Document znNZnyq750e4Dm7VRjZy0Brz

ON Till SIGNIFICANCE OF THE CONTRIBUTION MASS BY STACK FUMES FROM A STEEL PLANT OF 8EPCBLXC STEEL'-CORPORATION TO THE LEAD CONTENT OF THE: ATMOSPHERE IS THE VICINITY OP THE PUNT. Th hypothesis that there is any significant association between lead poisoning among children, in South Chicago or elsewhere, anti the inhalation of lead from the ambient air under ordinary conditions or under those related to the lead in the plus of smoke and fume from the plant of Republic Steel, (as indicated by the available data), is wholly unrealistic, and la, in fact, absurd. The sources of the lead which causes lead poisoning in children are not mysterious. It is well known that these children have ingested lead in large Quantities, derived for the most part, from objects in their hoses coated with lead-containing paint, or that they, along with other members of their household, have been subjected to high concentrations of air-home load os the result of the use of highly contaminated, scavenged waste materials (chiefly, battery boxes) impregnated with lead, and burned in a stove or fireplace within their homes. There have been a few exceptions to this rule in specific instances, but the investigations J of many years have served to pinpoint the problem of lead poisoning among small children, so far us the sources of lead are concerned. The contri bution made by the inhalation of low concentrations of lead in the air (of the order of magnitude under consideration here), is insignificant. It say be of incidental importance to point out that there is no reason to believe that children develop lead intoxication more readily, in the basic physiologic sense, than do adults. The threshold -2- level of lead in the blood, which la necessary to give origin to isysgptoffls of lead intoxication la the adult, is the suase for the child. In many years of experience, we have never seen a case of lead poisoning in the child, at the onset of illness, in which there was less than 0.08 ag. (3D microgranis) of lead per 103' grass of whole blood. This is the threshold for industrial lead poisoning in the adult. It is possible, of course and even likely, that the child absorbs lead more rapidly than does the adult, under equivalent conditions, but this, if true, does not alter the relationships between toxicity and concentration within the tissues. Frost the examination of the results of the Joint air-sampling survey aade by the Chicago Department of Air Pollution Control and Republic Steel Corporation^over a period of ten days, it is evident that no hazard to human health is posed by the lead which is discharged into the atmosphere from the plant * s No.l 0gen Hearth Stack. The concentration of lead in the plume of smoke ant! fume downwind from the plant averages 14 nicrograass per cubic meter of sir, at the paint where the plume reaches the level of the ground. The range of concentration observed is of about the order of magnitude that occurs in smoke or fane resulting from the combustion (or heating to high temperature) of materials which contain some lead as an incidental or extraneous material. Considering this fact, together with the lateralttency of the flow of the plume (approximately 6 hours per day on certain days, dependent-upon the direction and intensity of the wind), it is evident that the potential exposure to lead of persons who may work or reside in an area near the point at which the plume from the plant comes to earth is negligible. It is important to recognize the fact that the absorption of small quantities of lead by human beings is a regular and normal occurrence. Kg 0018642 -3- The ingestion of lead in food and beverages Jjy the average American adult is of the order of 0,33 ag. per day, of which from S to 10 percent is absorbed under average conditions. isuch of the lead in food and beverages is natural in origin, and additional sainut quantities are added in processing foods and preparing them for consumption. The concentration of lead in the general ambient air of a number of American cities has been found to be of the average order of 1 to S nicrograms per cubic meter, dependent upon geographic and taefeorologic factors, coupled with a variety of sources of finely divided lead for dispersion into the air. The common sources of such lead are (a) the combustion of gasoline containing tetraethyllead, whereby inorganic compounds of lead are discharged from the tailpipes of automobiles} <b) the combustion of other fuels or waste materials such as coal, wood, vegetable or {certain) mineral products}(*}fche effluent materials from industrial stacks, whether combustion products or * fuisesjv'jths dust from the surface of the earth dispersed by moving vehicles or air currents which pass over dry soils, highways and streets. The combined quantities from those sources, as a rule, are small, and as indicated above, are generally of the order of a few jaicrograas per cubic meter. The quantities of lead inhaled and retained in the lungs of persons in the general population are small, and (aside from occupational exposure in the lead-using industries) are hyglenically and physiologically insignificant, at the present time. Indeed, they are smaller than those associated with the consumption of food and beverages. K 0018643 -4 - Taken oil in ail, the nktvm.tt.im presented by the . data obtained i. the survey to itrela, titoat the aspect of lead in the atgsosphere, is not attendee by any bastard .to bugam neal t' i. t Late: -ur-ril 24, A982 The Kettering Laboratory K'Jb" 0018644 Materials Submitted* '3eqpir0ftt Samples of air-bom partioulate aatter collected on ralllipore filter nedia* April 11 and 12, 19fi by Department of Air Pollution Control, City of Chicago, 380 north Claris Street, Chicago 10, illinol for lepublle Stool Corporation, ll6tn Street end Burley Avenue, Chicago IT, Illinois Concentration of load Analysis Nuc&er 62A-2399 82A-2%00 62a *2^46 62A-2447 Regalte Republic steel ...... ..... . 52 BlanK 58 69 Bp- Dithlsone _ ProoMure. 5.380 0.114 0*f?5 0*750 By Speetrogrephic ... Preeedure........ 5*750 Q.115 0.5^0 0.6%o Proa 5SiO : Kettering Laboratory in the Department of Preventive fftdieiae ard Industrial Health, College of stedlciise, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 0018845 N19710.01 Materialt Sdftmltteds acquired* 'Sevan samples of pondered-'materials- April 23, I960 -by m* a* if* Ferguson, Assistant Director of Industrial Eolations* BepuDlic Steel Corporation, Cleveland 1, Ohio far cent. lead Analysis Mumper 62A-26TT 62A-26T0 52A-2679 62A-2680 62A-2681 62A-2682 62A*2683 Bernal t s Pcmder Sample Humber 1 2 5 4 5 6 T Per Cent Dead Dithigone 0,020 0,040 0.O17 O.053 0.060 0,440 0.055 0.474 0.900 0.110 ( 0.950 0,125 0.220 0.238 Proa The Kettering laboratory In the Department of Preventive Medicine and industrial Health," College of Medicine, University of -Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio Signedt J*-cSoa Director, Division of Industrial liygian Technology Date 1. April 30* I960 HE 0018646 Material* Submitted! Required* Samples of air-borne particulate matter collected on millipore filter media. April 3, 1962 by w. E. Sebesfca, Industrial Hygienist, Republic steel Corporation,'116th street, and Burley Avenue, Chicago IT, Illinois Concentration of lead Analysis number 62A-2187 62A-2188 62A-2189 62A-2190 62A-2191 62A-2192 Republic steel Number 92XA 92TB 92XC 92YD 92TF BL Control Results Moroarams of Lead in Sample By Dithizone By Spectrographic Procedure Procedure <0;5 0.8 2.9 <0.5 2.0 0,6 0.6 0.8 1A 2.0 0.0 - Notes Forty per cent of each sample was used for the analysis by the dithlzon method; The sensitivity of this method is approximately 0,3 micrograms per sample; .Sixty per cent of the sample was used for the spectrographic analysis; All of the lead was con centrated into a volume of 1 ml; The sensitivity of detection is 0,02 rnicrograms/inl, All concentrations were at levels where the accuracy of analysis by spectrochemieal procedures varies from + 20$ to * 100$. Prom The Kettering Laboratory in the Department of Preventive Medicine and Industrial Health, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio Datei April 6, 1962 Approved* i1 TyJL^ Robert A, Kehoe, M.D. Director KE 001S647 'v'l.-tl -X r\ , < 0 Materials Submitted, s Requireds Samples of .air-borne particulate matter collected on millipore filter media* April 6, 1962 by Department of Air Pollution Control, City of Chicago, 320 North Clark Street, Chicago 10, Illinois for Republic Steel Corporation, 116th Street and Burley Avenue, Chicago IT, Illinois Concentration of lead Analysis Number 62A-2243 62A-2244 62A-2245 62A-2248 62A-2249 62A-2250 62A-2251 62A-2252 62A-2253 Republic steel Humber 94TC 94YB 94TA 937A 93TB 93TC gym gym 93TF Results Micrograms of .Lead in sample.. .. By Blthisone Procedure By Spectrographic Procedure <0.5 4.65 <0.5 3.8 <0.5 <0.5 1.1 1.1 0*7 G;8 0.7 1.4 0.5 <0.5 1.0 <0i5 1.1 <0.5 Notes Forty per cent of each sample was used for the analysis by the difchigoh method. The sensitivity of this method is approximately 0;3 micrograras per sample; Sixty per cent of the sample was used for the speetrographie analysis* All of the lead was con centrated into a volume of 1 ml; The sensitivity of detection is 0*02 micrograms/ml. All concentrations were at levels where the accuracy of analysis by spectrochemical procedures varies from + 20^ to 100^; From The Kettering Laboratory in the Department of preventive Medicine and Industrial Health, college of Medicine, university of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio Date 8 April 12. 1962 tfE" 0-018648 Signedt ' , /; Harold Imbus, M.B. Materials Submitted* Samples of air-bome particulate.matter connoted on mUlipor filter nodi. ^ April 9* 1962 by Bepartsaenb of Air pollution control, City of Chicago# 380 &*&'Clark street*'Cftloage 10# Illinois for Republic Steel Corporation# Ufitte Streo* Repaired i; c^oontrati. of a#a$ Analysis maaber S2A-230S 62A-2JOT 62A-23Q8 82A-23G9 62A-2310 62A-23U 62A-2312 62A-2315 62A-2214 Republic Steel Humber 955TA 95 95 95 9OT 95 96 96 9&F wwultg .,.._morosrems._of Samplii, ... By plthisoae ' By Spectrographia Procedure. procedure 3*2 ft.a <0.5 0*5 <0.5 1*0 <o.s '0.8 <0.5 1*0 <b*5 1.0 0*6 1*0 . <-s <0.5 1.0 0.8 From fhe Kettering Laboratory in the Department. of Preventive ifedieXa end industrial Health* collegeof Usdieine* university of Cincinnati# Cincinnati# Ohio Date t Aorll 15, 1962 Signed* OholaJe tor# Division of .ustrlal Hygiene technology K 0018649 Materials Submitted* Required: samples of sir~born psrtleulate setter collected a alllipore filter media. April 11, I96S by apartment of Air Pollution Control, City of Chicago, 3S0 north Clark street, Chicago 10, Illinois for Republic Steel Corporation, XX6tn Street and Burley Avenue, Chicago 1?, Illinois CoppentfstioJi'df; lead' Results Analysis master. 62A-2393 621-239^ 62A-2395 ' 62A-239S 62A-2397 62A-2398 Republic steel. = ........m&m? . ..... 997A 99HB 99C 99SF 99350. . By Itbigone... Prooeaur@,, 6.8 0.5 10*0 0.8 7*3 0.5 By speetrographle Procedure 5*0 0*9 7*3 0.8 6.50.8 From The Kettering laboratory in the pspartasat of Preventive ffedioine and Mastrial Healtit. College of fta&leine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio Pates April 13, 1968 I Signed 1 X4 ChOjUflC /ireotor, Division of (I/idustrial Hygiene Technology 0018650 j&terialt Submitted* acquired: Samples of alr-bome particulate mater collected m millipore filter sedia-. April 12, 196S by separtaent of Air pollution control. City of Chicago, 320 ffortt* Clans Street* Chicago 10, Illinois, for republic Stool Coloration, ll$m Street and Chicago IT, Illinois of lead Analysis Humber 62A-2401 62A-2402 62A-2403 62,V240% S2A-2405 62A-2405 mm!m. Bepublic Steel Ifistiber loom loose lo&m 100SE loots' low By Sithiaone Procedure 0,85 1.1 0.2 6.5 0.2 10.5 ' -. leadln AaaMe_____ By Speetrographlc Procedure 1.0 1.6 0.9 5*5 0*9 3.8 From The Kettering laboratory in tbs peparfsaent of Preventive Medicine and industrial Health* College of Medicine, university of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio Sates April l6f 1962 0018651 Signed! j* moim director division of Industrial Hygiene Technology Materials . Submitted* ' ;3tegsixdii sidles of airborne parfcieiaatematter collected m s&lllpore filter stadia* April 16, 1962 fey Department of Air Pollution control. City of Chicago, 390 Berth cigrie street, Chisago 1C Illinois, for Repgblle Steel Corporation, 116th stmt 0mm* Chicago 179 Illinois cp^htiiioh,of iea$ Analysis Berber 62A-2469 62A-24?0 62A-24T1 62A-24?2 62A-2473 62A^24?4 Bepufello Steel Humber . 103fA 103981035c iojm 13Blojm By Blthiaone ..jtma&M. 0.3 1?3 1.0 2.7 0.2 2. By Spf^trographic .jgggj&m___ 0.4 16*7 13 3.1 1*0 From The lettering laboratory in the Department of preventive mdieine and industrial Health* college of Ifadieia, University of Cincinnati, ciaeiimati, Ohio Dftt^t<^raJSU,l^ Slgnadr 14k tor# Division of trial Hygiene Technology K 0018652 Material* Submitted* acquiredt Samples ot air*boi`i*@ particulate matter collected on aillipor filter media, April 13, 1962 by Department of Air Pollution control, City of Chicago, 320'north Clark Street, Chicago 10, Illinois.," tm?:' fiepubilo Steel Coxtxxratbn, Ii6tft street ani-Bhrioy mmm* Chicago 1?, Illinois concentration of' lend' Analysis Plumber 62A-244I 62A-2442 62A-2443 62A*2W o 2A-2^58 62A-2459 62A-2460 Eepublle steel Number 101TB 201TB 1G1YA 101YC 202TA 10206.. Blank Hesulta.- --Maseggama of X<ad in sample . By DithiEone By spectrographie .... Procedure..... Procedure 10.0 1.7 2.2 0*7 10.3 1.8 i.% 0.8 2.7 1.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 From The Kettering laboratory in the Department of preventive Medicine and Industrial Health, College of i4edictne University of - Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio Date*; April 18 J2. Signed* iolak tor. Division of trial Hygiene Technology HZ 0018653