Document zb9gBBL1QrXz3YvZGj4wZbEyB

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF TEXAS BEAUMONT DIVISION MASTER ASBESTOS FILE MASTER DOCKET NOS. 1:90MC1000 1:9 0MC2 00 0 PITTSBURGH CORNING CORPORATION1S AMENDED ANSWERS TO PLAINTIFFS' MASTER SET OF INTERROGATORIES GENERAL OBJECTION This Defendant manufactured an asbestos thermal insulation product, UNIBESTOS, from July 1, 1962 to on or about February 1, 1972. Unless otherwise stated in response to specific interrogatories, the responses herein shall be limited to such product and time period. This Defendant objects to providing responses for any other period of time on the grounds that such additional information sought is irrelevant, immaterial, not calculated to lead to the discovery of admissible evidence, and furthermore, could be burdensome, expensive and harassing to comply with. This Defendant also relabeled and sold mastics, a few of which contained a small amount of asbestos fibers used as a binder, as an accessory product for use principally with this Defendant's low temperature nonasbestos-containing insulation product. Said fibers were bound in a bituminous and/or resinous binder, and were exempt from the asbestos controls of the Consumer Products Safety Commission 16 C.F.R. 1304.3(c). The mineral asbestos may be found in a wide variety of product forms, including ceiling tiles, floor tiles, gaskets, gloves, mastics, protective aprons, protective matting, etc. This Defendant objects generally to these interrogatories and requests as vague, overly broad, irrelevant, immaterial and not reasonably calculated to lead to the discovery of admissible evidence so far as they relate or refer to unidentified asbestos-containing products or materials and will limit its responses as stated above. This Defendant states that there never existed a predecessor corporation with respect to this Defendant. While this Defendant purchased on June 30, 1962 selected assets from Union Rubber & Asbestos Co., it did not purchase that company? that company continued to operate as a separate company for years and to sell other products and was not a predecessor corporation of this Defendant. Further, Defendant states that its responses to any interrogatory or request herein relate only to this Defendant and are not to -2- be construed to imply the existence of a predecessor corporation. REQUEST FOR ADMISSIONS 1. You are now in the business of manufacturing, selling or distributing products containing asbestos. RESPONSE; Deny. 2. You have been in the past in the business of manufacturing, selling or distributing products containing asbestos. (a) This was true during a part of the time between 1940 and 1972. RESPONSE: Admit to the extent that this Defendant was engaged in the asbestos thermal insulation product business only from July 1, 1962 to about February 1, 1972. However, with regard to the mastic product this Defendant objects as that ' information is irrelevant and not calculated to lead to admissible evidence. (b) Between 1940 and 1972, your products were sold or distributed in Texas. -3- RESPONSE: Admit to the extent that this Defendant's distributors introduced its asbestos thermal insulation product at various times into the State of Texas between July 1, 1962 and about February 1, 1972, (c) After 1972 some of your asbestos products were still in place where installed earlier. RESPONSE: This Defendant does not have sufficient information on which to base a response to this request, therefore this request is denied. 3. You knew your products inquired about above contained asbestos. RESPONSE: Admit. 4. You gave no warning to the plaintiff(s) in this case of the dangers of asbestos. RESPONSE: Deny. -4- 5. Asbestos is a known cause of asbestosis. (a) A known cause of mesothelioma. (b) A known cause of cancer of other bodily organs. (c) A known cause of lung or bronchial damage. RESPONSE: (a) through (c) This Defendant objects to this request on the basis that it is overly broad, vague and ambiguous. Further, this Defendant objects to this request on the basis that it seeks to require an expert medical opinion which this Defendant is unable to render. INTERROGATORIES 1. As to the person answering these interrogatories, state: (a) Name. (b) Title or position with Defendant. (c) Business address. (d> Residence address. (e) Length of time employed by Defendant. RESPONSE This Defendant states that Responses to Interrogatories in cases involving alleged injury -5- due to exposure to asbestos-containing thermal insulation products historically were prepared by Robert E. Buckley, former Vice President and Assistant to the President of Pittsburgh Corning Corporation. Mr. Buckley was believed to be the single most knowledgeable person employed by the corporation regarding its involvement in the manufacture and sale of Unibestos. Mr. Buckley is deceased. Accordingly, these responses have been prepared at the direction of Richard C. McPherson, an officer of Pittsburgh Corning Corporation. The address for Richard C. McPherson is as follows: 800 Presque Isle Drive Pittsburgh, PA 15239 Employed by Pittsburgh Corning Corporation since 1973. 2. State the following concerning this Defendant: (a) Full and correct name. RESPONSE: Pittsburgh Corning Corporation (b) Principal place of business. RESPONSE: 800 Presque Isle Drive Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15239 -6- (c) State of incorporation. RESPONSE: Pennsylvania (d) Date of incorporation and name of corporation. RESPONSE: 1937; see (a), above. (e) Is this Defendant authorized to transact business in the State of Texas? If so, state the date such authority was first issued and last renewed. RE8PONSE: Objection. This interrogatory is unbounded by time restraints without waiving this objection, this Defendant states it was first authorized to transact business in Texas in 1962. This Defendant last renewed its authority in 1983. (f) Does this Defendant have an agent, representative or place of business in Texas? If so, state the name and address of such agent, representative, or place of business. RESPONSE: Objection. This interrogatory is unbounded by - time restraints without waiving this objection, this Defendant states Pittsburgh Corning Corporation has an office in Houston, Texas which is available to the corporation's sales -7- representatives when they are in the area. All sales orders are accepted in Pittsburgh, PA. (g) Does this Defendant have an agent for service in the State of Texas? If so, state the name and address of the registered agent. RESPONSE: CT Corporation Systems 350 North Saint Paul Suite 2900 Dallas, Texas 75201 3. Has this Defendant been sued under its correct name? If not, state the correct legal name of the Defendant and provide the information requested in No. 2 above concerning the Defendant as correctly named. RESPONSE: This Defendant's correct corporate name is Pittsburgh Corning Corporation. 4. Has this Defendant ever acquired through purchase, reorganization or merger another corporation, company, or business which manufactured, sold, processed, distributed or contracted to apply insulation products containing asbestos? -8- RESPONSE: This Defendant manufactured and sold UNIBESTOS for the first time on July 1, 1962 on which date it purchased selected assets and facilities from Union Asbestos and Rubber Company (UNARCO) which it then utilized in the manufacture of UNIBESTOS. This Defendant does not have specific knowledge as to when UNIBESTOS was first sold, however, this Defendant believes the product was first commercially sold by UNARCO as early as 1954. Other published studies and governmental reports suggest that UNARCO first manufactured Unibestos for sale in 1937 or 1938 pursuant to the requirements and testing of the United States Navy. Pittsburgh Coming's production ceased on or about February 1, 1972. See General Objection regarding accessory products. 5. If the answer to Interrogatory No. 4 is "Yes," then state the following concerning such predecessor: (a) Full and correct name. (b) The principal place of business. (c) State of incorporation. -9- (d) Date of acquisition by Defendant. (e) Was this business authorized to transact business in the State of Texas? (f) Attach copies of all papers pertaining to the acquisition. RESPONSE: Objection. This interrogatory is irrelevant, without waiving this objection, there never existed a predecessor corporation with respect to this Defendant. See this Defendant's response to Interrogatory No. 4. 6. As to any product containing asbestos in any form, has this Defendant, or any predecessor(s): (a) Ever designed such a product? RESPONSES No. (b) Manufactured such a product? RESPONSE: Yes. UNIBESTOS. ' (c) Processed such a product? RESPONSE: See (b) above. (d) Sold such a product? RESPONSE: Yes. See this Defendant's response to Interrogatory No. 4. -10- (e) Distributed such a product? RESPONSE: See (d) above. (f) Patented such a product? RESPONSE: UNIBESTOS was not a patented product; however, this Defendant acquired a patent that related to the process by which pipecovering could be manufactured as part of its purchase agreement with Union Asbestos and Rubber Company, dated July 1, 1962. That patent #2,620,515 was issued September 9, 1952 and was for a "Method of and Apparatus for Forming Pipe Insulation". (g) Relabeled such a product which was manufactured, sold, or distributed by another company? RESPONSE: On July 1, 1962, this Defendant purchased selected assets and facilities of Union Asbestos and Rubber Company, which assets included a small amount of UNIBESTOS manufactured by the original producer. - In addition, Defendant purchased small amounts of a product similar to UNIBESTOS and manufactured to this Defendant's specifications from Holmes Foundry in Ontario, Canada. These purchases took place in 1963 or 1964 and in early 1972 to fill -11- orders from customers. In addition, as stated in the General Objection, from time to time, this Defendant has sold under its own name mastics manufactured by third companies; however as any asbestos in mastic is encapsulated, that product is not at issue in this litigation and this Defendant therefore objects to further response, seeking information that is irrelevant and not intended to obtain relevant or admissible evidence. 7. If your answer to No. 6(b), 6(d) and 6(e) is "Yes," then give the trade name of the product, the year the Defendant or predecessor first sold or distributed such product, and the year the Defendant last sold or distributed such product. RE8PON8S: See this Defendant's response to Interrogatory NO. 4. 8. Have any of the products listed above in Interrogatory No. 6 been altered in chemical composition since first being marketed? -12- RESPONSE : This Defendant has no knowledge with respect to UNARCO's actions concerning the designing, developing, testing and packaging of the product during and after the product's introduction into the market. However, this Defendant made no alerations during 1962-1972. 9. If so, please state: (a) The trade name of each such product. (b The date each such product was altered. (c) The nature of the alteration. (d) The reason for the alteration. RESPONSE: Not applicable to this Defendant. See this Defendant's response to Interrogatory No. 8. 10. What is the name, address, and the job title of each individual who participated in the design and preparation of manufacturing specifications for each such product? RESPONSE: See this Defendant's response to Interrogatory NO. 8. -13- 11. Do any written memoranda, specifications, blueprints or other written materials of any kind or character relating to the design and preparation of said products now exist? RESPONSE: See this Defendant's response to Interrogatory No. 8. 12. If so, please state: (a) List each written material or document (b) Who presently has possession of each such document? (c) Where is it located? RESPONSE: Not applicable to this Defendant. See this Defendant's response to Interrogatory No. 8. 13. In what year did the Defendant first begin selling or distributing insulation products containing asbestos? RESPONSE: See this Defendant's response to Interrogatory No. 4. 14. In what year did the Defendant last sell the insulation product which contained asbestos? -14- RESPONSE: 1972. 15. As to the named Defendant or any predecessor(s) or acquired business, state the various types of products such as blocks, pipe covering, cements, tape, spray-on insulation, mastics, and cloth, and in connection with each type of product, state how the same was packaged (i.e., bags, boxes, sacks, etc.) for sale. RESPONSE: As to UNIBESTOS during the period this Defendant manufactured an asbestos thermal insulation product, the product was shipped in paperboard cartons measuring three (3) feet in length. The other dimensions varied according to the diameters of the contents. 16. Is your company, as of the date of answering these interrogatories, still manufacturing, selling or distributing any insulation products containing asbestos? If so, give the brand name of such products, the binding material and date first manufactured. RESPONSE: No. -15- 17. Were each of your Insulation products generally expected to reach, or were packaged to reach, the consumer or user, without substantial change in the condition in which it was sold? RESPONSE: This Defendant's asbestos thermal insulation product was packaged to reach destinations without damage. However, circumstances and contract requirements could exist to cause parties in the supply chain to change the physical form or condition of the product before it reached ultimate user. 18. If your answer to Interrogatory No. 17 is "No," with respect to any product, explain in what way the Defendant claims its products were altered or substantially changed after sale or distribution and before reaching the insulation helper or mechanic. RESPONSE; See this Defendant's response to Interrogatory NO. 17. -16- 19. Do you admit that asbestos insulation applicators, helpers or mechanics, were foreseeable users of Defendant's asbestos-contained insulation products, such as: (a) Pipe covering; (b) Blocks; (c) Asbestos cloth; (d) Mastics; (e) Spray-on insulation; (f) Rope or tape; (g) Asbestos sheeting or millboard; (h) Cements. RESPONSE: This Defendant objects to this interrogatory on the basis that it seeks a legal conclusion or opinion. Without waiving this objection, this Defendant's products were designed to be applied as insulation to pipes. Therefore, it may be assumed that pipe insulators might have handled the product. 20. Based upon the material contents of your products, the method of manufacturing, and the method of application -17- for the purpose of insulation, can your products be generally applied by an insulator without liberating asbestos fibers? (a) If there is a different answer concerning different products manufactured, sold, distributed, or used by your company then specify the different products by exact manufacturers name and popular name. (b) If there is a difference in your answer depending on the year or years in which a particular product was used, then specify in detail what year or years you are referring to and the specific products you are referring to and the year involved. RESPONSE: This Defendant manufactured UNIBESTOS in ready- to-use 3-foot long rigid half-cylinders, to be fastened to the outside surface of a pipe with two bands of wire or metal. The end of an occasional piece might need to be trimmed to achieve a tight fit. This Defendant did not believe that the ' application of UNIBESTOS in the intended manner caused the liberation of any significant amounts of asbestos fibers. At a much later date, and shortly before it ceased manufacturing Unibestos, it learned that asbestos fibers in amounts that -18- were more significant could be liberated during certain cutting practices; however, this Defendant had been printing a warning on the products shipping cartons and it had participated in a campaign to distribute literature to its customers regarding safe handling and use of asbestoscontaining insulation materials* 21. Was it a foreseeable use of your asbestoscontaining insulation products that they may have to be removed, stripped or replaced at any time after installation? If your company contends the plaintiff(s) misused any of your products then state how and under what circumstances your product was misused. RESPONSE: Objection. This interrogatory seeks a legal conclusion or opinion. 22. Prior to releasing the products listed in Interrogatory No. 6 to the public for sale, were any tests conducted on same to determine potential health hazards involved in the use of materials contained herein? -19- RESPONSE; See this Defendant's response to Interrogatory No. 4. Union Asbestos & Rubber Co. first released the UNIBESTOS product to the public. This Defendant does not know whether any such tests or studies were performed prior to that release. Prior to its commencement of manufacture this Defendant conducted no such testing. 23. If so, please state: (a) The name, address, and job classification of each individual who conducted such tests. (b) The results of such said tests. (c) Date of such studies. RESPONSE; Not applicable to this Defendant. See this Defendant's response to Interrogatory No. 4. 24. Do any written memoranda, specifications, blueprints or other written materials of any kind or character exist relating to the testing of said products? RESPONSE; Objection. This interrogatory is vague, ambiguous and nonspecific. Without waiving this objection, this Defendant states this Defendant does not know -20- whether Union Asbestos & Rubber Co. conducted such tests and studies. With regard to this Defendant, this Defendant did not conduct studies as specifically described in this interrogatory. During the period 1966 through 1970, this Defendant participated in a study conducted by the Industrial Hygiene Foundation of America, Inc., chiefly to learn about the biochemical effects of amosite asbestos fibers on laboratory animals. A preliminary report indicated that amosite asbestos fibers were introduced into rats, and that asbestosis was noted in some of the animals that were autopsied according to schedule for study purposes. The remaining animals were pastured for the purpose of observing whether lung cancer or mesothelioma tumors developed. According to Defendant's recollection, the pastured animals died unexpectedly in a laboratory epidemic about January 1972, before conclusions could be drawn concerning cancers or tumors. See attached copies of IHF studies. During 1970, this Defendant caused a study to be conducted at The University -21- of California, Berkeley. The purpose of the study was to develop a method for measuring the airborne dust concentrations of four different asbestos- containing pipe insulation materials. The study was conducted by J. Leroy Balzer, W. Clark Cooper, M.D. and Irving R. Tabershaw, M.D. The conclusions reached were: 1. A method by which certain construction materials can be tested for their potential for airborne dust generation had been developed in the course of study. 2. The material containing the highest percentage of asbestos produced the highest concentration of airborne asbestos fibers under the conditions of the test. 3. Measurement of the total dust concentration was a poor indicator of the airborne asbestos fiber concentration. 4. Pulverizing of any of the tested products within confined spaces may result in airborne asbestos fiber concentrations greater than the threshold limit value proposed in 1970. The report on this study was provided to the United States Department of the Navy. On information and belief, the report formed the basis for a paper subsequently published by the authors. It was not the intent of the study to produce recommendations but simply to develop a -22- method of measuring the dust potential of the different products. A second study by that group was performed in 1971 to compare the dust producing potential of this Defendant's commercial pipe insulation with the asbestos-free product that was under development. 25. If so, please state: (a) List each such written material or document. (b) Who presently has possession of each such document and where is it located. RESPONSE: See attached copies. 26. Did Defendant or any of its subsidiary companies make any design changes as a result, o-f such teste? RESPONSE: Within a year of the receipt of the Berkeley study this Defendant made the decision to cease the manufacture of UNIBESTOS. -23- 27. If so, please state: (a) The nature of the change made. (b) The name, address, and job classification of each person in charge of making a change. RESPONSE: See this Defendant's response to Interrogatory No. 26. 28. After releasing said products to the public, were any tests conducted thereon to determine potential health hazards involved in the use of materials contained therein? RESPONSE: See this Defendant's response to Interrogatory No. 24. 29. If so, please state: (a) The name, address, and job classification of each person conducting said tests. (b) The results of said tests. RE8POMSE: See this Defendant's response to Interrogatory No. 24. 30. Prior to 1970, did you or your predecessor(s) ever have any labor inspectors or anyone from your company whose -24- job it was to go to areas where your products were being used or installed to make a dust level count? If so, state when this procedure started, the purpose of such procedure, and what action, if any, was taken in response to the findings, and attach results. RESPONSE: This Defendant states that it had no control over job sites or job site workers and the numerous job site variables known only to, and capable of being affected only by insulation contractors, their employees or the employees' union. Therefore, this Defendant did not undertake or finance tests or studies at job sites, pertaining to ventilation equipment. 31. If your company performed or had performed any dust level counts, what action based on the results did your company take? RESPONSE: Not applicable to this Defendant. See this Defendant's response to Interrogatory No. 30. 32. Has your company or its predecessor(s) ever conducted any studies concerning the effects of the -25- inhalation of asbestos dust or fibers on one using or being exposed to any of the asbestos materials manufactured, sold or distributed by you, or your predecessor(s)? In answer to this question, give the date and nature of such studies, if any; the name or names of the persons conducting such studies and their addresses; what the purpose of the studies were; and attach a copy of any reports based upon such studies, showing to shorn such reports were given, and the date. RESPONSE: See this Defendant's response to Interrogatory No. 24. 33. Has your company or its predecessor(s) ever conducted or caused to be conducted, any studies designed to minimize or eliminate the inhalation of asbestos dust and fibers by those exposed to the use of your company's insulation products? If so, give the following: (a) Name of the person or firm conducting such studies. (b) The date the studies began and the date completed. (c) Any publication or dissemination of the results of the studies. -26- (d) The nature of any action to eliminate or minimize the inhalation of asbestos dust or fibers. (e) Attach copies. RESPONSE: See this Defendant's response to Interrogatory No. 24. 34. If your answer to Interrogatory No. 33 is "Yes," state the name and address of such industrial hygienist or hygienists. RESPONSE: This interrogatory cannot be answered as stated. 35. Does your company have, has it ever had, or has your predecessor(s) ever had, a Research Department? If so give the year such Research Department was established, and whether or not such Research Department has operated continuously since being established. (a) How much expended each year on research, etc (b) What percentage of gross sales did your company or its predecessor spend on research concerning the health effects of asbestos. RESPONSE: No, with respect to its asbestos thermal insulation product. -27- 36. State in detail the purpose, duties and responsibilities of such Research Department. RESPONSE: Not applicable to this Defendant. See this Defendant's response to Interrogatory No. 35. 37. Does your company have, has it ever had, or has your predecessor ever had, a Medical Department? If so, give the year such Medical Department was established, and whether or not such Medical Department has operated continuously since being established. (a) Name each director, chief, or head of your Medical Department year by year with the first year you had a medical director Medical Department. Give the last known address of each. RESPONSE: Not applicable to this Defendant. 38. State in detail the duties and responsibilities of each Medical Department. RE8PON8E: Not applicable to this Defendant. See this Defendant's response to Interrogatory No. 37. -28- 39. Prior to 1965, did your company, or any predecessor(s) ever at any time give insulation mechanics or insulation helpers who would be applying or removing your products instructions concerning safety precautions to use in applying such products? If so, describe such instructions, to whom they were given, the dates they were given, and the manner of giving such instructions. RESPONSE: No. 40. Did your company, or your predecessor(s), ever place any warning signs on the containers in which asbestos insulation products were packaged? RESPONSE: Yes. Beginning in November 1968, this Defendant caused a 5-inch by 3-inch notice to be printed in red on all cartons containing UNIBESTOS. The notice read as follows: "This product contains asbestos fibers. If dust is created when this ' product is handled, avoid breathing the dust. If adequate ventilation control is not possible, wear respirator approved by U.S. Bureau of Mines." -29- 41. If you have answered Interrogatory No. 40 in the affirmative, please state: (a) On what date did your company or your predecessor, issue an order directing a warning be placed on your insulation products or containers? (b) On what date was such warning actually first placed on your insulation products or containers? RESPONSE: (a) and (b) See this Defendant's response to Interrogatory No. 40. (c) On what date did your insulation products, accompanied by such warning, first reach the insulation contractor? RESPONSE: Unknown. (d) State the exact wording of the first warning. (e) State the exact size of the warning printed on your asbestos products or containers. RESPONSE: (d) and (e) See this Defendant's response to - Interrogatory No. 40. (f) Did your company, or its predecessor(s) dictate the exact size of the printed warning? RESPONSE: Yes. -30- (g) Why did your company or its predecessor(s) place such warning on your asbestos insulation products or containers? RESPONSE; In or about 1968, this Defendant learned other asbestos thermal insulation product suppliers were adding warning labels to cartons and a decision was made to do likewise. Based on available records and information it is believed that this Defendant first learned of the use of warning labels by Owens-Corning Fiberglas Kaylo with respect to pipe insulation in 1968. (h) Did your company or its predecessor(s) place such warning on your asbestos insulation products or containers because you received a directive, command suggestion, legal opinion, or any type of communication (written or otherwise) from any persons, firm, corporation, governmental agency, committee, association, attorney or institute? If so, from which and on what date did you receive such directive, command, command suggestion, legal opinion, or any type of communication. RESPONSE: No. The warning referred to was initiated voluntarily. -31- (i) If the wording of the warning has ever been changed or altered, state when it was changed, and the exact change in the wording. RESPONSE: Not applicable to this Defendant. 42. Did your company or its predecessor, ever place any warning directly on any of its asbestos insulation pipe covering itself, blocks itself, cloth itself or millboard itself? RESPONSE: No. 43. Did your company ever stamp the name of the company, its initials, or any identifying logo on any of its asbestos pipe covering, blocks, cloth or millboard? RESPONSE: See this Defendant's response to Interrogatory No. 42. See also Interrogatory No. 36. 44. Did the warning inquired about in Interrogatories No. 42 and 43, or a similar warning, ever appear in any of your sales literature? If so, attach copies of such sales literature, showing the date such literature was printed. -32- RESPONSE: See attached copy of typical UNIBESTOS promotional brochure. 45. On what date was the sales literature inquired about in Interrogatory No. 44 first provided to distributors or sellers of your company's products, or your predecessor(s)'s products? RESPONSE: See this Defendant's response to Interrogatory No. 44. 46. Has your company or your predecessor(s) ever devised a high temperature heat insulation which does not contain asbestos? If so, state the date that such insulation was first placed on the market. RESPONSE: Not applicable to this Defendant. 47. Were any material safety data sheets ever prepared by your company or its predecessor(s)? If so, attach copies. RESPONSEt As to UNIBESTOS, no, but see copy of UNIBESTOS product data sheet attached. In 1968, this Defendant participated in a campaign by which it disseminated in bulk brochures published by the -33- National Insulation Manufacturers Association regarding the safe handling and use of asbestoscontaining insulation materials. As to mastics, yes. 48. Did your company or its predecessor ever recall any products containing asbestos from the common market? (a) State all details of such recall, giving the name of the product, the time of recall and any further action taken in connnection with the recall. RESPONSE: No. 49. Has your company or its predecessor(s) ever directly advised any contractor to whom you sell your products containing asbestos of threshold limit values for exposure to asbestos dust recommended by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hyugienists? If so, state`the date or dates that you so advised such contractors, the manner in which you advised such contractor, and the name of each contractor. RESPONSES This Defendant was aware of the TLV's and used them to assess the air quality of its -34- manufacturing facilities. This Defendant is unaware of any documents authored or disseminated by this Defendant that contain express reference to the threshold limit values which were distributed to any contractor. However, this Defendant is now aware of a letter from Lee B. Grant addressed to Bath Iron Works dated August 15, 1966 which referenced dust studies performed by the IHF and state health departments. 50. Prior to 1964 did your company or its predecessor(s) ever manufacture insulation products containing asbestos without a warning? List the years. RESPONSE: Yes. See this Defendant's response to Interrogatory Nos. 40 and 41. 51. After 1964 did you ever manufacture insulation products containing asbestos without a warning? If so, list the name of the product and the years. RESPONSE: Not applicable to this Defendant. See General Objection. -35- 52. Prior to 1970, did your company, or any predecessor(s), ever manufacture and sell a high temperature heat insulation which does not contain asbestos? If so, state the date that such insulation was first placed on the market. RESPONSE: Prior to 1970 this Defendant did not manufacture and sell a nonasbestos-containing rigid thermal insulation for pipe operating at temperature up to 1500 degrees F. There never existed a predecessor corporation with respect to this Defendant. 53. Is your company, as of the date of answering these interrogatories, still manufacturing, selling or distributing any insulation products containing asbestos? If so, give the brand names of such products and the binding material and date of first manufacture of such product. RESPONSE: No. 54. If your company or your predecessor(s), ever devised a high temperature heat insulation which does not contain asbestos, state what prompted your company to devise -36- such high temperature heat insulation not containing asbestos. RESPONSE: See this Defendant's response to Interrogatory No. 46. This Defendant sought to manufacture an asbestos-free high temperature product because of a decreasing supply of raw amosite asbestos fibers, and because of an increasing suspicion in the medical profession that perhaps all types of asbestos fibers presented possible health hazards in circumstances not previously believed to be of concern. 55. Has such high temperature heat insulation not containing asbestos performed satisfactorily? that is, is such insulation suitable for the purpose for which it is to be used? RESPONSE: This Defendant is not presently engaged in the manufacture of an asbestos thermal insulation product and is therefore not qualified to render an opinion.on the question set forth in this interrogatory. See this Defendant's response to Interrogatory No. 46. -37- 56. Give the trade names of your high temperature heat insulation products which do not contain asbestos, and state fully what such insulation contains. RESPONSE: Not applicable to this Defendant. 57. State the decade that there first existed manufacturing technology for commercial purposes the use of chemicals and minerals for combining into a high heat insulation product a substitute for asbestos in insulation materials. RESPONSE: This Defendant does not know that such* * manufacturing technology exixts. 58. To your company's knowledge, in what decade was fiberglas first commercially available for insulation over 3500 degrees F.? RESPONSE: This Defendant does not have the information * requested in this interrogatory. 59. In what decade was each of the following products commercially available for use and sale: (a) Fiberglas? -38- (b) Calcium silicate; (c) Mineral wool; (d) Rock wool; (e) Foamglas; (f) Ceramics; (g) Wood pulp; (h) Organic pulp. RESPONSE: Objection. This interrogatory is overbroad, vague, nonspecific and nondefined as it does not suggest the use of any such identified material and thus leaves this Defendant to speculate. In addition, as phrased this interrogatory would result in a confusing and misleading response. Without waiving this objection and in further . support thereof, this Defendant unsuccessfully attempted to develop a nonasbestos-containing high temperature insulation product. Thus at the time ` this Defendant ceased the manufacture of UNIBESTOS there was no viable substitute materials and this Defendant left the high temperature market. Finally, this interrogatory seeks information irrelevant to this Defendant. -39- 60. List all insulation products sold in the 1940's, 1950's and 1960's which did not contain asbestos and give the physical and tensil strength and temperature decomposition date for each product. RESPONSE: See this Defendant's response to Interrogatory No. 59. 61. Did your company or any predecessor(s) ever have a division or subsidiary company engaged in the contracting business of applying insulation products? If so, give the name of such division or subsidiary company, the full address of the home office of such division or subsidiary company, and the dates such division or subsidiary company was engaged in the contracting business. RESPONSE: No. This Defendant did not operate contract units. 62. Did any division of your company or subsidiary company engaged in the contract business of applying insulation products ever have any claims for lung diseases or death from lung diseases, whether directly or indirectly attributed to asbestosis, mesothelioma, lung cancer or any -40- exposure to asbestos products. If the answer is "yes", give the name of such employees and attach copies of such claims and copies of all documents relating to the disposition and handling of such claims. RESPONSE: Not applicable to this Defendant. See this Defendant's response to Interrogatory No. 61. 63. Give the location of the state industrial accident board handling each such claim, the disposition of such claims, and the amounts paid in workmen's compensation benefits to each such employee, and the name of the compensation carrier. RESPON8E: Not applicable to this Defendant. See this Defendant's response to Interrogatory No. 62. 64. Was your medical department of industrial health department or industrial hygienist responsible for contracting unit employees? RESPONSE: Not applicable to this Defendant. See this Defendant's response to Interrogatory No. 62. -41- 65. Did your company or its predecessor(s) ever make any industrial hygiene surveys? If so, give the date of such surveys, and attach copies of such surveys. RESPONSE: This Defendant, from time to time, during 1962 1972 retained the Industrial Health Foundation, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and also Doctor Morton Corn, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, to make air-quality surveys at Defendant's asbestos thermal insulation product factories. In addition, an industrial hygiene study at the Tyler plant was conducted by J.T. Destefano in November, 1966. 66. State the year that this defendant or any predecessor(s) were first advised of either threshold limit values or maximum allowable concentrations of both asbestos dust and total dust by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, and state the name of the employee-official of the company receiving such advice and attach copies of the instrument communicating such advice. RESPONSE: To the best of this Defendant's knowledge, Defendant became aware of threshold limit values -42- pertaining to the concentration of airborne asbestos fibers in manufacturing environments in 1962 about the time Defendant purchased the UNIBESTOS product and selected related assets an facilities from Union Asbestos and Rubber Company (UNARCO). See attached copy of Ruddick to Baumler letter dated May 16, 1962 with attached articles. 67. Was such threshold limit values or maximum allowable concentrations inquired about in Interrogatory No. 66 TOTAL dust and not just asbestos dust? RESPONSE: This Defendant objects to this interrogatory on the ground that information concerning Threshold Limit Values is public information and is as available to the Plaintiff as it is to this Defendant. 68. State in detail what test, if any, your company ever made with regard to the quantity, quality or threshold limit values of asbestos dust or particles to which insulators were exposed while using your products containing asbestos. -43- (a) If there were any such tests or studies, give the name or names of the person(s) conducting the tests, the date of the tests and attach true copies of any reports, findings, or memorandums concerning such tests or studies. RESPONSE: See this Defendant's response to Interrogatory No. 33. 69. When did any official of your company first have knowledge, information or understanding that asbestos would or could or might produce the diseases of: (a) Asbestosis; (b) Mesothelioma; (c) Lung cancer? (d) Any other disease; (e) With reference to your company give the name of such official who first had such knowledge, information or understanding ? ` (f) If there are any documents, records or memorandums of any kind concerning such knowledge, list them and attach copies. RESPONSE: The term asbestos is generically applied to several different minerals, may be found in -44- various fiber types and may be found in a wide variety of product forms. This interrogatory is overly general and nonspecific as to the type of asbestos used by this Defendant in its thermal insulation product. This Defendant is unable to state when the corporation first became aware of any reported association between asbestos exposure and any particular health hazard. Many of the individuals who were involved with Pittsburgh Corning Corporation in the early 1960's when the company first became involved with a thermal insulation product containing asbestos are now deceased. However, generally, at or about the time it entered the business, Pittsburgh Corning did acquire some information concerning asbestos as reflected in enclosures to two letters its Vice President, Karl Baumler, received in May, 1962. At that time, Pittsburgh Coming's awareness generally related mainly to manufacturing environments where it was understood that exposure to dust levels at or below the TLV level would not result in disease. Those articles did not impart -45- any information that suggested that end users of such products were placed at risk of disease. The information received in 1962 stated that asbestosis was a lung disease which may be suffered by some persons exposed to extreme and excessive amounts of asbestos fibers over long periods of time. Such information related primarily to heavily exposed asbestos textile manufacturing plant workers, whom it was believed had been exposed grossly in excess of the established TLVs. That information reflected the accepted scientific belief that workers could be exposed to concentrations of asbestos at or below the ACGIH-approved threshold limit value of 5 MPPCF on a time-weighted average throughout their working life, without adverse effect and that asbestosis was not a disease expected to occur with any frequency in the United States due to better work practices. Pittsburgh Corning had no belief or understanding at that time that end users of its thermal insulation product were at any risk. -46- Pittsburgh Corning is now aware that as reports started to appear regarding a connection between a certain type of asbestos and mesothelioma, crocidolite asbestos was the implicated fiber type. Workers exposed only to amosite asbestos (the fiber type used in Unibestos) were not found to have suffered the disease. None of the materials received by Pittsburgh Corning in 1962 mentioned mesothelioma. Beginning perhaps as early as 1965, Pittsburgh Corning may have learned of a suspected connection between asbestos generally and mesothelioma. (Pittsburgh Corning is now aware of a late 1964 memorandum which suggests that a Pittsburgh Corning employee saw a newspaper article mentioning mesothelioma. That document was not contained in Pittsburgh Coming's files and Pittsburgh Corning is unable to authenticate the document.) The literature at that time revealed that amosite asbestos was not implicated in connection with mesothelioma or lung cancer. Thereafter, in 1966, Pittsburgh coming's supplier -47- of amosite asbestos, and the same company that a Pittsburgh Corning employee had visited while in England in 1965, confirmed that based on its review of the research that there was "not one case of mesothelioma associated with exposure to amosite asbestos." In fact, in an article published in September, 1972, (after Pittsburgh Corning had ceased manufacturing Unibestos) Drs. Selikoff, Hammond and Churg reported that "there has been no evidence to indicate whether or not the amosite variety (of fiber) is also carcinogenic." One article Pittsburgh Corning received in May, 1962, entitled: Some Clinical Observations of Asbestosis in Mine and Mill Workers, mentions lung cancer and asbestosis and says: "Moreover, a general statistical survey of all employees in the industry does not seem to indicate any statistical evidence of a causal relationship." Another article received by Pittsburgh Corning in 1962, Pulmonary Disability in Asbestos Workers, states: "There are several reasons for different opinions -48- expressed concerning the relationship of asbestosis and bronchogenic carcinoma. Differences in asbestos fibers are noted." Pittsburgh Corning believes these articles contain the first references to asbestosis and lung cancer that it received and that they show no causal relationship. At no time prior to 1972 did the scientific literature contain any epidemiologic studies that implicated amosite (the type used in its thermal insulation product) as being causally related to an increased risk of lung cancer among humans. In a publication, Carcinogenicity of Amosite Asbestos, Archives of Environmental Health, Sept. 1972, the authors state: "Few data exist concerning the comparative neoplastic potential of the several kinds of asbestos in man. Some information is available for chrysotile, crocidolite and anthophyllite. However, there has been no evidence to indicate whether or not the amosite variety is also carcinogenic." -49- Pittsburgh Corning has no understanding of "any other diseases" being produced by asbestos exposure. Pittsburgh Corning is aware that there is considerable debate today as to whether or not any type malignancy other than lung cancer, in conjunction with asbestosis and cigarette smoking, and mesothelioma are causally related to asbestos exposure and does not believe that medical science has generally concluded that there is any causal connection. 70. As to every asbestos product of yours which you have identified in previous interrogatories state the specific type or types of asbestos, (i.e. crocidilite, chrysotile, amosite or any others) which your products contained. If you have percentage figures available, then give the percentage as to each product. RESPONSE: Because authentic, reliable production records of the precise percentages of components in UNIBESTOS cannot be found in this Defendant's files, and because the quantity of each component varied from one wall thickness and inner diameter to another, -50- the information requested in this interrogatory concerning quantities of components can only be based on the following approximations: Average Percentages per Unit Volume Amosite fiber 6% Sodium Silicate and Diatomaceous Earth 17% Average Percentages by Weight Amosite fiber 65% Sodium Silicate and Diatomaceous Earth 35% 71. Does Defendant contend that plaintiff improperly used its product? RESPONSE: Discovery is currently ongoing. Defendant will supplement its answer as soon as the information requested becomes available. 72. Set forth a list of photographs, plats, sketches or other documents in the possession of any party that will potentially be used as an exhibit at the trial of this case by you. -51- RESPONSE; Discovery is currently ongoing. Defendant will supplement its answer as soon as the information requested becomes available. 73. Were you or any of your agents, servants, employees aware of any of the articles described on Exhibit A prior to the year 1950? RESPONSE: No. This Defendant was not engaged in the asbestos thermal insulation product business prior to July 1, 1962. 74. If you answered the foregoing question "Yes", then answer the following: (a) Set forth such articles you had knowledge of and the date you acquired such knowledge. RESPONSE: See this Defendant's response to Interrogatory No. 73. 75. As of January 1, 1965, what quantity of the following asbestos-containing insulation products were stored in your warehousing facility or facilities awaiting sale to contractors or other concerns: -52- (a) Pipe covering (state figure and number of boxes); (b) Block (state figure and number of boxes); (c) Cement (state figure and number of bags). RESPONSE: With respect only to (a) the information requested is not in this Defendant's records. This interrogatory otherwise does not apply to this Defendant. 76. Do you have any photographs of the products inquired about above or their packages or containers? If so, please attach exact copies. RESPONSE: See attached Unibestos promotional brochure. 77. Do you contend that none of your asbestos-containing insulation products were sold to or ever reached the premises of any or all of the concerns listed in Exhibit "B" attached hereto? If so, indicated which and explain the factual basis for this contention. RESPONSE: Objection. This interrogatory is irrelevant, unbounded by time restraints and overbroad. Without waiving this objection, this Defendant -53- states this Defendant did not sell its asbestos thermal insulation product to the parties listed in Exhibit B referred to in this interrogatory. However, this Defendant did not routinely acquire nor maintain a record of disposition or destination of its asbestos thermal insulation product after a sale to a purchaser was completed, except to the extent such information was a critical part of the purchase order information. BY Attorney for Defendant Pittsburgh Corning Corporation AFFIDAVIT COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA COUNTY OF ALLEGHENY ) ) SS: BEFORE ME, the undersigned authority in and for said Commonvealth and County, personally appeared Richard C. McPherson, vho being duly svorn deposes and says that he is Vice President of Human Resources with Pittsburgh Corning Corporation, that he is authorized to make this affidavit on its behalf and that the facts contained in the foregoing tended Interrogatories Amended Interrogatories are based on previous responses to similar compiled by Robert E. Buckley vho was a former Vice President and Assistant to the President of Pittsburgh Corning Corporation and vho has svorn that said responses vere true and correct to the best of his knovledge or information and belief. R. C. McPherson SVORN TO AND SUBSCRIBED BEFORE ME this 20th day of December 1990 Notary Public NC;.v.:A. SEAL PATFUCIA E. McLEtSH, NOTARY PUSUC MONROEVILLE 20RO, ALLEGHENY COUNTY MY COMMISSION EXPIRES JULY 20,1992 Member, PenrsyW-r.* Association of Notaries Respectfully submitted WELLER, WHEELUS & GREEN P. 0. BOX 350 BEAUMONT, TEXAS 77704-0350 (409) 838-0101 ATTORNEYS FOR DEFENDANT, PITTSBURGH CORNING CORPORATION CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE I hereby certify that a true and correct copy of the above and foregoing instrument Jias been forwarded to all known counsel of reocrd on this the l5^- day of ft 11 n fU, 1991. \ UNIBESTOS Insulation,, ...provides superic Pittsburgh Coming's UNIIESTOS is the best high tempera ture piping and equipment insulation available to yoi* to day. The very nature of its composition: Amos.te asbestos whidt nvryrises muds of UNIIESTOS; sodium plicate which is its binder; and the diatomaceous silica filler. gives UNIIESTOS a combination of thermal, chemical and phys ical properties unsurpassed in high temperature insulation. UNIIESTOS is efficient in insulating, and it's rugged, too ... so rugged it's reusable, long after other types of insula tion would have been replaced. UNIIESTOS has been through extensive, controlled-tests ... companng it with the other types of high temperature insulations... and no matter what the test has been ... highest temperatures over long periods of time; heat loss t Joints; thermal conductivity... UNIIESTOS is tteelltm When actual performance of UNIIESTOS both in the lab oratory and in actual installations is compared to other types of high temperature insulation, it is easy to see why It will do a better job in refineries, chemical plana, petro chemical plants, utilities plants and marine application*-- anywhere the best insulation is needed for piping and o^oipmont THe outstanding performance of UNIIESTOS. . both in tests and on-the-job installations results from its special combination of superior m.Jtcrii!;. advanced eng.-.eermg and modern, efficient menf*cy'{g T*e interlacing t.ber* Uiwm abutting sections of UNIIESTOS form positive hear seals, making single-layer appi/canon possible. These long fiber, also give UNIIESTOS its abiin. to resist rough handling in transit and on the job if won t break up and dust as other commonly used maftr-aU do. even after continued removal and ^application. 2 .RUGGED AND TOUGH :'handleability" UNI8ST05 withstands moisture. Kids, fumes. aM con iota* atmospheres UN/gfSTOS, when dried, returns to to original ru||ed physical characteristics and to the same high insulating efficiency. UNIB15TOS is available up to Y thickness for all pipe sixes from V* to 34* IPS in full or half round sections up to 44* insulation O D. It has pined widespread acceptance as the time*saving way to Insulate conduit system, underground lines. Requiring less handling, no special banding, UNI0I5TO5 full cylinders are excellent for this type application And naturally it won't support combustion... it's completely incombus* tible ... affording protection for piping in case of fire or sudden and eiueme rises in temperature. UNIBE5TOS' inherent strength and resilience make it the mow practical high temperature insulation for use <n re* fineries and chemical plants where frequent maintenance aod'or changes must be accomplished. Other insulation* would crumble, break, faff apart, but UNlg$TOS can be removed and put back on as often as necessary and stilt provide efficient insulation. UNltESTOS' ruggedness pro* vide* other berwfiu, too ... tor contractor and user it has great shock resistance, wilt take rough handling be fore. dunng and after installation thus there is less cleanup after installation, too. UN1IESTOS wilt also withstand com pression without crumbling; heavy tools can be dropped on the line ... workers can even walk on piping covered with UNltESTOS without fear of it cracking or crumbling PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF UNltESTOS Otnsity (avenge) ...............................................................................................................................16 fb /ft.* Compressive Strength (dry at 5% deformation) ............................................................................ 12.0 Ib./m.* Unul Shrinkage ...................................... 0.0% (one surface) exposed to 12007. for 24 hours. ASTM C-3S6 (seeking heat 15007) 0.1% after 24 hours. Combustibility ............ .................................................................................Will not bum. pH ................................ - ........................................................................................... 10.5 Thermal Conductivity (K) ..................................................................... at 3007 mean 041 t 5007 mean 0.50 at 3007 mean 0 65 Temperature Range .......... ........................................................................ Up to 15007. Thermal Shock Resistance . ................................................................. Will not thermal shock. Acid Resistance........................ Negligible effect from common industrial acids and caustics. Leachabie Chlorides (average) ..................................................................... Lass than 125 ppm. Sodium Silicate Content........ ..........................................................................Over 60.000 ppm. Noncorrosive ...................... .................. Will not contribute to eorroiion of stainless steel. UNltESTOS complies with;.... .......................................................... Military Spec. MIL-l-24244 Military Spec. Mll-l-2781 Grade II. Class c Grade III, Class f ASTM C-391 . Federal Specification HH I-561. Type III THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY CURVE OF UNltESTOS 3 4 WIDEST RANGE OR SIZES . I'NIBESTOS../!rtE SUPERIOR SINGLE UVEH HIGH TEMPERATURE INSULATION two inherent d`. %ei fourid n<y ;n U*i&E5TO$--* imtfioci. *i( fib'Os.. to-ftU and negligible shrinkage --make it the most eNtce^t angle-layer msuiation on me market In single layer application, the long, interlocking fibers of Amosnc m UM81STOS form tight heal ^t i. Uu ,p.n;s. Tests witnessed by Pittsburgh Testmi Uboratc*- .:* ftprodueuon of test report, nght} show performance values measured by actual temperature difference on heated test pipes between UNI6LSTOS and a caidum silicate type insulabon. These tests illustrate that UNtICSTOS showed leu beet toss at jo*nu than die caioum silicate ... that fo* eQ.a1 thicknesses. a single Uyer of UNttt5TOS loses leu heat at the joint than a double Uytr, daggered joint fastafUhon of caJcivm silicate. This means lower installa tion costs, faster installation and considerably less material handling on the job. ? TEST PROCEDURE * * Two identical 44" long sections of 4-inch IPS htavy4uty Beef pipes were used for ihe test. Specially wound U long Kanthal wires on ceramic cores were centered within tw test pipes and provided the electric heat A OvomclAJumel ftermocouple was peaned into the pipe surface jet the center of eadt test pipe, and served as a control for -regulating electric heat through Wheel temperature con* toilers. These couples were also used to obtain tempera* lure readings whervywitditd to a H N indicating Poten tiometer. Additional thermocouples were installed on test pipe Htrltct* 7' on each side of center. Thermocouples wore also installed on the outside surface of pipe insulation directly opposite the couples located on test pipe making a total of six thermocouples for each Type insulation. Pipe p ends were sealed with a calcium silicate based cement p Drawings showing the details of the two test assemblies n shown below. CALCIUM SlUCATl TUT (Peubfe Layer) Pen fcvww >wm Ns rg-WMiW f *! Mt w* TABU FROM FTL REPORT (Above) IWlttTO* 1 I 1 ri fpMa iwwawIM m m Ml m so IM CALCIUM SlUCATt PmU*m9 i Jl1 . | nt U? CeeWiewfeM m Ul r. 5 CONSTANT TEMPttATwRE 7*MONTHS TEST four separate sections o> 1'<V' IPS su-men stef ,, pe w.th Chromalo** electric heaters were ged to ie;: three sec tions of UNi|STr*< *mM m Cji: ^ vt.cate insulation* ijjj )'/ in i 3 :h.ck.. TUT m nbcsret Wjm Sfltrti iiecsres mmva mam mnwm. acute am wrnct WM*. mm MM m are m mm mm ftwm mm m m m m C0h- cuioikc im m mi as m m tesulb--Much more power was required to maintain approximate suiting temperatures with the calcium silicate insulation, and the surface temperature was higher. The calcium silicate failed afttr 3 months' tasting because of ocessrvt shrinkage and deep vertical cracks about every two inches. The replacement section of calcium silicate finished the test with the same results as the original piece. The UNISESTOS had no cracks through the wall thickness. (There was a color dung* not to the test pipe, duraettr* febe of a chemical change of the iron content in the emosite asbestos which does not afieet die insulating *.oency of UNIKSTOSJ *A calcium silicate type insulation recommended to 1*00* f. JOINT HEAT-IOSS TEST Tt Inafe 0 laifmi T--in bn at MaaMai at mm tlajina n eaun otvi mm st (Mp W|M( *MM| Ml mm (tap *( n WM| mm mm ^ tMinuveMi.y Tmmivi u iwi iwa. b tammmiMi* ueMi (pw mm Uaip wnaMjayW< Imb .air umm *f 1 MB . SU U. BMTMH ftMfl MMI an vw. imTu mm wm gwatnyam micro . r* lawri IJS SAJI tin 4b n wtat m m tm taw tMbetoi uSo i t> su os VI to KZ 9 m m saw n* laetftMa (*Mtb Uyeri >b UJ4 M 1 b> II as su Ml r iu b Ub teeuttt--** ...Ase result of this investigation it seems to us it may be fairly concluded that because of its fibrous nature, which permits the extension of fibrous materiel across the butt joints, UNilESTOS insulation in single layer construe* tie* H eouatty as efficient as double layer construction .n insulating materials of a non*fibroui character ^ tv e may be more direct passage of heat through the joint ^station from independent laboratory test) *4 *!'* IW t*mf i Wf<W ( *"!*`I* p* o* stainless steel ?r mjnv years, industry has been bothered by the prob lem of ifets co^ot'Or> of iustenuif steel caused by tht teaching of chloride from ordinary insulations. tetter laboratory mvest'get<on> *fKi*ed that l! of the CommoiK used hifh temperature insulating materials con tained thf^e ieachabl* chir^n** rhinnrte* wnicn caused Stress conoson w' *.;'..`.c sta'n.'vss wilder certain condition Corrosion-causi*'; coyia also entef insulation in industrial or marine atmosphere*. Many in- luUhons actually further stress corrosion because (1] they contain none or very little of the necessary inhibitors and toy contain high amounts of teachable chlorides. UN1UST05 enums, by laboratory analysis. I lignifi. Cttitfy high amount of sodium silicate (o*r 30.000 pa-- pm million), an effective inhibitor of stress eorrot .. a greater amount than any other high temperature insula* bon. Corrosion-causing dilorides in UNIBESTOS average 125 parts per million. Dana Test for stress corrosion fen 6ts accelerated corrosion test, a test piece of Type XX stainless steel heated to 100'C it placed over a sec* bon of thermal insulation which is itself placed in water containing known amount of chlorides H50C ppm NaO * solution). The blondes in the test solution concentrate on the Rainless steel surface as the solution reaching the surface evaporates. Decking of the stainless steel occurs when the required quantity accumulates. Criteria for the test is based on the performance of is* bestos f>ber*sod>um silicate type insulation (UNfBESTOS) because ft h known to contain large amounts of stress Corrosion inhibitor. Six days without cracking indicates acceptable per* formanct of the insulation being tested fttSULTS Of AGCKURATED ~0&MA" TUT PtRFORMO ON UNlStSTOS AT UNION TtStlNO laboratory macro Mm Sma to' ^cawtSOi) fc*jw<CiS.9d M* Sww . MTS FO BfUJM i am ns fht samples were subjected to the accelerated Dana Test *wf were satisfactory after six days exposure. The test was continued and four specimens failed after II days. The test was discontinued at this point. In field installations over a period of years, no known faHures from cracking have occurred in stainless piping insulated with UNIBESTOS. The asbestos fiber with the highest content sodium silicate binder combine in UNI* IESTOS to prevent stress corrosion while providing supe* fior mwliting qualities. For all stainless steel piping ... chemical plants, ships. power plants... wherever it's used. UNIBESTOS gives lest* inf. trouble fret insulation in a wide temperature range -- and effectively bits stress corrosston at the same Mint. f* w<t eni I* fW WW'U * wen "*<* cawwi rrf4***t Cm*>>% W' UNIBESTOS SECTIONS NfcOuCE INSTALLATION COSTS AND PROVIDE MORE EFFICIENT INSULATION UN18EST05 is manufactured in fwfi-round and half-round sections m ail sues and thicknesses for insulating lines from Vr i Jb" jp$ (most insulations sip jj or ttiow the 2a pipe size.. Full* and ha!f*round sections eliminate lags, small segments which not only take longer to apply, but of necessity contain many more joints in the finished pipe covering. Extended leg sections which other ng<d insulations recommend for traced line application are also eliminated and traced Ime hut i used more effectively. See diagram.) Simply place the sections of tough, resilient UNIBESTOS around die pipe for pipes in case of traced fines) and fasten diem in place. The job is done quicker and will last... and last UNIBESTOS WILL NOT CRACK AT HIGH TEMPERATURE One reason UNIBESTOS is a "one insulation" material for all applications is that over its entire temperature range POO'F so 1300*?) it will never crack, causing heat loss. Hifh heat shrinkage cracks -- common to other insulation -- just don't happen with UNIBESTOS. S**i *Uf m a wiw ttictw* #-pr **. *: *. Salt, aft* imiltJTOS (ffSu iipmaM mt*s u s*|* w*w4;*w 7 EXPANSION CONTROL DATA ttpica; u'tftf'O* aotwr* 4no nrrmc eovtamcs Cxpan$on joints nd fitting cover* r easy to fabricate from UNUCSTOS pipe insulation on the job. Variation* can be adapted using different memb*ane* a*d mmrm shield for the expansion gap All venations should meet with the approval of the design engineer on a specific project. TKe number and spacing of expansion joinu can be determined from the table below, for example, at 7J0*f pipe temperature anp 2a* spacing, me eipa^-on per joint will be VS", fixed points herds, etc. *hnutd he eon*ee'ed n eitao- lishmg locations of expansion joints. EXPANSION CONTROL CHART fwmmm. mm T " in mmmm * MM M IrllV* RMM* nlMl 1W* M6M TUlPUUTUtC flMCU VAin iRSUUTtOM Xm i Kan mm m min waiuros li( 0 4t MM41 AAA5I IXttUftO" WtttCAttfi INSUUTtOft fOB PIPE KUO pm HR i<ir> wI* *** rHf<.-mMil vVk*liicln'0oVt Rfqf FHV * **..'. |M HM'M M*** * *4** [j ft i IW I'M M \\ 0*t m r mm r--iM-- --Vi *M.M. M.>*.1 l UBT'J h%r PR r i*-m `mi---0 iMijf wtuvai ee BrMUw sowt eeici*e r tmtm/M *-) r ir U* 10* ' 'ST ir ar If* r 40* tsoo* llil 14 14 1.1 1.7 1.1 1.4 40 44 44 4 1 7.1 use* 14-IS 14 i.r t.l 1.4 1.0 1.4 34 44 4.1 4.0 44 use It.St .4 i.e >0 14 tl 14 3.7 4.1 44 4 7 44 use* lie* 14 i.e 1.0 14 1.7 l.t SA SA 4.4 14 4.1 itue* Uii 1.1 1A 14 14 1.4 3.0 >4 37 4.4 44 44 itto* it.ee 1.1 14 14 1.1 1A 14 34 34 44 44 1.4 iw nee .4 14 i.r 10 14 1.7 34 34 4.0 4.7 1.1 n*c* 10.AS .0* 14 i.e It U 14 14 3.1 3J 4.4 4.4 uoc* Ml 41 14 14 14 l.t 14 1.7 34 3-4 44 4.7 lose* Ilf 44 1.1 1.4 i.r 10 7 1 t.l 34 3.3 1 S 44 1000* era .n 1.0 14 14 14 1.1 14 14 34 3.7 44 MO* 114 44 .00 14 14 i.r 1.0 >4 14 30 3 4 44 00* r.es .m At 1.1 14 1.4 14 t.l 14 34 3 1 3.7 ue r.u .44 4S 10 14 14 1.7 1.0 t.l 34 3.0 3.4 00* a.st AS n .00 14 14 1.4 14 1.0 1.4 14 34 no* e.er At n .01 1.1 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 roe* see AC A7 43 1.0 14 14 14 1.7 14 14 1.7 so* soe M .01 .re 41 1.1 14 14 14 14 1.) 1.4 eoo* 4.e 41 .44 .ee 41 44 1.1 14 1.4 14 14 1.1 lie 4.10 47 40 41 .74 44 .00 1.1 14 14 1.7 1.0 see* IU 4J .44 .44 44 .74 47 .00 1.1 1J 14 | 1.7 4S0* 1.14 41 44 47 47 44 .74 41 .M 1.1 14 14 400* t.n 44 43 .41 40 47 .44 .73 .M -Hi 14 MitauatiM (tRaretw* mm m n*f. Taett tn m mnm m im+m m* tm. weft im ueiMTOi caw* maiM* wtwwo v mw* flew* * * npt Hm * * a m JOINT STAPLING FOR INSTALLATIONS OPERATING OVER SOO#P Normally, because of the negligible shrinkage inherent m UNIIESTOS, it is not necessary to use staples at butt joints. However, at operating temperatures above 00*f. linear pipe expansion becomes a critical design factor and staples may be desired, ft is recommended that 1V~ a 1** steel staples be used in accordance with the following procedure*: I. Determine pipe operating temperature. Z. from hpinsion Control Chart above, determine expansion joint spacing. J. Knowing IPS and recommended Mekness, determine die weight of one lineal foot of UNifESTOS. See dwt f. 4.) 4. Multiply weight per lineal feet of UNIIESTOS by one-half the joint spacing 5. Multiply (4) by 0.4 (coefficient of friction of UNIIESTOS and steel pipe) to find frictional force that staples must resist I. Divide (S) by 25 to determine the number of staples required per butt joint. iviMPtl: To determine the number of staples reQu<red for a I0*inch >P$ )ne ope;tH<a ai vCCT with a recommended thickness of 27>" UNHESTCS and a joint spacing of 30 ft PI TEMP HL THIOL WT/TT mm HVttmC tftem iWT/FT u MOP riAO !H im a mm ? #* Ml ' . * *MOU TV* irn^M MM nM>R 1 I W ** ** * * ur. *<* 9>m m *tfm4*C9 W `t t *mm. fix. N J c UNIBESTOS IS BETTER IN MANY WAYS UNIBESTOS DOES NOT SHRINK Ownicjlly inert at hig*> lemperaiyres *nd extremely heat stable. UNIBESTOS jomu ;tay tight, heat itay* m. MO*fc heat stay) *n. because UNIBESTOS joints arc mere effc*nt in the firjt place The long Mvowe fibers provide a really tight heat seal. AVAILABLE IN 1" THICKNESS UP TO 12" IPS FOR PERSONNEL PROTECTION UNIBESTOS is made in 1' thickness up to 12' IPS and in iVa* thickness up to 24' fff$ for personnel protection. (See ftnonnel Protection Table, below.) UNIBESTOS IS EASY TO CUT AND WORK lends, elbows, tees, expansion joints, fitting cavers and other intgufar shapes are easily shop or field fabricated with UNIBESTOS They'll take hard knocks and rough handKng without breakage in shipment or installation, end can be removed whenever necessary and reused. The smooth coating on UN1gSTO$ makes u etiv t0 h4--> ... no sharp splines or other objectionable handing characteristic. tOW THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY UNIBESTOS is as efficient an insulation * yy * t, its broad temperature range of 100*f to ISOC'F The lo* thermal conductrvjfy--'**" Value--ot UNIBESTOS * m provide maximum thermal efficiency throughout the i.fe of tht imufitieft... and UNIBESTOS will outlast other msuUtions. too. It's stronger, tougher. SMOOTH REFRACTORY COATING PROVIDES ADVANTAGES UNIBESTOS n manufactured with a smooth, integral refrac tory coating whidt is dust-free and makes UNtlESTOS easy to handle. This smooth, tough coating needs no jacketing indoors, and on be painted, if desired, for color coding UNIBESTOS sections on alto be provided with canvas and aluminum jacketing at a modest additional charge RECOMMENDED UNIBESTOS THICKNESSES FOR PERSONNEL PROTECTION (Wm ri*ie*ratw tan ww* Kt*r. Amawm Ttwmmtwa ae*f.) MinuL s rm uh IK* r an* e r r r W v yrntr V m SB as 18 28 ) t "T----r" t l i i j t i i* Ih ift IM a i ih In mtPwrm mn mi. MB m SI SB SB ISO US US US 148 US nvouTw Biraoei wnnm 48 18 C8 Si 06 8 186 118 US US 148 UNIICSTOI Ml ftwlatwa a ww4at- i ih lh lh t t ft ft ft wrap** MhMtnai M t t lh ih lh t 1 i* ih lh t --f Hk `"IS 1 ! t l lh 1 t t ft t ft ft ft " ft" 1 t ft ft t l 1 1 I kmv* **<* twiiwi a ftftvft * mw m Saw ft ft bJeJ*. fw ^iAJRIV J w)l IMacrO aaiWM dw**r wm mii i ik ih 1 w! ! ih m I t I ft ft ft ft l ft 1 t 1 ft 11 m aM ft 1 a 8 am aftiw ft kwafuift * uMtttros *>. fMM M any caftf*< * 1 ih t l i ih 1 th ih t IK lh ih t in Ik ! ! 1 ft t n ft i t Ik a Ih aPi a 4 Swanmm m al>ft<M Th* w'a# ftpwlaftwaj aMiei m aa*>*'*r lh ft t ft ft a M t t ft ft a U S ft Ik a ft wW ft hftcana* r aft W fiift| wwn. ft. aftw aniia| Wwn ai f4kt RECC MMENOEO w Wir w but. S6*f urr UNIBESTOS THICKNESSES POR INDUSTRIAL USE mi 48 1 m1 mi urr il 1 48 1 mi 8*1 AH fataMi*4#4 ihc**ai lak<*t Iff m Wl uiii * w e * WiUwil S aMaea. BIN MB r Ml r ft 8r ft IT r ft m r m r r 8 8 hi hi it IU i mt Wi sj i Si SI m SI IB ih Si SI ih SJ ft u SJ ft t si SJ ft m Si IM IK Si SI ft m TU IU IK !U wt m IK ft IK SI m au IS SJ is ih i ft i ti Si u i ms III ih SJ m ih SJ Ul IK SJ IK w IU Si tu i SJ ft t Si SI i SI ft SI ft I SJ ft sr MJ i SJ ft l SJ w i SJ ft t SJ a 1 tu ft ni ti at au a t SI Vi i j SI SJ IS l 4U Si i SI ft a SJ is t m ST SJ w ih SJ ST M SJ ft ah ft ft m m ft SI m ft Si ft n IU ft ft ft m mi sr a t a t ih ih 4M SI i ST SI ih B1 SI ih IS SI U4 IM ih ft ft ih SJ ft ih IS m m IK 'SI IS si Ih m ft ft h 4 IS 4 ft as m is ft SI 4 Ml e uft SI IS sr ft a ih Ml i th at h IS m m IS ft a IS ft a SI ft ih Si si ih m ih III S.l in MT ft ih i i IS IS si M sr mi w IS a ft 4h ft IS ft a IB ft m as IB m 8 l M th 1 SJ ih IS is a Hi SI ih IS IT i ft III SI ih 111 ft t ft is i ITT si i It' SI i SI IS ft ft 4h 4h ft a ft ft IS ft 84 Si i w IS IS 1 as m sr Ml * 4S ahi * lh M m i tu m a SI ft 1 141 SJ < n m m ite n m ft 1 81 m i ft m | a tu UT S) ST * l lh m SI i S3 IS th t ih M IB ih ft si I ft St ft umitfru/Mt/ae). ?a*efatu** (*.*. RECOMMENDED UNIBESTOS THICKNESSES FOR PROCESS INDUSTRIES 1 RC'f MV MV iee`f m*r W*F aoe*r I giflmftti i*r wr V <av tsv <*r 7*r ill M % 1 IH lit t t% ) 4 1 1 M U 14 II 14 m H IT HI fT IT HL r IT . fT r HI ST r HI fT r m IT r Ml TT i us PS i Pi t t IS' i a i : 1 81 Pi i 84 Ml 1 81 pj 1 Mi III 1 8J mi I M4 1 a.f au i tu Ml 1 MS in Ml 18 4 117 i Mi 18 i 4 18 i Mi ta t 81 ia Ui ia Ml 18 in ui Ul in m 87 iff i '* >11 ; m lit -- Pi ta in MJ 18 in Ml Ul 1 * 18 18 iu Ml tn m a in Ul 18 tu IM in ta m in m ta t m ta in 9 ta in an ta 1 IM tu Ml Ul 114 HI 1 j mi 1 PJ IM l ia Ul i m as in 18 18 m in ta lit IS 1 7 Pi l J tu I US ttf i in M tn 18 ia in at i 1 w us 1 09 4 I Mi m i Ml 18 i Mi Ml m as IS in at tc > 18 Ml I 1 Mi t m m l Ml 18 i m Ml in Ml 18 in at m tn 18 18 1 tu 9 t ta m tn Ml m tu w US t m tP t as ip tn 111 18 !H Pi J IH 114 IM m 18 iu in m 18 t m ta t ui ia in m 18 lit lit mj in ur Ml m Ml 18 tn tn 18 t IH ai tti m m Ml m m IM in an sa i 1* Ut tii in Hi M in m m in m 18 i 9 ta t at IT > so ta > Mi 18 tn Ml IP m m m in at Ul am 18 4M 18 lit i M) in 18 m a m* in m nt us < in M Ml in m m in m mmm in in PS ui in 48 ta in 9 Ui t 18 t ta t 9 18 i m 18 t an 18 > an Ml tn IN !4i Ml Ml i mi IS Ml M i IM 18 in 18 s tn M lit S41 4 in m in 1U 1 in Ml m m Ml M tn Ml Ml tn 1 18 in SM 18 tn Ml 04 in mi ta t nt UI in am 18 at Ml IS i IM Ml t Ul in Ml ta i Ul tn 81 18 t Ail ***-***--* ff* kM< * MV Utim MOIiwMIM ff*wW*Wff 1 in 18 pi 18 8T ta RECOMMENDED UNIBESTOS THICKNESSES POP POWER AND UTIUTY INDUSTRIES | TeetfenMa T*** 888 ifltrtAM wr i*r IS i IT m. IT n l Mi Mi n 1 n> M4 l 84 tti in 1 84 P4 in 1 84 Mi 1 81 M4 tn l 81 84 i l C J 174 4 l 494 Mi 1 i 89 Mi 1 1 rii IM 1 in Pi Mi 1 in 84 44 m 81 Mi 19 in >4 4 Ml II in 81 MJ 14 in MJ Ml M in III Mi It m 18 MJ M in Ul MJ H in IS Mi M*r V MV mv arr v isv MV MV IT K IT IT HI IT r HI r IT M r r HL mi Si IM 1 Mi ui i 8i in 84 in in Mi i Ml IM t MJ 18 i Ml 9 in Mi 9 in Mf i Ml Ml l Ml Ilf i r.i 9 in Ml ta in IU i Mi 111 in Pi Ml in MJ IU in 9J 9 t 9 i tti Ml in Mi Ml in Ml IM i Mi Ul t 9 M4 IM in n.i Mi in Ml IM i IU IM t Ml i Pi IM m m Ml in Ml IU t M 114 t 9 mi Mi tu in Mi IU in IM a WT 9 t 9 i Mi IU in Ilf US in Ml m t PI 9 t 9 mi m IM in IP IU tn nt mt 18 18 in JM 111 in ST m mtn IM m in 18 IU tn Mi M in 9PS IM M 9 IM sn 9 in 9 III tn in in P 18 m in Ml in ta' IU in m IS in 18 9 ia 9 in in W9 U tn 9 9 tn 9 in MT ta in tn IM tn 9 9 in 9 9 tn 9 in in in 18 as tu ta in m mi m an t m IM in IU t 10 t as ta 9 m in 9 ms 9 ms 9 ta tn m 9i m tu t 9 in in an tn IM t mt in m t Ml IU t as Ul t IM t 4H m s 4H m s 9 ms 9 ms 9 W 9i IM i 9 9 9 /a nc*<w4i< mmh uM k<M * M*r m*m a* * g|j nw--m p tr m 18 Ul 18 IU 18 9 9 9 9 9 tr 9 9 9 9 tat m 9 9 9 MV ia*r IT Hi *T t Ml m t IU 9 i 9 18 tn 9 18 tn 18 m in 114 Ul <n M4 114 i 18 m i 9 18 i am IS in Ml IU m 18 IM in 9 9 tn SM 18 in 9 ia i 9 81 9 in 9 4 tt Ul 4 4 M m Ul 18 nt SM IU TYPICAL SPECIFICATION FOR SINGLE-LAYER* APPLICATION Ikiuk o< the ticeptioriif heif stcb^tty and die oegfigibfe Brnnkege of UNillSTOS, prjcticeffy any imulUtion on bo completed using only * single Uyer of the proper thick ness of UNtlUTOS. The specification below details this technique. V Temperate. 2--* wNIIISTOS shell be used on piping operating from * ICC*f. Ut 2. Thunri eeQuired: thickness than be determined from the tabic of suggested thicknesses or the most economic thickness ma> fci calculated using the NIMA Guide for de termining economic thickness. A Materiel; Att piping ihaff be insulated with UNJIE5TOS m manufactured by Pittsburgh Coming Corporation. .4 Application: UNlltSTOS shall be applied over clean, dry surfaces. Adjoining sections shall be butted firmly to gether using single-layer applications Circumferential and longitudinal joints do not require pointing with finishing cement to conserve heat. Insulation under 12' IPS sha" be wired in place using H gauge soft annealed wire..on pipe sices over 12*. use 14 gauge wire or Vs* s .020 Type 302 stainless steel bands. The wiring or bands shall be spaced no greater then f* on centers, fittings, flanges, and valves shall be insulated with fabricated mitered segments of UNIBESTOS equal to the thickness of the insulation or the adjoining pipe * * tec*f lU'f UM'F uerr 1'F tas'F is*r - t*f (8*f | USV U*f uxrr 1X8`f w*r r hi FI in * IN tH W t m ui | Ul Ml t * is > IM Ml s mi a | | Pt BM1 m mm m n mi M OS M am w mm m 0 Ml s Ml s a l 1 Ml Ml BS Mi taw r 1 i in m. n i r m. r 144 ut | m Ml ns Mi >2 mm is? ir in sa m ran ei t m ta J in yn iff IM | M fH 111 MS 1 > ar ui tu Ml IN 5' ,W ran ran * 1 ta ; in XIS Ml | 1 ) Ml 146 1 S in in Ui M: it: t*4 in IN IN IN in i i t in in at in at in 4 4 4 i a a in eu mi US Ul ; IN IM U> IH SO 1 IN a> Ml JW in m ai mi m in t aa a a mi a ta s a ut s a ta at aa aw aa os a at a a in aw a m ta a e mi a CD t 4 a a ms mi aa aa aa IB Ml aa4 a us i m ir i aa aa a a ; I i i i a a a a i i 4 i in a t i or a as a a aw ma aa a mi aa aa am .a a 81 Ml a ms aa a mi ma aw aa ) i Ml Ml t a us i aw aw 1 8! Ml a a * a aa a aa a a aa aa a 4 aw m mi aa 4 i mm i aw am aw a a a s a aa aa a a aw ai mi a a a a a Ml a a mi i i aw i s aa aw aw aw a a a a as a a a a a i a m w a m IN Mi l a m is a mi in 4 m mi 4 1 HI a aw a aw a aa a aw saw s ns m< 1 14 M a a to a a mi s as mi a >ia a Aii HCTWWW4WMS ><UWW U*l i mm* m a*r awenw <n M 1 * **-MOT* 4* 4WW M'f uoe*f um*f um*f l*F tan iwn n*r s*r vm*f xwt iarr U8*F ua*r r r p . r m k it m rn.tr r * raw r . it ^ g4 i f t a a in Ml Ul m 111 is 1 ir in a mi a a Ml Ul i a a in a tr a i i i IN Ul IT i IN IN W Ml Ul tS i t t* in m a i i aa i m m IN mm a si a i IN s s IT 114 Ul mw t in in in 8i a u* i a a a a a a a a a a i i in i in su aas a ui 4 4 >4 a in us as a a 4 i a ui in aa a aa i at a i a m at * a in at a in sm ta in as ts a aaa a a in as a a aa a a a in 4 4 4 43? tM M ia s t at ir t mi a s an a s aai *m si a a a a i a a 4 4 la hi IT II in a a in a a aa a aa a a a a a ui t* a wm i a a m a a a a ir i a 4 a ta aa n? a 81 w 8i a i i aa i aa as a 4 4 a ui aa a tr fft m a mi a w a a a 4 4N 4N aa a a ir a tr i aa aa aa a m m a a w s aa saw s aa s i a a aa a a a aa a* a aa a a a a a a a a a a a a ht a a a a a a a a a a a a a M m a tr m s s s a ui aa aa ns a a a a a i s a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 4 4 a a a a s s a a a a s s a a a r T aa ItS W wa a ta a tr a u> aa ma ma aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa at a aa aa Mi IM *TtM*m"**'** tMCftWM. NVaMMf ut mi iMim tM m a* w *r mm tMffrtll wom M ^ ^|||||^^* V indoor: On indoor firm. UNIfiCSW does net re quire , finish. H finish b damd, can ba pw*tjd with rty water base paint or a t ox exnvxs shell be secured with a tagging edhesh*- Now. Any itandao insulation finish can be used mer UNiltSTOS. 1 Outdoor: Outdoor piping shall be finishod with a 4$ lb roofing felt lapped not leu dun 2". Wt jacket shall be securto w:tr. it gauge copper wire banded on ' centers Other f.n.tnet wh ** '* **- ,vk* men1 :cketing way be used- If an jiwmmwm iacktt is used the aluminum shall have a vapor barr.er eerwte* me aluminum and the UNt#!$TO$. of * mtegril bamtr adhered to the aluminum jacket. Flanges, valves and fittings may be finished in the same manner as adjacent pipe covering. On all stainless steel lines, an adhesive compatible with stainless steel should be used for fabrication of fittings, tit. etc The above specifications are general in nature and final specifications shall meet with five approval of the design engineer. *NOTE: UNiltSTOS may also be applied in double m accordance with common practice if desired for ? p ng operating over too* f. staples may be used at butt jomu of single lay*' in accordance with the technique showed under "fpens*on Control Data", Page I. n V - . ^ "' ** *"*. . . . . . ..._' .'. * . - ......... 'V.--.* --* te*T-*.---- .-- v',,i*''*.%' i*'**" ^. ** *';T*r.if. y.7^'**4.,----n"* 7% '- . .*^ .:,; ,, . . . ** . . - ' . - -- #-.-- . \+.^ w't ^*-7 ^ _*..A.".:.*.' -'? */%--..-..%1. .^r^*rWi %'M -- --* * . . ' r - '* *..* ** i.*--'. ' .- -f* ---' - . <t * ' .* * -.. . . " '* "" . -- .. % * - * * . ** i " --.w _ - ah -"---**< ' . *' . 4MTU4k' C^ariS--V* " ' ., i... . .. .' . . . . :jr : .'?*.'-:' *< - * . . .. . +.S*` '.. .**; - v -- - - 'rf-'?.'...**?***'%/'.- v*. . ' .. ... --'' ..... .?'. -- . i W .* .. -*!..' *..< . iteW'-- v .. . . I -' - ' * 3 ~ ;"* ^ .'P* j- ' * ` ^' ""-' -'^ '* ' * | i..- j -ir- ^-. ii. ^rj .... ... ;..., .-?V.'*' -..*.*.. rz-. ./, V.'. - - *** *- " - ---- r 4- .. --r-r-.--* .\tPjii*! bittu* * * .. '-'* ' rv'^. .*.>.*;j' ' - " x :`v "* '.'* ~ ^> *.`y4t> ^ ..-. .. ^ . --iv -fZ * _ ; f . *.;^. yifT^yT^rj.- .^vi*-.w*^ ' - . .*. * / . /. jl. -____ '-~i;z.v/:7..*' . * - -. -v- * -ir ' ^ r-- \ * * " T * '-'V't*.*'***' " ' "*1'ZT::V *!T;^77-*",** *-** --* * , __ __ . -" * . :,; ^ '~ '" -^ .4.te /V^'.. --*^ *- r. -* .*''." v* *-.u V '**- * * .' \ ;* * 7 "''*'* ^ 1 -: >r. - j* * *' '1 ^ *:#.-?*<r ....';. * .` - * - '**. * - * ' '\ * __ *w UNIBESTOS' 4 V high temperature insulation for service up to 1500F product data $nee: UNIBtSIOSvhgh lentpeMlu/e IjmsuUj ion lor service up to id u u r Pittsburgh Coming's UNIBESTOS is the best high tem perature piping and equipment insulation available to you today. The very nature of its composition: Amosite asbestos which comprises most of UNIBESTOS; sodi um siiicate which is its binder; and the diatomaceous silica filler, gives UNIBESTOS a combination of ther mal, chemical and physical properties unsurpassed in high temperature insulation. UNIBESTOS is efficient in insulating, and it's rugged, too ... so rugged it's reusable, long after other types of insulation would have been replaced. UNIBESTOS has been through extensive, controlled tests . . . comparing it with the other types of high temperature insulations . . . and no matter what the test has been . . . highest temperatures over long periods of time; heat loss at joints; thermal conduc tivity . , . UNIBESTOS is excellent. When actual per formance of UNIBESTOS both in the laboratory and in actual installations is compared to other types of high temperature insulation, it is easy to see why it will do a better job in refineries, chemical plants, petro-chemica! plants, utilities plants and marine appli cations--anywhere the best insulation is needed for piping and equipment. Physical properties of UNIBESTOS Density Compressive Strength | lBOOIt^/'ft - ( (Qr>: at 16 lb./ft-3 deformation) lmea: Shrinkage HygrosCOPiCitj Combustibility pH Tnermai Conductivity (K) Thermal Shock Resistance Tensile Strength AciO Resistance leacnabie Chlorides (average) Sodium Silicate Content Noncorrosive UNIBESTOS complies with; Q.0% tc 1200*F. tone surface) exposed to operating temperature for 2- hours 3.5% 70' F. @90% R. H 24 hours Will not bum .. 105 at 300`F mean .41 at 500`F mean .50 at 800`F mean .65 Will not thermal shock .. 67 ps i Negligible effect on physical characteristics from common industrial acids and caustics . Less than 125 ppm . Over 60.000 ppm . Will not contribute to stress corrosion of stainless steel . . ASTM Designation C39I-64 Federal Specification HH-1-561 Type Ml Form \ and 2. Military Specification M1L-1-27S1 Grade fi Class c Grade in Class f Thermal conductivity curve of UNIBESTOS MEAN TEMPERATURE *F. (inner to outer surface) The long interlacing fibers be tween abutting sections of UNI BESTOS form positive heat seals, making single-layer application possible. These long fibers also give UNIBESTOS its ability to re sist rough handling in transit and on the job. It won't break up and dust as other commonly used ma terials do, even after continued removal and reapplication. PITTSBURGH O' rt< Cnt*r 'corning Pittsburgh, S. 16323 UNI ClAO/UNIBfcStOS wllh a laUoty applied U lb aluminum jacnei UNI-CLAD" product data sheet *' 1 Law UNIBESTOS' with a Factory Applied .016 Aluminum Jacket UNtBESTOS. the best high temperature insula tion now available with a factory applied .016 inch aluminum jacket with an integral, poly ethylene coated, kraft moisture barrier. The jacketing employs a "Pittsburgh Lap" along the longitudinal joint to insure a good weatherproof seal. Each section is furnished with one butt joint sealer strap which contains a sealing mast'C 1" wide x Va" thick. The sealer strap, once aooiied. is held firmly in place by a standard iocking aluminum band .020 inch thick. USES: UNI-CLAD is recommended for applications up to 1500:F. for power plants, refineries, chemical and petrochemical plants as well as other industries where weatherability. ruggedness, durability, and appear* ance are important factors. UNi-CLAD offers savings on initial installation costs along with the ability to be removed and reused over and over again which minimizes future operation costs. AVAILABILITY: UNI-CLAD is available in sizes from Vj" to 24" IPS and up to 5" insulation thickness in 36" lengths. OPTIONAL JACKETING: Stainless Steel Type 304, .020 gauge with polyethylene coated kraft moisture barrier--application and availability same as UNI-CLAD. Galvanized Vinyl coated electro galvanized steel, .010 gauge with polyethylene vapor barrier--specifications and avail ability same as UNI-CLAD. Felt Standard felt in 45 pound or 55 pound in either rag or asbestos--availability same as UNI-CLAD. Canvas Standard canvas jacketing in 4, 6, and 8 ounce weights--availability same as UNI-CLAD. PITTSBURGH On* 0t*wy C*nt*r *CORNING Pittsburg*, wm- iftaaa PITTS B U l\G H PLATE GLASS COMPANY GENERAL OPPICES ONE GATEWAY CENTER. PITTSBURGH 22 PA May 16, 1962 Mr. Karl Baumler Vice President Pittsburgh-Carning Corporation 4th Floor Dear Mr, Baumler: Ve are pleased to enclose the following items relative to your recent request about asbestos. Toxic Properties - from "Sax" Article on Asbestos - frcm a book by "Iadov" A quote on "Asbestosis" - from a book by "Patty" A discussion about "Asbestosis" - from a book by "Drinker & Hatch" Hygienic Guide Series on Asbestos Threshold Limit Values for 1961 - as established by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists A chart from "Patty" on "Asbestos Warts" We asked the Library to trace down four articles on the subject. If and when they arrive. I'll forward them. You will note that "Patty" quotes from a Dr. Carey P. McCord (M. D.). Dr. McCord is an authority and is retained by our company. Should you have any technical, medical or toxicological questions, we will be pleased to write him about them. Of course, you know about our membership in the Industrial Hygiene Foundation and its services and advice are at ycur call. Yours, CCR:pg 1 DUST IN THE CAU6AT10N OT OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE 511 * of aluminum by physicians for therapeutic or prophylactic purposes, makes only ' metallic aluminum available. Some investigators, notably Hannon," have reported marked success in the treatment of patients with severe disability. However, when purely objective criteria have been used to measure disability the results have been somewhat less striking. Gardner, Dworeki, and Delahant?4 have suggested that variations in response to aluminum therapy may bo due in part to the nature of the dust that has caused the silicosis. They suggest that dust which is primarily free silica may react with aluminum more readily than dust which contains high perccntages of iron. The use of aluminum generally in industiy for the therapy or prophylaxis of silicosis should be contemplated only with the utmost caution. I. ASBESTOSIS Asbestos is a hydrated magnesium silicate. More than 90 per cent of the raw mineral used in this country and Great Britian is produced in the Canadian chrysotile mines. Asbestos is used in two general types of manufacturing processes. It may be used either by itself or mixed with other insulating materials such as diatomsceous earth for fireproofing, packing, or insulating; or it may be combined with cotton and woven as a textile for fireproof and heat-resistant clothing and other substances. Lanza" estimates that there are about 10,000 persons exposed to asbes tos in the United States. Most observers feel that the incidence of asbestosis in American asbestos workers is quite low. Asbestosis has, however, been reported more frequently in England and Canada. Lanza, McConnell, and Fehnel" concluded from their study of asbestoais that: Prolonged exposure to asbestos dust causes pulmonary fibrosis different from that produced in silicosis and demonstrable by roentgenogram. Clinically it appears to be milder than silicosis. Definite cardiac enlargement frequently was found to be associated with asbestosis. A predisposition to tuberculosis, due to asbestos dust, was not indicated al though it was not known to what extent asbestosis may add to the mortality from pneumonia and acute nontuberculous pulmonary infections. Symptoms. The onset of asbestosis, as of silicosis, is slow although symptoms are apt to be somewhat more marked than in silicosis. In silicosis there may be marked x-ray findings with little complaint of symptoms, whereas the opposite is likely to be the case in asbestosis. As in silicosis, dyspnea is the cardinal symptom. Anorexia occurs frequently in advanced stages, and cyanosis and clubbing of the fingers are apt to appear with greater constancy in asbestosis. Pathology. The fibrosis in asbestosis is diffuse and tends to predominate in the basal portions of the lungs in contrast to the generalised nodular fibrosis of silicosis " J. W. G. Hannon, from. Co*. hut. Mining Met* 49,180 0944). "L. U. Gardner, M. Dworiki, and A. B. Delahant, J. ind. Hyg. Toxicol* it, 111 (1944). -A. J. Lanza, J. Am. Mtd. Auoe, 2M, MS (1936). - A. J. Lanza, W. J. McConnell, and I. W. Fehnel, VS. Pub. HtoUk RepU* 99, 1 (1938) /4i AV-Wvf Atib 7bjfi<*4 4'$,w *V- 'PAfty Pofc. fiy- A* X tea. A.K /*Kf 512 XDWA&D X. OABT with a predominance in the upper portions of the lung. Bronchiectasis and bronchio- lectasis arc frequent, especially in the more fibrous portions. Whereas the prolifera tion of fibrous tissue is caused by chemical action in silica exposure, it is induced by mechanical action in asbestos exposures. Gardner77 found that the fibrosis-producing character of asbestos could be almost eliminated by grinding the fibers so that do particles more than 2 n in length were present. As previously mentioned, asbestos is classified among the inert dusts. Microscopic Analomy. Johnstone7* described the microscopic appearance of the lungs somewhat as follows: in the early phases of the disease there is thickening of the alveolar septa which results from fibroblastic proliferation. The alveolar spaces contain numerous phagocytes. With progression of the disease fibrosis be comes more marked; the alveolar structure gradually disappears, and in its place there is now dense fibrous tissue. The few alveoli that remain*in the area of fibrosis are lined with low cuboidal epithelium giving them an almost glandular appearance. Scattered throughout the lung in both the diseased and healthy parts are spindle-shaped structures described first by McDonald.7* These bodies arc 20 to 100 a in length and are bulbous on one or both ends so that they appear club- or dumbbell-shaped. They arc brownish in color, do not stain, and give a Prussian-blue reaction for iron. Simson** has produced these bodies in guinea pigs by experimental exposure to atmosphere containing asbestos. Lynch** concludes that these "curious bodies" signify exposure to asbestos dust but do not necessarily indicate asbestosia. X-Ray Examination, For an excellent review of roentgenograpbic findings in both silicosis and asbestosis the reader might well refer to Pendergrass.*3 Character istic differences in the rocntgenographic findings in silicosis and asbestosis are tabulated below: Asbe*to*i* Fibrosis diffuse (film may have ground glass appearance from pleural involve ment). Findings may be either bilateral or uni lateral. Lesions largely in the lower one half or two thirds of the lung fields. Emphysema in upper portion of lung fields. Fibrosis nodular. Findings characteristically bilateral. Lesioos predominately in the upper twothirds of the lung fields. Emphysema in lower portion of lung Control. Prevention of asbestosis depends entirely upon preventing exposure to concentrations of dust sufficiently high to produce the characteristic reaction. " L. U. Gardner, Ind. Med. t, 4$ OMO). * R. T. Johnstone, Occupational Ducatat. Saunders, Philadelphia, 1943. * 8. McDonald. Brit. Med. t, 1025 (1937). * F. W. Simaon, Brit. Med. /, l, 885 (2938). * K. M. Lynch, J. Am. Med. Assoc., J09,1947 (1938). BE. P. Pendergrass, *Roentgen-Ray Diagnosis in 6iIicosis and Asbestosis,'' in A. J. Lnata, Siticoei* and Aebtetoei*. Oxford Uni*. Press, New York, 1938. DUST IN THE CAUSATION OF OCCUPATIONAL* DISEASE 513 Drce.-tscn, DallaYnlle, Edwards, Miller, and Sayers have found evidence to indicate that 5,000.000 particles per cubic foot of air is a satisfactory figure for the maximum permissible atmospheric concentration of asbestos to which workers may be exposed. Definite permissible standards, however, have not been established. VI. Dust Causing Minimal Fibrosis or No Fibrosis Gardner'7 has pointed out that any known inorganic dust other than free eilica and the asbestos silicates may produce nonspecific dust reactions, as described on page 4SG. X-ray markings may be found in other conditions such as chronic infection and heart disease. No interference with pulmonary function or disability is produced by dust of this type and there is no influence on susceptibility to tuberculosis. A. SILICATES McCord,14 from a number of sources, haa compiled a list of the commonly used silicates, which is presented here: Olivine--a magnesium silicate widely present in all basic reeks. Many varieties of this stone are known. . Calcium silicate--nonexistent in nature, but a common preduet of industry; stay be found at blast furnaces and in production of cement and hydrated limes. Other silicates of calcium are known. . Willrmitc--a sine silicate (rare). % Sodium silicate (mrta)--the well-known water-soluble silicate, commonly called water (lass. This i. widely t;ed in industry, notably as a filler in soaps. This is the only crystalline silicate of sodium, the others bein'; amorphous glass. TrcmnliU--a magnerium-calcium silicate. Asbestos--iromolitc. actinolitc, chrysolite, or amianthus, all of which are essentially mag nesium silicates. Jade--another form 0/ magnesium-calcium silicate. CroadcUu--"b\uc asbestos." It is a sodium iron silicate. Tale--* hydraiod magnesium silicate with extensive industrial application. Soapstone--a form of talc. Agaliu--e variety of talc resembling asbestow It is used in the coating of paper, and as s paper filler. Meerschaum*--also called sepiolite. It is closely akin to talc. Serpentine--hydrated silicate of magnesium. It is a common building stone. Sillimanite--aluminum-containing silicate. Tbs source of many stone tools of the stone age Topas--a semiprecious atone of silicate origin. Chemically it is an aluminum fluoailieate. Fuller's earth--a hydrated silica-aluminum compound, associated with feme oxide. Kaolin (kaaiinUe)--many related silicates of mixed constituency. Clays--hydrated aluminum silicates containing iron. Titanium, quarts and mica, are likely to be present in days. C. Dreessen, J.' M. DallaValle, T. I. Edwards, J. W. Miller, and R. R. Sayers, VS. Pub. Health Bull. No. M (1938). C. P. McCord, Ind. Med, 1,4 (1933). . 514 CDWARD *. DART Fin clay--refractory clays, low in aikaliet, but high in iron And tiunium. Ultramarine--* rilicate of aluminum. It is widely used u a pigmeot, and there are many varieties, including blues, reds, greens, yellows, violet, and white. Mica--* large group of silicates of different chemical constituency. All are characterized by their well-known tendency for cleavage into thin sheets. It is extensively used in industry, such *. in electrical work for insulation. Gamrf--complex silicates of.altnmnura, iron, calcium, and magnesium. Besides being a semi* precious gem stone, garnets are used as watch bearings, In gem cutting, polishing, etc. Ftldrpor--a large group of aluminum silicates entering into many minerals, for example, granite. Ptrmuiiie--a eodium-alumiaum silicate of complex structure, much used in water softening Lam--mixed silicates of volcanie origin. Pumice--volcanic, glassy*, spongy lava. It is primarily used as a polishing agent. Shale--a looee term applied to days and other siiieatee that have been subjected to liigli pressures in the earth. Slate--a suhstanoe of clay or shale origin, that has been subjected to high pressure and has metamorphosed. It contains or may contain much free silica. Slaps--Products of metal blast furnaces that contain native impurities as well as minerals such as dolomite introduced n fluxes, ete. Almost all forms of silicates may be included. Tree silica may be present. Silicon carbide--carborundum, a synthetic mineral. Silundum--another form of synthetic silicate, akin to carborundum in chemical structure. Fibre* silicon oxycarbidc. It closely resembles carborundum and is somewhat similarly made. ' It may be stated with some certainty that none of these dusta, unless in com* bination with free silica, mil produce nodular fibrosis; and proof of disability from breathing such dusts is lacking. B. NON'SILICEOUS DUST Nonsiliceoua dusta such aa calcite, calcium carbonate, gypsum, limestone, Portland cement, and pyrolusite dusta have been listed in the classification of Miller and Sayers*4 as among those causing an absorptive tissue response and, ac* cordingly, are not considered os producers of pneumoconiosis. Apparent X-ray Modulation without Fibroeie. Only brief mention will be made of baritoaia and siderosis. Pendergrass** reports having seen several patients ex posed to barium dust with widespread dense nodulation typical of that seen in simple silicosis. The individuals examined were symptom-free and not incapacitated. Sander** has described a similar condition caused by the inhalation of iron oxide fumes at welding operations. Exposure to iron dust or fume may produce an x-ray picture characterised by* generalised nodulation. Autopsy specimens have revealed that the nodules are collections of iron with no tissue reaction or fibrosis. J. W. Miller and R. R. Bayera, US. Pub. Health Pepte, tt, 364 UM1). *0. A. Sander, /. /y*. Hyg. Toxicol, M, 70 (1044). ARS PHENAMINE resulting anemia is responsible for the production of many of the symptoms accompanying arsine poisoning; other symptoms re* suit from the hemolysis itself, and occur during the excretion of the hemoglobin. Hemoglobin and its degradation produces are commonly found in the urine. Less commonly whole blood may be passed. Occasionally, the renal tubules may be plugged by debris, with resultant suppression of urine. Jaundice, which may be severe, is a common result of the hemolysis. Frequently there is edema of the lungs, which may be accompanied by cyanosis. Kidney damage is common in patients surviving acute affects of the gas* Signs of poisoning usually develop within several hours of exposure. Headache, dizziness, nausea and vomiting, epigastric pain and weakness oceur early, followed by tea-colored urine, or bloody urine in the more severe cases. Some time later, albumen and casts may appear in the urine, or. in serious cases, there may be suppression of urine, Jaundiee and tenderness over the liver may appear about the same time. Blood examination shows an ane mia which may be marked. In fatal cases, the patient may develop delirium, followed by coma and death. During the acute stage of poisoning and for some weeks after, arsenic may be demonstrated in the urine. See also Arsenic and Arsenic Com pounds. Fire Hazard: Moderate, when ex posed to flame (Section 6). Explosion Hazard: Moderate when exposed to flame (Section 7), Disaster Control: Dangerous; when heated to decompositon, emits highly toxic fumes of arsenic; can react vigorously with oxidizing mate rials. Ventilation Control (use moderate rate): Section 2 * Storage and Handling: Section 7 ARSPHENAMINE Synonym: 3-Diamino-4-dihydroxy1-arssnobenzene hydrochloride. Description: Light yellow, hygro scopic powder* Formula: CifHt*AsjNjOj 2HC1 2H40 Constant: Mol. Wt* 475.0 Toxicity: See Arsenic Compounds. Disaster Control: See Arsenic Com pounds, Ventilation Control (use moderate rate): Section 2 Personnel Protection: Section 3 Personal Hygiene: Section 3 First Aid: Section 1 Storage and Handling: Section 7 ASBESTOS PARTICLES Synonym: Asbestos dust. Toxic Hazard Rating: Acute Local: Irritant 1; In halation 2 Acute Systemic: 0 Chronic Local: Inhalation 3 Chronic Systemic: U MAC: ACGIH (accepted); 5 million particles per cubic foot of air. Toxicology: The essential lesion produced by asbestos dust is a diffuse fibrosis which probably begins as s "collar" about the terminal bronchioles. Usually, at least 4 to 7 years of exposure are required before a serious degree of fibrosis results. There is apparently less predisposition to tuberculosis than is the case with silicosis* Clinically, the most striking sign is shortness of breath of gradually increasing intensity, often associated with a dry cough. In the early stages physical signs are absent or slight; in the later stages rales may be heard, and in long-standing cases there is frequently clubbing of the fingers. In early stages of the disease the chest x-ray reveals a groundglass or granular change, chiefly in the lower lung fields; as the condition progresses the heart outline becomes "shaggy" and irregular patches of mottled shad owing may be seen. Asbestos bodies may be found in the sputum. At autopsy, the pleurae are thickened and adherent and thick subpleural fibrous plaques are often present* Where the disease is far advanced there are usually Toxic Rating Coda: 0 None 1 * Slight 2 * Moderate 3 * High U * Unknown '0pKOMfitir? &F TiO v*7 //At MATlBtiit By V TfuJttct, SAX /ctttttfQiQ A'h.y - /-/*. y '?23 , ATROPINE METHYL BROMIDE large area* of fibrosis, with emphysematous changes in the apices and bases. The alveolar walls are thickened, and the characteristic "asbestos bodies" are found. Ventilation Control (use normal rate): Section 2 Personal Hygiene: Section 3 ASCAniDOLE Description: Liquid. Formula: cHl4o4 Constants: Mol. Wt. 168.2 B. P. 115*C ( 15 mm Density 1.011 @l3Vi5*C Toxicity: Details unknown. See also Peroxides, Organic. Fire Hazard: Moderate, by spon taneous chemical reaction (Sec tion 6). Caution: An oxidizer. Explosion Hazard: Explodes at 250 *C. Disaster Control: Dangerous: when heated, it emits toxic fumes and may explode; it reacts with re ducing materials. Storage and Handling: Section 7 ASPHALT Synonyms: Bitumen; petroleum pitch. Description: Black or dark brown mass. Constants: B. P.: < 470 *C Flash P. 400+ *F (C. C.) Density 0. 95 - 1.1 Autoign. Temp. 905 *F Toxic Hazard Rating: Acute Local: Irritant 2 Acute Systemic: U Chronic Local: Irritant 2 * Chronic Systemic: U Fire Hazard: Slight, when exposed to heat or flame. Spontaneous Heating: No ' To Fight Fire: Foam, carbon diox ide, dry chemical or carbon tetrachloride (Section 6). Personnel Protection: Section 3 Personal Hygiene: 5ection 3 Storage and Handling: Section 7 Shipping Regulations: Section 11* Coast Guard Classification: Hazardous Article. ASPIDIUM Synonym: Male fern. Toxic Hazard Rating: Acute Local: Irritant 1; Aller gen 1 Acute Systemic: Ingestion 2 Chronic Local: Allergen 1 Chronic Systemic: U Fire Hazard: Slight; when heated, it emits acrid fumes (Section 6). Personal Hygiene: Section 3 Storage and Handling: Section 7 ASPIRIN. See Acetol. ATABRINE DIHYDROCHLORIDE. See "Atabrine" Hydrochloride. "ATABRINE" HYDROCHLORIDE Synonym: Quinacrine hydrochloride. Description: Bright yellow crystals. Formula: CuHmC1NsO * 2HC1 * 2H,Q Constants: Mol. Wt. 508.9 M. P. Decomposes 248 - 250 *C Toxic Hazard Rating: Acute Local: Allergen 1 Acute Systemic: Ingestion 2 Chronic Local: Allergen 1 Chronic Systemic: Ingestion 2 Disaster Control: Dangerous; when heated to decomposition, it emits highly toxic fumes of chlorine; Personal Hygiene: Section 3 Storage and Handling: Section 7 ATROPINE Synonym: Daturine. Description: Colorless, crystalline alkaloid. Formula: C^H^NO* Constants: Mol. Wt. 289. 4 M. P. 115.5'C; sublimes at 118*C Toxic Hazard Rating: Acute Local: Allergen 1 Acute Systemic: Ingestion 3; Inhalation 3 Chronic Local: Allergen 1 Chronic* Systemic: Ingestion 2 Fire Hazard: Slight; on decomposi tion it emits toxic fumes. Ventilation Control (use moderate rate)# Section 2 Personal Hygiene: Section 3 First Aid: Section 1 Storage and Handling: Section 7 ATROPINE METHYL BROMIDE. See Atropine. For deUiled dUcuasion of Toxicology, see Section 1 EFFECTS OF DUSTS AND FUMES UPON MAN 45 ant treatment is ns good u anything that ean be offered for these tragic results of post ignorance. _ _ . ------------- --- Asbestosis. The pathologic changes produced by asbestos are not like those of silicosis. The asbestos fibers group about the neck of an alveolus and stimulate the formation of a diffuse fihrosis. There is no definite migration or transportation of the dust particles to the lymph nodes and do formation of the fibrous nodules shown in Fig. 16a. As the fibrosis increases, the reduc tion in lung area causes serious dyspnea. Lanza (273) suggested that the enlarged hearts noted frequently in his cases of secondstage asbestosis may be the result of the increased work of the heart resulting from this condition; it takes more work to pump blood through the asbestotic than through the normal lung. Gardner stated (175, 170): "On grinding these fibrous min erals to a very fine state of subdivision they do not become more irritating but practically lose all power to provoke tissue reac tion . . . ." Vorwald el al. (433) continued the animal work initiated by Gardner and concluded: "The duration of exposure required to develop the pulmonary reaction to inhaled asbestos dust is inversely proportional to the concentration of long fibers in the atmosphere; as the concentration is increased, the reaction develops in shorter time." In silicosis it seems to be a general rule that, after a certain point, the victim's condition grows worse even if his exposure to dust has ceased. But Wood and Gloyne (455) stated that they have seen patients with asbestosis "whose condition appears to have remained stationary since stopping work in the factory," hut they advised definitely that the individual with asbestosis be removed from his dusty job. Merewether (311) and Lanza were less certain on this point. Asbestosis Bodies. In the lungs of patients who have died after prolonged exposure to asbestos dust and in the sputum of men with considerable asbestos-dust exposure are found what first were called curious bodies and later asbestosis bodies (Fig. 18) (140). While somewhat similar bodies can occur in the lungs of coal workers and even of normal persons, it is admitted that asbestosis bodies in sputum are characteristic of asbestosis. Stewart (402) gives considerable diagnostic weight to their pres ence as do Sparks (397) and Gloyne and Merewether (184). ZmQjiTH/AL 2>UJT 46 INDUSTRIAL DUST Asbestosis and Loaf Cancer. The British require autopsies of persons who have allegedly died as a result of industrial exposures such as cause asbestosis or silicosis. The 1947 report of the Chief Inspertor of Factories (25) states that, of 235 cases of asbestosis aut-opsied between 1924 to 1946, 31 or 13.2 per cent were com plicated by carcinoma of the lungs or pleura. This figure should V'to, is. Ash*'to*is bodiw in sputum. (AJUr EUman, Rtf. 140; evuueiy J. Ittdutl. Hyg.) be compared with that of their eases of silicosis of whom C884 were autopsied over the same period and in which 1.32 per cent showed cancer of the lungs. This latter is about the rate reported in the 1946 census in the United States (13 per cent of all deaths were from cancer and 1 per cent from cancer of the respiratory tract). We do not imply that our American pathologists and our hospitals are less careful than the British in collecting data from autopsies. For example, Vorwald and Karr (434) at the Saranac Laboratories reviewed such data from their own experience and concluded that "inhaled dusts/' except those containing recog nised carcinogenic substances, "cannot in general be considered effects of dusts and fumes upon man 47 as etiological factors in the development of pulmonary carci noma." But we still are a bit envious of the tidy way in which the British assemble their industrial data on morbidity and mortality. _ THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUES FOR 19611 Adopted at the Twenty-Third Annual Meeting of the American Conference of Governmental industrial Hygienists, Detroit, April 9-12, 1961 Threshold limits should be used as guides in the control of health hazards and should not be regarded as fine lines between safe and dangerous concentrations. They represent conditions under which it is be lieved that nearly all workers may be repeatedly exposed, day after day, without adverse affect. The values listed refer to time-weighted average concentrations for s normal workday. The amount by which these figures may be exceeded for short periods without Injury to health depends upon a number of factors such as the nature of the contaminant, whether very high concentrations even for short periods produce acute poisoning, whether the effects are cumulative, the frequency with which high concentrations occur, and the duration of such periods. All must be taken into consideration in arriving at a decision as to whether a hazardous situation exists. Special consideration should be given to the application of these values in assessing the health hazards which may be associated with exposure to combinations of two or more substances. Threshold limits are based on the best available information from industrial experiance, from experi mental studies, and, when possible, from a combination of the two. These values are based on various criteria of toxic effects or on marked discomfort; thus, they should not be used as a common denominator of toxicity, nor should they be considered as tha sols crltsrion in proving or disproving diagnosis of sus pected occupational disease. These limits are intended for use in the field of industrial hygiene and should be employed by persons trained in this field. They are not intended for use, or for modification for usa, in the evaluation or control of community air pollution or air pollution nuisances. These values are reviewed annually by tha Committee on Threshold Limits for changes, revisions, or additions as further information becomes available. The Committee welcomes ths suggestion of sub stances to be added to the list and also comments, references, or reports of experience with these materials. Recommended Values Gases and Vapors Substance PPM Approx. Mg per Cu.M. Substance PPM Approx. Mg. par Cu. Acetaldehyde 200 Acetic acid 10 Acetic anhydride 5 Acetone 1000 Acetylene tetrabromide Acrolein 1 o.s Acrylonitrile - ekin 20 Allyl alcohol - ekin 2 Allyl chloride S Allyl propyl dieulfida 2 Ammonia 100 Amyl acetate 200 Amyl alcohol (ieoamyl aleobol)100 Aniline - ekin 5 Arsine 0.05 Benzene (benzol) 25 Benzyl chloride 1 Boron trifluoride l Bromine 0.1 Butadiene (1,3-butadiene) 1000 2-Butanone (methyl ethyl ketone) 200 560 25 20 2400 14 1.2 45 5 15 12 70 1050 360 19 0.2 0 5 3 0.7 2200 590 Butyl acetate (n-butyl aeetate) 200 Butyl alcohol (n-butanol) 100 tart. Butyl alcohol 100 Butylamine 5 Butyl celloaolva (2 -butoxyethanol) 50 p-tert. Butyltoluena 10 Carbon dioxide 5000 Carbon disulfide - skin 20 Carbon monoxide 100 Carbon tetrachloride - ekin 25 Cellotolvc (2-ethoxyethanol) 200 Celloeolv* aeetate (2*ethoxyethyl acetate) 100 Chlorine 1 Chlorine dioxide Chlorine trifluoride 0.1 0.1 Chlorobensene (monochlorobensene) 75 Chloroform (trichloromethane) 50 1 -Chloro-1 -nitropropane 20 950 300 300 15 240 60 9000 60 no 160 740 540 003 .. 350 240 100 1. Reprinted with permission from the American Conference of Governmental Industrial HygienUu. Note: The word "skin" following compound'* name indicates that the liquid compound can penetrate the ekin to cause systemic effects. 1. Gate* and Vapor> (cont.l *4 Substance PPM Approx. Mg. per Cu.M. Substance PPM Approx^ M pe r Cu. M Chloropicrin 0. 1 Chloroprene (2-chloro-1,3'butadiene) 25 Cresol (all iaomers) * akin 5 Cyclohexane 400 Cyclohexanol 50 Cyclohexanone 50 Cyclohexene 400 Decaborane - skin 0.05 Diacetone alcohol (4-hydroxy- 4-methyl-2-pentanone) Diborane SO 0.1 o-Dichlorobentene SO p-Dichlorobenzene 75 Dichlorodifluoromethane 1000 1,1-Dichloroethane 100 1,2-Dichloroethane (ethylene dichloride) 100 1,2-Dichloroethylene 200 Dichloroethyl ether 15 Dichloromonofluoromethane 1000 1,1 -Dichloro- 1 -nitroethane 10 Dichlorotetrafluoroethane 1000 Diethylamine 25 Difluorodibromomethane 100 Diieobutyl ketone 50 Dimethylaniline (N-dimethylaniline) - ekin 5 Dimethylformamide 20 1,1 -Dimethylhydrazine - ekin 0.5 Dimethyleulfate - ekin 1 Dipropylene glycol methyl ether 100 Dioxane (diethylene dioxide) 100 Ethyl acetate 400 Ethyl acrylate ekin 25 Ethyl alcohol (ethanol) 1000 Ethylamine 25 Ethylbenzene 200 Ethyl bromide 200 Ethyl chloride 1000 Ethyl ether Ethyl formate 400 too Ethyl silicate 100 Ethylene ehlorohydria - akint 5 Ethyienediamine 20 Ethylene dibromide (1,2-dlbromoethane) Ethylene limine - ekin 2$ 5 Ethylene oxide 50 Fluorine Fluorotrichloromethane Formaldehyde 0.2 1000 5 Furfural $ Furfuryl alcohol Gasoline Heptane (n-heptane) 50 500 500 Hexane (n-hexane) 500 Hexanone (methyl butyl ketone) 100 Hexone (methyl ieobutyl ketone) 100 Hydrazine - skin Hydrogen bromide Hydrogen chloride 1 3 5 0.7 90 22 1400 200 200 1350 0.3 240 0. 2 300 450 4950 400 400 790 90 4200 60 7000 75 860 290 25 60 1 5 600 360 1400 100 1900 45 870 890 2600 1200 300 650 16 30 190 9 90 0.2 5600 6 20 200 2000 2000 1600 410 410 1.3 10 7 Hydrogen cyanide - skin 10 11 Hydrogen fluoride 32 Hydrogen peroxide, 90% 1 1.4 Hydrogen selenide 0. 05 0.2 Hydrogen sulfide 20 30 Iodine 0.1 1 ieophorone 25 140 Isopropylamine 5 12 Mesityl oxide 25 100 Methyl acetate 200 610 Methyl acetylene 1000 1650 Methyl acrylate - skin 10 35 Methylal (dimethoxymethane) 1000 3100 Methyl alcohol (methanol) 200 260 Methyl bromide - skin 20 80 Methyl celioeolve (2 -methoxye thanol) 25 80 Methyl cellosolve acetate (ethylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate) 25 120 Methyl chloride 100 210 Methyl chloroform (1,1,1-trichloroethane) 500 2700 Methylcyclohexane 500 2000 Methylcyclohexanol 100 470 Methylcyclohcxanone 100 460 Methyl formate 100 250 Methyl Ieobutyl carbinol (methyl amyl alcohol) 25 100 OC -Methyl etyrene 100 480 Methylene chloride (dichloromethane) 500 1750 Monomethyl aniline - skin 2 9 Naphtha (coal tar) 200 800 Naphtha (petroleum) 500 2000 Nickel carbonyl 0.001 0. 007 Nitric acid 10 25 p-Nitroaniline - ekin 16 Nitrobenzene - ekin 15 Nitroethane 100 310 Nitrogen dioxide 59 Nitroglycerin 0.5 5 Nitromethane 2-Nitropropane Nitrotoluene akin 100 250 25 90 5 30 Octane 500 2350 Ozone 0.1 0.2 Pentane 1000 2950 Pentanone (methyl propyl ketone) 200 700 Perchloroethylene (tetraehloroethylene) Phenol skin Phenylhydrazlne - akin 100 670 5 19 5 22 Phosgene (carbonyl chloride) 1 4 Phosphine 0.05 0. 07 Phosphorus trichloride 0.5 3 Propyl ecetate 200 840 Propyl alcohol (isopropyl alcohol) 400 980 Propyl ether (isopropyl ether) 500 2100 Propylene dichloride (1,2-dichloropropane) 75 350 II. ' Substance Propylene Imine - skin Propylene oxide Pyridine Quinone Stibine Stoddard solvent ' Styrene monomer (phenylethylene) Sulfur dioxide Sulfur hexafluoride Sulfur monochloride Sulfur pentafluoride 1,1,2, 2-Tetrachloro- ethane - skin PPM Approx. Mg. per Cu. M. Substance PPM Approx. per Cu. 25 100 5 0.1 0.1 500 60 240 15 0.4 0.5 2900 100 5 1000 1 0.025 420 13 6000 6 0.25 5 35 Tetrahydrofuran Tetranitromethane Toluene (toluol) o-Toluidine - skin Tolylene-2,4-diisocyanate Trichloroethylene Triethylamine Trifluoromonobromoznethane Turpentine Vinyl chloride (chioroethylene) Vinyl toluene Xylene (xylol) Xylidine - skin 200 590 18 200 750 5 22 0. 02* 0. 100 520 25 100 1000 6100 100 560 500 1300 100 480 200 870 5 25 * Probably sufficiently low to protect againat primary aenaitiaation, but may not protect peraona specifically sensitized. Dusts, Fumes and Mists Substance Mg. per Cu. M, Substance Mg. per Cu.M. Aldrin (1,2,3,4,10,10-hexacHloro-1,4, 4a,5,8,8a-hexahydro-1,4, 5, 8-di- methanonaphthalene) skin 0,25 Ammate .{ammonium sulfamate) 15 Antimony 0.5 ANTU (alpha-naphthyl-thiourea) 0.3 Arsenic 0.5 Barium (soluble compounds) 0,5 Beryllium 0.002 Cadmium oxide fume 0.1 Calcium arsenate 0. 1 Chlordane (1,2, 4, 5,6, 7,8, 8-octa- chloro-3a, 4, 7, 7a-tetra-hydro-4, 7-methanoindane) 2 Chlorinated campHene, 60% 0.5 Chlorinated diphenyl oxide 0. 5 Chlorodiphenyl (42% chlorine) - skin l Chlorodiphenyl (54% chlorine) - skin 0.5 Chromic acid and chromates (as CrOj) 0,1 Crag herbicide (sodium 2-(2, 4-dichloro- phenoxy) ethanol hydrogen aul/ate) 15 Cyanide (as CN) - skin 5 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) 10 DDT (2,2-bia (p-chiorophenyl)-l, I, I- trichloroethane) 1 Dieldrin (1,2, 3,4,10,10-hexachloro-6, 7-epoxy-1,4,4a, 5, 6, 7,8, 8a-oetahydro- 1,4, 5, 8-dimethanonapbthalene) - skin 0.25 Dinitrobensene - skin 1 Dinitrotoluene - skin 1*5 Dinitro-o-cresol - skin 0.2 EPN (O-ethyl O-p-nitropbenyl thiono- bensenephosphonate) - skin 0.5 Perbam (ferric dimethyl dithiocarbamate) 15 Ferrovanadium dust 1 Fluoride Hydroquinone 2 Iron oxide fume Lead 15 0.2 Lead arsenate * Lindane (hexachlorocyclohexane. gamma isomer) 0.5 Lithium hydride 0.025 Magnesium oxide fume 15 Malathion (O, O-dimethyl dithiophoephate of diethyl mercaptosuccinate) - skin 15 Mangsnese 5 Mercury 0. 1 Mercury (organic compounds) -skin 0.01 Methoxychlor (2.2-di-p-methoxyphenyl-1, 1,1 -trichloroethane) 15 Molybdenum (soluble compounds) 5 (insoluble compounds) 15 Kicotine - skin - 0.5 Parathion (O, O-diethyl-O-p-nitrophenyl thiophosphate) - skin 0.1 Pentachloronaphthalene - skin 0.5 Pentaehlorophenol - skin 0.5 Phosphoric acid 1 Phosphorus (yellow) 0.1 Phosphorus pentachloride 1 Phosphorus pentasulfide 1 Picric acid - akin 0,1 Py rethrum 2 Rotenone 5 Selenium compounds (as Se) 0.1 Sodium fluoroacetate (1080) - skin 0.1 Sodium hydroxide 2 Strychnine 0.15 Sulfuric acid TEDP (tetraethyl dithionopyro- 1 phosphate) - skin 0.2 TEPP (tetraethyl pyrophosphate) -skin 0.05 Tellurium 0.1 Tetryl (2,4, 6-trinitrophenylmethyl- nitramine) - skin 1.5 Thallium (soluble compounds) 0. 1 Thiram (tetramethyl thiuram disulfide) 5 Titanium dioxide 15 v 111. Paata, Fumtt and Mista (cont. ) Substance T richloronapthalene - skin Trinitrotoluene - skin Uranium (soluble compounds) (insoluble compounds) Vanadium (V205 dust) (V20- fume) Mg. per Cu. M. 5 1.5 0. 05 0.25 0.5 0. 1 Substance Warfarin (3-(o(-acetonylbensyl)4-hydroxycoumarin) Yttrium Zinc oxide fume Zirconium compounds (as Zr) Mg. per Cu.M. 0.5 5 15 5 Radioactivity: For permissible concentrations of radisotopes in air, see U. S. Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards, Handbook 69, "Maximum Permissible Body Burdens and Maximum Permis sible Concentrations of Radionuclides in Air and in Water for Occupational Exposure", June 5, 1959. Al so, see U. S. Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards, Handbook 59, "Permissible Dose from External Sources of ionizing Radiation", September 24, 1954, and addendum of April 15, 1958. Mineral and Non- Metallic Inorganic Dusts Substance Silica Quartz high (above 50% free silica) medium (5 to 50% free silica) low (below 5% free ailica) Cristobalite (above 5%) Amorphous Silicates Mica Portland Cement Soapstone Talc MPPCF 5 20 50 5 20 5 20 50 20 20 Substance Miscellaneous: Aluminum Oxide Calcite Dolomite Limestone Marble Silicon Carbide Other inert Duata MPPCF 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 Tentative Values Substance PPM Approx. Mg. per Cu. M. Substance PPM Approx. Mg. per Cu. M Acetonitrile 40 AUyl glycidyl ether (AGE) 10 Boron oxide tert. Butyl chromate (as CrOj) n-Butyl glycidyl ether (BGE) 50 Butyl mercaptan 10 Chloroacetaldehyde 1 Chlorobromomethane 200 DDVP (O, O-Dimethyl-2, 2- Dichlorodivinyl phosphate) Diglycidyl ether (DGE) 10 Dimethyl acetamide 10 Endrin (1,2, 3,4,10, 10-hexa- chloro-6, 7-epoxy- 1,4,4a, 5, 6, 7, 8, 8a-octa hydro-J, 4-endo, endo-5,8-dimeth- anonaphthalene) Ethanol amine 0.5 Ethyl mercaptan 250 Glycidol SO Heptachlor (1,4,5,6,7,8,8-hep- tachloro-3a,4, 7, 7a-tetrahydro- 4, 7-methanoindene) 70 4$ 15 0. 1 270 35 3 1050 l 55 35 0.25 1 640 150 0.25 sec-Hexyl acetate 100 Isopropyl glycidyl ether (IGE) 50 Ketene 0.5 Methyl mercaptan 50 1 - Nit ropropane 25 Pentaborane 0.005 Perchloromethyl mercaptan 0. 1 Phenyl glycidyl ether (PGE) 50 Pbosdrin (2-carbometboxy-1- methyl vinyl dimethyl phos- phate) n-Propyl nitrate 25 Syetox 2,4,5T (2,4,5-trlchloro- phenoxy acetic acid) Teflon decomposition products (as F) 1,2, 3-Trlchloropropane 50 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2, 2-trl- fluoroethane 1000 Triorthocresyl phosphate Triphenyl phosphate 590 240 0.9 100 90 0.01 0. 8 310 0. 1 110 0.2 10 0.05 300 7600 0. 1 3 (Signed): William L. Ball Herbert E. Stokinger Hervey B. Elkins W. Clark Cooper Keith H. Jacobson Russel G. Scovill William F. Reindollar Allan L. Coleman, Chairman * H M A. O > o 5 *s, V3 Nh sj h X r- < i X * N /l <V) 3 (D O P I o 392 CAXIT P. McCOBD *ea s4 X 6 S i l S *ee if ^e9 sj & .s S S Jl . e. ih *3 II e r i iS 8 J !| -I t s 8 e ** 11 K UJ 4 *6 a 44 x8 =* |5 , 5- li xE 5* ISO Cc_--r "i. 3* e*i S* J'&2 ^ 7 = sill O * s k'l i* 3 Hi >.x r * W C^f **ift> c5 . > Fr * ,e c s .9 . 1=41 m! 8ji .S'l^ VMIts*! llsl|el J5 JI4Zr!5Z a e' ' is 'I j: "VeS 2 eo Eo EE f- . ASBESTOS - Definition.--The term "asbestos," as now used, is not the name of a distinct mineral, but is a commercial term applied to any mineral which can be readily separated into more or less flexible fibers. The original asbestos was a variety of amphibole, of little present importance, but now there are several important varieties of asbestos, of which chrysotilc is in most common use. Varieties of Asbestos and Their Properties.--Chryooiile is a fibrous form of serpentine, with which it is always associated. It is a hydrous magnesium silicate, represented by theempirical formula HMgjSiiO,and contains 12.9 per cent of water of composition. It occurs in aggregates of fine, crystalline silky fibers, which are flexible and have considerable tensile strength. These fibers usually range in length from less than to 1 or 1} i inches, but fibers as long as 5 to fi inches arc sometimes found and an extreme length of 24 inches has been noted.1 Chrysotile fibers arc nearly always brilliant white, but aggregates of fibers may vary from white and pink, through yellowish and yellowish-green to olivegreen. Its Hardness is 3 to 3.5; Specific Gravity 2.2 to 2.3; Luster subresinous to greasy, pearly and silky. Crocidolitc is a soda-iron, monoclinic amphibole, having the formula XnFc (SiO.Oj.FcSiOa. It is highly fibrous, like chrysotile, but its fibers have a higher tensile strength, and a much lower resistance to heat. Its color is a characteristic lavender-blue, and it is thus often called "bluo asbestos" or "Cape Blue" (from Cape Province, South Africa). Fibers commonly range in length from less than ^ to 1\$ inches and rarely exceed 3 inches. It has a specific gravity of 3.20 to 3.30 and a silky luster. Avthophyllitc is an anhydrous iron-magnesium silicate, having the formula (Fe,Mg)SiOa. It belongs to the orthorhombic groupof the amphiboles. It occurs in rather coarse, fairly long and usually rather brittle fibers of low tensile strength. It is more resistant to heat and to acids than chrysotile, so that anthophyllite low is iron is especially suitable for making chemical filters. Amosile is an iron-rich asthophyllite found chiefly in South Africa. It was thought originaUy to be a new species and was described by Hall' 1 Hall, A. L, "Asbestos in tbs Union of South Africa," Memoir No. 12, p. 16, Union of South Africa, Dept, of Mins* nsd Industries, GeoL Survey, 1918. * Hall, A. L., work cited, p. 21. 42 /rorij - " fJbrt Mcuu/c. Ah^ejCAifi " . Pjq. Sy- thu ilo%k i ] r i i i \ i > rf 44 NON-METALLIC MINERALS as a monoclinic amphibolc. Wherry1 later examined amosite both chemically and microscopically and found it practically identical with fcrroanthophyllitc, an orthorhombic amphibolc having the formula (Fe, Ca, Hj, Mn)O.SiOi. When amosite contains considerable soda it approaches crocidolitc in composition. Amosite is characterized by a well-developed fibrous structure, having fibers of unusual length. Lengths of 4 to 7 inches are common and an extreme length of a little over 11 inches has been observed. The fibers arc flexible, but usually have less tensile strength than chrysotile. Amosite is harder and harsher than chrysotile and is SAid to cause excessive wear on the teeth of carding machines. It varies in color from' a pale dirty-brown through various shades of gray and pale yellowish-green to nearly white. Acids have little effect on amosite and it witbst&Dda beat better than crocidolite. Asbestos, "amphtbole" asbestos, "hornblende" asbestos and "Italian" asbestos arc various terms given to the monoclinic amphibolcs, tremolite (formula CaMg*(SiO*)<) and actinolite (formula Ca(Mg,Fe)i(SiOi)<) when they occur in fine silky fibers. This is the original type of material to which the miner&logical name "asbestos" was given. The fibers may be fine, silky and of great length, but they usually have little tensile strength. A small amount of Italian amphibolc asbestos has been used for spinning, but most of it is too weak. When pure tremolite asbestos is chemically stable and may be used for making chemical filters. Afountain leather and mountain cork are, respectively, thin and thick flexible sheets made up of interlocked fibers. The "cork" variety has the elasticity and lightness of cork. It is usually from light-brown to white in color and has a specific gravity of 0.68 to 0.99. One analysis' of mountain cork showed silica, 57.20 per cent; peroxide of iron, 4.37 per cent; magnesia, 22.85 per cent; lime, 13.39 per cent; and water, 2.43 per cent; total, 100.24 per cent. These substances have no value as sources of asbestos fibers. Mountain wood is a compact, fibrous substance made up of interlaced mineral fibers and closely resembling dry wood. It is usually gray to brown in color. It is sometimes found in Canadian asbestos deposits, but has no present economic value. Analyses of Asbestos.--The following table shows the average composition of the principal types of asbestos: ' * Whsjuit, E. T.f "Amosite," An. Mineralogist, vol. 6, No. 12, p. 174, December, 1921. * CntXEL, Frits, "Chrysotile-Asbestos, Its Occurrence, Exploitation, Milling and Uses," Mines Branch Bull. 69, p. 21, Can. Dept, of Mines, 1910. iilf, v ,T ASBESTOS 45 1 Chryeo* tile 2 Crocido* lite 3 Amoeite 4 Anthophyllite 6 Amphi- hole SiO*......................................... Fc,Oi *nd FeO......................... MgO- ...................................... CaO .................................. 40.49 1.27 2.83 41.41 Hi0 (const.)............................. MnO ................................... K,0......................................... 14 06 Total..................................... 99.76 61.22 34 08 2.48 0 03 7.07 4.50 0.10 99.48 49 68 2 25 39.64 4.79 0.63 3.16 90.95 67.12 0.75 6 36 29 44 6.47 99.14 67.72 0.63 2.80 22.61 13.84 0.60 0.81 0.90 99.11 1. Canadian chrysotile--Average of eleven analyses by Cirrel, work cited, p. 31. 2. South African crocidolite--Analysis quoted by Cirkel, work cited, p. 22. 3. Amositc, Transvaal, South Africa--Average of seven rather widely varying analyses quoted by Whf.rrt, work cited, p. 174. 4. Anthophyllitc. Georgia--Analysis quoted in "Asbestos (1213-1919)," p. 6, Imperial Mineral Resources Bureau (Great Britain), 1921. 5. Italian amphihole asbesos--Analysis quoted by M^sct'sr., B., "The Marketing of Asbestos," Eng. Mining Jour.-Prut, vol. 114, No. 7, p. 278, Apr. 12,1922. Ttpes or Structure1 Most asbestos minerals are found in veins, but some may make up the whole mass of a rock. The veins contain both cross-fiber and slip-fiber asbestoe. Cross-fiber asbestos lies perpendicular or nearly perpendicular to the walls of the vein. Chrysotilc, crocidolite and amosiie occur in this way. Slip-fiber asbestoe lias paraiiei to the walls of the vein. Chrysotile, tremohte, actinolite and antho phyllito occur in this way. Much slip-fiber chrysotile is rather harsh. An excess ively harsh slip-fiber chrysotile is known as Picrolitc. Anthophyllite, tremolite and actinolite may occur as mass fiber, the minerals forming interlocking bundles or radial groups of fibers. Geologic Occurrence Chrysotik.--Chrysotile asbestos is found in two entirely distinct geologic associations--in altered peridotite, an igneous rock very low in silica and high in magnesia and iron, and in limestone near its contact with sills or intrusive sheets of basic igneous rock. Chrysotile occurs in peridotite in veins which either form a network in several directions through the rock or less commonly lie parallel. The peridotite near the veins is altered to serpentine. Few of the veins are more than aq inch wide. The 1 This section and the following section on "Geologic Occurrence " are taken from Sampson, Eoward, "Asbestoe is 1920," Mineral Reoovrcei of the United Stale*, port 2, pp. 312-313, U. & Geol Surrey, 1920. 46 NON-METALLtC MINERAL great deposit* of this kind are those of Quebec and of the Ural Mountains, regions that before the World War furnished nearly all the world's supply of asbestos. Deposits are worked in California, Wyoming and Vermont. Deposits of chryeotile in limestone are rather widely distributed, but compared to those in peridotite they are small. The fiber may be rather harsh, but it is very long, unbroken fiber over 6 inches in length and of the finest quality having been found, whereas fiber over 2 inches in length is very rare in the deposits formed in peridotite. Chrysotilc occurs with serpentine at or near its contact with sills of olivine diabase, usually the upper contact. The deposits in Arizona and in the Carolina district of the Transvaal are of this type. Deposits in lime stone are found in Arizona, in southwestern Montana, and probably also in New Mexico. AnihophyUtU.--Deposits of mass-fiber anthophyllit* occur in Georgia, North Carolina and Idaho. The occurrence of anthophyllite has been most fully described by Hopkins.* The anthophyllite in Georgia Ks product of the alter ation of peridotite. The altered rock consists almost entirely of anthophyllite. Hopkins points out that the fiber in the commercially valuable deposits has been greatly softened by weathering, which in this region has been very active. In fact, the anthophyllite appears to have been made fibrous by weathering, for the fresh anthophyllite, although it has a good prismatic cleavage, is splintery and of little or no value. Two interesting deposits of slip-fiber anthophyllite in Maryland and Cali fornia have recently been operated. Crocuiolitc.--The only worked deposits of eroeidolite and amositc arc in the Union of South Africa.* Both occur as erose-fiber veins parallel to the bedding of an iron-rich siliceous argillite locally known as "ironstone." According to the published descriptions, the material of which the vein minerals are composed has been derived from the inclosing rocks as a result of regional metamorphism. The deposits cover a wide area over which they occur at the same stratigraphic horizon. ActinoliU and TranoliU.--Actinolite and tremolite usually occur in veins as slip fiber, generally in highly magnesian rocks. They appear to have been formed by metamorphic agencies, which have also extensively affected the eountry rock. Geographical Distribution.--The only types of asbestos of any con siderable commercial value are those which occur in strong, fine, flexible fibers }>\ inch or more in length, that is, fibers capable of being spun and woven into fabrics or matted into paper and similar products. The longer fibers, that is, those over % inch, are by far the most valuable. Flexible fibers shorter than inch are used extensively, but arc of such low value that they usually are mined only in conjunction with the longer fibers. * Horuna, 0. A Report on the Asbeetoa, Tale and Soopetonc Deposit* of Georgia," BuU. 29, Ga. Geo). Survey, 1914. 1 Hall, A. L., "Aabcstoe in the Union of South Africa," Memoir No. 12, Gcol. Survey, 1918; "On the Mode of Occurrence and Distribution of Asbestos in the Transvaal," Treat., Goal. Soc S. Africa, voi. 21, pp. 1-86, 1928. ASBESTOS 47 While deposit* of osbestiform minerals arc widely distributed over the TTorld, there arc but few localities in which high-grade spinning fibers are found in important commercial quantities. Before the World War, Canada (Qurl>cc) and Russia furnished most of the world's supply of high-grade asbestos. At present .Russian production is small and South Africa (including Rhodesia) is the only other large source besides Canada. The United States has produced some spinning-fiber asbestos (Arizona chrysotilc), chiefly during the past 10 years, but most of the domestic pro duction has been of non-spinning anthophyllite. Other countries which arc small producers are Australia, Cyprus, Italy, China end India. Canada**--Canada is the largest producer of asbestos in the world, and Canadian spinning fiber is generally regarded as of the highest grade marketed in important quantities. All the asbestos now produced is of the chrysotilc variety. While asbestos occurs in a number of districts in Canada, the only deposits which have been of great commercial importance are located in an area of Cambrian serpentine rocks which extends from northern Vermont to the Ga*p<5 Peninsula. Within this area in Quebec asbestos occurs in three prominent belts. 1. The Danvillo-Orford-Bolton area, which extends into Vermont. 2. The Thetford-BIack Lake area. 3. The G&sp Peninsula area. The Danvillc-Orforrf-Botion area consists of numerous, apparently dis connected outcrops of serpentine in a narrow beJt about 62 miles long. The area is heavily wooded and the rocks are so deeply covered with soil and humus that prospecting and development arc difficult. There has been little production from this belt. The Theijord-Black Lake crec is the most important area in Quebec and is, at present, the most productive asbestos district in the world. In this area some of the most productive mines arc in Coleraine, Thet- ford and Broughton townships. In the main area the total length of the chief serpentine belt is 23 miles and the width varies from 300 to 6,000 feet in the Black Lake area and to miles in Coleraine Township. The serpentine forms knolls and ridges from a few hundred to a thousand feet in height above the surrounding country. The Broughton and the central and eastern Thetford areas contain mainly slip-fiber deposits. The vein-fiber belt, which includes western Thetford, South Ireland and North Coleraine townships, has a developed length of about 12 miles and a maximum width of about 3M miles. The vein-fiber belt produces the highest-grade crude and spinning fiber. * 1 The most extensive work on Canadian asbestoe is that by Cirkcl, F., work dtad, 216 pp. 48 N0N-MBTALL1C MINERALS The chrysotile veins intersect portions of the serpentine in every direc tion, but they usually follow straight lines. The cross-fiber veins vary in thickness from mere threads up to 2 or 3 inches, but the bulk of the asbestos mined is from to inch in length. The longer fiber is often divided in the middle by a seam of serpentine carrying magnetite or chro mite. Usually, the.asbestos can be easily separated from the rock. Slip fiber occurs along slickcnsidcd fault planes and the fiber is arranged parallel to the walls in thin films, or in layer* up to H inch or more in thickness. The slip-fiber veins yield only mill fiber; it is often of as good grade os mill fiber prepared from cross fiber veins, but it is sometimes rather harsh. The Canadian deposits are very extensive and the known ore reserves are large. Apparently the quality or the percentage of fiber varies little with depth. While the long fiberis the most valuable, it occurs in relatively small amounts and the chief production (by tonnage)i is of the mill-fiber grades. In the Gasp6 Peninsula area some asbestos has been found, but diffi culty of access has prevented the region from being adequately explored. A small amount of chrysotile asbestos has been produced at Dcioro, near Porcupine, Ontario. The absestos is reported to occur in veins, up to 2\i inches wide, in serpentine and to constitute as much as 12 per cent of the rock in places. ' Union of South Africa.1--Important deposits of asbestos occur in several localities in the Union of South Africa. The principal types of asbestos which have been produced are eroeidolite and amositc, but chrysotile is also worked and will probably become of increasing importance. Transt'aal possesses important deposits of chrysotile, eroeidolite, amositc and tremolite. Amositc is found only in a belt in northeastern Transvaal between Lydenburg and Petersburg. This belt, which is about 60 miles long by an average of 6 miles wide, contains three groups of interbed*led, cross fiber veins, varying in width to a maximum of about 12 inches. The veins are worked by underground mining. The principal mines are the Egncp * and Amosa, situated near the farms Penge and Streatham, which furnish about four-fifths of the total output. In the Carolina district chrysotile of good quality is mined principally ia the Diepgczct and Gocdverwacht areas. High-grade, pure-white chrysotile occurs hear Kaapschc Hoop about 28 miles northwest of Barberton. Here the percentage offiber is very high, averaging about 40 per cent fiber and 60 per cent rock. Moreover, over . 1 The beet work on the asbestos deposits of the Union of 8outh Africa, is by Hall, A. L., work cite^. 152 pp. See alio Hall, A. L., "On the Aebeetoe Occurrence near Kaapsche Hoop in the Barberton District," Trans. Geol. See. &. Africa, vol. 34, pp. 166-181. 1921. (Abstract In Bnf. Mining Jow.-Prtt*, rol 123. So. 23. p. 634 April 1, 1923.) The account here given is taken largely from Hall's work as abstracted in "Ashestoe" (1913-1919), work cited, pp. 14-16. ASBESTOS 49 25 per cent of the fiber is over 1 inch long, compared with Jess than 1.5 per cent in Canada. In Cape Province crocidolite is the only variety of asbestos worked. It occurs in intrrbcdded cross-fiber veins in a belt extending from the farm Lovedale, 20 miles southeast of Pricska, in a northerly direction as far as Mashowing River in British Bcchuanaland, with a possible exten sion into the districts of Vryburg and Mafeking. In Natal chrysotilc of inferior grade occurs somewhat sparingly. Rhodesia.'--Rhodesia is the most important source of asbestos in British South Africa. Both chrysotile and amphibolc asbestos occur abundantly in many localities in southern Rhodesia. The largest pro duction comes from the Shabani fields in the Belingwe district and from the Masluba area in the Victoria district. In both areas chrysotile of excellent quality is found in veins of the cross-fiber type. The Shabani field, so far as it has been explored, is about 6 miles long by I mile wide. The fiber varies from to 2 inches in length. The Mashaba area seems to be smaller and the fiber is rarely over % inch in length. The yield of asbestos fiber in the Mashaba area is said to range from 1 to 1.5 per cent of the rock broken, and in the Shabani area from 1.5 to 3 per cent. Asbestos also occurs, and has been prospected to some extent, in the Lomagundi and Bulawayo districts. Russia.7--While Russia before the World War was the second largest producer of asbestos, recent detailed descriptions of Russian deposits are not available. A general description of these deposits was given by Oilier* in 190S, from which the following is taken: Russian asbestos is much harsher to the touch than Canadian, and less suit able for spinning, but before the World War the production was large and growing. There are two general districts in which asbestos has been produced. The first, and by far the largest and most Important, is in the Perm district of the Urals in which there were 25 mines in operation in 1905. The principal mines are 51 miles north of Ekaterinburg, where a tone about 18 miles long by 2 to 3 miles wide has been developed, but other localities are known nearly to Orenburg. The oilier developed district is in the Minusinsk district on the Yenisei River in Silx'ria, but many other undeveloped deposits are reported in the Altai mountains region and to the southward. Before the war most of the Russian asbestos was exported to Germany. For several years after the Russian revolution no asbestos production was reported, but a small production was noted in 2922. 1 See Mekxeix. F. P., S. Africa Jovr. lnd., toI. 1, p. 1411,1918. Also anonymous articles in 5. Africa Mining Eng. /our., p. ed., pp. 83-89, December, 1930. The description given here is from "Asbestos" (191&-1919), work eited, pp. 11-13. 1 See Cirkel, F., work cited, pp. 333-339. * Diller, J. S., "Asbestos," Mineral Rteoram of the United State*, part 2, pp. 703-703, U. S. Geol. 8urvcy, 1908. . 60 NON-MBTALUC MINERALS United Slate*.'--Both spinning-fiber chryeotilc and non-spinning anthopliyllitc occur in the United States, but the former is not found in largo quantities, and production, compared to that of Canada, has been very small. While deposits of asbestos have been reported in many states, production has resulted from but few deposits. Arizona has been the only important producer of chrysotile, but a small production has come at various times in the past from Vermont, Wyoming and Cali fornia. Anthophyllite has been produced mainly in Georgia, but Idaho, Maryland and Califoma have also been producers. Arizona.1--Chrysotile asbestoe occurs in several localities in Arizona, but it is mined chiefly is tvo regions: in the Grand Canyon, and in the field 24 to 40 miles in a direct line north and east of Globe. The produc tion in the Grand Canyoo district has been small $nd not continuous. The Globe field is about 50 miles in length and 20 miles in width in a deeply cut mountainous region along Salt River and covers an area of of about 700 square miles. Most of the mines in the Globe region are in four districts; (1) near Chrysotile on Ash Creek, about 41 miles from the railroad shipping point; (2) near Salt Bank on Salt River; (3) near the summit of Coon Creek Butte, at the south end of the Sierra Ancha; and (4) near the head of Sloane Creek, a branch of Canyon Creek. The asbestos, which is of the cross-fiber type, occurs in veins in lime stone chiefly near the upper eontact with intruded sheets of diabase. Arizona chrysotile differs chemically from Canadian chrysotile in the very small amount of iron oxide which the former contains (Arizona usually 2 per cent or less of FeO and Canada usually 2.5 per cent or more of FeO). A part of the Arizona fiber is very soft and silky and a part is harsh and splintery. These two phases often occur in the same vein with no visible boundary between, and are hard to distinguish. This necessitates very careful sorting and milling if a high-grade fiber is to be produced. While spinning fiber of good grade and length can be pro duced, users state that the highest grades are so fine and silky that there is a high loss in spinning. Fiber lengths up to 4 inches sometimes occur but lengths less than 2H inches are most common. Vermont.*--Asbestos deposits occur at four localities near Lowell, in northern Vermont, connected with the serpentine belt which contains the great asbestoe mines of Canada. The asbestos is chrysotile of both > See Duxes, J. 8., "The Type*, Mode* of Occurrence and Important Deposits of Asbestos in the United States," Bull. 470, pp. 505-624, V. 8. Geol. Survey, 1911. Bee also Mineral Resources o/ (At United Stoics, U. 8. Geol. Survey, annual, for various yean, particularly since 1007. * See Mineral Resources ofike United Btatee, D. 8. Geol. Survey, part 2, pp. 342-347, 1013; pp. 00-00, 1014; pp. 107-201, 1017; pp. *46-651, 1018; pp. 300-304, 1010; pp. 313-316, 1020; pp. 136-138, 1021. 'Bee Richarmon, C. H., SemUk Annual Refort, Vermont Oeol. 8urvey, pp. 315-330, 1000-1010. ASBESTOS 51 the cross-fiber and the slip-fiber types, but it is so short that only mil! fiber can be produced. Several unsuccessful attempts have been made to work th^sc deposits at various times. Wyoming.--Deposits of cross- and slip-fiber chrysotiJc asbestos occur in Wyoming in several localities and fiber has been produced in small quantities at various times in the past. These deposits are.located (1) on Caspar Mountain, 8 miles south of Caspar; (2) on Smith Creek, 20 miles southeast of Caspar; (3) 28 miles south of Lander; (4) near Berry Creek in Lincoln County, on the north side of Foreilen Peak, 35 miles from the nearest shipping point at Ashton, Idaho. Some of the Wyoming fiber is 1 inch long, but most of it is much shorter and but a very small porportion is of spinning grade. * California.--While asbestos, of both the chrysotile and amphibole varieties, has been found in at least twelve counties in California and a small production obtained from a few properties, no large deposits of highgrade spinning fiber have been developed. Most of the deposits are apparently small or of low grade, and production has been only a few toss a year. Georgia,1--Mass-fiber anthophyllitc asbestos has been produced for many years in Georgia. While occurrences have been noted in many counties forming a belt across the northwestern part of the state from Ilabun to Harris counties, the most important deposits arc in White and Habersham counties. The chief deposits that have been worked arc 3 miles southwest of Sail Mountain in "White County and near Holly* tvood in Habersham County. In the best portions of the deposits the whole rock is fibrous and as much as 95 per cent of the rock quarried is recovered as fiber. The rocks of the region in general are deeply weathered and the workings are confined to open cuts or quarries in the weathered rock. At greater depths the rock is harder and less fibrous. While the fiber is long, it is so brittle that it is valueless for spinning purposes. It has been used chiefly for making fireproof paints and cements. Idaho.--Anthophyllitc asbestos, similar to that at Sail Mountain, Georgia, occurs about 14 miles southeast of Kamiah, Lewis County,' Jd.iho. The fiber is short and brittle, and therefore suitable only for low-grade uses. A small tonnage was produced annually for a few years, and the fiber shipped to Spokane, Washington, where it was used for paints, cements, pipe'eovering, plaster and other local purposes. Maryland.--Slip-fiber anthophyllitc asbestos occurs in the softened and weathered portions of gneissoid schists a few miles north of Pylesvillc, Hartford County, Maryland. The reins are generally small and the usable portions limited to the disintegrating residual material within 1 See Hopkins, 0. B., "The Asbestos Tale aad Soapstone Deposits of Georgia," Bull. 29, pp. 75-189, Ga. GeoL Survey, 1914. 62 SON-METALLIC MINERALS 10 feet of the surface. A small annual tonnage has been produced for acvem! years. The fiber has been cleaned and prepared for filter purposes. Other States.--Small deposits of amphibolc asbestos have been reported near Dalton, Massachusetts; New Hartford, Connedteui; Cumberland, Rhode Island; Pateros, Washington; Bedford City and Rocky Mount, Virginia; Cane River, North Carolina; and Llano, Texas. A small output of low-grade asbestos (variety not noted) was produced in 1918 a few miles north of Mount Vernon, Grant County, Oregon. Chrysotile has been reported on the head waters of Last Mile Creek, Montana; and near Great Falls, Virginia. ,, Cyprus.--Large deposits of asbestos occur on the Island of Cyprus and production has been important. Both chrysotiie and anthophyliite are found, the former at Amianods, near Troodos in the Limasol district. The best grades come from Paphos. Much of tM material produced is short-fibered, but some is of a grade that may be mixed with Canadian fiber. Italy.--Italy is a small producer of asbestos, most of which is appar ently of the amphibole variety. There are three asbestos districts in Italy: (1) in the Susa Valley near Mount Cenis; (2) in the Aosta Valley, from Ivrca to Chatillon; (3) and in the Valtcliina district of Lombardy near Sondrio. Italy does not produce sufficient spinning fiber for her own needs, but imports chiefly from Canada and Africa. Other Countriesd--Asbestos deposits, of both the chrysotile and amphibole types, are known in many other countries, and from some of them have come small and irregular productions, but none of them are of great present importance. This may be due to small size of deposits, low grade of fiber or remoteness from transportation and markets. Some of the countries in which deposits of asbestos have been worked or have been reported are: Australia, China, Japan, India, Finland, Swittcrland, Greece, Turkey, Portugal, Spain, France, Germany, Norway and Great Britain. Production and Consumption. World Production.--The production of asbestos in the principal asbestos-producing countries in the world is shown in the following table prepared from statistics collected from , various official sources. It will be noted from this table that Canada is by far the largest pro ducer of asbestos. The figures given, however, are somewhat misleading, in that much of the Canadian production is of the lower grades of mill fiber, shingle stock, etc., while most of the asbestos produced in Rhodesia and is the Union of South Africa is of high-grade spinning fiber. The local consumption of asbestos in these latter countries is very small and hence there is little local demand for the lower grades of fiber. These lower grades command too low a price to justify the expense of transport 1 See Ciasm* F., wotk cited, pp. 214-344. "Albertos" (1913-1019), work eited, pp. 8-351 f ASBESTOS 63 World's Production or Asbestos 1013-1921 Metric tons 1013 1014 1916 1916 1917 1918 1919 1*30 193! A..!rfins: N- South Nui(h AiutnUt .. T.ni*n> .............. u .'.i.Tti Amtraha. fl,,nh South Afnca: Hhcniwi*........... I'aion .................. Canada............. C/./a* ................. Chcn .................... Cyp"**................ ladia ....................... Italy ...................... Philippine Ialatwia. Riwia ................. L'aitad Skatan----- Approximate total. 146 676 960 * 2761 2.9001 62 64 166: 203 873 134.339 175 17.494 998 442 1.823 6.680 6.875; 7.778 8.889 17.078 1.080 1.9401 4.224 6.642 2.333 3.68 6.463 87.680 100.828 121.063 132.925 138,334 124.070 163.038 *781 243 09 6 132 1.060 232 1.862 910 171 182 16.891 9.779 6.192 1601 283 294 1.647 86: 0{ 70, 98i *76 | 1 1.478] 1.131 1.680 1.642 1,776 906 1.063 1.496 17.716 4.646 64.161 1* *21 420 9.604 764 144.042 108,005 110.100 140.479 140.997 144.3161140.263 192.1 112.1 1 Figures not yet available. tation for long distances. The distribution of Canadian (Quebec) pro duction by grades in 1920 is shown in the following table from Mineral Industry: Production or Asbestos in the Province or Quebec for 1920 Shipment* and aalei iV-ianntion of grade Tons Value Average value per ton Stock on hand, Dec. 31, 1920 Tons Value Crude No. 1.............. Crude No. 2.............. Spinning fiber........... Shingle fiber............. I'uprr stock* and Olliers........................... 1,026 2.630 13.983 16,784 142.9S2 $ 1,513,457 2,295.927 3,915,562 1,852,210 5,097,416 $1,475.10 811.28 280.02 110.36 35.65 446 854 1,929 1,300 18,826 $ 659.259 829.438 653,115 172,476 118,060 177,605 $14,674,572 $ 82.62 23,361 82,432,348 Aslxtic........... 19,716 $ 43,659 $ 2.20 125 8 274 Totals............ 107.321 814,718,131 23,336 82,432,622 Quantity of rock mined during the year, 3,099,122 tons. United States.--The United States is the largest consumer of highgrade asbestos in the world and the largest manufacturer of asbestos goods. Domestic production furnishes only a very small proportion of the requirements for crude asbestos. While imports conffe chiefly from 54 N0N-MSTALL1C MINERALS Canada, South African and Rhodesian asbestos is being used in important and increasing amounts. The following table published by the U. S. Geological Survey shows the domestic production of asbestos in recent years: Domestic Asbestos Marketed rw the United Staita, 1013-1921 ChrysotiJe Amphibole Total Year Short tons Value Short tons Value Short tons Value 3913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 72 316 808* 1,391* 392* 602 1,245 438 $ 6,450 65,148 167,683* 279,270* 101,059* 229,265 661,907* 813,268 1,100 1,225 1,416 830 567 606 659 403 393 $11,000 13,515 11, 13,311 11,744 17,628 19,000 16.324 23,700 1,100 1,247 1,731 1,638* 1,958* 998* 2,162 2,648 831 8 11.000 18.063 76,052 180,904* 291,014* 118,687* 248.205 678.231* 336.968 Kwwed Scum In recent years most of the domestic chrysotile fiber produced has come from Arizona and most of the amphibole from Georgia. Imports and exports of crude and manufactured asbestos are shown in the following table: United States Import* and Exports op Asbestos1 In long tons Imports Exports Year Unmanufactured Manu* (aetured Unmanufactured Manu factured Quantity Value Value Quantity Value Value 1912 63,860 81,456,012 8363,759 8 601,701 1913 86,737 1,928,705 889,664 754,102 2914 64,166 1,407,758 868,344 513,037 1915 83,541 2,981,483 237,320 764,050 1916 103.716 8,303,470 235,064 279 8 6,133 1,209,076 1917 119,739 4,521,273 65,096 632 116,580 1,032,551 2918 222,946 6,337,585 27,476 622 61,053 2,493,325 2929 129.777 7,369,685 257,881 999 167,416 3,520,348 2620 149,605 9,130,253 619,054 649 141,071 4.431,132 1922 64,698 2,918,803 879,858 464 101,610 2,606,426 * Berm* gt foraca *ad P--nti f--mm ASBESTOS 55 Greet Britain.--Great Britain produces practically no asbestos, but is the second largest manufacturer of asbestos products. Haw asbestos is imported chicfiv from Canada, Rhodesia and South Africa. Mining and Milling. Canada.1--Mining methods used in the Quebec districts may be divided into three general classes; (1) open pits; (2) "glory holes" and shrinkage stopes; and (3) combined open and under ground workings. Methods used in mining slip-fiber differ from those used at cross-fiber deposits, for in the latter type the long fiber ("crude") must be carefully separated from the mill fiber before milling, while is the slip-fiber deposits no such care is necessary and nearly the entire output of the mine is milled. The earliest workings were all of the open-pit type and such operations arc still the most common today. The overburden, consisting of days, sands and gravels, varies from practically nothing to as much as CO feet. Methodsof strippingvaryfrom simple hand methods, where the overburden is light (5 to 10 feet, as at Broughton), to steam-shovel and hydraulic methods for very heavy over burden (up to CO feet or more, as at the King mine at Thetford). After the rock is stripped, the pits are carried downward in benches 20 to 75 feet high (average about 40 feet). Drilling is now usually done with comprcssed-air hammer or piston drills, ranging in si2C from light hammer drills to heavy submarine-type drills which will drill 3-inch holes to a depth of 75 feet. After the ore is shot down, it is further reduced in rise by block-holing or mud-capping. Slif^fiber rock is then loaded directly into buckets, pans or quany cars by hand or by small steam shovels. Cro-s-fibcr rock is first carefully sorted and rough-cobbed to remove all the crude grade, and the mill rock is then loaded into pans for hoisting. The crude grade is recobbed, re-sorted, graded and packed in bags for shipment. In small pits hoisting may be done by derricks, but in large operations very large cableway systems are used. At one mine narrow-gage cars arc hoisted through an inclined tunnel to mill bins or waste-rock dumps. At the surface large bin storage for mill rock is often provided, to facilitate continuous mill operation during the winter months. Where the open pits have become too deep for efficient operation, or . where the overburden is too heavy to be removed economically, under ground or combination methods are used. In some mines tunnels are driven under the pits and the ore milled down through raises into cars below (glory-hole system). A typical shrinkage-stope method is used by at least one company. Another mine is developed by a three-compart ment, vertical shaft 515 feet deep. In this mine the ore ^recovered by 2 One of the beet re'-ent artieles on asbestos mining and milling in Canada is that by RcKetber, W. A., "Asbestos Mining and Milling in Quebec;" Eng. Mining Jmsr.`pTun, voL 113, Nos. 15 aad 26, pp. 627-625 end 670-677, Apr. 15 and 22, 2222. 56 NON-MBTALUC MINERALS glory holes extending to the surface or to the bottoms of old pits. Some mines are worked partly by ordinary open-pit methods and partly by glory-hole methods. Milling methods, used at the various mills, vary in detail, but they are nearly all identical in principle. The objects of milling are to recover as much of the fiber as possible free from dirt and adhering rockand to handle the ore as gently as possible in order to minimise the reduction of fiber length by attrition. The general methods used are: coarse-crushing; dry ing; recrushing in stages, each stage being followed by screening, during which air suction effects the separation of the fiber from the rock gangue; collection of the fiber; cleaning of adhering dust and rock particles by rescrccning; grading; and, finally, bagging for shipment. Primary crushing is usually done in jaw crushers, and drying in direct or indirect-heat rotary driers. Secondary crushers may be of either the jaw or the gyratory type. The screening at this stage is usually done on long, fiat, shaking, screen tables, which serve to remove fine rock waste and spread out the ore so that the freed fiber may be removed by suction. The final stages of crushing or grinding are done in special types of pul verisers, known as "Cyclones" and "Jumbos," developed in the asbestos industry. RuKeyser,1 in describing these machine, states: The desired effect in the reduction of the asbestos-bearing rock is one of straight impact and disintegration, permitting the freeing of the fiber and at the same time "fluffing" h. A minimum of grinding or shear action is desired. * RcKxtuk, W. A., work cited, pp. 674-674. ASBESTOS 57 The "Cyclone" (nee Fig. 2) consist* essentially of two east-steel impellers like * ship's screw, weighing approximately i,000 pounds each and made tfl revolve at a hich speed (2,000 to 2,200 r.p.m.) in an inclosed chamber lined manennefe-otecl plates to withstand the impact of the rock hurled against it ]f a W<cr action is desired, the impellers may be made to revolve in the same jjirrtion, hut in the usual practice they arc rotated in opposite direction to eaeh <,:Ur. U is claimed by many that the "Cyclone" produces a great amount of iij.mj-;*. injuring the fiber; is of low capacity, wasteful of power and necessi ty,^ frequent and costly repairs. The impellers must often be changed every I*., drivs, owing to the high speed at which they are revolved, and must be bal anced on their shafts with extreme care. The above considerations led to the development of the "Jumbo," a machine, letter mechanically, which has for some time replaced the "Cyelone" on the Hrciiichtnn rock. Within the past two years much experimentation has been .ire umiic the "Jumbo" on the harder Thetford and Black LAke rocks, and the yiiine i< finding a groat deal of favor with some operators who have discarded the "Cyclone." The "Jumbo" (see Fig. 3) is really a modification of the ordi nary pulverizer, consisting primarily of a horizontal shaft fitted with a series of arm*, these iu turn carrying "beaters." The whole is caused to revolve at from 4(0 to S00 r.p.m. (as the nature of the rock dictates) in a cylindrical easing lined itl> suitable plates. The rock, fed from above at one end, is made to paw through the machine by a deflection of the beaters, and drops out at the ucr end. From the "Jumbos" or "Cyclones" the ore again passes over a series f screen tables until the fiber is all removed from the rock by suction. The fiber is collected in conical steel-tank collectors, passed through a N-rii's of rotary or shaking-table screens, to remove dust and rock particles, am! then to graders. Graders are slowly revolving hexagonai oroctagonal - r.vns, which separate the asbestos into the commercial lengths of fiber. The products from the grades go to their respective bins from which they .: packed, in 100-pound bags, by hand or by semi-mechanical packers* m f lo , 4.-- T y p ic a l flow -bM t o f a croM fibor m ill. ASBESTOS 50 The accompanying flow sheet* (Figs. 4 and 5) after RuKeyeer are said to be typical, one of cross-fiber milling at Thetford and the other of slip-fiber practice at Broughton. An approximate estimate of the proportions of the various grades of fiber produced at a modem Canadian mine and mill as noted by Dustan* Bln aOOO Tea) is given below. The figures given are not averages and individual mills probably show considerable variations from these estimates; for example, the percentages of mill fiber shown are higher than recent averages for all operations in Quebec, 1 DvxtTAS, B., "Qv**nil*nd (h*. Mining p. 173, Sept. 15, 1920. 1! Jt l! i 1: 60 MONOMETALLIC MINERALS Asbestos Mik* avd Mill Paoductb Unmanufactured grades tod their approximate percentage* io mine and mill rock Otxr*4t, Jl*wo Pwuwi ** Wliri OF Prctv-r ao**. P*m C*XT From the rock mined: Crude tubestoe Gmde I (over 1 ioeh)*............................................................. 0 to 0.3 Gmdc II (average H inch)*.................................................... 0.3to 0.6 Miilinc rock.............................................................................. 30 to 00 Mine wtste................................................................................ 40 to 70 From the rock milled: . Mill stock...................................................................................... 6 to 12 Mill fiber, No. 1 (average H inch)*....................................... 0 5 to 2 Mill fiber, No. 2 (average H ioeh)*................ 1...................... 1.5 to 4.5 Taper stock (avenge Vi inch)*.............................................. 4 .0 to 8.0 Mill waste (or)................................................................................. 88 to 94 Asbestie powder and send'.............................................................. 44 to 60 (and) Mill waste.............................................................................. 34 to 44 Contents of total asbestos: Crude asbestos (grades Nos. 1 and 2)........................................ 3.0 to 6.0 Mill stock: Mill fibers, Nos. 1 and 2............................................................. 20 to 40 Paper stock................................................................................... 60 to80 Total mine and mill product from rock: Total asbestos (all grades except asbestic)................................ 3 6 to 7.4 Crude asbestos (grades Nos. 1 and 2)....................................... 0.3 to 0.9 Mill stock (fibers Nos. 1 and 2)a................................................ J .6 to 2.9 Paper stock (mill fiber No. 3)*................................................... 1.8 to 3.6 Asbestic (powder and sand)'....................................................... 20 to 30 Total waste rock (mine and mill)............................................... 67 to 97 * Spinning quality variw from 4* to onr 1 inch. * Quality tuitablF for manufacture o( paper, shad. boaM. etc. * Suitable fee pejat, plaate*. ete. Untied Slates.--The chrysotile asbestos in Arizona is obtained chiefly by underground mining methods, usually by tunneling along the asbestos veins. In 1918, the Ash Creek mine was reported to have about 10,000 feet of underground workings arranged in four levels, of which the longest tunnel reached a point about 600 feet into the mountain. Nearly all the Arizona asbestos has been marketed as hand-cobbed crude, os no mills have been erected. In California both underground and open-pit methods of mining have been used, but.production has been very small. In 1921 two mills were built, adopting the principles and machines used in Quebec. In Vermont, mining has been done by open-cut methods, but there has been no commercial production in recent years. Several mills have ASBESTOS 61 been built at various times, the latest completed in 1922, following the methods used in Canadian slip-fiber mills. South Africa and Rhodesia.--In the various sections of the Union and of Rhodesia both open-pit and underground mining methods are used. Often the open-pit workings are small and irregular, but in the larger and deeper underground mines more systematic methods are used. For example, in the southern sections of thccrocidolitcareaof Cape Province a system of overhand stoping is used without, timber. The ore is roughly hand-cobbed underground and the waste is allowed to accumu late in the workings, so as to keep the floor within working distance of the roof. Milling methods have usually been very simple in the past. In most cases the ore has been hand-cobbed, screened in hand sieves or simple mechanical screens, graded and bagged. At some of the operations in Rhodesia more clal>oratc methods of preparation are reported to be in use, but no descriptions arc available. Specifications, Grades and Tests.--Since, for most important com mercial uses, strong, flexible fiber is needed, the brittle anthophyllite type of asl>e*tos needs little mention here. The chief exception is that of filterfiber asbestos. For this purpose a fairly strong fiber is needed and the n<f>cstos must be of such chemical composition that it is practically unaffected by common acids and alkalies. Trcmolitc is often used for this purpose. Some of the physical properties which good asbestos fibers must pnf\s for various uses are as follows: good fiber length, good flexibility, fine fibers, silkincss, high tensile strength, resistance to acids and alkalies, resistance to sea water and moist air, high melting point, resistance to heat, hiffh heat*in.ulating value, high electrical-insulating value, good "spinnability " (that is, capable of being easily spun into products of good quality without undue loss and breakage of fiber). There are now so many and such diversified uses for asbestos that not all of these properties arc necessary for any single use. Thus, short fibers may be used for asbestos-paper and asbestos-cement shingles, while long fibers are needed for asbestos textiles. For some purposes two or more types of asbestos with different physical properties (for example, crocidolite and chrysotile) may be mixed advantageously. A comparison of some of the physical properties of crocidolite, chryso lite and amositc is given in the following table: 62 NON-MBTALLIC MINERALS Comparison Op Paopsmss or Cimrsorn^, CmoctDouTt and Auoam:1 Pnptrtr Cbryootile Croeidoiite Amoaito Piter tofifth (aul au^rnm)....................................... Tentil. .rnth ................................................................ Flexibility............................................................................. Fiiteneui of fiber................................................................. RawiMM to boot.............................................................. Kemunee to teidt. tkatioi tad mt nut................. Eiectrie%l*ineultUac **lte............................................... HmMms1U| vatoe.................................................................................... SpiuobUitjr......................................................................... 1H to > taebf* Hi*h Rich Very ftae Oood. but teeomm brittle Poor Fair to food Good EseuMeat 1H to 1 inehm Higher ihtt chryeotile Hi*h Fin* Poor: (w to gitm Good Good Good for mod* reto boot Fair 7 ioeheo Good Good Fine Oood. but bo* sn bHtUe Oood Good Fair * The popmii *o<ed oboe* oppfy to teot nd of Mb typo. Authorit**, Ctaiftt tad B*u verb cttod. For spinning purposes, Canadian chrysotile is considered the best in the world. Arizona chrysotile is good, but is apt to be lacking in uni' formity and to contain harsh, brittle fibers. Some users state that the fiber is so fine and silky that there are large losses in spinning. Crocidolite is not in high favor in the United States, because it is rather difficult to fiberize properly; it is rather dirty and dusty compared with Canadian chrysotile; and its fusion point is low. Crocidolite and amosite, usually mixed with some chrysotile, however, are used much more extensively in England and Europe. Amosite fiber is harsher than chrysotile, and is rather dirty and dusty to handle; it has been used but little in the United States. Asbestos is often erroneously called a refractory material, but it can not properly be so classed. Crocidolite fuses at a relatively low tempera ture to a black glass. Both chrysotile and amosite lose their water of composition at a moderate temperature and become inflexible and very brittle. Nor has asbestos alone a high heat-insulating value, compared with such materials as basic magnesium carbonate. Asbestos is non combustible and capable of being woven into fabrics, and these are the properties upon which much of the value of high-grade asbestos depends. The quality of asbestos and its'suitability for most uses may be easily determined by a few simple tests. Length, color, silkincss, flexibility and, to some extent, fineness of fiber and tensile strength may be deter mined by inspection. A sample of asbestos should be fiberized by rub bing or crushing between the fingers. Single filers may then be tested for flexibility and tensile strength by bending and breaking. Several fibers may be twisted into a strand or yarn and again tested for flexibility and ASBESTOS 63 strength. Asbestos of good quality should be easily fiberired, soft, silky, strong, flexible and easily twisted into a strong yarn. Fibers \\ inch or more in length and otherwise of good grade are of commercial interest. The grading of asbestos for market varies in different districts and at different plants. In Canada there are two main grades, crude and fiber, each of which are divided into subgrades, in each case based on length of fiber. Crude, produced entirely by hand picking and cobbing, consists of all cross-fiber asbestos over % inch long. No. 1 crude consists of fiber over /4 inch long (average 1 inch). No. 2 crude consists of fiber from to inch long (average inch). Mill-fiber grades have not been well standardised. They are based on screen tests, but different producers use different classifications. Screen tests are made in a standard testing machine, which consists of four trays, 24 by 14 by 4 inches, fitting one on top of another. The top or No. 1 tray is fitted with a screen bottom of 2 mesh (No. 11 wire); No. 2 screen is 4 mesh (No. 17 wire); No. 3 screen is 10 mesh (No. 18 wire); the bottom tray is a solid pan. The nest of screens is fastened to a frame, so arranged that it may be vibrated horizontally with a 2M-inch throw, by an eccentric revolving at 300 revolutions per minute. In making a test, 1 pound (16 ounces) of fiber is placed in the top tray and shaken for exactly 2 minutes. The residue on each screen and in the bottom pan is weighed separately and the weight recorded in ounces. Thus, a fiber testing O-S-6-2 (total 16 ounces) is one of which 8 ounces is retained on the second screen, 6 ounces on the third and 2 ounces of shorts in the pan. While grades made by different Canadian producers vary some what, Marcuse1 states that the following fiber tests may be taken as averages: Long-spinning fiber........................................................... .... 2 8 ( "2 Medium-spinning and compreased-eheet fiber..................... 0 8-fr2 Pipe-covering fiber*............................. ................................. 0-^6-3 Shingle stocks......................................................................... 6-1 Paper and millboard stocks................................................... 0-6-10-6 Cement stocks......................................................................... O-O-^ll Shorts are not sold on length but according to color and cleanliness. Color is of prime importance. Asbetlic is finely ground asbestos sand mill tailings. * Ma*cc&, B., "The Marketing of Asbestos,** Eng. Mining J*tr.-Prtu, voL 114, No. 7, p. 278, Aug. 12, 1922. NOSME7A UJC MISERAIS Grade* of South African and Rhodesian asbestos vary somewhat, but seem to range about as follows: OiADt D C B A 8 X DA DB Linjm op Ftasi Over to 2 inches 1H to or 2 inches H to 1H inches H H inches Up to H inch Si/tings Discolored fiber up to inch Discolored fiber longer than inch Markets1 and Prices.--The United States is the largest consumer of asbestos and manufacturer of asbestos products, with the United King dom standing second. Before the war the chief international markets ing point was Hamburg, but during and since Ihc war New York has taken the lead. Much of the South African and Rhodesian asbestos is marketed in London. Some of the largest manufacturers of asbestos products own mines in Canada or elsewhere which partly or wholly supply their needs for raw asbestos. Smaller consumers buy either directly from the producers or from dealers and agents. Asbestos crudes and fibers are packed in 100-pound bags and sold at a price (including cost of bags) per 2,000-pound ton, usually f.o.b. cars mines. Crudes bulk about 40 cubic feet per 2,000-pound ton and fibers 60 to 90 cubic feet per ton. Sand and shorts are sold by the net ton and shipped cither in bags or in bulk. Most producers have certain brand or grade marks (thus X, XX and C grades), but, while the same marks may be used by diiTcrcnt producers, the grades do sot necessarily correspond. Most asbestos is sold on sample and test. Prices on all grades of asbestos increased greatly during and after the war, reaching a peak early in 1921. In 1913, No. 1, crude sold for $320 to $350 per ton, and early in 1921 it was quoted at over $3,000 per ton. The average value of all grades of Canadian asbestos sold increased from $26 in 1909 to $80 & 1919. After the peak, reached in 1921, prices began to fail rapidly until pre-war levels were nearly reached. In May, 2923, the following prices were quoted in the Engineering and Mining Joumal-Prese: Asbestos.--Crude No. 1, $500; No. 2, $250 to $325; long-spinning fibers, $135 to $200; magnesia and compressed sheet fiber, $100 to $150; shingle stock, $05 to $85; paper stock, $35 to $42; oement stock, $20 to $25; shorts, $9 to $14-- all per short ton, f.o.b. mines, Quebec, Canada. Utilization.1--The uses for asbestos are so many and so varied that a simple enumeration of all of them cannot be given here. The main 1 See Makcosz, B., "Hie Marketing of Asbestos," work cited. * See CiRKZL, F., work eited, pp. 245-289; also anonymous, "Albertos," Tariff Information Survey N-30, M pp., U. 8. Tariff Commission, 1921. ASBESTOS 05 uses for asbestos fail into a few fairly well-defined groups, namely: (1) ndieslos yarns, cordage cloth and similar textile products; (2) asbestos paper, compressed sheets, blocks, etc; (3) asbestos-cement products, such as asbestos shingles, lumber, corrugated siding, etc.; (4) beat- insulating cements; (5) boiler and pipe coverings (asbestos plus basic magnesium carbonate) and corrugated asbestos paper; (6) as an ingredient in paints and roofing cements (shorts, asbcstic, ground anthophyliite, etc.); (7) asbestos fibers used os such for filtering, packing, etc. From primary manufactured products, such as asbestos yarns, cordage and paper, a multitude of secondary finished products are pro- ducod, such ns automobile brake-band linings, steam packing and pipe coverings. It should be noted that, while very long spinning fiber is cnemial for some purposes, the bulk of the asbestos marketed is for use in products in which much shorter mill fibers may be used. Brown1 has given a very good summary of the principal uses of asbestos. ' BIBLIOGRAPHY The literature dealing with asbestos and asbestos product* is extensive and a complete bibliography cannot be given here. The brief bibliography given below contains some of the more important works, particularly thoee which have appeared in recent years. References marked thus (*)sre the most detailed and comprehensive, and those marked thus (t) contain bibliographies. A*bc*!<>s, monthly magazine published by Secretarial Service, 246 North 17th 8U, Philadelphia, Pa., first issue July, 1919. periodical published intermittently by Turner Brothers Asbestos Company, Ltd.. Rochdale, England. Allen, M. A., and BrTLxn, G. M.; "Asbestos," Bull. 113, 31 pp., Arisons Bureau of Mine#, University of Arisons, 1921. Bowles. Oliver: Chapter on "Asbestos," pp. 388-401, "Political and Commercial Geology," Spurs, J. ., Editor, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York, 1920. Bkown, J. Cogoin: Notes on "Asbestos," Bull. No. 20, 31 pp., Indian Ind. dt Labour, Calcutta, 1922. Cirxel, Fritz: "Chryrotile Asbestos, Its Occurrence, Exploitation, Milling and Uses," 2nd ed., 316 pp., Mines Branch, Canada Dept, of Mines, 1910. IDiller, J. S.: "The Types, Modes of Occurrence, and Important Deposits of Asbsa tos in the United States," Bull. 470, pp. 605-624, U. S. Geol. Survey, 1911. Dgnctan, B.: "Queensland Mineral Deposits, No. 3, Asbestos," Queensland Got*. Mining Jour., vol. 17, p. 372, 1916. IIall, A. L.: "Asbestos in the Union of South Africa," Memoir No. 12, 162 pp.. Dept, of Mines and Industries, Union of South Africa Geol. Survey, 1918. Hall, A. L.: "On the Asbestos Occurrences near Kaapschc Hoop in the Barberton District," Trane. GoaL Sac. S. Africa, vol. 24, pp. 168-181, 1921. Hopxixs, O. B.: "The Asbestos, Tale and Soapstone Deposits of Georgia," BuH 29, pp. 76-189, Ga. Geol. 8urvey, 1914. * Hopkins, 0. B.: "Asbestos Deposits of Georgia," Trane. Amor, Inti. Mining Bngn vol. 50, pp. 964-973, 1916. * Brown, J. Cocoin, work cited, pp. 9-12. 66 NON'METALLIC MINERALS Hubbard, W. D.: "The Black Lake Asbestos Are*," Eng. Mining Jour., rol. 112, No. 10, pp. 365-368, Sept. 3, 1921. Hubbard, W. D.: " Milling Asbestos Ore ia Quebec," Mining Soi. Press, pp. 932-936, Dec. 31, 1921. Mah' Ure, B.: "The Marketing of Asbestos," Eng. Mining Jour.-Pres*, rol. 114. No. 7, pp. 277-270, Aug. 12, 1922. Merriu* G. P.: "The Non-metslfie Minerals," 2nd ed., pp. 183-197, John Wiley A Sons, Inc., New York, 1910. HjcraRdaon, C. H.: "Asbestos in Vermont," Seventh Annuel Report, pp. 315-330, Btate Geologist of Vermont, 1909-1910. RuKeyber, W. A.: "Asbestos Mining end Milling in Quebec," Eng. Mining Jour.Prcss, vol. 113, Noe. 15 and 16, pp. 617-625 and 670-677, Apr. 15 and 22, 1922. Summers, A. L.: "Asboctoe and the Aebertoe Industry," 107 pp., Pitman and Sons, London, no date, probably 1921. Taber, Stephen: "The Genesis of Asbestos and Asbeetifonn Minerals," Trans. Amer. Inst. Mining. Eng., rol. 57, pp. 62-98, 1918. Waoner, P. A.: "Asbestos," S. African Jour. Ind., rol. t, No. 3, pp. 251-270, 1917. Youno, J. H.: "How AsbestoS'proteeted Metal waa Developed Commercially," Chen. Met Eng., vol. 28, No. 6, pp. 244-247, Feb. 7, 1923. Anonymous: "Asbestos Manufactured Products and Uses," Raw Material, pp. 108 113, March, 1920. tAnonymous: "Asbestos" (1913-1919), 34 pp., Imperial Mineral Resources Bureau (Great Britain), 1921. Anonymous: "Asbestos," Tariff Information Survey N-20, 66 pp., U. 8. Tariff Commission, 1921. Anonymous: Chapter on "Asbestos," Report on Mining Operations in the Province of Quebec, annua], Quebec Dept, of Colonisation, Mines and Fisheries, Bureau of Mines, Quebec, Canada. Various authors: Chapter on "Asbestos," Mineral Resources of the United Slates, annual since 1899, U. 8. Geol. 8urvey. Various authors: Chapter on "Asbestos," Mineral Industry, annual, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York. Industrial Hygiene Journal C. RECOMMENDED CONTROL PROCEDrj.;iv To prevent exposure to . i"h cor.rrn. ;;itions of amorphous silica ..nst, p.xK-.css ventilation and/or en closure arc the-best means of control, /or some operations a dust respirator approved by the U. S. Bureau of Mines may be satisfactory. IV. Procedures A. iriRST AID: None. 1). ^.'ECiAL MEDICAL PROCEDURES:,1) Pr.-Viiacement: Clinical and chest rr 'ingraphic examinations should be n .do on all persons. prior to job n.-'ignment. '2) 1' /iodic: Since there is only lim it.*1 information about the harmful effects of amorphous silica in in dustry, exposed personnel should h.vn careful periodic medical exmr. .nations, including chest x-ray. Pulmonary function testing may be useful. (3) Treatment: No satisfactory treat ment other than removal from ex posure, and therapy for any com plicating infection. 161 V. Literature References 1. Coopsn, W. C., et al: Industrial Hy giene Foundation Transaction Bulletin No. 30, 1S2-194. 2. Drinker, P. and Hatch, T.: Industrial Dust. McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. New York, 1954. ' 3. Fraser, D. A.: AMA Arc/, of Ind. Hyg. and Occ. Med., 8: 412, 1953. 4. Lambie, J. S.: Ind. Med., 7: 470,193S. 5. Palicard, A. and Collet, A.: AMA Arch, of Ind. Hyg. and Occ. Med., 9: 389, 1954. 6. Scherers, G. W. H., et a. AMA Arch, of Ind. Health, 16: 125, 1957; ibid, 16: 203, 1957; i6irf, 16: 2S0, 1957; ibid. 16: 363, 1957; ibid, 16: 499, 1057. 7. Smart, R. H. and Anderson, W. M.: Ind. Med. and Surg., 21: 509, 1952. 8. Tebbens, B. D. and Bea/l. R. R.: AMA Arch.Jnd. Health, 16: 55, 1957. 9. U. S. Public Health Service; California Department of Public Health; Nevada State Health Department; Oregon State Board of Health: Progress Report of Study of Pneumoconiosis7 aards in the Diatomite Processing Ind <try. 1955. Asbestos I. Hygienic Standards A. RECOMMENDED MAXIMUM AT MOSPHERIC CONCENTRATION (S ..ours): 5 million particles per cubic foot of air (MPPCF).1 (1) Basis for Recommendation: Experi ence in industry,* **** " and ani mal experiments.4, ' B. SEVERITY OF HAZARDS: (1) Health: Long continued inhalation of asbestos dust results is a form of pneumoconiosis known as asbestosis. The primary effect of inhala tion is an interstitial pulmonary fibrosis. The disease is characterized by asbestos bodies in the lungs and sputum. Based on roentgenological ex minations, asbestosis can be clas s/led as minimal, moderate, and ; ' anced. It is a serious disease in s "ic instances, but more frequently it remains nondisabling for many years, even without appreciable symptoms, as long as some other serious disease does not supervene to cause death.* Chu symptoms of advanced asbestosis ire variable cough, dyspnea, sub :ernal chest pains, decreased chest expansion, weakness, emaciation, dubbed fin ger tips, and curved fingernails. Any appreciable decrease in the amount of asbestos dust in the breathing atmosphere will cause a decrease in the incidence and severity of asbestosis. Individual suceptibility varies.* There have been reports oi an increased incidence of lung can cer in persons with asbestosis.* (2) Fire: None. C. SHORT EXPOSURE TOLERANCE: Not applicable: II. Significant Properties A fibrous magnesium calcium silicate which occurs.in various combinations as white, greyish or greenish masses, either compact or of long silky fibers, fiax-like and readily separated. About 95' if commerical asbes tos is chrysotiie, which is derived from serpentine, and is a hydrous magnesium 262 April, 1958 silicate coi-iuniug from 12 to 14 per cent of crystallization. III. I.idustrial hygiene Practice A RECOGNITION: The spinning and weaving of asbestos, in combination with c ;ner textiles for fire proof and heat .\sistaut cloth, results in dust exposure, i; may be used by itself or combined with oi^er materials for valve packings, ^iskets, boiler lagging and pipe cover* ;..g, protective clothing, shielding ma terials, and as automotive brake linings. ' . the building industry it is used in manufacture of asbestos cement . ./ducts, heat insulating, and fire proofing materials. B. EVALUATION OF EXPOSURES: As bestos oust may be sampled with the e.sctrosiatic precipitator or by the .rapinger methed using alcohol or alcohol and water, as the collecting medium,* * and dust counts made by the standard ^.ht field technique/ The recommended .ximum atmospheric concentration of MPPCF is based upon the impinger .apling procedure. C. .i.ECGiuiUEXDED CONTROL PRO CEDURES: Prevention of asbestosis depends entirely upon preventing ex posure to concentrations of dust suffi ciently high to produce the characteris tic reaction. Enclosure or local exhaust ventilation are the principal means of dust control. U. S. Bureau of Mines ap proved dust respirators may be worn as protection for some operations. IV. Specific. Procedures A. FIRST AID: None. ` B. SPECIAL MEDICAL PROCEDURES: (1) Preplacement: Clinical and radio graphic chest examinations prior to job assignment. (2) Periodic: Exposed personnel should have periodic clinical examinations for signs and symptoms of asbes tosis. These should include exami nation of the sputum for asbestosis bodies, and chest x-rays of good quality. (3) Treatment: No satisfactory treat ment other than removal from ex posure and therapy for any com plicating infection. V. Literature References -1. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists: AMA Arch, of Ind. Health, 16; 261, 1957. -- 2. Cartier, Paul: AAfA ^rch. oj Ind. Health, 22; 204, 1955. 3. Doll, R.: Brit. J. Ind. . fed., 22: 8, 1955. 4. Dreesen, W. C., et al: Public Health Bulletin No. 241, Supt. of Doc., Wash ington, D. C., 1938. 6. Drinker, P. and Hatch T.: Industrial Dust. McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York, 1954. 6. Fairkall, Lawrence 7 Industrial Toxicology. The William?. & Wilkins Co., Baltimore, Md., 1957 7. King, E. J., et al: Thorox I, p. 18S, 1946. -- 8. Lynch, K. M.: AMA Arch, of Ind. Health, 12: 185, 1955. 9. McPheeters, S. B.: J. Ind. Hyg. & Tox18: 229, 1936. 10. Page, R. T. and Bloohfield, J. J.: Pub. Health BepU. 52: 1713, 1937. 11. Patty, Prank A.: Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, Vol. I. Interscience Publishers, Inc., New York, 1948. -- 12. 8uxth, K. Wn AMA Arch, of Ind. Health, It: 198, 1955. --13. Vorwald, A. J., et al: AMA Arch. 2nd. Hyg. and Occup. Med. 9: 1, 1951.