Document zZXJJ90L26rknXYQgOpgYqd0

t i- s 3 l K- i rt t '*T>rm--Qfr? "T**-* ij iiiij ^u iri...i|ij|ii|yiwirr - ' - iV- : LIA16011 i-L- i r t r" f -- cMiSSiXifXi^lUM. L&J? ~--'y -JfcaaaW* - -wfe" i* * J LIA 16012 JMfcgy ^^gjr- - - *- -- iSSKrfiiitfSiiaKS p Z u pleaeed vben Bob tigfleld aeked m Io again talk to pou about ths nuclear aartoet for load, because ouch baa bappaaad In tba nuclear industry during tba past four pears since x last aet vlth tba Xaad X&Oustzp Assoclatloo. X. CBRBAl 8XATX0B HUB KMCTQ88 $ Cba aost significant drrelojmente bar* occurrad la tba power gaaotcr aaxkst vhlch la tba loos teza vill ba tba aoat Important aidant of tba auclaar Industry. But tbla unfortunately baa also baae tba biggest narlaar araa of aw fIliad premises. Xn 195^ vban tba civilian unclear Industry aaa created bp tba passage of tba Atomic Xnezgy Act, vide aoala aaa of aaelaar power vaa estimated to ba Just around tba comar. Utilities rushed to build aaall prototype pwor planta. Poor experimental poaar raactora Including tba ghlpplz^port reactor vara announced In 195^, and flea more Including tba Breadan, fanbaa and Indian point power raactora vara aaaooocad In 1955* Figure 1 above bp pear of aimounr.tnt, tba amulatlve capacity af pcwer raactora ordered to data. Almost 1,000 megawatts of noclear power capacity vara ordered in 195b and 1955. But In 1955-1958# tba nav power reactor nanufacturliv lndnatrp ran Into any derelojment probloa. Tbla vas hardly surprising for a nav technology but It resulted, aa you can aaa from this chart, in a stretch-out la nuclear povar growth. Moat utilities In the lata 1950'e decided they should await tba ctmpletlce and Initial operation of plants under construction before they considered orderlng nuclear plants so they could analyse construction costa, operatic experi ence end operating costa. Tba Tankee plant la Bows, Mast, and tba Bresdaa plant naar Chicago saeh bare nov been operating for about five yeers. Their perforaenoe has aweedad avaa the aoat optimistic estimates and thap are product far ebeaper pover than vas expected. PMWPRUHI* .-',|PiMWip"uw '^w u r iii,.. .Ltip yiu wmm BPS" 1 '~mr~TrntmT sa-^ as. Mc u m of till* good Operating experience and because the reactor am factunn ban inprond their design and lowered ooata, wf utilities an taking a bard look at naclaar poor vheaenr they plan a aav powar plant. Shis typo analysis la baaad strictly on power ga&aratli^ ooata. Xn May porta of tba eountry, nuclear powar la ccnpetltin with foaall fueled plasta. As a result, two najor nuclear plant# wan anoownroft la 19&2, thrao la 1963, c m la 19^4 and two la 1$6$. Bertml ethor otllltlaa ban ladieatod tkqr will plaea ordara for nuclear plaata during 1965. Sheas potaotlal contrasts an ladieatod la lighter gray 00 tba top cf tba bar graph for 19^5* Clearly 1969 should bo a big year for naclaar powar. T/xiklng ahead for tba srt 19 yaarc, figure 2 la a foncaat of -- "e^ addltloaa of now ataaa-gaaaratlag powar plant* by utilities (tba top 11b *}. She lower abadad area shows tba portico of tble aaw capacity tbnt will probably be nuclear. For axnpla, the utility Industry will add 13,000 aagawatta of new capacity In 1966 and ll or 1,400 aagawatta of this will be unclear, by 1&T0, tb* ntUltle* will be adding 15,000 esgamtts of new capacity aed 19 of this will bo nuclear. Thus nuclear powar la a growing force In a growls aaxfcet area. Looking ahead to i960, tba utllltlaa will ba adding ataan capacity at twlea tba annoal nta aa in 1968 and tbay will ba adding naclaar capacity ad son than fin tinea tba animal nta In i960 as la I96&. Shots an lapnaalre etatlatlca bat what will this rapid switch to "--> power naan for tbs lead industry. X shall look first at the lead of tba power plant and I'll then consider the shipping case A sobering fact for tba lead Industry la that noat of naw capacity an* nouneed during tba part three years is for boiling and pressurised water re actor* and these plants thus far ban tba least ngiiiranante for lead cf all nuclear power plant#. -2> 99 i p mmm .Ah-. if. \ r sr '..I ,.,i n< nar 1 innnn FS. ** I `I i L~ r rt. $a * - ?r 1 f e n*ur* It PP iMiifUMcAltttaittiiBl Flfur* 5 > I ypuLppppn LIA 16015 i 1 ------- - Moot of tt* bulk ahlaldiag ts -these plants -will V concrete. Penetrations ~ through the walla ax* often l*ad lined, loorwjn are aeivad with laad and mm laad plat* nay be used to beef vp shielding around the doora. And thaaa doora My ba laad lined, ataal or concrete. Bat designer* of tbaaa plants bar* food v*y of avoiding uajor applications of laad. Sbara alao continues to ba Interest la thla oountry Is unclear poaar plant* othar than wt*r-eooled raaetora. And thaaa typas of plaata exaata a ueh uore favorable dlaata for tba laad proteoar. Figure 3, for lastaaee, la tba faal aarrlea mrhino for tb* Buelaar Bopaxbaat Isector, tba BOMB reactor, In Paarto Bloo. Batlooa] land built this and they alao built tb* aarrlea narhlna for tb* SiqperlMutal oasCoolad Baactor (figure b). Public Barrie* Cc^aqy of Colorado plana to build a largo gas-cooled raactor. Sararal arjai laantal power raaetora ara ooolad kg liquid sodltei--tha advantage of thla coolant la Ita higher operatic tMparutura and thna tha raactor baa greater efficiency. There la still eoBsldarabla laterast is this type reactor, fixe "uTlie reactor la aodlss cooled nd requires a refueling Mrhlna that contains 135 tons of laad (flgere 5). i ZZ. BQBDQ CMP Ooa of tha largest load requlraMote of tha nuclaar power Industry In for shipping casks. Tha grenddeddy of shipping casks is tba H-10; tba c m shoes la figure 6 ni built by P. P. Avery Ccapeny. Tba M-1J0 la actually used for trassportlag by railroad nuclaar navy fuel, bat thl* typo eaak My b* a*ad for powar raactor foal. Huch spaut povar raactor foal *111 alao b* trucked. A cask Mod by Batlonal load undar an arraagaMut It baa vlth Trl-8t*ta Trucking Company for trassportlag spent fuel la shorn In figure 7* Figure 8 shews c m of throe truck-Muated casks built for Knapp Hills for CcMomraalth Xdlaoa Company. Each eaak contains About 10 tons of laad. 3" rnmmmmmm1 mmwm mm mmrmmmmmm k.. rigor* 10 mmrnmmm '-wyw papjam1 wn1- ww f rnmrn^mmmm / S '' --'p*'am i-n**- PSP'1 LIA16017 r;:- ^ ^ii- r' nrl^-r "rftn:wdir^iMtmiiiiiiii iTMi^irwriTTiiWi^iiiiM-ii fii n'inrinif'i^Mir' im > . Am shown In figure 9, the Internal structure off Umm guki am be am---------- i trmMly complex. Usually a*eh power reactor require# lta cam shipping uki becauss tbs foal alanent# kin uniqua shapes and dlmanalcma. Fmr reeetor I manufacturer* are trying to standardise more in their foal aidant daalgn to reduce the requlrMant for no naay different oaaka. zu. locutt* nradorao rum A davelopnaot ralatad to nuclear power la nuclear desallnl action for large raactora would be used for combination power generation and water desalt. lag< TMa flald la Boring v*ry rapidly, partly because of lta grant t^Hliral ! aid aeooonlc premia#, and aora la&ortautly for tha naar tain, bacauaa It baa 2 1 tha support of Praaldant Johnson, oho pradletad a fair aontha ago: "Tha tlaa la cealng whan a alngla deaaltlng plant, poaarad by nuclear energy, rill produce hundred# of allllona of gallons of fraab rater and large aaouata of electricity every day.* Tha deaaltlng program alao Include# work on energy sources other than nuclaar although miclear energy aamaa very rail salted. z t . lasmcH a k s oar moats r: Z rould Ilka to nor quickly renew tha naxket for research and teat re actor#. Tbeee aaaller reactor* have created excellent naxketa for lead--act only la the construction of aaae of theae reactor# bat also In tha egparlaantal area# around the reactor*. figure 10 lists research and test reactors now under construction by tha % year* they'll be completed. This naxkat continues to be quite active. I'll quickly show sen* typical use# of lead by soma of these facilities. figure 11 shews tha $0 ton refueling built by Rational Lead for tho flutonlcai Recycle Tost Reactor. figure 12 shows tha $0 too gma and thermal shield for tha Oeorgla feah Research Reactor and figure 13 show* the thereal and gamaa shield of tha Rational Burena of Standard# Reactor. Both off theae were fabricated by 0. 0. Kelley. -- ^-fiii, HfrinMia mm iw n i i j i l i i K i i PffUMlUmmi MI!L.UPWPfpWliP Flur* H* Fleur* IS ,LffW' PW"^p^|wp^iPM*- WiPl^w^gpfqgni^^ rr 1".'. "Te.1 "j 'w t 1" LI A16019 f r o Ir[- t *r 2ba~ xM*rch-fulllti* seeoKpafijrij^; reeearah <iud U<t reactor* ocatiam 117 ax* ->'"ri"f * warloua experiments ara performed. Sw m experiments lnwolwe radiation and xedloectlme materials and laad La a flexible epscs-aarlng shielding material. figure lk shews a general wiev around the Brookhawen research reactor where many aaaa for laad ara apparent. A laad pig aaad ca another face tf tha aaaa Broekhaven raactor la than la figure 1$. Tba tow Latenelty Baactor at Oak Bldge baa all the pigs abeam la figure l6 that can be aaad for aipsrlmanta. Ceaaldaralla shipping container* baa* boon supplied for traniportlag r*aaareb and taat iwactor fuala. This 20 ton cart, which baa a self-eentalsad cooling system to waun tba beat generated by tba spent fuel, wa built by 0. 0. Kelley for a taat raactor Boetlnghonao la operating (figure 17). Although raaaarcb reactore uaa nailer foal alaaenta, they at111 become quit* radioactive. Knapp Kills bollt tbaaa eaaka for reaaarch raactor foal (figure 10). T. HAaiTOO BXACTOM ; Tba maritime or merchant ahIp maxtEct for nuclear power plenta la aoawtblng cf an enigma. There la ccnalderable Lntereat in nuclear merchant ablpa bacauaa nuclear power la locking increaalngly favorable. Alao, within tba paat year, four ampoule* bar* announced major advances In merchant ahlp raactora. Tbaaa companies ara Babcock and Wilcox, Allla-Chalmera, Combustion Kaglnearing and Uhltad Vuclaar. Tba first nuclear merchant ahlp, tba Savannah, baa functioned eery wall technically and tba econodes look waxy good for merchant ship raactora that could be constructed today. Ship operators are interested Is nuclear-ptwsred merchant ablpa. Tba major stumbling block is that tba govsrrnant, which subsidises our -V ufP SfPP 1mm~ lim pI'M PWiijp f M P f a f f l LUlfc020 ; i ^ siygfyw.ifu,, /,wg!gtqsm j-~ I -ftr-tiiiagi ^i" i*rL-1. `""^^W^-.v-w*iij^BW.l-y'J;` ?!553g^ L IA16021 --------vtrehKit ship fleet, jut lea*t cure what direction to take and thu~ls doing virtually nothing. The general coutuu la that the 0. 8* aerehaat fleet la la a had wsy cnpetitlvely with other natlcoa and rapidly getting worse. Voclear power eould provide a real opportunity for the Otalted States to re- eetahllah lta dnalnant poeltlon hot Congressional support Is required. Alnoet Inevitably, nuclear aerehaat ahlpe will he ordered* and this could happen re17 suddenly. Several cargo ship lines ars about Multi ple orders for naclear nsrchsnt ships--one aantlenad fear ships. Yhen nuclear-powered Merchant ahlpe are hullt, tb^ will have shielding reqiilrnemts elallar to the Savannah which required nore that 500 tas of lead for bulkhead shielding. Savannah required additional tans at Inad shielding for penetrations through the eontslrsssnt sphere and to heef-up shielding In eertaln anas. I'd now like to talk Jut for a ament about the nuclear levy which clearly has been the single best nuclear cutener for the lead Industry. The J aircraft carrier Enterprise* which has eight reactors aboard* m Incredible amount of lead shielding. Also kb nuclear powered attack subna- rlnes, ka nuclear powered Polarls-nisslle carrying submarines and k nuclear powered surface shlpe are either funded, under construction or at sea. The nuclear levy has been a very good eustoner for naay of your rnnji~ ales and although the rate of nuclear ship construction has sleekened* there la pressure on the Defease Department to begin establishing nucleer-poeered task forces. Tbsre will probably be funds In the budget for fiscal year 1967 for a new nuclear-powered carrier. X also anticipate a dranetle In crease In Amend for other nuclear-powered surface ships within the next several years. TL. BADIDIBOXOn APFUCAflOB I'd now like to discus an Increasingly important nuclear naxket area that utilises reactor by-products -- neatly, radioisotopes. -6- WJ|l.!^|LltlPll Jliwi.k. ,1 JUPJ1I ujpp^jp^Miiiiyi^ ujiLs n .... a " " fawf1 '!w. * ;;' L IA16022 T" people still -view tbe whole field of game Irradiation aad Isotope -- * utilisation with sksptldsn because, as with nuclear ponr, this nuclear by product was tba subJect at nuch speculation and blna-aky thinking In tha lata 1950*a. Tha Irradiation field m beset by nany nafnlfillad hopes and promises. Vlthin tha past year or so, however, there has been a sharp lnereass la research progress aad eetnal products that require Irradiation and Irradiators. These headlines typify recently announced program that *111 utillia radio isotopes (figure 19). This Increased Amend for isotopes, aad particularly for oobelt 6o, really began In 1962. Figure 20 plota actual sales la Rorth America of oobalt 6o through 196V. Z have also plotted the conservative and the liberal forecasts of cobalt 60 sales through 1972. Xlther vsy, the forecast is quite lntrlgui^i If you consider that not until 1962 did the -"""> sales of Co 60 by Rorth Aaerlcaa suppliers exceed 1 nil Hoc curies. Tet even whan less t>>n * i im curies of Co 60 vere used annually. Irradiators were built aad they required nonsideruble quantities of lead* The. conservatives peg 1972 sales off Co 60 at Shoot 20 curies while the nor* optimistic expect sales in 1972 to reach an rate of kO million curies. The major suppliers of Co 60 will be Atonic Energy of **< ltd., Oeh Ridge Rational laboratory, tha AXC's Savannah River plant and General Xlectric. Power reactors nay also eventually use excess neutrons to prodnet Co 60. lead *111 be used la nany different forns la these as* irradiators. Par batch-type research, there will be an Increased demand for flexible Irradi ators such as one supplied by Rational lead for protects irradiation (figure 21). Atonic Energy of Canada, Ltd. built the first truck-bed nounted Irradi ator (figure 22). This nodal has 10 tons of lead. AECL is currently uslig -1- MRN LIA 16 02 3 \i w^a* ir- ....a ^ ^ J I L . .................... Figure 22 Figure 21 fsa^sf ?5 mo s /ie txfjwAra# ,j *". ? r aj^Jrr*4^?e- 'TCiai ---------f;..:,i-. s ` ;; .; ? Figure 23 LIA160Z^ bout 300 tana of lead per peer for lte r[lire1*1 isotope reqiiliwits.___ 1 Several motile irradiators are currently being planned In this country. Tltxo tnglneeriag designed an irradiator for the ASS (figure 23) and Z believe tbe canatruetlOB cootract vlll be awarded shortly. It will require about 30 tons of lead. The biggest requlri--nt, for Co 60 will be for stationary irradiators that will use tens and wan hundreds of thousands of curias of Co <0. Figure 2h shows a nodal of the High Intensity Radiation Developeeat Laboratory at Brookhavaa. This facility, as you see, is srtrsnsly ccnplez. The priaary shielding is concrete and nany penetrations in the concrete were required. Many of these vert beefed-up with lead to prevent streaming of pee ry. The laboratory baa two 2b-ta load filled doors (figure 2$). The Co 6o sources are stored In tbe cell floors and the storage bine utilise about 10 tons of lead. Separate shipping containers axe used for transporting these aoarcas* Brookhsven vill purchase about 50 tans of lead-filled casks year. A typical stationary irradiator will require a storage pig for the Co 6o source that will also double as the shipping cask. Irradiator access doors asy be lead filled, steel or concrete. Cell walls will probably be asde of concrete. In conclusion, there are several key factors about the irradiation First, it is growing -- it will require five tines as nuch Co 6o la 19^5 as in 1962 end it will uat between four and eight tieee as nuch Co 60 in 1972 as in 1965. 8econd, the priaary irradiation source will he Co 60, a gaaan source for which lead la an excellent hieiaT Thirdly, the daaand for lead nay not grow proportionately with the dsaand for Co 60 because larger sources require proportionately less shielding end because lead is not the only shielding material used. PWWPpp|JPiWliPjMUIWJi|ip. immrnmmmmiumm.L.i 1 .m ywgwwaPqiiWip!imiiJP>11i J f ...a t------ > wmmmm 'rrjj...-.--* t:!. - T..... LIA 1602 5 i i- ' LJ r~ TO. BOT CXLLS Hot cells continue to be required by the nuclear Industry. A hot oell <*/ ; nay be n massive concrete cell such aa this one with lead-glass windows f (figure 26) j it nay consist of mils of lead bricks erected as a temporary r barrier in a research or power reactor building (figure 27) or it nay bo a aall, portable lead cell such as this one built by Knapp Kills (figure SB). Z see no reason for the hot cell aaxket to show substantial growth but it should continue with its aodert requirement for lead. Thus far, we hare looked at the various nuclear markets for lead. Ih i i virtually every nuclear application for lead, it ie need becanee of lta high density vhich aakes it a good shield for gaaaa rays. But concrete and steal f a and other danse aaterlals can do the sane thing, although a large volme of f Material is required. i f Furthermore, in aany nuclear shielding applications, neutrons aay also be i present and lead is a poor shield for neutrons--especially energetic or fast neutrons for which water, polyethylene, and densifled wood are better shields. i_. All types of reactors require gaaaa and neutron shielding. Xn addition to being a poor neutron shield, lead has a very low aaltiag i i point and poor structural stability. And it has Increased considerably In price over the past several years. At this point you aay vooder about the purpose of this talk. I assure you, it is not to tell you on the one band that the nuclear field is growing and then to say "but lead really Isn't a suitable nuclear Material". It la obvious froa the examples of applications X have gathered fraa members of your industry, that lead is a good and widely used shielding notarial. 'i But aany types of shielding aaterlals of varying densities are available. Most are cheaper than lead, so two important questions, therefore, are: Tor what purposes is lead selected as a shleldlrg mterlalt Why! 9 - k I I tjftgg- m7<<tr LI A16027 ...... Jlit -- frij|f:r r ^..,-v-,- *.. ... . m -iir-T iV^ ...... ,,,,!, -- So answer these questions, I have established thro* categories of shield- li related to load which are: 1. Applications whoro load la clearly tha favored shielding material 2. Application* where load faces serious competition Txm otbor M> torlala 3. Application* whoro load 1* virtually oat of contactIce aa a shield ing naterlal lead 1* clearly tha favored shielding notarial firstly, where apace la at a premium, such aa on a ship; secondly, where mobility la Important, each aa hipping casks; thirdly, where weight la a significant factor aad shipping cask* are again a good ample; aad fourthly, where flexibility la required such as lead brick walla. Ih these cases, one or more of the attrlhutee of load overcome Its disadvantages. Knapp mils prepared a chart (figure 39) to help the designer of shipping casks select a shielding notarial and load Is the favored naterlal within the paisorters listed here. m the aeccnd group of application*, lead la continually coopered with competitive naterlal*--sonetlnes It's selected and emetine* the choice la steel, dense concrete, regular concrete or possibly depleted uxunlun. Shere several naterlal* are being considered, a number of variables will be evalu ated and weighed. Kven In selecting a straight-forward ltoa like an Irradiator door, nsay factors are Involved including the biggest variable of all--people. Otto Kuhl at Brookhaven designed the High Intensity Badlstlon Develop ment Laboratory (figure 25) facility and he selected lead-filled doors be cause of space llnltatlons aad heavy concrete doors would have been A feet thick, steel doors would have been 30 Inches but the lead doors are only 13 Inches thick. Bevertheless, under similar circumstances, a ascend person could probably hare justified concrete aad a third wuld have gone to steal* -10- ..-.a- m w m mm iiiiii.ij.iipm)nii!P>> >nmi J r * 1 L1 mu* 'Vhat la Important lntheaecasea, therefore, is to ta lauxw that load la (Ivan every possible consideration vhen it la contrasted with othar shield ing aatarlala. 1 The third category of shielding la that whera laad currently haa Tlrtu- ally no acceptance. - Thla lndudea bulk Maiding for stationary power re- actor*, walla of large atatlooaiy cell* built to eoBtala radiation aeoreae auch aa atatlonary irradiator walla and large hot call walla. ZB thla category we are eonalderlng thousand* of tone at shield ne- terial per year. I nentlened that boiling water and praaeariaed water power reactor* are dealgned to uae virtually no lead, they even uae concrete and eater to ahleld the refueling channela rather than lead-ah1elded refueling The Connecticut Yankee plant will uae about 30,000 tone of concrete that will function both aa priaaiy and aecondary ahl elding and for atructural purpoaea. r The reason I be discusaing lead and It* competitive atileldii^t naterlala ri is that I feel on the one hand, in this country because at Ingenious f and sound fabricating technique*, lead haa found good utilization In the nuclear field, m Europe, for instance, shipping casks are all steal or even concrete because suitable lead shielded casks that the nuclear Industry could have confidence in could not be produced. But, on the other hand, while talkli^ with people who design and specify nuclear shielding, I found they try to avoid using land whever possible. I found *< aaall evidence of research resulting In Increased uses at lead In combination with other shield naterlala. Chartree Corporation is aerketlng a concrete and lead product that la < finding acne acceptance as a gou and neutron shield. A research group la tiyii* to develop a combination lead, polyethylene and boron ahleld ea a -U- ^pw iia p ui f w i l ^i IMPlfW msmmmmmm. mmmmmmmem s**&t^-:?-xssBBss5 'S&ss&zix. LIA16029 J - a imKfilritt Ililii ' v-A. -. ~ "Jr- ,, jt aifmiiiliftiir?- fOBi and neutron shield. -Seme companies hart had eoesldsrabla sueoesila bonding land and other shielding materials. Conceivably, the lead industry can do more to stimulate research Into combination materials that will have tha combined attribute* of lead and other materials. ~ | X eould, therefore, like to conclude with a atatemast and a question. Btatweat: the nuclear industry la new using hundreds of thousands of tons of shielding notarial annually. Quite a snail percentage of this an terial is lead. Question: Can the lead industry through research, through education, through product lnfoxnatlon dissemination or throu^ other tech niques do anything more than it la nov doing to capture a larger share of the $ nuclear ahlaldlng naikstt r > r- t-s -s "1 - 'i -12- r K:'