Document zbQpOaVqgqq2eNwm7V9eK5MKa

FILE NAME: National Safety Council (NSC) DATE: 1925 Jan DOC#: NSC131 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: NSC - Safe Practices Pamphlet - Respirators, Gas Masks, Hose Masks, and Breathing Apparatus  i. Mraastkorss,,aGndasBMr easaktsh, iHno^se^ m Apparatus Safe Practices Pamphlet No. 64 > /?,, Published by the National Safety Council 168 North Michigan Ave., Chicago he1a.lthTohfe wohrakzianrgdsin tcoertaliinfe duasntsd, tliafien,soirnswuhffeicreienttheoxcyognecnenttoratsiuosntionf pamreoseunntt ionf tfhineeapira,rtbiculteswahnedrepaoivsoanst rfeucmoegsnizaendd, agnadsevsarhioauvse lalown-ge,nfboerecn cirernets.pirIanblceasegsawsehsereexthceeedhsose2mapsekr oaduhsedreussttoisthine sduasmppensspioonn,gesuocrhodthuesrt itnog pbroovdiiedse aprerotreecqtuioirningforemwpolorykeerrss itsainteodo bcreuamthbienrgsomapep, artahteus smelfa-ycobne' fnioltterbruesaetdh;e tWhehidleusttheitswelefa, rheer dcoaens esixvpeoseemdptlooytehressaerehagziavridnsg. caPrreogres more adaptable. not hbeelpinbgutgeinnhearaletedvapboyrsththeatcoarne pfurlotceoctnisviedermateioansurteos naunmderoaures tsatacntcesof atnhde tphoeisofniloteurs. suSebe dpeavrteilcouplmarelynt enocfourraegsipnigratotrhse, Figure 2. 4. Despite the fact that res gpaasratmusaskdse,sigannded barneadthbinugilt atpo pusireadtofrosrhaavceombepeanraktinvoewlyn loanndg Tmheiest is inmduucshtribael ttercotnhdaintioenns. tiinmgew, othrkempernobflreomm.othf epreoffteecctts > dreesapvioraritnogrs, tsoalvuasgeedinaardmeyquaantde oofftevnarbioeeuns bkeinttdesr sooflvdeudstbsy hthaes onxayvgyengabsrematahsiknsg, aoprpaorabtsuosl.ete itnemstas.llatiTohnis ofsubejxechtau,isst fsuyllsy eac2h. oTfhethfeiseeld toyfpuessefouflneeqsusipof dSiasfceutsysedCouinncil'stheSafeNaPtiorancal me(nat) isRqeusipteiradteofrisnitper:ovide ef aticfeesw Poafmthpehlemt anNuof.act2u.redOrnelsy ftaiciinenftorpmrosteocftiodnusta. gaIitnsits cdeifr ficult to obtain a complete seal pfeicratitvoers parroetercetcivoegniazpepdliaansceesf. The chief objections to many daganaignesrtoutshdeu. sftisn,esetspeacnidallymtohset troeospihreaatovrys, iarrreitat(i1n)g stohme efaacree; sili(cbe)ousGdausstsm. asks properly selected for the conditions en a(r2o)undontheothheerasd tihrreitatestrathpes ears; (3) they are uncomfort ctioounntearegda,inasftforcdergtaoiond pfuromteecs, achbelew; (4o)r meexnpeccatnonraotte talwkheonr girarsietastionrg deuffsetcst wuhpiocnh thhaevenoasne Courtesy, U. S. Burpau of Mine. wtheeyarindgo ntohte fitretshpeirafatcoer; ac(c5u) apnhdereeyceosn, tawinhserseufftihceienattmoxoys gen to sustain life. maPsikg. isI. proFviirdeemdanwiwtheatrhineg aclla-nseisrtveircegacsanmistaesrk,. wThihcihs aglilveosthperrogteacsetiso.n against carbon monoxide gas as well as rmaoteultyh saondthnaotstdriulsstb-eetnwteeresn tthhee respirator and the face, or dust fre(sch) aHirosleeadminasgkst,hrporuogvhidinag hose from a safe distance, will protect 3. Respirators exhaliisngb;lo(w6)nthinetyo artheenoetyepsrowpehrelyn The respirator is essentially a maintained where it is necessary to gthaes, wfuemareesr forromsmaonkye ctohnadt ittihoensexof posed parts of the body may be smuecccheasnsfiucallly fiwltehre.re,Iitnscoalunblbee, duussetds prevail. It is .of no value, however, dmiuomist,eanndorofrteennetwh e tfhieltefriilntegrimngedimuem^ is not properly cleaned; (7) work * abl(ed)to Sweiltfh' s-tacnodn.tained o x y g e n oinr rgeadsuecsinagndtheshoilul ldeffneecvtserofbefumprees wmeeanrinhgavtehema sdeureiotuos thoebjreicdtiicounle ttoo burseefauthl inwghearpepatrhaetusatmisosppahretirceulcaorlny fteecrrtedwhtoerea cgoaasrsme adsku.st Iptardtiocelsesparore winhteicrfhertehewyitahrewseuarbijnegctgedo;gg(l8e)s;thaenyd (Copyrighted by the National Safety Council as a reprint frmii the January, Jpz.5, issue of the NatianaJ Safety News.) 2________, _____ '____________ National Safety Council snoosteraislsy atond,mmakoeu,tha. ndThseo dinevexicpeenis sthivaet, itif ismapdraectiicnabllaergteo qguivaentietiaecsh, wshoifrtk.mTanhisa icslepanrobonabelyevoenrye dreaaysoonr wit.hy there are so few objections to the9.NeTwheYoBrkurSeatauteofIndInussptericatlioCnomof mciaislsiroensphiraastotressteadndvathrieouhsomcoem-mmaedre grersepaitreasttor efdfiecsicernicbyed waabsoveo.btaiTnehde wDiutsht-latdheen ahiromceo-nmtaaindieng rbeasspiicralteoard. sinaglt mweadsiudmrawant athrroatueghcotrhreespfioltnedr ibnyg atno tahveeraamgeo.uinndt ivoifduaailr. brCeaartehfeudl adnraawlyntictahlroutegshtsthreevheoamleed-mnaode lreeasd Fig. 2. Two types or manufactured respirators. CTohuertersye,spYiroautnogrstoownn tShheeert ig&hTt uibse tChoe* phoirmateo-rm. adOe threesrpiardatvoarntaargee:s o(f1)tliiet does not obstruct vision, (2) it can o"Pthiegr Stynpouest." tTyphee, oonnee oonf tthhee eleafrtlieisstmdoerveelsoapteisdfaacntodryw.hich 1ms been generally replaced bv bleesswainscheendtiivfedfeosriraobnlee, w(3o)rkimt aonffetros g(i9e)nicthseugmgeenstioonfstenbecdaiusrseegathrde rheys pirator gives a false sense of ha7s. reTcehnetlyU. cSo.mBpluerteedau aof lMarginees amount of experimental work and aopthperro,pr(i4a)te crease the itthdeoersesnpoirtatuonrduolfy ainn expense by breaking, security. 5. A respirator, just as any other ifnovr ersetsipgairtaiotonr foiflterms.edPiuumblsicasutiiotanbolef these experiments will be available nruosttincagu,saendexwceesasriivneg poeurts,p(i5ra)tiitondooesr irritation of the cheeks, nose, chin, areratiscolenabolfe cclootmhifnogrt,. shIotulids fpiot sswibitlhe to secure commercial respirators itnhatthaell nfieltaerr fsuutbusrtea.nceIst dwoansotfohuanvde the same retarding power on dust, aorrraenagrse,dantdo (f6it) ivtacraionubse fmacoirael ecaosinly tours. The home-made respirator tahreatcoanrestrluigchtetdinofwmeaigtehrtiaalsndthwathaicrhe pliable enough to insure an accu efivlteenrinwghemnatoefrieaqlsuawl hpiocrhosoiftyfe.r Mgraenayt resistance to the passage of inspired wstailnlcaebss,oarnbdptehruspsiraavtoioidn tirnoumblaensyomine skin eruptions caused by some dusts, rtoatuers fietnctooutnhteerevdariaomusonfgaciaal lacrogne farierelpye, rwmhitilethoetheflroswwohfichduosftferqubiutet notably fulminate of mercury dust, tneunmanbceer ooffetmhpelofyileteesr.ingBemtteedriummainis possible only through supervision fliotutlned rteosisbtaencseurptroisinbgrelyatheinffgicieanrte. These experiments and research Gas Masks annedcesthsirtoyugfhor anweaaprpinregciathtieonreosfpitrhae tor properly on the part of the work woforrkeswpiirllatgorresattloy apidrodmuacneufpaecrtsuornerasl protection to meet special occupa typ1e0. shGoausldmnaostksbe oufsetdheincaatnmisotesr' pheres where there is a deficiency pmeeanratnhceemoseflvthees. rIemsppirroavtoinr gtotheelimapi nate the ridicule of fellow workers etirosnawlilclonfudliltyionesx,plsaointhtaht,eiirf eremqpuliorey ments, there should be no further oofxyogxeyng)e.n (Tlehsesrethaanre16twpoer gceennetraolf types of gas masks (not including icsomdbeastirathbalen; arlildioctuhleer iosbjheactridoenrs. to wdiiftfhicsutaltnyd dinangeenraobulsingduswtyorckomndeintiontos of employment without harm. stheolfs-ecohnataviinnegd cbarneiasttherisngwahpicpha rpauturisfy) ; the air so as to make it fit to breathe diu6m. Tmhuestabreea aosf lathrgeefialsterpionsgsibmlee. The smaller the area of the medium, ,8.madeA ofhoma e-pmieacdee orfespmiruastloinr, 3F3ig. atancdhetdhotsoe thhaevmin, gthae case leading from a lhoonsge fresh hionseeaacth air sup bthreeagthrienagt,e.r wiOllthbeerthethriensgisstanbceeintog equal, increased resistance means ai3nbcshoersbelnotngcobttyon5 ainschaesfilwteirdine,g wmiteh dium, has found favor with many pavlya.ilabTlehewliathtteeritshteyrlea offacmeaspkiecies or a helmet covering the entire head. tshmroalulgerh tahned mfeedwiuemr aanidr inpcarsesaagseeds bmeeenn. usAedressupcicreastosfrulolfy tihnismkainnyd dhiafs 11. The average gas mask is not vAenloicnictryeaosfeaiinr tvherlooucgithy tihnetupransstaegnedss. faenreenxtceplllaenntts.filtAerbswohrbeenntplcaocettdonunis tcoumwbeearrs.omSep;ecitiails csaimnipstleersancdaneabsye twohicihncirseadsreawtnhethraomugohunttheorfespdiurast. pdlearcicnogmaprhesasnidokne. rchItiefi--s oraftpeindlydirrtey gseacsuorerdontoe gcilvases porfotgeacsteios,nofrrotmo goivnee tor. --which workmen tied around the protection against all kinds of gases. Respirators, Gas ATlhle-Semravsikc,eilmluasstrka.tedWinheFreigw, o4rkismtehne shtaazya,ridn iosnefrolomcatoionne, paanrdticwuhlaerrekitnhde omforgeasconcovenntiineunot uasnlyd, eictonisomuiscualalltoy pgraos.vidSeeea Fciag.n-is1t,er Efoarchthpaetrsospnecwifhico dleearrgnos atopuhsyesiacaglaesxmamasinkastihoonu,ldesupne cluianlglys aansd thoeartht.e condition of the the12c.orAresctacagnuiisdteer twohtihche schhoouiclde boef uthseed aincccoomnpnaencytiionng wtiatbhlea, g-pasrempaarsekd, fUro. mS. inBfourrmeaautioonf sMupipnleised anbdy tthhee CShafeemtyicaClouSneccilt,iocnanobfe thuseedNaautitohonrail tatively. lar1g3e.lyGoafs rmubasbkesr aarned crounbsbtreurcizteedd fthaberiaccst.ionRoufblbigerhtdaetnedri'oairra,teasndunfdaebr rmicoidset.terTiohrearteefsorief,agllaoswmedastkos rsehmoauilnd btheekyepatrein parcooteocl tderdy pfrloacme alnigdhwt haenrde amiranuasfacmtuurcehrs oafs gapsosmsiabslke.s proMviodset wmoaosdk soorld,maentadl incafoserms wthiteh bueaycehr ktheaptt itnhethemaosrkigiwnailll claasset wlohnegnernoift icnabaincteutacl ouusled. beIfsetahliesdisasdosunge,gethste ed in Fig. 5. life14o.f aItgaiss immapsokssiinbluesetoorstiantesttohre athgee, mbauntufaucntudreerrsidcleaailm cthonadt itaiognass, mfoarskaboshuot ultwd o-reytaeianrs.itsHouwseefvuelrn,esisf tnhoet ligfeivwenill sppreocbiaalblycanreot ienxcseteodraognee, ymeoarre. rTaphiedlryubtbhearn paanrtys doethteerriopraatret when carelessly stored. it 1s5h.ouAldf'tbeer caarmefauslklyhawsipbeedenwuitsheda, dpaumt pbacclkothinanthde dcraiesde, bsepfeocriealbecianrge sbheainrpg tfaokldesn otor'scereeatsheast itnhetrheearmeansko rwehaseonnptuot baewliaeyv.e, aIft ththiserteimies, tahnayt thhaeusctaendi.staerfirsesahlmcoasntisotrerensthioreullyd ebxe attached to the mask. Masks, Hose Masks, and Breathing Apparatus 3 TYPES OF CANISTERS FCOORNDPIRTOIOTNESCTION UNDER VARIOUS Conditions Contents of Canister CCoanloirsteorf lPoifnroeo,tergcbtaienoninczeinvnea,ploo.rwesthcseuorcn,hcetnaontlruaeatinnoein, cGeansti<mmeatesrkss owr ithmorceaniosfterascticvoantetadinicnhgarc6o0a0l cuTbhiec time of protection decreases rapidly as the con Black g2aspoelrinec,enatndin tahier).like* (average csoernbtreanttisonotihnecrretahsaens. acCtiavnaitsetderschcaorcnotaalinainrge guasesleasbs-. Ptiinrogontse5cotfipoeonrrgcaiennnitchivingaphaoirrsc).o(necxecneterad tCoanaissstuerregassafemtya.sksTdhoeynoshtopurlodtencot tsubfeficuiesnedtl.y well Pofofrromtaeciccidtioacgniadsi,enshlyoswdurcohcgoenanscesncuhtlrlpaohtriiiondnees,, cGfeuanssetidmmeoatensrksspuomwr iitcmheorgceraanonifsutleserossd. a-cloTimnhteeainotiirmngecau6os0ft0icprcosutobedicac White nipdieetrr,ogcaeennndt pietnhroexaiidrli)ek.,esu(lapvheurra-gdeiox1 cotirnoelnayseasd.beocrueCtaasoennsies-tefrirafstphidolfays dlraoysngatchateisvasctoeoddnac-ceiinhmtarerac.toioanl lainst t2Pioropntesercotciroennatciiidnn gahaiirsg)e.hs (ceoxncceeendtirnag tCoanaissfteeurregasasfemtya.sksTdhoeynosht opurlodtenctotsubfeficuiesnetdl.y well aP(inrroo).ttecetixocneedaignagin3st paemr ocneiant gains Tsaomhdema,oanbiaaon.vde.mScpheeancrtciiaoolnaeldgaasgbassmorabmsekansstkssfodcroo-ntt'hnaaionttinpgpurrolpitmoesceet, aomrfeaxtihrmeequummiraescdka.,nnbo(eStceabeuesKelonobgfeloethnwed.)urseedvTehrbeey s3tkhienpewriercraiertneart Green tion from ammonia gas. ' F. Pionrxoiadteierc)t.(inonot aegxacienesdtincgar3bopnermcoennt Sgceapnteaclyiazlesagiatrhse macaptsirokonsduoccfeoncrtaearlibanotiinnvgemlyoHnhooapxrcimdaelieitswes,ithcwarohbxiocyhn hdaiovxeidosefo,mperoattceotciot nagoaninhsyt dcroagrbeonn sumlpohniodxeidaen. d Tsohmeye Blue ocoonthnlyecreningtraascteiasor,nbsobnuetxmccoeaenndoixnibgdee. coTpnehsriedecmreenadts,kssabfueptro-fttoherectuisnine tense heat produced cann3ot be long endured. PtAhrleol-tSeacebtroivovincee ga.Cagsaaenisnissttienrm.)aiixrt.ure(sThoef moCnaeennitsigotaensresdocraobnclstaaosirsnbienongfts gtwapsoreost,eocrbt.umtaogtraheiensottfotmatlhoerceoanbtchoeavnne ntfriogatutiroeenxcfeooefrd mathnixayetdoaflilrorwethseepdiracbblyalesstehgseasielnoscwluiendstedam.iraxsWihmohuuemlnd more than one absorbent is contained in a canis Red vttheorelumtohteeh. erascTtihoaunnsd otfhiteseacccahappaaicsciittyuysuodafellpytheneidnedcnaetnpiesuntpdeorenntcoiontsf gstauaiisntaitnbhglaenaabtmhsoiaxrtbtueornfet.tohfe acbasnoirsbteerntfiilsledleaosnflyor waitshintghlee H. Psmrooket se, catnido mn istasg. ainst dusts, Canisters containing cotton-wool filters. td(hAiecacteasstnriifspitleeterrsion.n) I. Porfootercgtainoinc aangdainasctid afumcoems.bina- Gcoaasl manadskssowdait-hlimcae.nisters containing activated char Yellow J. Parcoidtecfutimones aagnadinssmt ookreg.anic and Gchaasrcomala,skssodaw-liitmh e cwanitihsterfsiltecronptaadi.ning activated Ystreilploew w i t h K. Psmrootkeec.tion against ammonia and pGhaastemaansdkschwairtchoalcawniistthersfiltceorntpaaindi.ng copper sul Brown L. Pacriodtecgtaios,n "aFguaminisgtathiyodnr/o1-cy(aNnoict Gimapsremgnaastkison.with canisters containing caustic soda gWreheni tsetripewith exceeding 2 .per cent in air.) dif1f6e.renWt hpeenrsomnsa,skist iasrealwuaseyds abdy vbiestawbeleentot-imcleesa.n Iatndis driescinofmecmtetnhdeemd tthhaeitr thceangisatserms,asbkes, simepmareartseedd fraonmd wofaslyhseodl iannda tthweon dpreiredceinnt thsoeluotpioenn aAirftewritthhethmeaslyksohlass-obleuetniown aasdhheedr,inthge. ecyleeanpeide,ceass schleoaunld gblaessthohraosuglhelsys tpeenrdmeintcsybetottefrogwofrrokm. moisture and the17.lifeIt oifs aimpcoasnsiisbtleer toafetesrtimuastee without testing it against gas, which sapnoceilstoittfhoer ffluowrthoefr auisre.maTyheinrdeisciastte tmhoenpoxroidbeabolreAlilfle-Soernvliyceinmtahskes.caMrbaonn uwfiatchtuprelursg osfeaclasnisctoevresridneglivtehre thbeomt ttohme hvoasleven,ipapnled,, wunitlhesscothrkes lactltoesrinigs actotamcphleedteltyo ptrhoetecfatecde pfrioecme. thWe heant mteorsspshheoreuldof lathset aouytseiadre, abiur,t cwahneisn eenxcteers,s thoef yomutasyidedeatierriiosraatlelorwapedidltyo, elismpee.cialClyanciasnteisrsterisn ccoonntatiinnuinogussoudsaesutnadnecres ahawveideshovwarnietay voafriactiirocnumof 4 National Safety Council lwifeeekfsr.om a few hours to many iamndmeodbitaateinly agofreosuht cianntoistefrr,esbheianigr 18. Canisters should be protect gsuarse ttoo gbeet tehnecoriugnhtetrceadn. istTerhefortutbhee eadir, oesnpetchieallyinsfirdoem, adnadmpshnoeussld anbde aant dthfeacseampieecteimsehotuoldlocbaeteexpaomssiinbelde kept in a cool place. When a canis- leaks. ^ Hose Masks tio2n0.in Hanoyseirrmesapsikrsablaeffaotrmd ospprhoeterec, banudt tthheeyleanregtshoomfetwhehahtocsuemlbimeristsomthee,. dthisetasnocuercethoef twheeafrreershmaairy. gSoeefrFoimg. f6o.r pTrohveidminagsksveanrteilastiimonplyfora amneainns dativmidouspalhereen; ttehreinygconasnumierrneospcirhaebmle ilceanlgsthanodf tiamree fnoort wlhimicihtedtheiyn mthaye bsaefeutsyedb.eltItanisd relicfoemlimneenbdeedustheda t ina ehvoeserymcaasske ewnhteerrse athceonwfienaerde,r irorfesa pmiaranblwe aattcmhoinsgphtehree. lifIef dlienseirecda,n thbee Pig. 8, The home-made respirator, made aompeprlaetinagmoaunbtloowferfretsoh pariorvitdoe thane hose mask wearer at all times. oasf aa fpiliteecre, wohficmhuhslains bweietnh vaebrsyorpboepnutlacro. tton stehrouhladsnobet cboemuesewdaatgearins.atuWrahteedn, aint wh2i1c.h mFaoyr bemalaniyd ijnobasd,vapnlcaen,shofsoer masks have many advantages. The faustsuermebluesde, gtahse mboatstkomis ospteonreindg foorf the canister should be closed with mthaeskhiossearrtraanvgeelds sion thoante thdeireacirtioinn only, the exhaled breath passing tchaenipsltuegr..stopper furnished with the tfharcoeugmhasakn. exThhaelateioxhna.vlaatlivoen invatlhvee should be so constructed that it is ma1s9k. shouTlhdetemstanitwfohro fiist atondwleeaarksthe nanoyrmcaolnlyditciolonsepdermanidt thceanonuottsiduendaeirr. to pass back into the mask. The Tbeofodroe thheis,enthteersplaugdatnhgaetroculossepslatchee. fCohuenmd itchaalt thWe asrof-acraelledSfelruvtitceer vahlvaes bmoatstokmpuot poenninagnd istheremheoavded,b"anthdes AsurcmhyasGwasasMuassekds,onis UthneitebdesSttaatneds abdujtusctoemd fuonrttailbltyh.e' mTahsekrefi.tsshoculoldselbye, seanfceosutnftoerredth.e vHaoriseetymoafskcsonpdriotitoencst annodkcinaknsistienr,theRetusibsetanbceetwteoennamtuarsakl saignacienstht eayllardeenfiocitednceipeesndoefntoxoyngtehne, bTrheeathbinogttomshouoldpenbineg vesrhyoulsdlighbte. laiikrewsuisreroupnrdoitnecgt thaegawinesatrearn. y Tchoeny acnlodsesducwtiiotnh ethxeertpeadlmwitohf tthhee lhuanngds ctheanttrtahteioyncsanofbeanuysedkinasd loofnggaass,thseo uthnetrile athree nofacleeakpsi,ecthee cmoallsakpsaensd. thIef twheearheorseislennogtthwaowrkaiyngfrommoreanthuann caabnoiustte1r5 wseilclonhdos.ld Ifa thveacguausmmafsokr contaminated air supply. bisuttihgeht,shtohueldweenatreerr thceangapsroccaeuetdi, ously to see that the canister is wi2th2. aWhohseereofhogsreeamtearsklesnagrteh utsheadn, 25 feet, it is recommended (and accatniviset.er Iifs thuesedmauspk, lefuamkse,sorwiilfl thbee uaisruabllloyweisr ntoecseuspspalryy)thteo woepaerreartewaitnh fnaoitliucreed.is kWnhowenn, tthhies weevairdeernscheoulodf stoufofivceiercnotmaeir tthoe bfrriecatitohne oofr tihne ohrodseer. tThheecaeinrtrbifluogwaelr tyshpoeu,ldsoatlwhaatysinbceasoef tohfe fabilluorweerof tothempaeinrstaoinn ospueffriactiienngt soppeeerdatioorn,tothemaaiinrtasuinpptlhye toblothweepr eirn sboenewnteiarerilnygctuhte ohfofsaenmd aasikr wmiallynboet .dthreawwn etahreror,ughEntohueghhosaeirpummapy bbye idnratwhins twhraoyutgoh pleornmgiltetnhgethwseoafrehrostoe peshcearpeeinfrsoamfetaynainrdrewspiitrhaobulet raetmmoovs ing the mask. ho2s3e. maskIns wthiell pprreosteenccteagoafinasmtmanoynia, cIfonccaerbnotrnatmioonntohxaidt ethies stkoinbeweilnlcboeuanr. tteorewde,aar thhoasne amcaasnkisistepr rmobaaskb,lyassacfaerr bleosns. mIonnsotxruidcetioisn oidsonreleesdsedanidn toarsdteer mtoasuksewetihgehs aapbpoaurtat5usp.ounTdhse, whhoislee pthoeungdass, amcacsokrdwinegigthosthfeousbiz'teo oefigthhet tchaenicsatenristaenr.d Astfytleer tohfe spuuprcphoartsefoofr tthiceallmyasnko aunpdkeheopse,orthemraeinitsenparnacce tchoestruubnbtielr idt eitserwioorrantesouthtrobuyguhseagoer. ingFitgi.m4e.r oTnhethAe ltl-oSperovfictehegacsanmisatsekr, asnhdowa cmaernbto,nammonanoxicdaendeentetecrtora. dWanigtehrothuiss aetqmuoips pcehnetrrea,tiaonnd osfoocnarkbnoonwmifontohxeiddeegisreeorofis cnonot disatenrgewroiulls bfoer shaifme ttoo wwoerakr inin. aStumcohspahecarnes-' bcoonntaminoinnogxindoet. more than 2 per cent of car Respirators, Gas Masks, Hose Masks, and Breathing Apparatus are24c.ouWplehdento2g5e-tfhoeort tloenmgtahkseoaf hloonsge.-. gpeanriesroanl wusiet.h cPorniodritiotons thbeefoursee iotsf. hhoossee,mthaey wcaeuigsehtthaendcosutipfflninegsss toof uthne mbreenatlhoisntgthaepirplairvaetsusandmtahney wroerskcuoef spcrreevwen. tsTofreperemvoevnetmtheinst,, oaf laoncyk pthaartt rinestocuethewaasftedredlaaymepd. by men rushing of the coupling can be provided. use2d5. foCr ormesppriersastoorryaiprusrhpoousleds nifotabne by2Ss.ecoRnedsceuxeplcorseiwonssharveseulbteinegn kfirlolemd fires, making it hazardous to ad oTtrhaecressooufrccearbofonairmcoannoxbiedeprgoavsidaendd. vdaenrcesimthielar vecnotnildaittiioonn,s wthheereabsreauthn oils are present in compressed air. ivnaglueapinpamraatkuisnghiatspobseseibnleofforg.mreeant Breathing Apparatus toof rtehaechvaenndtilpautitoonu. t fiBrerseainthaindgvanacpe paratus is also used effectively in ing26.appaSraetifusconptraoitneecdtsoxayggaeinnsbt reaallthcrloeow-nenisnetagcbtilomisnihnmweietnhfitrtehosef acvnoednnttrieolxaltpialoonnsdioftnohsle. d-aegfaiciniesnt caiensy ocfoonxcyengternatiaonnd opfrogtaescetss and vapors. It is not dependent on mThineertsraiinninthge oufsea olafrgtheenaupmpbaerartuosf and in organized methods of pro suuserrfoulunidninegxpaliorr,insgo aitridis reesscpueeciaollpy pcerodvueremehnats ibnroduigschitplainbeouftolalonwiimng erations. mmianjeorditiysasotfertsheandc.ofmirpesa.ratTivheelygrfeeawt wa2s7.develOopxeydgetno absrseiastthiinntgh e a prepsacruaetu s bdreeaaththsintgo to failure appperasroantuss whahvilee beweena to use it properly. rdinuge afonldlowreicnogveerxyploosfiopnesrsoornsfiriens mwihneens a heavy concentration of noxious be29a.ssuIrnedorodfersatfheatyt,thaepwhyesaircearl ceaxn ainmstirnuactitoionnanadnda ttrhaoinroinugghincotuhreseusoef otrfaitnhiengapsphaorualtdus coavreer neaedpeedr.iodThoef asenvderaclomdapyesteunnt deirnsatnrucetxopre. rienTchede tUo. gSiv. eBiunrsetaruuctoifonMs itnoesquiaslipfireedpapreerd sons without cost. rpeoquunidres. reWnehweanl doifschoaxryggeden, thanedy pchareamtuicsalis hcehaavrygeasn. d sBomreeawthhiantgcuamp bweersigomhte.beIcnomthees hteiraevsioemr etypaefst,erthea taipmpea.ratuVsaariroeuisllutsytrpaetesd oifn bFrigesa.th8i,n9g, 10 and 11. of3M2, inTesheinwodrekveolfopthinegU, .pSe.rfBecutrienagu, aonf dbrienavtehsintiggaatipnpgartahteusvahraiosubseetynpeosf idnuessttriym. abTlehevavlauleuatbolethceonmtriinbiuntgioinns opflicthataiot nosrginaniinzdatuiostnryhagveenemraallnyy. apIt iBs,urtehaeurefoofrMe, inreecsobmemcoenndsueldtedthwathtehne eavpeprartahtuerse. is a need for breathing sub33je. ct Sheavveeralbepeanmpishslueetsd obny tthhies lBeut reeanutitloefd M"iSneelsf.-CoOntnaeinedpamMpinhe- Wspehcetnthyeougansemxtasink, ssteiaclktehreanbdoxmwarikthona Ittiotnheanddatceoonfdiintisopneco-f ,, the canister* Fig. S.ReOprnoedagcotioond omf eNth. oSd. Cof. BmuallrektiinngC g1a2s8 umsaes.ks when packed in the box for furthei, gMaisneessfhoarms ss.umTmhaeriUze-dSt.heBuvraelauue ooff oxygen breathing apparatus by com am3i0n.edT, hteestaepdp,araantuds osvheoruhladulbeed eaxs mneoendtehd,byatskiilnlteedrvmales,choanf icasboorutothoenre tchoomropuegtehnlty ptehresoancstiownhoanudndfuenrscttainond oapf peaarcahtuspainrt.perFfeacitlucroendtoitioknesepmaany j(eTohpiasrdaipzpelietsheto lgifaes mofastkhseanwdeharoesre. emxacseklslenast mweeltlh.)od SoefestFoirgi.ng7,bfroeratahn ing apparatus. ab3le1.in Btwreoatgheinnegraalptpyapreastu: sapipsaarvaatuils wanhdichapcpaanrabteuws owrnhicfohr ocanne-hbaelfwhoournr ptwaroatuhsowuresi.ghs T15heto 1h7alfp-ohuonudrs aanpd the two-hour apparatus 30 to 45 Fig. 6, HoseCmouarsteksyw, iUth. ST.isBsourteafuacoef pMieicnees. Abuht eltmheet lcaatntebre iussendoiwnstperaedfeorfreadfabcye pmieocset, apewrsiodnes.heaTvhyewehbosbeelits, wsthriocnhgplyrecfalusdteensedpultlo winegaTtehre. mask away from the face of the 6 National Safety Council aned. aTllhevitaalpppaarrattsusprsohtoecutledd bteo pdruervaebnlet . material damage or rapid wear. shfo.uldEvhearvye oaxybgye-npasbsrevaatlhviengwahpicpharapteurs mthietsoxaygfreene ofrlowairocfonotxayigneern toor thaier cfirrocmu leanttoroyf styhsetermedoufcitnhge vaaplpvaer. atus, independ resgp.iraTbhlee aaptmpaorsapthuesr, esw, hesnhouwlodrn suinppilry tehnaonug2h hooxuyrgsenwittohoiutst wreecahraerrgifnogr. noHt olewss efvoerr,ce"rhtaalifn-hoauurx"iliaarpypaprautrupsosmesayinbereuscseude pwaosrsk thuendteersgtsroufnodr, twifo-thhoeusre aappppaarraattuuss, awnidth rethgeeneerxacteoprtiocnapaocfityth. ose on oxygen sighn. tThahte uaspepsaraatmusousthho-burldeatbheinogf daevdicee oerrlyothaedrjufastceed atttoachthmeenwt etahraetr'swhfeanceprcoapn onfotdheaadvesmpaocree itnhsaidne,25i0nccluubdiicngcetnhteimteutberess olartiocnonannedctieoxnhsalaattitoanchvedalvueps. to the inha Courtesy, Ford Motor Company wiit.h Aa hfuealldyp-ciehcaergsehdoualdppanroattuwseicgohmmploertee than 40 pounds. The lightest weight coFmipgr.e7s.sedAogxoyogdenw, aryeatdoysttoorreecbhraeargtheiningdaivpipdauraaltuosxywghenenbnootttleins uosne.theNoatpepathraetucsy.linder of sctormucptaiotinbleis dweistihrabslaef.e and durable con Rraetsucsu,"e isO. axyvgaelnuabBlerewatohrikngforAapnpya aapnpdatroatsuese ttohatsetehetyhaatrethineygoaorde waiorr-tkiginhgt apjp.arTathues smheocuhldanibcealsuccohnstthruatctieovneryofptahret can be tested, inspected and repaired by oeqnueipimnteenrte.steTd hein papmurpchhlaestincganthbise cpoanradtiutisonb,esfohroeuldthebye rauren ounsedhailnf-hboaudr aaipr. Half-hour apparatus is useful at plants pwehriscohnsnesekdillesdteriinlizsinugch shwoourlkd. bAe llrepaadriltys accessible. sDeocucuremdenfrtos,m tahte SthueperiGnotevnedrnenmtenoft Printing office, Washington,. D. C., wfohrersehoermt ppleoryieoedss,wbourtk iitn sihroreuslpdirbaebleusaeidr only by men thoroughly trained in its to,k.orAllilabplearttso obfe thsuebjaepcptartaot,uspresussbujreecst higher than 5 pounds per square inch at .a cost of 20 cents. use. swhiotuhldsubcehofssaufcehtycodnesvtircuecstioans owriellquiinpspuerde 34. The types of two-hour xy- pa3ra5t.us, toTwboe-hsoaufre abnrdeatehffinicgient,ap the wearer's safety. j guesnedbrineatmhiinnge arpespcaureatuws ocrokmimn'onthlye msheonutlsd, amceceotrdtihneg ftoollothweinBg urreeqauuiroef UpanmitpehdleSt.tatesCoanrecedrneisncgribeodt-heiirT'thapat Mines: paratus, the Bureau states: pliae.d Tbyhethaemoaupnptaroaftuosxyshgeonuldormaeiretsuthpe deTpwenod-shouupronmsiondeiumrescpuereoxaipdpea, rpaotutassstihuamt peroxide, or liquid air for its oxygen sup ndeuecdinsgofvatlhveewoefareevrerayt abllretaimtheisn.g. Taphpearrae tus which aims to deliver oxygen at a kpnlyowhnasobfeietnhuesreed. iTn hEeuorbopjeec,tibounts ltitotleapis paratus that use peroxides as the source unnotifolersms trhaaten s2holiuteldrsb(e12a2djcuusbteicd itnochsuesp,polyr about 2 quarts) of oxygen per minute. ofrfeeodxywgiethn tshueppoxlyygaerne, tthhaetramteucohf ohxeyagt eins shob.uldReagbesnorebratsinog mmucahterciaalr,bonif diouxsiedde, oflfowmaisterhiaarldtetnodscontotrobll,ocakndthteheaifroadmucintsg. nfrootmmothree tehxahnal2e.d5 paeirr ctehnatt atthaerney wtimille bine wLiaqyusidavaairilaobrle liaqnudidcaonxnyogtenbearsetorneodt faolr tohxeideinhcoanletedn.atirin. inThhaeledavaeirragsehocualdrbonnot dbie any great length of time. Half-hour, three-quarter hour, and one- mtesotrepetrhiaond. 1 per cent during any 2 hour hwoiullr suapppplayraotuxsy,gesno-cfoarlletdhesbeecpaeursieodtsheoyf chca.nicAapl poabrastturuscsthioonusldinbeofrrdeeer frtohmat mthee tBimuree,auareofusMefiunlesin'dootehsernointduussetriseus.ch Tahpe Twheearerresmistaayncbereoafthtehefreealpypaartataulsl taims esa. ptoaratthuesirintirmeseculeimaintadtiorencso. verAy wtworok-hoduure wwhhoetlheertocirthcuelaptiaosnsaigse froefe aoirr owbisltlruschtoewd. ocuxeygwenorks.upply is desirable in mine res sThhoeuldhignhotes.etxcreeesdist2anicnechoesf wanatearppgaagrae.tus brSeaevtheirnagl atpyppaersatuosf thhaatlfa-hreouron osxaylegeinn shodu. ldTnhoet teexmcpeeerdataurmeaoxfimthueminosfpi1r1e0d aFir. tPhreotoU,ntitheed PSautal,tetshereGseibmbbsleandthetheFlDureases-- wceheedn 8t5hatFo.f tAhemexutcehrnlaolwaeirr dteomespneroattuerxe ger apparatus in construction and opera than 110 F. for the inspired air is desir Fig. 8. TheCoMurctCesaya, Uh.aSlf.-hBouurreauseolff Meoinne-s tion. Tests like those run on two-hour able. tained oxygen breathing apparatus. Respirators, Gas Masks, Hose Masks, and Breathing Apparatus 7 ft colv.npTarhtemiennhtsaloaftioanppaanradtuesxheqaluaitpiopnedcwomith- paqra. tuWs hisen ctohnetrooxllyegdenbysupapultyomofattihce adpe alenbtr, esahthoiunlgd bhaagveora bcoamgsbionredthceairpaecqituyivaof rveicaedsi,ly tthoetshee wsheoaurledr's andejeudsst. themselves a8t_qleuaasrtt9s)l;itehroswe(4v8e8r,cuifbica inbcrheeasthoinrgabboaugt r. i The main bottle valve pf.sthe high- swhiothuldbuhtaveonae cacpomacpitayrtomfennott ilsessutsheadn i5t pberessosurmeadoexytgheant abnotatplepaorratbusodwieesarsehroucaldn i liters (305 cubic inches or about 5 quarts). nthoet vsacrlveew. thTehevamlvaeinstbeomttleenvtiarlevlye sohuotulodf zomne. oTf hceonsatpapnatranteugsativsheouplrdessuhraevein intos aplasroathuasvewedaerveifcetso thloactkwtihlle evnaalbvlee otpheena. p circulatory system. s. Any apparatus equipped with a leans.e Tvahleve,apoppaerraattuesd sbhyoulhdanhdavoer aaurtoe msaoliuvtah-tbrraepatahnidnga dfeirvmicley fsihttoinugldnohsaeveclipa. tmorayticsayllsyt,emat osfomthee appopinatraitnusthfeorcrirecleualas Tthhaet osuatlsividae tariarpcasnhnooutldbebderaswon dtehsriogunegdh ionfgthtoe athire ionutthsiedeciracirulwathoerny dsyessitreambleofptahret apparatus. It should not be possible for it. t. Oxygen used in breathing apparatus tahnroaupgphartahtiuss vwaelvaer.er to draw outside air sghenou, ldnohahvyedraotgelena,stan9d8 npoetr mceonrte otfhaonxy2 _o. If the apparatus is equipped with per cent of nitrogen, with traces of argon. hmigehe-tprthesesutreestoxreyqgueinrebmoettnltess,.otfhetshee shInotuelrd satastaefeCtyomcamperactetaCchoemdmtoisstiohne. mIafinthberoettlies Compressed Air Helmets Fig. 10. TChoeurtPesayu, lU.twSo. -hBouurerauseoflf Mcinoens hvaollvdeingofhitghhe-parpepssauraretusoxbyogtetnle, tohris bsoatftelteys cap should have the usual disk and. in ad 36. Persons not familiar with the tained oxygen breathing apparatus. dabitoiount b9e4filCle.d Twhitihs afumsiebtlael mtheattalfussheosualdt not extrude from the safety cap under psproirbalbelme sattomobsephenerceosunatnedredwiinth irtrhee need for apparatus to work safely nbeoctabueseen osfoltdheinntehciesscsiotuyntorfy,inpsatratllly a pressure of 150 atmospheres. tiinmesu, chexplorecsastieodnsthheavoe,pinfrioomn tthimate atno apparatus supplying compressed air itnhge moxinyegeonr slitqatuieofny,inbgutatphpeayramtuays baet used where liquid oxygen would be teoffitchieentwoenaereorf sahllo.uldAubtehotrhiteiesmaorset .utilized for other purposes also. soafidtheaboopuintiotnh,ehocwoemvperr,estsheadt thaeir leosrs liquid air helmets, the better, for Special Considerations tshuepyplayreonf otoxdyegseignnefdortoagipvreedaeftuelrl 38. No particular industry or oc pmliiendedwpiethrioredg, eannedratthiveey faeraetunroets.suIpn dcuupstartyiohnasexhcadepatnthuensapteistrfoalcetuomry eixn oanrddineaxrhyalebsrefarothmingsixatomsaenveninhliatelerss pinegrieanpcpearwaittuhs.gasThmeasrkesasaonnd fborreaththis o60f taoir70pelritemrsinoufteairdpuerirnmg irneustte, daunrd- aisppthaeraatucstionitsoefl.fo.il vTahpeorspueptroonleuthme itnhgerevfiogroeroaupspepahrsysuitctaelrlyexiemrtpioosns.iblIet, vpaaprtosrs andhavbereatpheinnegtraatpepdaratruusbbeart oanndancceoceusnstaroyf cthoentwaieniegrhs,t foofr tahemaainr btirmeaetshinwgithbagsfataolf broetshulths.alf-hTohuer tcoomcparrreyssewdithor hliimquidenaoiurgtho ohfaveeitheenr acnodvertewdo-whiothur haepavpyarartuubsbear,rewnhoicwh tainreylylenfrgetshh oafirtimaet . eaFcohr bsreervatiche fuopr trheeduwceesarechr.ancAefsterofusloe,ssthoef blrifeeathof tcoomaprmesasxedimuamir ofaptpeanramtuisnutecos,ulda ianirg fboargsatshloeualsdt bsiex ahiroeudrsintofrersihd Courtesy, Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. sperrovbiacbealybleb,ealdthevoiusgedh iatnwd omulidghptrobbe tfhuertmherofusea.bsorbed mixtures before Fniegd. 9o.xygTehne bDreraatehgienrg tawpop-ahroautruss.elf con ably be rather heavy and expensive* tai u 37. In Great Britain several types com39p. lex Ccroumdebinpaettiroonleumof isvaariomusost recpo. rdinAg lltaimppearoartuspsrhesosuulrdehaovfe goaxgyegsenfor supply; such gages should be of tested ac ohfavliequirdegoexnyegreantivapepafreaatutusrweshichhadvoe been officially approved by the Brit htiyesd.rocTahrbeodnisffearnednt vcaormiopuossitiimonpsuroif the oils have different effects upon cpuarraactuys awndhersehotuhledy bceanpblaecerdeadoneatshiely abpy he wearer. The flow of oxygen to the mishineMs. inTeshisdetpyapretmoefntapfporarautsues iins tohiles waroerkperress.enWt, haesprehynxaitaurfarlomheagvays e shsoouldthabte ictonctarnollbeed rbeyadailgyagmeanvaiplvuebloyrythesyswteemarerof inthdeepaenpdpaenrattuosf. the pbrreefaetrhriendg atpoparathtues osnelfa-cccoonutanitneodf its coolness. Such apparatus has issufufnokcnaotiwonn, mwahyerebaes wfrietqhuleingth.t oAilsn, analysis of gases at a petroleum re- 8 lfoinweirnyg mgaasyesdiinscvloarsieouasllproofptohretiofnosl: CHayrdbroongeDnioSxuidlfeide OCaxrybgoenn Monoxide HNyitdroroggeenn (EUthnyslaetnuer,atPedropyHleynder,o-eCtc.a) r b o n s thaSnaet,urEattehdaneH, yedtcr.o)-.Carbons (Me National Safety Council era4t0i.ng mSeonmequoefstitohne tpheetrovlaeluume oof p gqausanmtiatsyksofinpethtreolperuemsenvcaepoofrsa, sams aallt tthhee mwaenlhlsoleinofthaestoprraogdeuctainngk ofireladt. Tisheth-echleienfgtrheaosfonlifefoorf atphperechoenntseinotns ovferytheimcapnoirsttaenrt. qTuheisstioins infdoeredthea afumpeerssoonf svoemrye pqeutricoklelyu.msTshueffohcoastee musaes.k is believed to be safer for such Fig. 11. ThCeo'uGrteibsyb,sUt.wSo.-hBouurerauseoflf-Mcoinnes be4e1n. veryTehfefichioensetlytyapned ovfermy assaktishas tained oxygen breathing apparatus. pfaectrtoorleiluymusiendduasstryp.rotSecevtieorna,l ionf tthhee aolill.owTedhetoholiseeinshtohueldslbuedgeeithaenrd ttihede cfauirlruerdes beocfautsheeseth- emahsoksse hhaasvebeoecn ttoacstowmiethoobijleicnt atonykfeoerpmi,tofrroamsleceovne sohfouoldrdbineaurysedg. arTdheen brreuabthbienrg hhoossee gisarudseunalhlyose$4oifnclyhi inincdhiaems einterd,iaamnd eter can be used for a sleeve. tec4h2n. ical TphaepeBr,ureNaou. o3f48M, ineenstithleads a "leGuams MVaaspkosrsfo,"r Gwahsioclhinewainlld bPeetrroe lreioasuesd msheothrtolyd.s oItf croensspiidreartsortyhepvroa taencdtiotnhe inefftehcetivpeentersosleuomf thienduthsrterye tiystpeers goafs pmerassoknsa,l hporsoetemctaioskns:, caannd oxygen breathing apparatus. A CKNO WLEDGEMENT draTfhteisd SbyafJe. MPr.aSctaincedsel,paSmafpehtyletEnwgais nNeaetriononal thSeafheteyadCquouanrtceirl.s sTtahfef oCfouthne cainlceacrkenceoiwveleddginesthethperevpaalruaatbiolen oafsstihsits pcoanmfperhelnetcefrcoommmthiteteemeomf bseervsenotyf-.fitvhee csahafeirtymanenogfinteheartscoamnmd itRte.e, aJ.ndYsopeucniga,l atusrsiesrtsanacnedrerceepirveesdenfrtoatmivetsheofmathneufadec veincgeisnedeersscraibneddcihnemthiestpsaomfphthleet Eanxdpetrhie mMeinnets.Station of the U. S. Bureau of cV