critical, was given in the literature to the system proposed by Ostwald, in which selected hues are arranged in a color circle with two adjoin ing cones to designate value* For the measurement of color and its representation in definite units, many types of apparatus have been developed. A complete review of these would require more time and study than can be devoted to the subject at present* For such an exposition, the reports of Dr* A. W* Kenney on "The Principles of Color Measurement" and "Instruments for Measuring Color" are referred to* However, it is interesting to note that in 1921, the types of instruments being used or experimented with, were similar in principle to those which are in use in more refined form at the present time. Colorimeters employing monochromatic and trichromatic light to match a colored sample were just beginning to be used industrially and the application of the spectrophotometer to research end industrial problems was Increasing* With the development of the photo-electric cell many Improvements were made in these instruments in particular may be mentioned the Hardy (GE) recording spectrophoto meter invented about 1926 which in its present form is considered to be most suitable for measurement;?f color for control or experimental purposes. DUP050149810 Allen. Franik 3, Optical Sac, An. , 339-41 (1924) Sew Tri-eolor Mixing Spectrometer, Barker, S, Q, 3, Textile Institute if, 313-4** (1927) Standardisation of Fastness of Dyestuffs, Instruments such as tintometer and the Eastman and Guild colorimeters are described. Barnard, M. & McMlehael, Paul Paper Trade J. 21, Ho. 14f 55-8 (1930) Precision Color Measuring Apparatus. Discussion of American Photometer Corp. Opacimeter and APC photoelectric spectrophotometer, Barnes, B. F. Tech. Studies Field Fine Arts Z> 120-38 (1939) Spectrophotometrie Study of Artists1 Pigments. Spectrophotometric curves of 52 different artists* pigments are given. Bland, H, Oil & Colour Chemists Assoc. 12, 9-23 (1936) Color Testing and Recording. Principles and use of Lovibond tintometer. Guild Trichromatic Colorimeter, and Toussaint photo-electric photo-colorimeter. Bawtree, A. E. J. Oil Colour Chem. Assoc. H, 61-70 (1919) Colored Light; simple method of analysing colors. Instrument for "chromometric analysis". J. Oil Colour Chem. Assoc. A, 165-88 (1921) Theory and Practice In Colour Measuring and Recording. System of designating colour described by Lawrence and measurement with the Bawtree colorimeter. 3. Oil Colour Chem. Assoc. JL 353-6 (1922) Record of Color Research During 1922. Improvements mad to the color circle used in the Bawtree colorimeter. Busby, B. S. Proc. Am. Soc. Testing Materials 22! II 504-14 (1922) Analysis and Comparison of Systems of Color Measurements; Proposed Arrangement for Measured Colors. Proc. Am. Soc. Testing Materials 2]., 1139-43 (1921) Use of Secondary Reference Standards in Process Problems of Color Measurement. Colorimeter using rotating sectors of standard colors is described* DUP050149811 4- Busby, B, S, Bulletin Am* Ceramic Soc. 3Q, 375-402 (4941) Symposium on Color Standards and Measurements. Topics discussed arc definitions of Ideas of colors and toms used and methods of designating color* CamFptbf.ellS. oSl** 3In*struments 2, 177-87 (1925) Photoelectric Color Matching* Donaldson, B* Proo* Pbys. Soc. (London) 42, 1068-73 (1935) Trichromatic Colorimeter* Use of diffusing sphere. Ellers, L* Farben, Laok 1939, 89-90, 99-100, 111-112 fasting and Evaluating Pigments, Dyes end the like. Practical value of various testing methods discussed. Fawcett, fl. 8. Chemistry 8s Industry 1005-7, 1933 Color Measurement. J. Soc. Dyers & Colourists 22, 225-33 (1937) Application of Colorimetry to the Dyeing and Allied Industries. Discussion of Lovlbond Tintometer. Forrest, J. W. Paper Trade J. 22, So. 22, 38-9 (1933) Sew Color Comparator. Review of Munsall Color System and description of Bausch & Lome comparator. Gardner, H A. and Parks, H. C. Paint Mfgrs. Assoc. U.S. Circ. So. 191, 58-140 foot. 1923) A Study of Color Systems, Colorimeters and Spectrophotometers with Botes on Their Possible Application to Paint Industry. Gardner. H. A. Paint Varnish Prod. Mgr. 44, 30 (1936) Photoelectric Beflactometer. Adaptation of Hunter visual reflectometer. Gesstacker, L. Farben-Zeitung 2, 1550 (1924) Ostwald's ,,Chrometer,, Modification of 0stwaldfs color comparator. Gibson, K. Q. & Harris, F. H. Bur. Standards Scl Papers Ho. 547, 46 pp. (1927) The Lovlbond Color System I.A. Spectropho tometrie Analysis of the Lovibond Glasses. DUP050149812  5- 5 Ginsberg Ismar Color Trade J. 93-6 (1922) Textile World T 2615-9, 2645 (1923) 0stwald*8 Color Theory, application of Textile WorlLdd M* 2211:27-32 (1924) Textile WorlLdd g. 15199--221, 1539 Color Measur?eement by the Gstwald Method* Directions for eonstrueting apparatus* Application of Ostwald theory to color analysis. Godlove, X* H. Paint, Oil & Cham, Bev* $4, So. 1, 20-3 (1927) Mansell Color System. Description and Industrial application. Cordon, 1. B. Color Trade J. %, 175-180 (1921) Use of Tint Photometer In Evaluation of Dyestuffs and Pigments(e.g. Lovibond, Hess-Xvet) Guild, J. Trans* Opt. Soe. (London) 7, 106-29 (1925-26) Trichromatic colorimeter suitable for standardisation work. Description of apparatus. Proc. Optical Convention 1926 I, 61-146 Critical Survey of Modern Development in the Theory and Technic of Colorimetry and Allied Sciences, Properties of illumlaants, laws of color mixture and measurement, eto. are reviewed. Extensive bibliography Included. Hardy, A. C. J. Opt. Soc. Am. , 305-31 (1935) Mew Recording Spectrophotometer. Mew G! spectrophotometer described. Principle and operation explained. Roustoun, B. A. Phil. Mag (7) 2k 945-53 (1933) Mew Method of Colorimetry* Simple method for describing color presented. Phil. Mag. (7) 17, 1047-57 (1934) Colorimetry with a Spectrometer. , Method of measure color coordinates. Hunter, B. S. Hat*l. Paint, Varnish & Lacquer Assoc. Circ, #461, 111-28,(1934) Reflactometer and Color Comparator, Ifunsell type photometer is described. Hunter, R, S. (Bureau of Standards) Paint & Varnish Prod. Mgr. XXX, Mo. 8, Aug. 1941, 207-19 Multipurpose Photoelectric Reflectometer. Developed to measure apparent reflectance, specular gloss, and trichromatic coefficient*. DUP050149813 -*6- Banter, R. 8, Bmtfl. Bureau of Standards Research Paper RP 1345 A Multipurpose Photoelectric Reflactometer. Description of development, construction, calibration and applications of Multipurpose reflactometers. Ingalls, P. P* et &l Pros. Am. Soc. Testing Materials 26, P/1, 347-57 (1926) Physical Properties of Paint Materials. Efforts toward establishing method of color measurement are reviewed, Ives # E. E. J. Optical Soc. Am. 449-78 (1921) Proposed Method of Colorimetry A speetrophotometrlc method of color measurement is suggested. Jones, L. A, Asa. Dyestuff Reporter XX* 121-31 (1924) Color Measurements. Extracts from report of the Colorimetric Committee, Optical Soc. Am, Hutting Monochromatic Analyzer and Eastman universal colorimeter are described. Jones, 1. A. et al J. Optical Soc. Ana, 22, 207-13 (1937) Colorimetry Preliminary report on nomenclature and definitions. Judd, D. B J, Optical Soc. Am. 2jL 359-74 (1933) The 1931 ICl Standard Observer and Coordinate System for Colorimetry* Reports give properties of standard observer. Forms are given for computing linear coordinates. Kenny, A. W Experimental Station Reports, ISP 37-178, 37-236 I. Principles of Color Measurement. Discussion of theory. Tristlmulus specification of color, II. Instruments for measuring color. Colorimeters, photosensitive cells and spectrophotometers. Lagaske, R. Rev. Gen. Mat. Color 2, 69 (1919) Analytical representation of colors. Uses the system of rectangular coordinate axes in representing chromatic combinations. Lovibond, F. E. Proc. Optical Conv. 1926 I 211-4 Color tests by means of the Lovibond Tintometer Instrument and standards are described. DUP050149814 -7- Lowry, X* H. & McBattom, L D* J. Oil Colour Chemists Assoc. , 189*204 (1921) A Comparative Study of Methods Used for the Measurement of Colors. ^^^farhen-Zeitang 21# 1257-60, 1323-5 (1923) Color. Designation* Ostwald system considered inadequate. Haver. Ernest Farben-lliitung 41* 31-2 (1936) The Status of the Theory of Colors. Application of Ostw&ld color system to standardisation of paints and pigments. Hees, C. 1. K. 3m lad. Eng. Che. 12, 729-31 (1921) Measurement of Color, Brief description of spectrophotometer, colorimeter, monochromatic analyser, trichromatic analyzer and their uses. Mellon, M. 0. Ind. Eng. Chem. Anal. 2d. 11, 89-5, 1939 Present Status of Colorimetry, Classified instruments as stlmulimeters, comparators, absorptometers. Kichaelson, J. L. & Tilblafsky, H. A. Gen, Elec. Rev. 22* 445-50 (1936) A new spectrophotometer and its applications. Description of GE recording spectrophotometer apparently the Hardy design. McMullen, E, W. & Ritchie, E. J. Drugs, Oils & Paints 21* 98, 100 (1938) Hew uses of recording spectrophotometer. Instrument can he used for color matching and determining hiding power. Hunsell, A. E* 0* 3m A. Ceramics Boc, 6, 777-82 (1923) Simple method of measuring color. Color is measured in three dimensions - hue, value, chroma. Nickerson, S. D. & Hewhall, S. M. 3* Opt. Soc. Am. 21, 587-9 (1941) No. 9. Sept. Color Names Central Notations for ISCC-JJBS. A system of color designation based on position in a color solid. Limits reported in terms of the Hunsell system. Hutting, R. D. Textile ^Research 6# 7-22 (1935) Objective specification of color. Spectrophotometrie analysis translated into a set of three numbers to describe color. DUP050149815 *0m Ohe, Frits Farbe u Lack, 295, (1949) Hew testing Instruments for,the Paint and Varnish Industry* thirteen recently developed devices are reviewed briefly* Ostwald, Hsu Z. tech. Physik 1, 173-5, 261-71 (1920) Fundamentals of the theory of Color Measurement, theory and use of Ostwald*s chromater. Z. Angew, Chem. 42, 437-9 (1929) Standardisation of Colors. Comparison of Ostwald*a classification and others* Park, R H. Amer. Dyestuffs Reporter SSL, Ho . 11 Proc. Am. Assoc, textile Chea. Colorists, 272-8 (1940) Color Comparison Devices. Spectrophotometers and filter type photometers are described* Paul, M. R. Paint Oil & Chem. Rev. 22, No. 8, 16, 18, 20, 4J (1935) tolerance In Color Specification. Different types of color standards and various instruments are reviewed. Perry, 3* J. Soc. Dyers & Colourists 1&, 159-61 (1927) Guild trichromatic Colorimeter. Instrument and uses described. 3* Bel. Instruments j>5, 270-7 (1938) the Objective Measurement of Color. Perry, J. W. Proc. Pfays. Soc. (London) 52, 272-287 (1941) Colors, Its Measurement, Discrimination & Specification. Principles and tolerances discussed. Pittsburgh Paint Production Club American Paint 3 21, Conv. Dally 28, 30 (Hov. 17, 1936) Standardisation and Matching of Opaque Paint Colors* A study of mechanical means of matching color standards. Prase, Otto Farben-Zeltung Jgg, 855-6 (1920) Gradation and Meaning of Colors. Scheme of designating colors similar to Ostwalda* Raf6, W. G. Science Progress 20. 662-74 (1926) Industrial measurement of color. Use of Lovlbond. Tintometer and Dewey decimal classification. DUP050149816 Rawlins, F* X. J Tech. Studies field Fine Arte % 3-10 (1940) Tiniometric Comparison of Artistes Pigments. Color analysis of 35 pigments were carried out with the tintometer* melltSatsS3efdtK^ftsSldt 42*53*2-4 (1937) Development of Measurement of Color During the hast Few Years. I. StMtroelMu ij& 18-19 (1941) Practical Color Measurements. Three dimensional eolor measuring system. Salmony-Karsten, A. Z. Instruments 55, 502-4 (1935) Hew Apparatus for Examining Surfaces. Diagram and description of apparatus for plant use. Schofield, a. &. J. Sex. Instruments 74-80 (1939) The Lovibond Tintometer adopted by means of the Rothamsted device to measure colors on the C.I.E. system. Scott, Walter IS. Textile World 7$, 886-9 (1931) Photoelectric Cell in Color Measurement. Applicability of photoelectric cell in various color analysers Is discussed. Sheldon, R* E* & Gluck, M. Amer, Dyestuff Reporter 2^, 222-25 (1932) Colorsoope - Recent Developments. Development of machines for measuring color is traced and methods of operation considered* Shelton, R. M. & l&erson, R. L. Ind, Eng* Chem. Anal* Ed* A, 243-53 (1932) Specification of Color on Dyed Fabrics by Speetroanalysis* A GE recording color analyser gives permanent color records. Stuart, A. B. Paint Manufacture 11, 222-24, No. 11 (Nov, 1941) and 239-244, 252, Bo. 12 (Dec. 1941)* Paint Color Measurement* Review of apparatus for comparison and measurement of color for the paint trade. Stuts, 0. F. A* J. Opt, Soc. Am. 323-25 (1931) Reflectance Measurements in the Paint Industry. DUP050149817 -10- Tenen, H* S Am. Dyestuff Reporter Ig, 127-32 (1923) Classifying and Measuring Color by the Ostwald Method,. Tillard, D. L. J. Oil Colour Chen. Assoc. ,gQ, 149-163 (1937) the Colorimetry of Pigments* Pigments analysed by means of Guild trichromatic colorimeter, feussaint. Rend Chimle & Industrie 924-30 (1929) Comparison of Colors. Color matching and use of photocolorimeter. Recherohes & Inventions M, 251-4 (1935) Matching Colors & Measuring Fastness. Use of foussaint photocolorimeter. Trillich, Heinrich Farben-Zeituag 2, 509-10 (1924) Measurement of color according to Qstwald. Color comparator using Qstwald*s standard. 0* S. Bureau of Standards Publications by Staff for 1939-1940. Colorimetry and Spectrophotomerty. letter circular 628, Jan. 1941* Van Tussenbrock, M, J. Cham. Weekblad 2kt 270-7 (1927) Comparative Study of Different Colorimeters. Comparison of colorimeters and spectrophotometers. - Vickerstaff, T. J. Soc. Dyers & Colourists 461-72 (1940) Color Control. Review of apparatus and methods of color measurement. Vickerstaff, f. fertile Mfgr, M, 204 (1940) Color Control by Instruments. Use and limitations of instruments for color measurement. Wagner, Hans Farben-Zeitung 26. 1505-7 (1921) Ostwaldfs Color Circle in Practice. Color circle of 12 standards gives accurate designation. Wales, H. Am, Dyestuff Reporter 42, 751-5, 791-3 855-8, 863-6 (1923) The Spectroscope and Spectrophotometer and Their Application To Identification and Analysis of Dyes. Construction and use of Kraus, Koenig-Martins and Ellger wave length spectrometers* DUP050149818 ? Wallace. Geo* Textile Colorists 32, 672-4# 676-7 (1930) Mixing and Matching of Colors. Application of colorscope is discussed. Wirth, Alfred Chem.-Ztg. M# 737-8 (1920) Practical signifloanee of 0stwald*s color system Colors are identified with Ostwald*snrs by use of an apparatus. * Witte. Martin Chess. Fabrik 418-20, 1935 Measurement of Body Color for Practical Purposes. Methods of Mansell and Ostwalds are mpared, Witte, Martin Parts u Lack 291-2, 1936 Limits to the Standardisation of Pigments* Practical systems for measuring color are discussed. Witte, Martin Farhe u Lack 147-8, 161-2, 1936 Measuring Color of Pigments for Practical Purposes. Worlds, J. Proc, Acad. Sci. Amsterdam, 38. 585-9 (1935| Kew Type of Colorimeter. Description given. DUP050149819