Document zdBbJ42EKX78Z3qVbBDp7wZy6

r . r A REPORT ON A STUDY TO DETERMINE THE BLOOD LEAD LEVELS IN DALLAS CHILDREN A pilot study of blood lead levels ia Dallas children was done in July 1972, by members and staff of the Dallas City Health Department, and the Dallas Area Respiratory Health Association In cooperation with Volunteers from the two partici pating areas in the city. The study had two aims: 1. To determine the range of blood lead levels in Dallas children who live in the two areas tested. ' ( 2. To determine whether residence near a point source of lead emissions to the atmosphere has any influence on blood lead levels in Dallas children. * Study Design The Test Area, referred to as the "Cadillac addition", is bounded by Morrell, Cedar, and Sargent street, and the M.K;T. railroad. Two secondary lead smelters, Dixie Industries and National Lead, are located on the eastern border of the Teat Area* Prevailing winds during much of the year are south easterly. Extensive data on the lead emissions of these smelters have-been accumulated by the Air Pollution 4 Control Division of the Dellas Health Department. The racial composition of .the area is approximately 75Z Mexican American and 25Z black. Most homes are single dwellings approximately 20 years old. '* Two Control Areas were selected since no single area with similar housing, socioeconomic level, and racial composition could be identified. One area, bounded by Canada Drive, Brantley, Pueblo, and Pastor was predominantly Mexican American; the other, bounded by McBroom, Morris, Vllblg, Shaw, and Puget was predominantly black. Both areas closely resemble the Test Area in age of homes and socioeconomic level. 0000-NLI-000020613 All occupied homes in each area were given a number; hemes were then selected for study by reference to a random numbers table. Selected hemes were visited by neighborhood volunteer workers who determined whether or not children aged 2-<S years lived in the home, and whether the parents would consent to the drawing of a blood sample from the child, A future date was established for blood drawing and signed parental consent obtained. Five ml. blood samples were drawn in vacutainer tubes containing anticoagulant, r. A a c+------------------------ "" l-,lau, ,-) and were airmailed to United Medical Laboratories in Portland, Oregon, for lead i analysis. Prior to receipt of the.results, study subjects from the Test and Control Areas were paired by age and race, in cognizance of the findings of others that blood lead levels are age-dependent and higher in blacks. Results were analyzed by parametric and non-parametric statistical techniques. Studies in other metropolitan areas have related elevated blood lead values in small children to the lead content o the paint in the home. Peeling paint, found especially in dilapidated housing is Ingested by the children. Accordingly, the-lead content of the paint on four inside walla and one outside wall was deter mined in each home in which the family participated in the study, using a radio* . ,-H r-jf-sotopa fluorescent analyzer borrowed from the Department of Health, Education, 1 ^ ' and Welfare, Bureau of Community Enviornmenfal Management. Readings from the five * tsites were averaged to obtain a single value for each home. Samples of ambient air in both Conts 1 Areas and the Test Area were collected with hl-volume samplers by the Air Pollution Control Division and the samples obtained were analyzed for lead by their usual technique. Samples of soil, approximately one cubic inch, were collected from the front 0000-NLI-000020614 yard of each participating family. Sites were chosen to avoid obvious contamination by vehicular emissions. The samples were analyzed by the Air Pollution Control Division. Results Over half of the eligible families participated in the study (Table 1). Table 1: Control Area Black Mexican-American TOTAL Families Participating in Study eligible Participating 12 7 14 12 26 19 Test Area Black Mexican-American TOTAL 8 _20_ 28 4 11 15 7. 58 86 73 - 50 55 54 Results of lead analyses axe shown in Table 2. A complete listing of the is included as Appendix 1. The frequency distribution of blood lead values is shown in Figure 1. 0000-NLI-000020615 5 Cennenc These data indicate that 5 of the 53 (97.) blood samples equaled or exceeded 40 meg/100ml, a level generally accepted as a potentially harmful level.* These high levels vere equally distributed between Teat And Control Areas but could not be related to the lead content of household paint. However, aa a group, the blood lead levels of children in the Test Area were 36Z higher than that of children in the Control Areas. This difference was statistically significant by both parametric and non-parsmetric techniques. The Environmental impact of the two lead smelters was shown by the Increase in both air and soil lead contents in the Test Areas. This study represents an admittedly small population; however, the carefully controlled random selection process used to obtain the subjects strengthens the interpretation of the results. It has not been proven that the emissions from the lead smelters are the source of the increased blood lead in Test Area children. However, no difference was found in household paint lead content between Test and Control Areas, and an increment in environmental lead in the Test Area was demonstrated. Two conclusions can be reached from the results of this study: 1. 9Z of children between 2-6 years of age in the areas tested have blood lead levels which exceed an acceptable level;* .2. Llvin near a point source of atmospheric lead emissions with a 36Z increase in blood lead. The long-range biological significance of these findings is unknown. However, * in view of the known effects of lead associated with blood levels only slightly S * Medical aspects of poisoning H.S.H.M.A. Health Report Vol. 86 P. 140 1971 0000-NLI-000020616 6 higher than these reported here it is clear that further studies are required. Recommendations 1. A larger study of children should be done to evaluate lead exposure in various areas of Dallas. 2. Means now exist to pinpoint sources of environmental lead, based on the differentiation between lead Isotopes by mass spectrometry. Such a study has been proposed by the University of Texas at Dallas. We recommend that this proposal be implemented and made part of the recommended study of lead exposure la Dallas. 3. The need for regulations to restrict the mission of lead to the atmosphere is confirmed by this study; it la therefore recommended that enforceable regulations to that end be adopted. Report Prepared by C Johanson, Jr., M.D. James P. Luby, M.D. 0000-NLI.000020617 % I Planning and Coordinating Participants Dallas Area Respiratory Health Association W. G. Johansen, Jr., M.D. James P. Luby, M.D. Walter J. Ward, Jr., Program Associate Dallas City Health Department E. Lowell Berry, M.D., Acting Director of Public Health Pred M. Barnes, Public Health Engineer Rose L. Herring, R.N., Director of Nursing Services Community Volunteers Mrs. Mazlmilllan Morones Mrs. Willie Nash Mrs. Josephine Torres Rev. Jon S. Staaney 0000-NLI-000020618 n u mb e r o f c h il d r e n ro a a> oo o F3 b l o o d Pb LEVfeLs IWbALLAs CH i BLOOD Pb LEVEL (M9% ) - RESULTS OF BLOOD LEAD ANALYSIS TEST AREA Ethnic T-C AZB Group 3 Test Results met/100ml CONTROL AREA Ethnic Ate Group Test Results met/100ml 18 2 Mex. Amer. 35 15 2 Mex. Amer. 43 -9 2 Mex. Amer. 31 19 2 Mex. Amer. 38 2 Mex. Amer. 2 Mex. Amer. 2 Mex. Amer. 2 Mex. Amer. 17 28 40 19 4 3 Mex. Amer. 28 18 3 Mex. Amer. 34 -2 3 Mex. Amer. 24 -3 3 Mex. Amer. 25 4 3 Mex. Amer. 27 3 Mex. Amer. 3 Mex. Amer. 3 Mex. Amer. 3 Mex. Amer. 3 Mex. Amer. 24 16 26 28 23 18 4 Mex. Amer. - 38 16 4 Mex. Amer. 32 6 4 " Mex. Amer. 27 11 4 Mex. Amer. 29 4 Mex. Amer. 4 Mex. Amer. 4 Mex. Amer. 4 Mex. Amer. 20 16 21 18 14 5 Mex. Amer. 30 13 5 Mex. Amer. 26* 5 5 Mex. Amer. 24 0 5 Mex. Amer. 16 5 Mex. Amer. 5 Mex. Amer. 5 Mex. Amer. 5 Mex. Amer. 16 13 19 16 7 6 Mex. Amer. 20 -2 6 Mex. Amer. 26 7 6 Mex. Amer. 22 6 Mex. Amer. 6 Mex. Amer. 6 Mex. Amer. 13 28 15 -4 2 -18 . 2 2 16 5 15 Black Black Black Black Black 27 2 27 2 38 36 5 24____________ 5_ Black Black ' 31 45 Black 20 Black_________ ____23____ ' 21 6 Black 16 6 Black 40 6 Black 40 6 Black 19 24 Wilcoxon Matched - Pairs Signed' - Rasies Teat Level of Significance for two-tailed teat p^.0.01 ) * * y *. 7 * * j i * 0000-NLI-000020620 LEAD ANALYSIS CP PAINT1 SAMPLES Teat and Control Area Lab Humber Code Living Room Far Participant# Wall mg/ca^ Bedroom Bedroom Kitchen Outside Wall Window Sill Wall Wall mg/ ca^ mg/ an^ mg/cm" mg/ caz S- 101 S- 102 S-103 S-104 S-105 S-106 S-107 S-108 S-109 S-110 S-lll S-112 S-113 S-114 S-115 S-116 S-117 S-118 S-119 S-120 S-121 S-122 S-123 S-124 S-125 S-125 S-127 S-128 S-129 S-130 S-131 .0 1.2 2.0 .0 .0 1.9 1.5 .0 .0 1.1 .0 .0 .0 . .0 .0 .0 .8 .0 0.2 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 1.4 .0 .0 1.5 .9 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .2 .4 .a .0 .0 1.4 .0 -,o 1.5 .- .0 .0 .0 .3 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .8 .6 .0 .0 2.0 .0 .6 1.3 .0 .0 .0 2.1 .9 .0 .0 1.0 3.3 2.0 .0 .0 . .9 1.2 .0 .8 .0 .0 1.4 1.6 .5 1.8 2.8 2.4 .0 2.1 1.5 2.2 .0 .0 1.7 .0 3.3 .0 0.4 .0 .0 .9 4.4 .9 .0 .0 1.9 .0 .5 .0 .5 .6 10,3 1.9 1.2 .0 3.3 .0 2.5 - 4.1 2.1 1.3 9.2 .0 .6 .0 .0 4.3 .0 1.4 .0 3.2 .0 2.4 .0 .0 .5 1.2 .0 . .7 .0 1.8 .0 7.0 .0 .0 .0 .9 2.1 .5 .8 1.2 .9 3.6 0000-NLI-000020621 LEAD ANALYSIS 07 SOIL SAMPLES Lab Number Code For Participants S-247 S-248 S-249 S-250 S-2S1 S-252 S-253 S-254 S-255 S-256 S-257 S-280 S-258 S-259 3-260 S-261 S-262 S-272 S-263 S-264 S-265 S-279 S-267 S-268 S-269 S-270 S-276 S-273 S-274 S-275 S-277 S-278 . Results as ppm lead 1020 180 756 755 879 880 180 320 120 200 200 471 1139 620 1139 197 173 119 180 1011 386 119 1645 357 358 357 56 318 Less than 40 119 319 198 0000-NLI-000020622 INTERPRETATION OF X-R-F READINC3 Because of the nature of the technique, X-ray fluoresence results are usually presented as an average of several readings, all of which are taken without moving the probe. Generally speaking, the results fall into three broad categories. These categories are: (1) No lead or insignificant amounts of lead present, (2) significant (though low) levels of lead present, and (3) hazardous quantities of lead present. Interpretation of the results should be as follows: (1) No Lead or Insignificant Amounts of Lead Present (Prom Zero to l.Q milligrams/square centimeter) Any of the readings whose average is from zero to one milligram per square centimeter should be interpreted as having little or no lead present. This is because in this range, different background materials such as vood, plaster, brick, and drywall will bias the results somewhat, sometimes resulting in as much' as a 1 milligram discrepancy. (2) Significant, though Low, Levels of Lead Present (From 1.0 to - ..... -- Readings of between 1 and 3 milligrams should be considered to be the threshold level of dangerous quantities of lead. (.3) Hazardous Levels of Lead Present (Readings Above ^.0 Hg/cm~~) Readings higher than J-milligraras per squars centimeter indicate hazardous levels of lead. The higher readings indicate a greater hazard than the low readings. A ractoi which is often confusing in the interpretation of results is that readings greater than 95 actually represent negative readings, due to the operation of the analyzer. For example, a reading of 97. d actually represents a nemotive 2.2 and would be averaged as such. Examples of the three levels of results would be: Level (I) Level (2) Level (3) No Lead or Insignificant Averages: 99.6, 98.3, .8, .5 Significant Though Low Averages: 1.3, 2.1, 2.9, 1.8 Hazardous Averages: 3.2, 3.3, 28.9, 32.1 0000-NLI-000020623 INTERPRETATION OF X-R-F READINGS The following guidelines have been offered by the Department of Health, Education & Welfare as an aid in interpreting the X-ray fluorescence (X-R-F) readings on lead paint in dwelling units examined by the X-R-F instrument. The primary concern must be with the home in which a child has a blood lead level of 40 micrograms or above. In such a home the following actions* are recommended- for various- average readings. Average of X-R-E Reading in mg/crn Condition of Paint Recommended Action 2. 0 or greater 1.0 - 1.9 0.0 - 0.92 N/A flaking or chipped tight, good condition flaking or chipped tight, good condition Paint removal or made ^ inaccessible to the child Paint removal or made ^ inaccessible to the child Investigate other possible sources of lead Testing by wet chemical analysis Investigate other possible sources of lead If X-R-F readings indicating the presence of lead paint have been obtained in homes where no child exhibits a blood lead of 40 micrograms or higher, a potentially serious situation still exists, especially if the paint is in poor condition and small children are present. Action in such cases will be determined by local housing codes and enforcement practices. ^Covering the lead paint with a fresh coat of non-lead paint will not make the lead paint inaccessible. ^Range is below practical limits of instrument for measurement of- mg/cm . 1 0000-NLI-000020624 Percent Lead Vs Milligrams/cm 2 Lead 2 Most cities and states have on the books laws limiting the lead content of paint to 1%. This 1% figure originated with the U. S. Standards Institute. While a percent figure is meaningful when evaluating the hazard posed by a specific layer of paint, its usefullness becomes dubious when applied Co p'aThC on the walls of homes. This is due to the fact that the paint on walls will be several layers thick with some layers non-leaded while others may contain up to 50% lead. The hazard is determined by the total lead present by weight not by percent. Percent may eventually indicate the total lead present, but by a round about method. XRF analyzers provide a direct reading in milligrams of lead per square centimeter. Percentage reading can be misleading. For example, assume you have one layer Of paint with 1% lead. If this layer is now covered by a nonleaded layer the lead percentage is reduced to . 5%; another non-leaded paint layer further reduces the percentage to . 25%. The hazard has not changed, the same amount of lead still exists. It is the additional layers of non-leaded paint that make the paint sample appear- safe. The lead is still present in the original amount. With the XRF analyzer the reading in milligrams of lead would remain unchanged no matter how many additional non-leaded layers of paint were added. Several cities are now in the process of basing their court cases on milligrams instead of percent. Generally, milligram levels of 1-2 are used as a cut off point. These levels of 1-2 mg/cm are in excess of the 1% figure. They have been used because experience has shown that when lead is present it is generally in the range of 2-20 milligrams. Also, it is the higher lead levels that are more likely to poison. 0000-NLI-000020625 3 Several labs have independently determined that a single layer paint 2 chip 1 cm weighs between 15 and 30 mg. This means that a 1 mg lead level is approximately 3.3 to 6.6 percent for a single layer. Statistical Variations The Model XK-2 Lead Detector readings will fluctuate from one reading to another. This is perfectly normal and should be expected. The fluctuatio are due to the random emmissions of the radioactive excitation source. When the Model XK-2 is set for a 15 sec measuring time, you can expect the zero will be within + . 3 mg on 70% of the readings while the remaining 30% will be outside the + .3 mg range. A slight zero shift will be noticed from one material to another. Generali; all materials will be with + .3 mg (average of 10 readings) but you may find one occasionally outside this range. Whenever measuring below 1 rag, 5-10 readings should be taken along with their average. The average will present a truer picture than just a single reading. 0000-NLI-000020626 CITY Dallas Case dumber; 64004 DATS _____March 8, 1973Census Tract: West Dallas Health Cente~ ADDRESS 1822' LifeNo. Rooms: 6 Name of Child (s) Donald Davis______________________________________ ' Condition of Pa-fnr Fair_______________________ Year House Built.: Landlord:Mrs. Pearl Davis . ROCK SPECIFIC LOCATION | LEAD READING AVERAGE Front porch Living Room Living room Dining Kitchen Bath Bedroom Bedroom Bedroom Back porch Wall Door Wall Wall Woor and wall Door Wall Door frame * Childrens' bed Screen 0.4, 0.8, 0.6 0.6, 0.2, 0.4 0.1, 0.3, 0.2 0 0 0 o 1.2, 1.0, 1.2 0.2, 0.2, 0.2 1.2, 1.0, 1.4 . 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 0 0 0.2 1.3 House burned last year anc has been repainted with latex paint. However, eh i front door frame and back acreet door are peeling and do contain significant amoun :s of lead-based paint. t ''.-----' I. 001J0-NLI-000020627 1U t CITY DATS ADDRESS Dallas March 8, 1973 1329 Amos Kane of Child (s) Hogan Condition of PaintLandlord : ROCM SPECIFIC LOCATION Case Number: ^4nf!Q Census Trace: No. Rooms: Year House Built: LEAD READING Family moved to new locatlm AVERAGE 0000-NLI-000020628 cm DATS Dallas March 8, 1973Census Trace: ADDRESS 2006 Leath___________ ____ Kane of Child (s) i P_ftn<4i 11 on rt-f c_ Jones Landlord: .. . ' ROOM SPECIFIC LOCATION Case Number: 6*012 No. Rooms: Tear House 3uilt: LEAD READING - family not home on day of inspection. * <r * 4 . t . AVERAGE \ ' 'l * .* 0000-IN/LI-000020629 | CITY Pallas, Case Number: 64,002 - 64014 - 64015 DATE March 8. 1973 Census Tract:West Dallas Health Centc ADDRESS 2051 Bayside No. Rooms: 5 Name of Child (s) Oliver Branch and Curtis and Bobby Johnson -- . 'Condition orf Pain,,t___P__o_o_r__-___s_o_m_e__pL_e_e__li_n_g______Yv ear uHouse ,,Built:___B_e_f_o_r_e___1_9_5_0_________- Landlord: . R0CM Front porch Mrs . Louise Fletcher SPECIFIC LOCATION Screen door LEAD READING j 0.3, 0.1, 0.2 AVERAGE 0.2 Living Door frame. 4,6, 4.2, 4.4 4.4 Living Wall 0.2, 0.1, 0.1 0.1 Dining Kitchen Bath Bedroom Hall Living Door frame Cabinet Wall Celling and wall e Door Window frame 0.5, 0.1, 0.2 0.1, 0.3, 0.2 1.3, 1.1, 2.0 0.6, OeSj, 0*4 4.3, 2.6, 3.1 0.8, 0.2, 0.2 0.3 0.2 1.4 0.6 '3.4 0.4 This house was in general .7 poor condition. The t oodwork contains signifies nt amounts of lead-based pal it and is peeling in some places. The bathroom wa. 1 and back bedroom ceiling is i i bad condition. \ I -- 000 0-NLI-000020630 , 1*1 * CITY Dallas DATS March 15, 1973 ADDRESS 4818 Tremont Name of Child (s) Valderas Condition of Pa-inr up land lord: Unknown ROOM SPECIFIC LOCATION Case Number: 64046 Census Tract: No. Rooms :_____ 3 Year House Built: Before 1950 LEAD READING AVERAGE Front porch Front door Living and bedroom Living and bedroom Kitchen Kitchen Kitchen Bath Beth Dining Banister Outside Door frame Window Wall Door frame Cabinets Woodwork Wall Woodwork 1.6, 1.8, 1.4 . , . ,0 2 0 6 0.1 1.0, 1.1, 1.3 ia, 1.0, 1.3 1.1, 1.4, 0.8 0.3, 0.1, 0-.5 0.2, 0.4, 0.1 000.6, 0.3, 0.8 1.6 0.3 1.1 1.1 1.1 0.3 9-3 0.6 This was a second-floor a artment in.an old two-stc rjr house with four other : .partments. The construction vas good and the paint was in gem^rally good condition. Ho^<ever. paint vas peeling from the living room window frami and front porch railing 0000-NLI-000020631 EITVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND CONSERVATION WATER QUALITY CONTROL SECTION DATE 5-22-80 TIME TEMPERATURE 7a SPECIFIC CCNDCJLTIV ITY pH TURBIDITY ZINC CHRCMUM o\ 00 oP^ in <N 0i 1 NITROGEN (NITRATE) PHOSPHATE (ORTHO) PHOSPHATE (TOTAL) oi _L SAMPLING PROGRAM REPORT OF ANALYS 101 11 12 13! 14! 151 16 17 DISSOLVEDOXYGEN B.O.D. FECAL COLIPORM aas 8 M 01 Hs H- coaus u 001 s u Cu a 01 a* a <M U0M* to a oz 0000-NLI-000020632 I I i l. CITY Dallas Case Number: 64,100 DATS March 12, 1973 Census Tract: ADDRESS 2113 FairmontNo. Rooms:5 Name of Child (s) Condition of c- Flemming _____________________________' Paper on walls old but intact_______________ Year House Built:--flpfnrp 1910 cm Dallas DAIS March 13, 1973 ADDRESS 1900 Browder Name of Child (s) Winfred Davenport Condition of Faint- Landlord : ROOM SPECIFIC LOCATION Case Number: 64094 Census Tract: No. Rooms: Year Mouse Built: Before 1950 LEAD READING AVERAGE Uncooperative. Father not home so ve were not permitted *to check hmse 0000-NLI-000020634 % d* ' l a ' CITY Dallas DATE 3/13/73 ADDRESS 3215 Birmingham Name of Child (s) Johnny Nash Landlord: Mrs. Nash owns house . ROCM SPECIFIC LOCATION Living room Porch Front bedroom Back bedroom Kitchen Bathroom Door Outside frone door Door frame Door frame Door frame Door frame Case Number: 64090 Census Tract: No. Rooms: 5 Year House Built: Before 1950 LEAD READING 20,24, 26 21, L8, 23 9.4, 9.1, 9.7 18, 1.6, 2.0 2.4, 2.3, 2.5 1.0, 0.8, 1.2 AVERAGE 2.0 2.1 9.4 1.8 2.4 1.0 This house is in very ba< structural condition an 1 paint is peeling on frot e porph and in- bathroom. Owner atati a that it will eventuall f be torn down for highway construction. 4 r \ * t . i 00 00-NL1-000020635 CITY DATE baling March 13, 1973 ADDRESS 3225 Forest Name of Child (s) Yolanda Kerr Condition of Paint. Case Number: 64080 Census Tract: Ho. Rooms: Year House Built; Before 1950 ROOM SPECIFIC LOCATION LEAD READING AVERAGE Living room Front door 00 Prone bedroom Kitchen Baby*8 bed Door frame 9.7, 9.9, 9.5 0 2.8, 3.0, 2.6 9.7 2.8 Bathroom Door frame 1.3, 1.0, 1.6 1.3 Utility room Back door 2.1, 1.8, 2.5 2.1 Front bedroom ; Window frame Bad frame 0 0 0 House is in fair conditi< m. Walls are paneled ar i most woodwork is varnisl led. However, one lead-based paint wal found in kitchen and bathroom. The baby crib wan peeling and the paint had a high lea< concent. The grandmother was advised to scrape <nd repaint baby crib with non-lead-'ased paint. 0000-NLI-000020636 % ,* * 1 . # *. i % * * CITY Dallas Case Number: 64051 DATE March 13 . 197*? Census Tract: ADDRESS 1345 Rowan Kama of Child (s) Anthony Conner No. Rooms: ( 3 Year House Built:___ Before 1950______ Landlord: Mr* Clifton . ROCM SPECIFIC LOCATION * LEAD READING AVERAGE Front porch Bedroom Kitchen Bathroom Outside of front.door Door frame Back door frame Inside Door frame 8.4, 8.0, 8.8 8.3, 8.6, 8.0 5.1, 5.5, 4.7 10.4, 10.5, 10.3 8.4 8.3 5.1 10.1 Family occupies only thre a rooms of house. Other rooms are occupied by am ther family. All paint is old and has i high lead content. Pa Lnt on front door is peel; ng badly. and potential problem for children. Occupants at its that landlord is plam ing to demolish house or attempt to rspal r it. This family Is lo iking for another house. ?e 4 -- 01300-NLI-000020637 ____ fr. --