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Red Lead and White Lead HE new iour thousand fool una Tbixth 'tree: \ iaduc! w ill form an important .ink in the Master Plan 10 4 Derail or css sieet- 'peed the flow of automobile traffic to and iroin 'he renter. Western Hills and loner Rber Road sections of Cin- u o t k >or :he Cicnncan automnoile 'ad duct, The point ;v<tern u Til inciucie r.i n ' rinnan. It also serve as a by-pass through the city, irom east to west, '' (its or rfjti lean >oT loaed h\ i :<>o <>i ante law mint. making t unnecessary to drive through the center ot town. Ruiit to a height of tftirt\ - five feet this structure passes over congested traffic areas and -everai railroads serving the ritv from the south and west. It wii] also allow a tree how of traffic without interfer ence from the Ohio River and Mill Creek during flood stages. A complete lead paint system will proiect the 'truciurai -..eel in this viaduct. 4700 tons ot it. against the .1 kkH ? H n deteriorating effects of a humid in dustrial environment. The 'tee 1 was shop coated with a red lead-in-oil paint conforming to Citv of Cincin piant ot" the R. (... Mahon Company, nati Specification M-9.9c. The paint calls tor a red lead content of To to w no produced, fabricated and erected the structural steel. 80 percent bv weight 9r> percent grade or higher i and a raw linseed id content ot 20-2.fi percent. The shop \fter erection the structure was touched up with the M-9.9c paint used lor -hop coating and then given a full coat was spray applied at the Detroit held coal ot the same paint tinted w ith Tic Dor,11 row oirtori reel rruo/euurk >,>r me 4,000 V. fsa raoun Dmreue'i against corrosion hx a lead oaint white lead paint to l urnisii eoutra.-t between coats. The red lead curro-ion inhibitive coats will be followed hi a finish coat ol parchment colored white lead paint prepared to meet the requirements of the Citv of ( incimiati Specification M-9.6p. The piginent portion of this linseed oil vehicle paint is composed entirely of basic carbonate white lead tinted with French Ochre m the proportion ot two pounds to one hundred pounds ot white lead. This !\ pe oI fini-h paint is preferred b\ mam' -iaie< ami munici palities because it js~ure~ Mug tone protection and can tie reaoii\ :iiiteii to contrast or harmonize with the -urrounding landscape. The red lead field coals and die white lead finish coat were brush ap plied bv the G. fm Zagorj.- l.miiiiaiu of Pittsburgh. PennsvK ania. The planning and budding of dns viaduct were carried out under the jurisdiction of the Ciu ol Cincinnati at a cost of 83.377.000--e\c!usi\e of the cost of rights of wave Mr. H. H. Kranz. recently deceased, was die Chief Engineer. The protect j. be gun in December. 1949. mmm j_ I 4 2 5 P 6 ` Lead Plumbing in Deluxe Motor Hotel NF. oi the delights of touring mo O torists these davs is the number ii exceilentiv equipped and delight- tuilv onnt-d "Motels available mi ur.uiicailv even maior highuav .n dip - mintr\. I Aiming the tines! oi there, designee nv architect- 'oute and Murpfn. ,- fiie '"'ea Laplain - Motor Hotel." owned and oueratea Dv Captain Jok- -tad. retired. The Motel is located on a beautiful scenic drive through the Moritento district on Highway 101. lust oast of Canta Barbara. Calif. The f M'L 01 N o 5 uetl te^ienea and ' ouiopea 'ea captain's Motor Hotel located on. Hipnuay 101. ;ust outside the city limits ol canta Barbara, Caul. The cabins, for the most part, are The ''Motel" located just outside selection, based on lead's unexcelled two stories and include kitchen as the city limits of danta Barbara does record of long life and trouble-free well as bathroom facilities. Each of not come under the jurisdiction of service, is assurance of a perfectly the 18 cabin?, unusual in this respect, anv city, countv or state plumbing functioning waste disposal sv?tem at has almost as many plumbing fixtures code regulations. In this connection, ail times. and waste and sent lines as are ordi the architects and the general contrac An added factor m the selection of narily found in the small one-family tor. C. D. Craig Co., along with the lead was the minimum amount of home. As every touring motorist plumbing contractor. Thomas M. cutting and notching of the support knows, nothing appeals more after a O'Meara. Inc., favored the use of lead ing members that is necessary when long das s drive than a weil equipped, wastes and vents and lead oends or lead is used. Lead's flexibility and the & perfectly functioning bathroom. stubs under the water closets. Their ease with which directional changes can be made without bulky joint? makes this possible. The flexibility of lead also ailows for minor adjust ments to make up for slight inaccura home of the lead wastes and terns. lead traps, bends cies m measurements. Practically ail of the lead work was and stubs before in stallation in the Sea Captain's Motor Ho prefabricated in the clumber's shoo and sent to the job as needed. This tel located ~ust out- procedure often saves construction side banta Barbara. time as well as providing high quality < Latii.. aisoiaved bv the plumbing con workmanship because the work ,s tractor and his son. done under ideal conditions onlv available at the plumbers own work bench. i NES first exposure to chemistry O usually brings the warning. the water turns into steam fast enough to blow the whole corrosive concoc "Never pour water into concentratedtion out of its container. Concentrated monohv Urate or oieum. -penal pains must be taken to avoid spiiU and burns. XX ith highly concentrated acid, -ulphuric acid! ' Having once mixed sulphuric acid as such can be used in special apparatus is generally em -ulphuric acid with water the wrong only a limited number of applications, ployed. A typical acid diluting plant wav. it is unlikely that the mistake therefore it has been necessary for will usually Include 1) mixing cham i will be repeated -- at least Intention most plants using large quantities of bers where the concentrated acid and ally. Technically -peaking the re the dilute acid to buy the concentrated water are brought together, 2! -onie . action of water with concentrated acid and then to devise some practical type of cooling system to dissipate -ulphuric acid is highly exothermic, means for cutting strong acid (66 the heat of reaction, and 31 storage which is the chemists wav of saving Baume) to the desired concentration vessels and handling lines for the con * that much heat is generated during the by adding water. centrated and diluted acid. Because reaction. AX hat can happen when mix For the dilution of acids greater of its corrosive characteristics sul ing much acid with little water is that than 60 Baume. such as oil of vitriol. phuric acid up to 60 Baume is almost fi LI A2 5965 universally handled m lead protected eauipment. It is usually conducted through lead or lead-lined pipe, stored in lead or lead-lined vessels and re acted in lead, lead-lined or bonded cad reaction vessels. Therefore, since ail corrosives become more active at nitther temperatures, it is doublv im portant that lead be utilized ,n acid diluting aDparatus. In modern industrial practice it has oftentimes been necessary to dilute concentrated sulphuric acid bv re versing the usual practice and adding !he acid to water instead of water to acid. If proper precautions are taken and if the acid to be diluted is a moving stream, the water or weak acid mav be added to the strong acid. A. J. Sackett & Sons Company in Bal timore. \ld.. constructors of modern fertilizer and superphosphate plants recently developed such an acid dilu tion unit. The dilut ion equipment consists of a tapered lead mixing boot connected to one leg of an "H" shaped dilution chamber also made of lead. The entire unit is situated in a bath into which cooling water is pumped from a well. The acid, dilutent water and air for agitation are introduced into the mix ing chamber through its removable cover. Although it is adjustable, the rate of the acid flow into the mixer is usually held constant, but the rate of dilutent water addition is auto matically controlled by a specific gravity indicator and controller in the control room located inside the acidulation building. A continuous sample of the mixed acid is drawn into this device which actuates the water valve to produce the desired amount of di lution. A secondary cooiing of the diluted acid is made inside the acidulation building in an open, rectangular, lead-lined steel tank. In this case, the cooling water is passed through a series of lead immersion coils by a manifold which is fed from the plant's water supply. After dilution the acid concentra tion is in the range of 50-56 Baume or approximately 62 to 71 percent H,iO,. The diluted acid is now at a temperature of 115 deg. to 135 deg. F and readv for use. A controlling and indicating flow meter in the lead-lined acid iine between the pump and the nozzle regulates the how of acid to any desired rate. A flow plan of the entire acid dilution svstem is shown m the accompanying diagram. Sulphuric acid. long regarded as the bellweather of heavy chemicai ac tivity still ranks today as our most important industrial acid. In 1949 more than 10 million tons of sul phuric acid were produced. This one example of lead's use with sulphuric acid illustrates whv Riegei in his new fifth edition of "Industrial Chemis try'' savs. "It mav be said that it is to lead that the chemical industries owe their success.'' Confining X-Ray Radiation With Sheet Lead NE of the first considerations in O planning X-ray rooms is that protection against the rays be suffi cient to protect all personnel working near and around the equipment against overdosage. The National Bu reau of Standards recommends that no oerson be subjected to more than 0.1 roentgen during any 24 hour pe riod. One of the most practical methods Sheet lead lining being installed in an X-ray room of the St. John's Hospital. Tulsa. Okla. All joints are lapped and lead headed nails are used to fasten the lead to the studs. of affording this protection is with the use of sheet lead properly installed and of adequate thickness. Because SOY SHERIOW 4-- -- L I A 2bS>bfc the conditions surrounding anv X-rav installation mav influence the magni tude and character of the hazards involved, no definite rule can be es tablished for thickness of sheet lead required for protection against speci fied X rav voltages. For example, the iatetv Code for the Industrial Use of X-ravs prepared nv the American Mandards Associa tion takes into account the number of hours ot exposure per dav, the tube current and the distance of the tube tocus from the operator to determine the proper thickness of lead. The ac companying chart shows the protec tive shielding required tor these vari ables at different X-rav machine voltages. One of the methods used to line X-rav rooms is shown in the accompanving photograph of an installa tion in tot. John's Hospital. Tulsa. Ok la. The lead sheets were applied to the wall, each laDpine over the other, and lead headed nails used to tasten the sheets to the studding. All comers were protected by lead angles. The work was done bv the Watt Plumbing Co. of Tulsa. Okia. With the use ot lead, existing facil ities can easily be converted to X-rav rooms without adding too greativ to the floor load as would be the case if other materials.such as concrete, were used. Another advantage of lead in such cases is the ease with which it can be made to conform to the shape of the room. As a further and necessary pre caution. everv plan and specification for the installation of X-rav protecnon should be checked bv a competent X-rav physicist. SHEET LEAD lb. per sq. ft. Thickness of lead barriers squired 10 'educe \-'a\ dosage rule of the useful beam :o 0.25 miiliroenl gens per hour under indicated conditions. The Use of lead in Lubricants PART II CI-XTY FIVE vears ago the art of grease making was first developed by a man named Raecz who concocted a simple mixture of lime and oil to replace malodorous lard as an axle lubricant. Since then, grease making has become an important industrial process which has succeeded in meet ing the challenge of service in high speed, heavily loaded machinery op- erating under a variety of conditions of temperature and corrosion. Today the old, hand method of mixing crude petroleum and rosin oils with hvdrated lime in a heated kettle has given way for the most part to mechanical mixers, steam-jacketed vessels and highly refined oils and fats. In addition, special compounds have been developed and utilized in greases designed to meet exacting requirements of color, gloss, texture, stability and consistency at widely varying working temperatures. .Among the noteworthy advance ments in the art of grease manufac ture has been the development and utilization of lead soaps. Lead soaps are the lead salts of fatty acids and include lead naphthenate, lead iino- LIA25967 THE TEXAS CO The huee <i:e nettles in u-hich creases containing ieaa soaps are manufactured. The lower hail at the same settles shown at lett. leate. lead oleate. !ead recinoieate olus others. In addition to lead soaps, lead -1ahiIizer = such as lead oxide litharge! and the recently perfected dibasic lead stearate are being added to improve hi2th temperature and high pressure characteristics of petroleum lubricants. In more recent rears the utilization of special additives such is powdered metallic lead have in creased the advantages oi certain types of lubricants and enable them :o he emuloved under conditions of corrosion and abrasion where ordi nary -ion-leaded creases have not per formed successfully. Creases contain four tundamentai ingredients: 1 l fat or fatty materials. 2' a base or alkali which is added to bring about -apomfication of the fat. 2 i an oil material, usually petroleum, and 4 i additives and other materials which impart special characteristics. Fat- mav be -aponified bv manv ma terials among these being h\droxides ot -odium, calcium, aluminum and lithium. However to obtain special characteristics, soaps of lead, barium. -Ironlium and magnesium are used either alone or in combination with the aforementioned soaps. Speaking of lead -maps in particu lar. their presence in the lubricant enhances the load-carrving capacity of extreme pressure agents and. in addition, is highly beneficial in im proving resistance to corrosion when water is present. Greases made with lead soaps give particularly good service in auto mobile differentials and automobile worm gears where a verv oiiv. freedo wing grease is required. Greases of this character resist the scraping, squeezing action of the worm against the gear wheei. A ivpieai application is ;iIustrated. \n added advantage of lead soaps ts that they do not change in viscosity during storage and do not separate or hydrolvze in the presence of mois ture. The latter characteristic :s es pecially important because non-lead greases made w ith water soluble soaps absorb considerable quantities of wa ter. This causes precipitation of the saponifying compound w hich "n effect destroys the lubricating properties. A. F. Brewer, research engineer of -/ phnntoni new oi automotive hypoid 'ear action drive gears in which lead soup lubricant 'or extreme pressure service is used almost exclusively. THE GLEASON A'OIKS The Texas Comoanv stated in a recent report on gear lubrication that. "Mod ern lubricants compounded with lead soap and sulphurized oiis which are non-corrosive and have excellent sta bility even at high operating tempera ture. are receiving more favor. Evi dence accumulated in actual -ervice has proved that the mild, non-corro sive lead -oap gear lubricant has a definite place in worm gear lubrica tion whenever -evere duty prevails. It is also valuable in protecting the worm and gear tooth -urface irom wear, corrosion and rusting under heavy ciutv conditions and has no detrimental effect on anti-friction bearings if kept clean so there is no sludge and consequent abrasive wear of the bearing. The oil film is unu.-uallv persistent, resisting di-olucernent bv the -hearing action of the sliding teeth. The resultant decrease m frictional heat gives added protec tion Irom fatigue pitting of the bronze and steel tooth surface. Also unusual protection from rusting of gears, gear case and bearings is afforded -nice the oil film resists displacement bv water to a remarkable degree. Acknow ledgment is given to The Texas Company, New York. Y. h .. and The Brooks Oil Company. Pitts burgh. Pa., for much of the informa tion used in the foregoing article. This ts the second and concluiunc article, the first of which aopeared 'n "Lead, " I ohime 18. .Vo. 1. --6-- LI A2 5968 Scale Model oi Plumbing System Useful and Informative MEMBERS 0t` the Texas State Board of Plumbing Examiners recently orepared a very interesting and iniorinan\e model ot a complete uiumning .-oil. waste and rent i-vstem detailed in a miniature tvo-tamiiy iumex apartment house. The tiiodei. one-fifth actual vale. aas displayed at the IddtJ convention i me-n.nn actual cate -nonet at j -omtHete olummng -oil. uaste -ana : ent .sstem areoarea as nemoerr ot toe Ter as Soartl of Plurr.r.. ng Eraminers. ot the Associated Plumbing Contrac tors of Texas and the rouanina-in was installed in accordance with the plumbing code regulations oi most Texas cities. All soil, waste and vent lines are cast-iron or lead with all lead fixture connections. The work, on a minia ture scale, is done so perfectly that much more practical use bv the Ex it is difficult to differentiate 'in the amining Board. The Texas State law accompanying photograph between provides that ail master and journey 'his and an actual job without the man piumbers must pass an examina size comparison given by the post in tion as to their -luaiifications before the foreground. The same easy sweep thev are given a certificate of com of the lead wastes and vents for the petency to practice plumbing within kitchen sink is as evident here as it is the State. The piumbing system in the on a full scale installation. .-male model can be disassembled and The modei. in addition to making one phase of 'he examination tor an excellent display piece, is put to a license includes the proper reassem bling of the cast-iron and lead toil, waste and vent iines. This is a very practical method ot determining the applicant's knowl edge as to proper procedures and good plumbing practice. The importance of a plumbers competency to do good plumbing work cannot be overemphasized. The health risk inherent In poor plumbing is one to be avoided bv ail means. A NEW use for lead or lead alloy compositions in heat treating has recently been perfected. It is now being used as a liquid electrode in electric salt furnaces. The liquid elec trode principle is a modern develop ment in electric sall furnaces palented bv The A. F. Holden Company. New Haven. Conn., and Detroit. Michigan, who also build the furnaces. The prin ciple is simple, and. In practice, has already demonstrated several advan tages over ordinary electric salt fur naces. A pool oi molten lead alloy The type ot heat treating turnaees in uhich molten lead is used as the elec trode. iving in the bottom of the furnace chamber contacts a source of electri cal power on one end and a moiten salt bath on the other. The flow of current between two such electrodes in the same salt bath creates the heat necessary to keep both the -ait and the lead ailo\ molten. \ arc mg power innut varies the temperature of the hath. A battery of three turnaees in stalled about eight months ago tor the Sparta Division of the Muskegon Pis ton Ring Company are -howo in the accompanying illustration. A crosssectional drawing of the furnace shows the position of the liquid lead electrode. The greatest advantage of the lead pool furnace is the fact that high nickel alloy electrodes sus pended directly In the molten salt can be dispensed with. The disadvantage of this early arrangement was that the electrodes eroded at the salt line and soon built up resistance to the point LI A2 5969 )[ overheating, resulting in short elec trode life. Another advantage in the -ase of a lead oooi electrode is less power consumption because the us able heat treating area of the furnace :s the oniv area heated. "Over-ihe _ude" type electrode furnaces require more sait area for the electrodes thus using space which, ot course, cannot be used for neat treating, but which nevertheless must be heated. With a liquid electrode it is a ample matter to remove anv sludge that might form: however, operators at the Muskegon Piston Ring Com pany found that during the eight months the furnace? have been used, no Audge deposits have been found on the lead pools. This mav be attrib uted to the fact that in a liquid lead electrode furnace the heat treating salts neither decompose nor combine chemically with the electrodes. This is not the first time lead has been used in heat treating operations. For manv year? molten lead has been used for heat treating steel at tem peratures from 6.50 deg. to 1700 deg. r Of ail the metals, lead is the oniv one that has proved suitable as a commercial bath material for heat treating purposes. HOW TO IDENTIFY QUALITY To be assured of the highest qual ity lead pipe, trap? and bends and calking lead, specify L.I.A. ."Seal of Approval'' material identified by the mmho! shown below-. Manufacturers are licensed to use the "Seal" on such products meeting the high standards of workmanship, purity of metal, uni formity of wall thickness and weight -et bv the Lead Industries Associa tion. These standards are identical in -ubstance with Federal Specification T T-P-325. Lead pipe, traps and bends, and Commercial Standard C.'4-41. Calking lead. SEAL OF L ross-sectionai drawings ot ttie new jiec:nc sait furnaces snoutng :np ovsition oi :he liquid lead electrode. :he ohowmq articles and rtonnts contain information, drawing* ana soeciflcation* on the use of 'ead \aroduets neloful to architects, engineer* and other* in the construction industry. They are arauaoi* free :nar^e. uoon reouest to the Lead Industries Association. 420 Lexington A*nu. New vorg 17 v PROPERTY PROTECTION WITH WHITE LEAD PAINT A 23 one booxlet on ine proiectiTe ralue. durability md beauty of pure hlie leid paint ith quantity uimatlng taoiea. formulas and mixing md tinting instructions for exterior and interior ue. A STUDY OF PAINTS FOR ENCLOSED STRUCTURAL MEMBERS IN STEEL HOUSING CONSTRUCTION 8 H. A. Pr*T aod R. 5. People*. BatteUe Memorial I oat if ute A reprint of paper which * read before '-he General Meeting of the American Iron and Steel Institute. May 20-28. 19*9. which sponsored the worn. The itudy .Deluded tome 34 <lndi of palm lysteoa. AN INVESTIGATION OF PRIMERS FOR MARINE ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENTS Br C. J. Viadar Vaik, Tiehojeti Director, Red Load Olrfiloa. Lead Industrie# AaaoHalloa Results of an investigation of tynthetic eniele and 'eo lead mixed pigment primer* oter in exposure period of three and one-naif years in a rigorous marine atmosonere Reprinted from '"Official Digest'* published 0* The Federation of Paint and Tarnish Production CluDs RED LEAD TECHNICAL LETTERS A series of technical letters issued by the Red Lead Dlriaion. Lead Industries Aisociauon The numbers and titles follow < Mailable separately i Technical Loner No. .3-- Red Load Primen for Atmospheric Espoiure Technical Letter No. 4 --Red Lead Paints for Marine Exposures Technical Letter No. 5--Red Leari-Vinvi and Couinaronc Tv pe Paints NEW MARINE PRIMERS 3y K. H. Roll and C. J. Vender Valk. Lead Industries Association An article on newly developed pemt primers for meuli exposed to marine aimospneres written expreiily for the person wno li not a paint technologist Reprinted from Marine Engineering and Shipping Renew." March. 1949 PHY5ICAL AND CORROSION CHARACTERIS TICS OF LEAD IN THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY By K. H. Roll, Lead Industries Association A detailed discussion of the use of lead In the chem ical industry presented before the National Association if Corrosion Engineers Conference. April 1 1-1 4. 1 949. COMPARATIVE CORROSION 'TIDY OF ^OIL. TASTE AND VENT PIPE MATERIALS B* John D. Kane. Chief Plumbing Inspec tor, Department o( Public Work*, Fori Worth, Tex. \ `fudv undertaken to determine rbe -dative rare* >t 'orrosion of sir metallic oioe materials uaea o t -uggested tor use in ibe Dfumoing 'ni iTiiem. a?te *nd Reprinted !rnm 1<H9 Yearbook n he American bocietr of Sanitary Engineering. CORROSION FORUM A lerie* of one page articles on *ne use if 'e5a is a naieriai of .-nemicai construction :n onset with rne 'ollowing chemical! -artilaole i<*pjra t e, v > <'hionne Hydrochloric Add. Hydrofluoric Acid Industrial Alco hol Sulphuric Acid. Sodium Chloride Suipnur Dioxide PhotOhartc Acid. Reprinted from 'Chemical Engineering * COMMERCIAL STANDARDS: Calkinc Lead. CS^Ft-41 Official publications by the Government Printing Offlee srnmuigated by me U 3 Department of r()m. Tierce through '.he National Bureau it Standardt rffectlre June 25, 1941. FEDERAL SPECIFICATION WW.p.32.3 For Pipe. Benda and Trope. LEAD Part 5 of Section IV of the Federal Standards Stocn '"atalog. official publication bv the Government Print :ng Office. FEDERAL SPECIFICATION TT-P-86* Pa.ats Red-Lead-Beae, Readr-Mlved f'orers four types of red lead base paints mcu.in g 'asi drying formulatlonj Many intended innhi snons usted LEAD WELDINC An informative as well as practical guide to >j -yeidlng Reprinted 'rom the "Weiding Handbook. Third Edition * published by the American Welding Society. MATERIALS AND METHODS OF X-RAY PROTECTION By George Slower, Acting Chief Radiation Se-Uon. National Bureau ot Standard#. Washington. D. C-, and George C. Lawr ence. Ph.D., National Reaeorch Council oi Canada A discussion of the materials suitable for use in shield;ng X-ray installations Reprinted from 'Industrial RadlDgTapfty" Vol IV; No. 2. Pall. ; 94 > DECORATIVE FINISHES FOR LEAD By K. H. Roil, Lead Industries Association A decrtjjtioQ ot ibe various methods used 10 pro -iuce -peciai surface effects o q ,cad destined :.ut lecorauve u*es. Reonnted from M"ii Finishing, januarv, 1949. I PON rtEQLEST. THE LEAD INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION WILL BE CLAD TO MAIL "LEAD** RECULARLY. FREE OF CHARGE, TO THOSE INTERESTED. AND WILL COOPERATE WITHOUT OBLIGATION IN THE SOLUTION OF YOUR LEAD PRORLEMS ?m.NTED IS 5 A. 3 Y PUBLISH E5 PRINUm; ,-OMPv SY 15 5 SEW \ORK CITY LI 42 59 70