Document zdOJJXJjNojXNOzd1gD38X2Mm

794 CHAPTER 36 1950 Guide p. = pressure of saturated liquid', psig = pressure pounds per square inch, gage, psia = pressure pounds per square inch, absolute. ' Q -- quantity of heat, Btu. Qc = heat loss from condenser, Btu per pound refrigerant. Ql = heat dissipated in cooling water, Btu per hour. s = entropy. As = entropy change between suction and discharge. '. T = absolute temperature, Fahrenheit degrees. 7\vt = average temperature, Fahrenheit degrees, absolute, of gas passing through compressor. T0 -- condenser temperature, Fahrenheit degrees, absolute. T. = evaporator temperature, Fahrenheit degrees, absolute. (TVE) = total volumetric efficiency. i = degrees superheat at discharge condition of vapor leaving compressor.. Vi = discharge temperature, Fahrenheit degrees. V0 = clearance, percentage of volume, swept by. piston,' which is contained in spaces at end of cylinder when piston is at end of stroke (clearance includes valve spaces, etc.). . v, = specific volume of gas at suction, Cubic feet per pound. Vi = specific volume of gas at discharge, cubic feet per pound. Wr -- refrigerant rate, pounds per minute. x = proportion of liquid in mixture of vapor and liquid. REFERENCES 1 Air Cycle Refrigeration, by Paul C. Scofield (Refrigerating Engineering, Vol. 57, No. 6, June 1949, p. 558). * Application and Economy of Steam Jet Refrigeration to Air Conditioning, by A. R. Mumford and.A. A. Markson (A.S.H.V.E. Transactions, Vol. 44,1938, p. 33). * A New Development in Absorption Refrigeration, by A. A. Berestneff (Refriger ating Engineering, Vo\. 57, No. 6, June 1949, p. 553). 4 The Application of Storage Refrigeration to Air Conditioning, by C. F. Boester (A.S.H.V.E. Tbansactions, Vol. 45, 1939, p. 675). * Use of Cold Accumulators in the Air Conditioning Field, by R. W. Evans and C. J. Otterholm (A.S.H.V.E. Transactions, Vol. 48,1942, p. 123). BIBLIOGRAPHY A. Refrigerating Data Book, Vol. 1 (American Society of Refrigerating Engineers). B. Refrigeration Engineering; by. H. J. Macintire (John Wiley & Sons). C. Theory of Mechanical Refrigeration, by N. R. Sparks (McGraw-Hill Book Co.). : . D. Refrigeration and- Air Conditioning Engineering, by B. F. Raber and F. W. Hutchinson (John Wiley & Sons, 1945). E. -Refrigeration, by J. A. Moyer and R. U. Fitts (McGraw-Hill Book Co1.). F. Refrigerants and Absorbents, by W. R. Hainsworth (Refrigerating Engineering, August and September, 1944). G. Air Conditioning and. Refrigeration, by B. H. Jennings aiid.S. R. Lewis (In ternational Textbook Company, 1944). '' H. Refrigeration and Air Conditioning, by Jordan and Priester (Prentice-HaIl, Inc., 1948). .- CHAPTER 37 DEHUMIDIFICATION BY SORBENT MATERIALS Definitions and Principles, Adsorbents, Dehumidification by Solid Adsorbents, Dehumidifioation Equipment Using Solid Adsorbents, Absorbents, Dehumidification by Liquid Absorbents, Dehumidification Equipment Using Liquid Absorbents, Calculation of Moisture Load, Vapor Transfer to Dehumidified Space DEHUMIDIFICATION as used herein is the reduction of the water vapor content of a given volume of air or other gas. The term thus describes a special case of dehydration which covers the removal of moisture in any form from matter. The degree of dehumidification required varies greatly with different applications, and is one of the prime considerations influ encing the choice of a method. Dehumidification may be accomplished by latent heat removal, together with sensible heat removal, as described in Chapters 29, 34, and 35, or by the use of sorbents. Sorbents are substances which have the property of extracting and hold ing other substances (usually gases or vapors, e.g., water vapor), brought into contact with them. All materials are sorbents to a greater or lesser degree. The weight of water held by a substance will increase or decrease, depending upon whether the vapor pressure of the water held by the sub stance is less or greater, respectively, than the partial pressure of water vapor in the surrounding atmosphere. As generally used, however, the term sorbents refers to those materials having a capacity for moisture which is large compared to their volume and weight. Such materials are divided into two general classifications: 1. Adsorbent--A sorbent which does not change physically or chemically during the Borption process. Certain solid materials, such as activated alumina, silica gel, activated bauxites, and activated charcoal have this property. The action of adsorb ents, most of which adsorb some gases and condensible vapors besides water vapor, is selective. Thus, in the case of a mixture containing both water and organic vapors, silica gel would remove the water vapor in preference to the organic vapors, while the reverse would be true in the case of activated carbon. The selective property of adsorbents is made use of in some instances for the removal of objectionable and con taminating vapors from an air or gas mixture. (See Chapter 8.) 2. Absorbent---A sorbent which changes either physically; chemically, or both, during the sorption process. Calcium chloride is an example of a solid absorbent, while liquid absorbents include solutions of lithium chloride, calcium chloride, lith ium bromide, and the ethylene glycols. ADSORBENTS The ability of an adsorbent to remove water vapor from a gas is explained by the fact that the vapor pressure of the water in the adsorbent (when in the reactivated condition) is. less than the partial pressure of the water vapor in the surrounding atmosphere. For instance, when an active ad sorbent is brought into contact with a gas of high humidity, there is a tendency for the vapor pressure of the water in the adsorbent to reach equi librium with the partial pressure of the water in the surrounding gas, with 795