Document zdZ50okOMzoV3y2DNvb1qGrY3

Personal Exposures, Outdoor Concentrations, and Breath Levels of Toxic Air Pollutants Measured for 425 Persons in Urban, Surburban and Rural Areas Lance A. Wallace U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Edo D. Pellizzari, Ty D. Hartwell, Charles M. Sparacino, Linda S. Sheldon, and Harvey Zelon Researdi Triangle Institute Dr. Wallace is an environmental scientist with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., 20460. Dr. Pellizzari is a vice president; Dr. Hartwell a statistician; Dr. Sparacino and Dr. Sheldon chemists? and Mr. 2elon a survey operations specialist with Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27709. Presented at the annual meeting of the Air Pollution Control Association June 25, 1984 San Francisco, CA URL 03870 64-1.8 PERSONAL EXPOSURES, OUTDOOR CONCENTRATIONS, AND BREATH LEVELS OF TOXIC AIR POLLUTANTS MEASURED FOR 425 PERSONS IN URBAN, SUBURBAN, AND RURAL AREAS, 1. Wallace, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC 20460, E. Pelllzzari, T. Hartwell, C. Sparaclno, L. Sheldon, and H. 2elon, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709. EPA'a TEAM Study has measured exposures to 20 volatile organic compounds in personal air, outdoor air, drinking water, and breath of 370 persons In NJ, 25 in ND, and 30 in NC during 1980-1982. The NJ residents were selected by a probability sampling scheme to represent 120,000 inhabitants of Elisabeth and Bayonne. Participants carried a personal monitor to collect two 12-hour air samples and gave e breath sample ec the end of the day. Two consecutive 12-hour outdoor air samples were also collected on identical Tenax cartridges in the back yards of 90 of the participants. About 3000 samples were collected, of which 1000 were quality control samples. Eleven compounds were often present in air. Personal exposures were invariably higher than outdoor concentrations for these chemicals, end were sometimes 10 times the outdoor concen trations. Indoor sources appeared responsible for much of the difference* Breath concentrations also usually exceeded outdoor concentrations, and correlated more strongly with personal exposures than with outdoor concentrations. URL 03871 uBU 03812 84-1 .8 Introduction The TEAM (Total Exposure Assessment Methodology) Study was designed to develop and demonstrate methods to measure human exposure to toxic substances In air and drinking water. A first phase to field-test the methods was completed In 19811*2. Methods developed or demonstrated in Phase I included: o A personal monitor employing Tenax cartridges o A spirometer for collecting expired air on Tenax cartridges o A statistical design and OKB-approved questionnaires for Phase II. Preliminary results from Phase 1. which Included pilot studies of 17 students at Lamar University in Beaumont, Texas and the University of North Carolina and 12 persons in New Jersey and tforth Carolina Included: o About a dozen volatile organic compounds were often or always found In personal air samples of all subjects o Exposures were highly variable, ranging from 1 to 1000 ug/&3 for some chemicals o Breath values were correlated with personal exposures for several chemicals The objective of the second phase was Co estimate the distribution of exposures to tsrget substances for the entire population of an industrial/ chemical manufacturing area. A total of 20 toxic, carcinogenic, or mutagenic organic compounds were measured In the air and drinking water of 350 residents of Bayonne and Elizabeth, New Jersey, in the fall of 1981. The participants were selected from over 10,000 residents screened by s probability sampling technique to represent 120,000 persons (over the sge of seven) who live in the two neighboring cities. 100 geographic areas throughout the two cities were selected for mon itoring. Each participant carried personal sampler with him during his normal dally activities for two consecutive 12-hour periods. (One resident in each of the 100 areas had sn identical aampler operating In the back yard for the same two 12-hour periods.) All participants also collected two drinking water temples. At the end of the 24-hour sampling period, all participants gave a sample of exhaled breath, which was analyzed for the same compounds. All participants also completed a questionnaire on their occupations and activities during the sampling period. An extensive quality assurance program was carried out on all sampllng/aoalysls activities. Measurement Methods Air. Personal and outdoor air samples were collected on Tenax cartridges for 12-hour periods. A Dupont pump pulled air at 30 mL/min ( -22L sampling UPL 03873 84-1.8 volume) Across the 1.5 em i.d. cartridge, which contained 6 ca ( 2 g) of Tenax. Cartridges were analysed by CC-MS. Breath* Breath aaoples were collected by a spirometer consisting of a humidified supply of pure air. a Tedlar bag to collect the pure air, a 2-way Douglas cruthplece, a second Tedlar bag to collect expired air, and two Nutech pumps to pull the expired air across two Tenax cartridges. The subject uses the two-way mouthpiece to breathe pure air from' the flrat Tedlar bag and exhale Into the aeeond bag. Analysis was by GC-MS. Water* Drinking water samples were collected In the morning and evening from the kitchen tap In 40 ml vials containing sodium thiosulfate. For analy sis, purgable organics were swept onto a Tenax cartridge and were analysed by GC-FID (aromatics) and GC-ECD (halocarbons). Quality Assurance Blank samples and control (spiked) samples were kept at the laboratory and shipped to the field to determine background contamination levels and recovery efficiencies. Duplicate air, water and breath samples were collected and analysed at the primary and QA laboratories to determine Intralaboratory and Interlaboratory precision. Results About 4,400 of the 5,200 target households were contacted and provided Information on 11,414 household residents. These data were employed in the second stage to select a weighted samples of participants. About 58? of the eligible residents In each city agreed to participate fully In the study (Table 1). Limited follow-up studies on nonrespondents showed no outstanding differences from respondents* About 1950 air, breath, and water samples were collected and chemically analyzed (Table XI). An additional 980 quality control samples (duplicates, spikes, and blanks) were analyzed. Quality Assurance Results Air and Breath. Results from ?6 field and 79 laboratory blanks (Table 111) showed low backgrounds (corresponding to < 2 ug/3) exeept for benzene (5+3 ug/3). Mean backgrounds for each bateh of Tenax cartridges were aubTracted from the measured amounts on field cartridges from that batch. The results from 110 field end 91 laboratory control cartridges showed typical recovery efficiencies of 90-100X. Results from 134 pairs of duplicate personal air samples and 34 duplicet* outdoor air samples analyzed at the primary laboratory showed typical relative standard deviation* (RSD) of 20-302, except for benzene (4^502)# Thirty depliemte breath samples had typleal RSD's of 30-402. QA samples analyzed at different laboratories had slightly larger typical RSD's of 30-402 (90 air samples) and 30-502 (49 breath samples). 2 84-1.8 Spearman correlation* between duplicates analysed at the primary labora tory were significant for ten of eleven prevalent compounds In personal air and five of eight prevalent compounds In outdoor air. Interlabcratory corre lations were significant for nine of ten compounds In personal air, five of seven compounds lo outdoor air, and seven of nine prevalent compounds In breath. Percent Detected Tor each of the 19-20 target chemicals In each of the sample types (breath, water, personal end outdoor elr) the weighted percent of quantifiable concentrations la shown in Table IV. Air and Breath. We may sort the target chemicals into four classes based on their presence in air and breath aamples (Table V). The first class, ubiquitous chemicals that are present In 60-981 of all air and breath samples, Included two common solvents (1,1,1-trlehloroethane and tetrschloroethylene) and four aromatic components of gasoline, paints, and other petro chemical products (benzene, two xylene isomers, and ethylbenzene). The second class, compounds often but sot always present in all sample types. Included two additional solvents (carbon tetrachloride and trichloro ethylene); a compound whose mala source is drinking water (chloroform); and two components of common consumer products (styrene, used In Insulation and plasties; and para-dichlorobenzene, used in moth crystals and deodorants). The probable source of the last two compounds Is In the home, judging by the much greater frequencies of detection in personal air aamples (70-6OX) com pared to outdoor air samples (10-302). The third class of substances were only occasionally found (<102 detected in most sample types). This class Includes vlnylldene chloride, a component of paints and plastics; ethylene dichloride, a common component of many products; ehlorobenzene and o-dlehlorobenzene. Finally, four bromlnated substances not found In air or breath Included three trlhalomethanes and dibromochloropropane. However, previous work (?hA*e X of the TEAM Study) showed that levels of bromodichloromethane Increased sufficiently In summer to beeome readily detectable In the personal air and exhaled breach of selected Elizabeth and Bayonne residents. Thus, the present negative findings for bromodlchloromethane in sir and breath should not be extrapolated to apply to all seasons. Prinking Water. In drinking water, different set of the target chem icals were present. All ef the four trlhalomethanes except bromoform were present In >992 of all samples from both Bayonne and Elizabeth. In Bayonne, mo other target chemicals appeared often In the water. Zn Elizabeth, four other chemicals often appeared, but their levels were generally ao low that they made no appreciable contributions to the exposures of the participants. Observed Concentrations Air and Breath. Weighted mean values for personal sir samples range 3 URL 03874 84-1.8 from 1-100 ug/3 at night, and from 2-870 ug/m3 In the daytime for the 12 most prevalent compound* (Table VI). Outdoor air seen levels fell veil below the personal air levels for almost every chemical. Breath concentrations ere also higher then outdoor concentrations for most chemicals. Maximum concentrations show even mere marked differences Between per sonal and outdoor air (Table V1X). Personal air maxima are often 10-100 tinea larger than outdoor maxima. Breath maxima always exeeed outdoor air maxima, sometimes By a factor of 10. Since the overnight personal air samples are taken In the subject's homes, they may Be considered esentlally Indoor samples. Thus, indoor-outdoor ratios can Be calculated for corresponding percentiles of each distribution. These ratios are always greater than one. Indicating Indoor sources for all 11 prevalent chenleals. At median concentrations, indoor-outdoor ratios range from l.S to 4.9, But at the 99th percentile (figure 1) many chemicals display indoor-outdoor ratios of 10 or 20, indicating very strong Indoor sources. Bay-night differences are minimal for moat chemicals -- only tetrachloroethylene appears to have significantly larger concentrations in both personal and outdoor daytime air samples. Prinking Vster. Weighted mean concentrations of ten target chemicals in drinking water showed only three trlhalomethanes exceeding 1 ug/L: chloroform (70 ug/l); broaodlehloromethane (14); and dibromochloromethane (2.5). Correlations in Air Spearman correlations were calculated for all possible pairs of the tar get chemicals within the overnight and daytime personal air and outdoor air samples. Correlations were high Between eertaln groups of associated chem icals. For example, the xylene Isomers and ethylbenzene, found in gasoline and paints in about the same relative proportions, had correlation coeffi cients exceeding .9 In all cases. On the other hand, chloroform and paradlchlorobenzene shoved little correlation with any of the other chemicals or with each other. Correlations Between Breath and Air Correlations of Breath levels with preceding personal air exposures were usually significant at the p < .0001 level; however, correlations with preceding outdoor concentrations were always weak and seldom significant (Table VIII). The ehemicals most highly correlated with previous exposures were paradichlorobenzene and tetrachloroethylene. The weakest correlation was with chloroform -- this Is to Be expected, since the main route of exposure for chloroform was not air. But drinking water'. Betlos of Breath concentrations to previous 12-hour air txposures were also calculated for ten prevalent chemicals. These ratios give a rough Indication of the fraction of aach compound excreted through the breath. Two compounds -- Benzene and tetrachloroethylene -- appear to Be excreted largely 4 URL 03875 i 84-1.8 through the breath, having ratios of 76-80X. Breath-air ratios for the other chemicals ranged between 33-435. The comparisons above do not take into account the dependence of breath levels on pre-existing concentrations In the body and alto on the effective residence times of each chemical. A simple two-parameter time-dependent model baa been developed that accounts for the effect of the initial breach concentration and the effective residence time in the body2. The model was tested In the TEAM Pilot Study for 27 cases in which two breath samples and three Intervening 8-hour air samples were collected; the model predieted an effective half-life of 21 hours for tetrachloroethylene. A later ^washout" study^ performed over a 10-hour period In a pure air chamber on an adult male exposed for one hour to tetraehloroethylene vapors in a dry cleaning shop Interior resulted in a measured effective half-life of 21 hours. Effects of Residence, Occupation, and Activities on Exposure City, few differences between Bayonne and Elisabeth were noted for unweighted outdoor air concentrations, using Kann-Vhitney/Vilcoxon nonpara-, metric tests. Unweighted personal exposures were significantly higher for eight chemicals in Elisabeth and two in Bayonne. Srudeut t-cests on the geometric mean of the weighted data indicated that only 2-4 of the chemicals showed significant (p < .05) differences between cities, with Elizabeth generally slightly higher on personal air and breath samples. Proximity to Point Sources. Census tracts were classified as high end low exposure "strata by whether they were within 1.5 km of any major point sources or not. Those strata bordering the high exposure strata and contain ing major highways were classified as moderate exposure. In general, no differences in percent measurable were seen between the high and low proximity strata. However, the moderate strata in Bayonne and Elisabeth occasionally shoved significantly higher percentages measurable for scattered compounds in breath, personal sir, or outdoor sir samples. This indicates a possible greater influence on exposure due to mobile sources than to stationary sources. Occupational Exposure. About 85 of the 350 participants were classified as having potential occupational exposure to some of the target compounds. Median breath values of sroaatlc compounds associated with gasoline and auto exhaust (benzene, xylenes, and ethylbenzene) were 40-705 higher for the occupationally exposed groups. Other differences due to occupation are being investigated. Activities on the Pay Monitored. The data collected on the 24-hour exposure aereeners proved useful in identifying the probable sources of high exposures. For example, persons pumping their own gas on the day they were monitored showed the expected higher levels of benzene and xylene Isomers (but not other chemicals) in personal air and breath samples. Similarly, those visiting a dry cleaner showed higher levels of tetrachloroethylene in air and breath. Persons exposed to tobacco showed significantly higher levels of benzene, xylene, styrene, and ethylbenzene In elr and breath. Persons exposed to solvents had higher levels of 1,1,1-trichloroethane in their breath and personal air samples. Persons exposed to auto/truck exhausts 5 URL 03816 URL 03877 84-1.8 showed slgnifleantly higher levels of benzene In air end breath. Persons exposed to degreasing compounds had higher levels of trichloroethylene in air and breath. Persons exposed to paint had higher levels of benzene, styrene and xylene isomers in sir and breath. Discussion f Personal air exposures to all eleven of the aost prevalent cheaieals were greater -- often much greater -- than would have been predicted froa outdoor monitoring alone. The major eause of these higher exposures appesrs to be in the hoae, alnce overnight concentrations in the*home were consistently greater than in the adjoining backyard. * Two particularly clear axaaples of Indoor chemicals were psradichlorobenzene, used In noth crystals and deodorants; and styrene, used in plastics, foao rubber, and insulation. Tetraehloroethylene (and sometimes 1,1,1-trichloroethane) are used in dry cleaning. Paints may contain vinylldene chlo ride, styrene, and xylenes. Gasoline contains benzene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes. Tap water contains chloroform, and heated water (particularly hot showers) will give up most of its chlorofora to the Indoor air. Benzene was ore prevalent in smokers' hoaes than in nonsaokers'; and smokers' bresth levels were about double those of nonsaokers (aean value of 33 ug/3 vs. 17 ug/a3). Although occupational exposures did not account for aost of the observed differences between personal and outdoor concentrations, they did account for the very highest exposures. Tor example, the person with the highest exposure to vinylldene chloride and 1,1,1-trlchloroethane was a painter. Comoutlng was also iapllcated in increased exposures to benzene and xylenes. Reliance on outdoor monitors to estimate exposure is contralndicted by this study. Heart outdoor levels of the 11 chemicals ranged froa 1-12 ug/al, but aean personal exposures ranged froa 3-870 ug/m3. Maxissue outdoor levels ,,* ranged froa 3*470 ug/a3 while maximum personal exposures ranged from 76330,000 ug/a3. These outdoor levels are similar to those measured by all techniques (Tenax, cryogenic trapping, evacuated cylinder) in urban and suburban areas throughout the U.S. between 1970 and 1960 (Table IX). Breath is an important mode of intake and excretion for many volatile compounds. Whatever compounds are measured in the exhaled breath of a person breathing pure air have bees supplied by the bloodstream as it passes through the lungs. The advantages of measuring bresth rather than blood are (1) the technique Is nonlnvaslve and therefore preferable for uee in studies requiring reasonable response rates froa general public volunteers; and (2) the measure ment technique employed (Tenax; GC/KS analysis) is more sensitive than the corresponding technique for blood employed tn the first phase of the TEAM Study. In fact, scores of compounds were quantified in breath using this technique but only one (chloroform) was quantified regularly in blood during Phase 1. Bresth concentrations reflected personal' exposures more closely than outdoor concentrations. Spearman correlations between breath and preceding 6 URL 03878 84-1.8 personal exposure were significant for ten of 12 prevalent chemicals, hut correlations between breath and preceding outdoor levels were significant for only five chemicals* The ratio of median breath concentrations to median daytime air exposures ranged from 33-432 for nine chemicals, and 75-802 for two others* Thus, the feasibility of using breath measurements to estimate exposure to these compounds has been demonstrated* This approach may be useful In cases of spills or releases that have disappeared from the atmos phere before they could be monitored -- Immediate breath measurements could determine the approximate extent of population exposure* Similarly, breath measurements of persons living near hazardous waste sites could be used to detect current or recent exposure* Acknowledgments Local and state officials In Hew Jersey gave essential support to this study. Special efforts were made by Dr* John Sakowskl and Mr. David Roach of the Bayonne Department of Health, Mr. John Surrnay and Mr. Robert Travisano of the Elizabeth Health, Velfate and Housing Department, and Dr* Thomas Burke of the Mew Jersey Department of Environmental Protection. Ve are most indebted to the hundreds of citizens who conscientiously wore monitors, kept diaries, and answered questions about thelr'actlvlties* Disclaimer Opinions expressed are those of the authors and do not reflect official positions of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Mention of products or brand names does not imply endorsement by the government. 7 84-1*8 Table I. Besults of tvo-stage probability sampling. TEAM Study, Tall, 1981 Bayonne Elizabeth_________ Stage I: Screening Households screened Households completing questionnaire Persons providing data Stage 11: Monitoring Eligible persons Persons completing data collection 2063 1788 (87Z) 4687 266 154 (57.91) 3143 2638 (841) 6727 343 201 (58.32) Table 11. Samples collected. TEAM Study -- Fall 1981 Personal Air Outdoor Air Breath Field Samples Duplicates Blanks/controls Total 70S 131 283 1119 183 358 32 37 90 185 305 580 Drinking Water 718 70 152 950 URL 03879 8 84-1.8 Table XU. Blank and control data for air and breath volatiles Blanks (ng/cartridge 4 S.D.) Controls (2 Recovery 4 S.D.) Compound Field (H-76) Ub (K-795 Field (H-110) Lab CH-91) Vlnylidene chloride 142 <1 85 4 23 110 4 33 Chloroform 22 4 20 64 6 89 4 22 90 4 39 1,2-Dichloroethane <1 <1 100 4 15 106 4 31 1*1,1-Trlchloroethane 33 4 21 14 4 17 87 4 19 94 4 28 Benzene 97 4 64 41 4 26 66 4 22 90 4 26 Carbon tetrachloride 2 4-3 15 4 42 80 4 20 93 4 24 Trichloroethylene 34 5 142 . 95 4 12 99 4 24 A Br one dichi oronethane KB KB 96 4 19 98 4 11 01broaochloronethane KB KB 95 4 17 93 v 13 Tetrachloroethylene 11 4 JO 24 4 108 4 18 109 4 29 . Chlorobenzene 14 3 24 3 110 4 24 109 4 32 Br omof ora HD HD 96 4 19 92 4 15 Olbroaochloropropane <1 HD 96 4 17 77 4 24 \ Styrene 243 24 3 104 4 14 92 4 15 -i?l chlorobenzene 347 14 1 101 4 11 87 f 13 Cthylbentene 12 4 13 5 4 10 95 4 14 95 4 18 ^Xylene 84 9 34 5 100 4 13 88 4 19 -Xylcne 22 4 21 7 4 11 100 4 14 91 4 18 e-Bichlorobenzene I42 141 96 4 13 85 4 25 9 URL 03881 04-1.8 Table IV. Percentage of population with compound contentritloni ewunMe for Bayonne and EllwbetMt Ml, I98t Breath Overnight Pernonal Air Daytime Peraonal Mr Overnight Outdoor Air Daytime Outdoor Mr Drinking Vater Minimum Sample Size: Maximum Sample Sice: 295 339 346 339 368 341 01 86 265 06 90 354 Vtnylldene chloride Chloroform 1,2-THchloroethane 1,1,1-Trichloroethane benzene Carbon tetrachloride Trichloroethylene Browodlchtoronethane Dlbromochloromethane Tetrachloroethylene Chlorobenzene Broaoform Dtbromochloropropane Styrene *,p-DIchlorobenzene o-TM chlorobenzene Ethylbenzene o-Jtylene ntp-Xylene 12 AO 2 00 09 10 29 o.i 0 91 1 0 n 40 62 2 93 05 95 3 59 3 00 95 10 52 2 0 92 9 0 1 03 02 7 93 07 99 6 44 1 73 90 23 46 2 0 00 4 0 0 77 76 9 09 03 90 1 47 3 05 89 53 54 0.1 0 80 2 0 0 34 44 0.6 87 82 98 0.4 37 4 81 75 50 46 0 0 80 4 0 0 18 23 l 02 74 90 45 100 0.4 50 O.t 6 57 100 100 50 0.9 3 V 0 2 - 0 0 a intimated population: 122,000 10 84-1.8 Table V* Target compounds sorted by percent measurable in air and breath samples* TEAM Study -- Tall 1981 Compound Class UblQultous p-Xylene Tetrachloroethylene Ethylbenzene Benzene 1,1,l-Triehloroethane -Xylene Often present Chloroform Carbon tetrachloride Trichloroethylene Styrene p-Bichlorobenzene Occasionally found Vinylidene chloride Ethylene dichloride Chlorobenzene o-Oichlorobenzene Never found in air or breath Bromoform Bromodlchloromethane OlbroBOchloromethane Blbromechloropropane Eanee of 1 Measurable 86-96 70-91 75-89 72-89 67-79 60-78 . 23-59 10-38 26-36 4-79 10-71 - 0-11 0- 2 2- 3 0- 7 0 0 0 0 URL 03882 11 ; 4Ml J UPL 03883 84-1.6 Table VI. Weighted wan concentration* (ug/3) of selected organics In air and breath: TEAM Study, Elizabeth and --Bafy--on n. e c. o. mbin, edj.. Fall 1981 Chemtcal Peraonal Air Eight Day (N-347) (It-340) Outdoor Air Night Day (N-63) (N-B8) Breath (N-295-339) 1,1,1-Trlchloroethane benzene Carbon tetrachloride Tr1chioro*thyt ene Tetrachloroethylene Styrene m,p-Dtchlorobenzene Ethylbenzene o-Xylene ,p-Xylene Chioroforw 120 31 14 7.7 11 7.1 35 13 14 54 10 B70 27 4.3 19 83 14 35 24 in 49 7.8 5.3 8.6 l.l 2.1 3.6 0.9 1.5 3.8 4.0 II 12 9.1 9.5 1.0 2.3 8.1 0.8 1.8 4.3 4.0 12 1.6 15 19 1.2 t.a 13 1.2 8.0 4.6 3.4 9.0 3.2 Table Vtl. Maximal concentrations of aelected organic* In air and breatht TEAM Study, Elizabeth and Bayonne combined. Fall 1981 Chemical Personal Air Night Day (N-347) (N-340) Outdoor Air Night Day (N-83) (N-88) 1,1,1-Trlcbloroethane Re nr.ene Carbon tetrachloride Trichloroethylene Tetrachloroethylene Styrene m# p-nichlorobenzene Ethylbenzene o-Xylene m,f-Xylene Chloroform 8,300 510 1,100 150 250 76 1,500 inn 750 1,100 220 330,000 270 900 1,400 12,000 6,500 790 1,500 810 1,800 89 40 470 91 * 44 14 7 15 11 27 57 It 5 13 57 20 16 27 19 70 37 22 9 Breath (N-295-339) 520 200 250 30 260 31 160 290 220 350 29 12 nr INDOOR-OUTDOOR RATIO I`t-99 NINETY-NINTH PERCENTILEVALUES Figure I. Overnight 12-hour average ratios o f 90 matched pairs o f indoor/outdoor samples in Elizabeth and Bayonne, NJ. 84-1.g Table VIII Spearman correlations between breath values and preceding personal air and outdoor air concentrations: TEAM Study, Elizabeth. Kev Jersey, Tall, 1981_______________________________ UP Chemical Personal Air (W 190) Outdoor Air <W 55) Personal Mr Outdoor Air a,p-01ehloTobenzene Tetrachloroethylene Trichloroethylene m,p-Xylene Ethylbenzene 1,1,1-Trlchloroethane -Xylene Benzene Styrene Chloroform 56 46 40 39 34 .29 .25 .22 22 .05 .27 31 .37 .23 .17 17 .24 .27 .08 .00 0001 0001 .0001 .0001 0001 0001 .0005 002 002 .51 .06 .02 .009 .09 .21 23 .08 .05 .60 .98 URL 03885 Table IX* Outdoor concentrations (ug/m3) in Elizabeth and Bayonne compared to P.S. values Median ya u.s. Wjb 75th PeTcentile O.S. NJ 1,1,1-Trichloroethane Benzene m,p-Xylene e-Xylene Ethylbenzene Tetrachloroethylene Trichloroethylene m,p~Dlchlorobenzene -D1chlorobenzene Styrene Chloroform Carbon tetrachloride 1669 2292 1191 1885 669 1711 1638 392 674 2 1739 1747 2.8 8.9 12 5.2 5.2 2.3 0.61 0.28 0.066 * 0.35 1.2 4.6 7.6 8.9 3.0 3.0 3.1 1.4 1.0 0.17 0.64 0.60 0.84 5.5 15 23 10 7.8 4.8 1.8 1.6 0.36 0.73 1.7 9.1 14 17 5.4 6.0 8.5 2.8 1.5 0.35 1.0 1.8 1.2 a K Humber of samples measured In urban and suburban areas: O.S. 1970*1980* Source: Volatile Organic Chemicals In the Atmosphere: Assessment of Available Data. Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory, O.S. EPA Research Triangle Park, WC, 1981. b Weighted values for Elizabeth and Bayonne combined (population 122,000), H - 170*175 12*hour samples for all chemicals. 13 URL 03886 References 1. L. Wallace, R. Zveldlnger, M. Erickson, S. Cooper, D. Whitaker, and E. Pellizzarl, "Monitoring Individual exposure* Measurements of volatile organic compounds In breathlng-sone air, drinking voter, and exhaled breath." Environmental International, 8:269 (1982)* 2. L. Wallace, E. Pellizzarl, T. Rartvell, M. Roeenzveig, M. Erickson, C. Sparaelno, and E. Zelon, "Personal exposure to volatile organic com pounds: I. Direct measurements in breathing-tone air, drinking water, food, and axhaled breath." In press, Environmental Research (1984). 3. J. O'Heill, Pelliziari, and 1. Wallace, draft report for EPA contract #66-02-3679. 14 References 1. L,. Wallace, R. Zveidlnger, H. Erickson, $ Cooper, D. Whitaker, and E Pellixzaxi, "KonitoxLng individual exposure, Keasurementa of volatile orgaoic compounds in breathing-zone air, drinking water, and exhaled breath." Environment.^ International, 8:269 (1962)* .2 I. Wallace, E. Pellizzari, T. Hartwell, H. Rosenxueig, H. Erickson, C. Sparacino, and fi. Zelon, "Personal exposure to volatile organic com pound*: 1. Direct measurement* In breathing^zone air, drinking water, food, and fTh''ad-hr*at-ly.g--In pre**, tnvlronBPntal Research (1964), ^ J. O'Neill, E% Pellixxati, and 1.. Wallace, draft report for EPA contract #68-02-3679. / ( %s URL 03887 1/3/1 101234916 CA: 101<26>234916j JOURNAL Personal exposure to volatile organic compounds. I. Direct measurements in breathing-zone air, drinking water, food, and exhaled breath AUTH0R<S): Wallace, Lance A.; Pellizzari, Edo; Hartwell, Ty; Rosenzweig, Martin; Erickson, Mitchell; Sparacino, Charles; 2elcn, Harvey LOCATION: Off. Res. Dev., U.S. Environ. Protect. Agency, Washington, DC, U3rl JOURNAL: Environ. Res. DATE: 1984 VOLUME: 35 NUMBER: 1 PAGES: 293-319 CODEN: ENVRAt ISSN: 0013-9351 LANGUAGE: English ?logoff__. ________ _______________ .. (,(ai/fr ^^ -OCA3f- - La jf ^ j. Jx^ fi-fO tOv'-VR- \hA- ^A~- H