Document zo0bm08X9vJpbp60577xmNKaa
'^ A T M g ? J T o r OltQAMFC L jU 3 |T T B A g T H V L ) INTOXICATION ' y m i c a l c iu m im o d m u v m s s m .it;
( S T H Y -t;;?;^ t ^ M l^ X S Y I lA A C & T iC A C ID ) (S O T A )
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--.arl V. : ".lis r n ille r , M* D , , J a e b Cfeolifck, C h. a. Hob*Pt v. *\eh<>e, .a .
T h s h b n efieial Ifeete tnsdeip&ted.,
< k ^ p m i)r **U*a<t to acm e
e x te n t fr o m =he a d m in is tr a tio n ut CDTA (e th y le n e d t e m ia e t e t r a c c e t ie a c id } in
in^rpanic lead poisoning prompted it * u s e is* 111 treatm ent d th ree c&sec oi
y re s o le le a d o o iso n jn g e*n re c e n tly m '.^ana-ma. . . m a n y y e a r s p e te o n in g c* fchlp ty p e h a s b e e n c o n fin e d a l m o s t
mi* r o ly to .rk m e n in th e :faU' -4ev.m in d u a d ry e n g a g e d i a c lo a n in g s to r a g e
'b a i .nave co n tain ed le a d e d g neaU n*. T he hamrd of o rg a n ic le a d
p o iso n in g m th is o c cu p a tio n re sid e p r im a r ily in th e sia d g e w hich fo rm s
-&noaili th e w a te r b o tto m u n d e rly in g th e g a s o lin e its a s to r a g e ta n k , in
a e d itio n to va ^-/tag /{m o u n ts o f gasc-line* o u c h s lu d g e c o n ta in m a il o u a n titia
' I d e c o m p o s itio n p ro d u ct of t e t r a e t h y l lo a d , -and m a y c o n ta in t e t r a e t h y l le a d
Ituolf in coacencrati*>s.s which o c ca sio n a lly , reach c t sv a ex ce e d 0 .1 per
cen t. T h is Judge m ay he the so u r ce o f d an gerou s c -seat ration# of lea d in
t.he a tm o s p h e r e w ith in th a tan k u n d e r o r d in a r y co n d itio n o f te m p e r a tu r e If w o rk m e n a r e e x p o s e d to- s u c h c o n ta m in a te d a t m o s p h e r e w ith o u t s u i t a b l e p ro se c tio n &r s u ffic ie n t p erio d # o f t im e a c u te i l l n e s s w ill r e s u lt .
'`h e le n g th of t i m e r e q u i r e d f o r s u c h e x p o s u r e to g iv e r i s e to s e r i o u s lo a d p o is o n in g w ill v a r y w ith th e c o n c e n tr a tio n o te tr a e t h y l le a d v a p o r in th e
u ir h a t it i* p o s s i b l e to b r e a t h e in a n d a b s o r b a le t h a l d o s e o>f t e t r a e t h y l le a d
In h a lf a n h o u r. U n d er le a s s e v e r e c o n d itio n s , a few hour of e x p o s u r e on one
Aay v r n a n u m b er > .^ u c fe a a iv e day; m a y ind uce a s e r io u s o r fa ta l illn e a * . f rom the K etterin g L a b o ra to ry tn th e .D epartm ent of P re v e n tiv e M edicine and Industrial H ealth, C ollege of M edicine, U niversity of C incinnati, C incinnati
ih e rap id ity and sev erity of th e o n set of o rg an ic lead intoxication ire d i r e c t l y .re la te d to th e i n t e n s ity a n d d u r a tio n ;>l th e e x p o s u r e , in th e e a r l y stage o f s e v e r e c a s e s , a n d a t a l l t i m e s in th o s e i a w h ic h th e e x p o s u r e h a a '.~'Csn .m inim al, the sy m p to m s m ay be ill-d efin ed , hut they 300a develop into a re m a rk a b ly c h a ra c te ris tic p a tte rn in the s a v e r# case. Th# interval of tim e w hich e la p s e s between e x p o su re and th e onset of illn e s s m ay v a ry fro m s e v e ra l h o u r s t<> a p e r i o d o f s e v e r a l, d a y s la th e se v e r e c a s e s , th e s e v e r i t y o f the e x p o su re am i the rM .titan* Illn e s s ten d in g to be in v e rs e ly re la te d to th e ra p id ity o i iM jsei. 'h s n th e e x p o s e r e h a s c o n tin u e d i n t e r m i t t e n t l y f o r s o m e tim e a t a low level of intenetiy, recognisable sym ptom s m ay he delayed fo r a p erio d of z'xct wr t h r e e w e ek s 'hen th e e x p o s u r e h a s a w n s lig h t a n d of s h o r t d u r a t i o n , a tru e clin ic al p ic tu re m ay n et develop, o r m ay be d ifficu lt to d e te c t o r to d Lfferoe stiate fro m an an x iety s ta te , p a rtic u la rly in m en w hose e x p o su re can p ro p erly be re g a rd ed to have been negligible but yet ha been had under conditions w hich th e w orkm an h im se lf cannot d iffe re n tia te fro m th o se w hich have cau sed s e rio u s o r p o ssib ly fa ta l illn e s s, la m ild c a s e s th a t re s u lt fro m $ singla or b rie f p e rio d of e x p o su re , the sy m p to m s u su ally r e g r e s s ra p id ly , and re c o v e ry la c o m p le te w ithin a week, o r a .. In th e m o re s e r io u s c a s e s th e illn e s s p ro g re s s e s ra p id ly tow ard a. s ta te o f a cu te m en ta l d istru n a n c e , c h a r a c te ris e d by d e liriu m , m a n ia , co n v u lsiv e se ta u re s an d c o m a. Visual and a u d ito ry h a llu c in a tio n s a r e u s u a lly p r e s e n t in th e s e s e v e r e case:, ,,acid perio d s m ay p re c ed e o r follow th e se bout* of m ania and d e liriu m , and a t th is tim e th e patient is u sually d e p re ssed and a p ath etic. Tielapses a re com m only o b se rv e d , nUhottgh sig n s pointing to ev en tu al re c o v e ry a r e u su ally a p p a re n t w ithin a w eek o r 0 afte r the o n set of the a cu te illn e s s. P ro g n o sis a s to life
ir
-ihcrtild *>e g u a r d e d d u r in g be e a r l y stag s m th o s e c a s e s e sd ii'to tin g s e v e r e
m e n ta l d e r a n g e m e n t. ''h a .?re|!soi i r r e c o v e r y i s e x c e l l e n t e a c * th e c r i t i c a l
s ta g e h a s b e e n p a s s e d , a n d c o m p le te r * to r a t i o n *.f p h y s ic a l a n d m e n ia l
a c u itie s occurs u su ally w sthln tb s p eriod of fo u r to ten week. bay a tte m p t to
c la s s if y th e U ln e a s in o n e c a te g o r y o r &aothr. o r to attem pt to r e l a t e th e
effectiv en ess of an y sp ecial m ed icatio n o r th e ra p e u tic p ro c e d u re , with re s p e c t
to th e s e s y m p to m s c o n trib u te l i t t l e to ma u n d e r s ta n d in g o f th e c l i n i c a l
a y ad rot?* s i n c e t h e s e p a tie n t a t s o m e t i m e d u r in g t h e i r i l l n e s s e x h ib it th e
azures ill
rouueatiy p ass jm one he o th er o r even fro m
elatxvoly n o r m a l m e n ta l i.ia tu to o?te o f g r o s s d is tu r b a n c e w ith a m a s ia g
r* o ld iiy . 2'io m e n ta l diitoar.p&nce m a y s u b s id e a t a n y tim e , w ith o r w ith ou t
treatm ent.
.-..a tank c l e a n u p o p e r a t i o n s th a t, ?e$ttlfcd in th e a c u t e p o is o n in g o f
a n u m b e r' .s rlo n e a In to in a m a e x te n d e d o v e r a p e r io d o f tw o w e e k s .
>ith ugh a e v a r a i o f th e w o r k m e n c o m p la in e d o f in s o m n ia b a d d r e a m s ,
re sties-se&s a n d lo s s o f a p p e tite a f te r th e th ir d d a y of w o rk in th e tanks* a ll
c o n tin u e d t o s ta y -o i to o jc:>u u n til to c le a n in g o p e r a t i o n s w e r e d is c o n tin u e d
whan 3 m en failed to re p o rt to r w ork. One of th o se m en w as adm itted to the
h o sp ita l too follow ing day end d ied two days la te r, b p o th er of th e se w o rk m en ,
who had been su b jected to to e g re a te s t s e v e rity of exposure w as se e n by a
p h y s ic ia n on th e d a y th e ta n k c le a n in g w o rk w as s t oppeyi&ad w as a d m itte d to a
lo cal h o sp ital fo r observ& tion and tre a tm e n t. At th at tim e h e seem ed to be
co n fu sed and s e n ^ ita o & to a * end c o m p la in e d o f n a u s e a , a b d o m in a l paint a n d
zonaltin g . .,&ter h e b e c a m e r# # tle * a a n d w a s tm a b ie to s le e p . lie w a s
d iso rien ted and highly ag itated , and a t tim e s fe a rfu l and d e p re sse d , .ie
v o m ite d s e v e r a l tim a &n c o m p la in e d s> ps-n in th e r ig h t n g u tn a i x-egiwu.
T h e r e wa.e as? d isstu rs& n ce in Ispwel mcti<m a d th e a p p e ti te w a s g o o d . ''h y a i c a i
e x a m io a tto f t t th is t i m a ..H sclo sad no iig n i f c a n t fin d in g w ith che e<iceptk>n. -d.
a r t e r i a l h y p o te n s io n . T h e b o d y t e m p e r a t u r e # **8.<*. th e p u l s e -i-0, th e -.lo a d
p r e s s u r e ^ /5 3 , th e reepiratic* 24 and reg alar? th e re w ere no pulm onary ralee
no a d o ra ita a i to n d a m e # , a p ea tn . o r rig id ity %r* no s ig n if ic a n t a l t e r a t i o n -
.?ei l e x e s .
Ti fo llo w in g d a y th e b lo o d p r e t s u r e
oOfhQ* ;nU 7 8 , ye?sr,uon6
>15. th is pnfcienf w a s r e s tv r .jn c d in h e i w ith a n k le -*rrap a n d w r i a t b a n d s . . n
"o n iia a a i to bb
and a g ita te d , te.lking irra tio a a ily and m o ro w tosa
c .;yi:n;.i-;>a.siy. lsftxao .i! ri-sdb'stb -n, '-.vas in g m -ai teas* of b e in g Misionad
y i l l t d a n d oras h ig h ly su.pieiisu* > aH d o c t o r s a n d n u r s e s ,
"he co n d itio n td th is m a n o s m o s t c r itic a l f o r th e en su in g a v a ra l
d b y a . h e v $ irrat.vb.nai arci th e v ic tim <sf h a l l u c i n a t i o n s . f ie c r i e d o u t
-tc n-s *icm ally* s tr u g g le d
coatim joutly a g ain st the re stra in in g trap ,
m o v ed hin h e a d an d e y e s c o n sta n tly a n d a s c a m v io le n t a n d a b u siv e w ithout
a p p a re n t p rev o catio n . fe cam ple *ed re p e a te d ly of th e ta s te of g a so lin e an d o
the ^ asatio n of httm i d isc o m fo rt in h is th ro a t.
" o r th e f i r s t t i m e , <? th e tw e lfth d $y a f t e r h is a d m is s io n t o th e
hospital., he be an to have fleetin g p erio d o lu c id ity d u rin g which he recognise-,
hi m o th e r s a d b r o th e r . T o w e v e r, Ha b e c a m e a g ita te d re a d ily , ta lk e d lo u d ly
end irra tio n a lly and w as alw ay s in f e a r of being k ille d . A tew day# la te r he
Hejja in e x h ib it lo n g e r p e rio d s c{ ra tio n a l b e h a v io r, w hen h e w ould a n s w e r
'rv-tions r e a d i l y ;v .d s e n s ib ly , .jnci fo llo w th e i n s t r u c t i o n s of th e n u r s e a n d
o rd e rly .
F * e m th l# ' ti m <.?a, A sid e f r o m s h o r t p e r i o d s o f .gitatv-ss a n d ap p reh ea& itm , big d a ily Jm p rd v m etit w as a p p a re n t to v ry o n . T o vma .llovred to ?i6 i s s c h a ir , arid a ll p h y s ic a l r e s tr a in t v m a ,'om ovod. T-. nival sc dm: u?CM*led w ith o u t h iter r u p tiim , Vat c o n sta n t a tten d a n c e ay a m a ie r.urae -m continued in o rd e r to a v e rt any act# ai violence o r irra tio n a lity w hich m ight 4 ev eto 9 out of re la p s . Vieil re la p se s com m only o c c u r in su ch c a s e s and must, a lw a y s h e g u a r d e d %>qAinAt.
l a b o r a t o r y Va ta v-dn aacftiftwlsn)
/' fiaigras - ATC 6, i3 0 , dOO. H u ' . , .. (..a iiii), W 3C - , T .d
..Viffererstia i :
"Uy m o r pdo-mi c le a r i-:eutr>phili .-.ym phocytes ..'o'icytes Y dsm ophiles
3
-,
abnorm ality of eryth rocytes, no punctate ' o.sophiua. C o n g u iv tio n iim a 4 m in u te s , 33 saa-tmd ^ r o th r o m h ia C on ten t tOOf*
'; fragility T e s t Iie m o ly s i b eg in s a t 0.-*4 4, c o m p le te a t 0 . 34 :-
Aloud Chemiefcsry tTyea f-fttregaa C lucese C alc fvtm Tnorg&mc Phosphate
Aig. 'er 00 m l. ; -s ~ .0 0 >
4 riaalyois
'
pecimen d e e r , a ra u tr, cp. gr* . . 0 2 3 ,
5 . 5 , a l b u m n
n e g a tiv e , s u g a r n e g a tiv e , M ic r o s c o p ic : JTo r e d c e ll a ,
no c a s ts , few leu co cy tes and ep ith elial c e lls.
I^um roti8 te s ts w e re c a r r ie d n u t in th is c a s e a s w ell a* in a ll therm
o t th e gro u p and &ll of th e r e s u lt s w e r e w ith in th e n o r m a l r a n g e .
. fh e a s e a s d e s c r ib e d wa on a t s e v e r a i w hssh v a r ie d m ; u t d * n nnd
in d eg ree am ong th em selv es. The e a rly fatal outcom e of one man*s illn e ss had
s e r v e d to d e s s e a s t r s t e th e grav i? c r & c te r --n ih a e r ^ o s u r . a n d e v e r y r e a s o n p r e s e n te d i t s e l f f o r ?&kls$ u s e -if a n y th e r a p y w h ich o ffe re d h o p e of b e n e iit. bithiopropehol th e ra p y had b een em ployed in a few seat*, p re v io u sly , ad had T een w*U t o l e r a t e d , '.vhile c a lc iu m <U*c<H;mt v e r s o a a t e h a d o e e n u s e d w ith s e e ra m g ly b e n e fic ia l ofte c ta by o th e r s in -cas-es o f i*argatuc le a d p o iso n in g . The la t t e r w a s m a d e available' In- lim ite d m o u n t, and ao w a s e m p lo y e d to {.hat e x te n t, w h ile th e f o r m e r , ala , w&ss g lv e a m ft fe w in s ta n c e .
Thru Iraxn .a g r o u p o f aisc c r i t i c a l l y ill p& iidniij 't c ; o s,e le c te d i o r . is -o a tm e a l >?iUi c a lc iu m a l o d i u m v o rsessA tu . C -o m p ro h u m u v s 4 ;.n e < u la k e r a i d r y i o a a {rot* u o d v tk ite c e i l a n d d i f f e r e n t i a l c o a ia ta , K b , h e m a t o c r i t , b le e d in g , v lo itm g a n u p r o th r a m b in tim e , u rx a a ly ri* {l.-.cladi'ng u ro b ilin o g e n ), .serum calcurn, y & a a s h o re s , to ta l s e r u m y r c L n n , ; / 0 r a t i o , g lu c o s e , u r e e N, i -t s p ro te in nU rcgen, b iliru b in ) ^vere c u rrie d a a i p ri r to , d u rin g end a fte r tr e a tm e a t xn e a c h c a s e , I n c r e s u l t * <?C tixms te c t o w * ra w ith in n o r m a l r a n g e m e v e r y in s ta n c e . C z lc h itn A*Ss o d iu m vTjciii?iv*ue. w a s giver in d a ily in tr a v e n o u s dofees of g ra m p e r th ir ty pounds of body w eig h t. T he a d m in is tra tio n of the
e m p o u n d g a v e r ; e to a> d e m o n s t r i f l e n tu w * ri adxecta a t *,y t i m e . ;.-a m p le cd T-vx b lo o d a n d u r i n e u a l l o f th e p a tie n ts w e r e o b ta in e d
fo r a n a ly s is f o r le a d ., d iffic u ltie s w e re e n c o u n te re d 'in c a r ry in g out a p ro g ra m of sam p lin g , b e c a u se of th e d is ta n c e fro m the s o u rc e of -supply in th e l a b o r a t o r y xn C in c in n a ti, .m d w h ile th e s e a n d e t h e r d if f ic u ltie s in tr o d u c e d d is c re p a n c ie s into th e p k a o rv a tio n a, co n sid ers, hi n u m b e rs os d a ta w e re b ra in e d u l t i m a t e l y , a n d a r e iiiu at r a t e d ;-lvw by Ud iv id u a l r a e .
* -.-.sipp lied f o r c lin ic h i t r i a l > y T f k e r L a b r a le .p u s , .,,.c. , L o s A n g e le s , 'C a l i i o m
&TM &NT O F -A C tIT g TSTJkV C T H Y L .LOOT IN T O JC A rIO N
C ase
- Age
intense in term itten t exposure,
eve re paiseriing.
'
'ieea by p h y sician n ite r a p erio d of about 3 w eeks pent w orking in and aro u n d tan k a.
In s e m i s tu p o r , c o m p la in in g o n a u s e a a n d v o m itin g .
D ate 1953
Tim e
3 loo4
Aig . P b T e r 500 G ra m
bpectregrapfaic
-d th iso n e
i rmo: V-g. ~h /-'e y t ; i i a r
S -S th r o u g h -3 >3 - T r e a tm e n t w ith D itb io p ro p a n u l (B A L ) *
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''-'he a n a l y t i c a l d a ta o b la m e d in tw o ..uhr c a a e s o f t e t r a e t h y l le a d
poisoning a re p re se n te d fo r c o m p ariso n w ith th e jronp th at w as tre a te d w ith
a i c i a m d siu id lu rn v e rs e n & te . d e p e& ted d o sura of dituic\:>rar,i&rspi
L| w are
a d m i n i s t e r e d by i n t r a m u a c u t a r in jo c tk fn to o n e o i th e s e y & tian t . "dhe o t h e r
receiv ed only sup& etfive and sy m ptom atic th erap y .
, c a s e o i a n x ie ty e u r o a t* t h a t bev-eK-ped a a m e m b e r .4 sh e /' ro u p
viho had sglistible estposmr is in clu d ed h e r e to d e m o n s tr a te th e n o rm a l h rc o is
oi the analyt ical re su lt s.
`.^ w ith s ta n d in g th e a c t ?.ha c o m p le te r e c o v e r y o il u d io w > c .a
. a i s r - ty o i r s s e s or t a r r a e m y i lo a d i n t o x i c a t i o n "-.v<:h p r o m p t .r i r .u a .. n :M
iaith fu l m a in te n a n c e iu s|ooh n u rs in g c a r s , a d e q u a te p h y s ic a l rastv& vnt a 4
s y m p to m a tic s e d a tiv e a n d s u p p o m y e th e r a p y , th e i l l n e s s is -.it a p i i e , .,,up
,t la n d s to o e ris io t %.itii n p y ja ra n t rmissir-ana p etal m u c h o i th e o r w.i
h a a l-*a A lunU iatedl f r o m h a .vody. c a y 4 g e a t th a t w ill r e d u c e -ho :e-eiuty .Kid
. haaften th e c o u r s e o i th e llla q a a v?msl-d h e u s e i u l . d he o a s i s f o r th e t h e r a p e u t i c
co o c f c i i c i u i j i ;.U iui'n ' ojonotv li.js bt ik e : .in o iic c il e f f e c ts d u t m a y fo lio - -
the iP m s a iio a o i a c h e r m c a ily in e r t c o m p le x m th e s o ft t i s s u e s os th e dody an d
is th e i n c r e a s e d ex c rati&rt. n lo a d w h ic h fo llo w s . T h a t th e l a t t e r o c c u r s
follow ing th e ab so rp tio n of te tra e th y l lead , a w ell a a inorganic com pounds of
le a d is g ra tify in g * a n d o ile r * h o p e th a t a. b e n e f ic ia l e f f e c t c a a be a c h i e v e s y
this m eans.
' b ile is la o b v io u s th a t n o a lld c o n c lu s io n * c a n c d ra w n a s to
th e u s e fu l th e ra p e u tic e ffe c ts e i c a lc iu m ch so d iu m v e rs e r* se fro m a re v ie w of
itie a e c a s e s , it m a y no s a id th a t th e d r a g w a s -11 t o l e r a t e d . io h a r m f u l
v ifects vi any kind veer p b se rv a d , bo sig n ific a n ce m ay bo a tta c h e d to
tra n s ie n t p e rio d s of U akA l im p ro v em o a t in .ociatio w ith in c ro a a in th e iiU m iaasfoa o i le a d , s in c e atach e p iso d e * feave he observ-ed ir s q u e a tly in CR.6-a iii w M c h rso s p e e if io th e r a p e u t i c a g e n t h a 4 o e e a A tim in iste re e s. viay 2 ?,
K 0006194