Document zQyN049vMvxpzE8eL9kEep6Km

FILE NAME: Kohler (KOH) DATE: 1936 DOC#: KOH024 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: NSC Transactions 2 5 th N ational Safety Congress NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL, In c . ATLANTIC CITY, NEW JERSEY . OCTOBER 5 td OCTOBER 9, 1936 Ambassador, Chelsea, Ritz-Carlton Hotels and Atlantic City .Auditorium Copyright, 1936, National Safety Council, Inc. Accident Prevention Equipment Manufacturers W h o E x h ib ite d a t th e 25th N a tio n a l S a fety C o n ^ rr* arvl Exposition Atlantic City, N. J., October 5-9. 1936 Btllroom-- Convention Aaditotium Aetna Casualty & Surety Ov. Hartford, ('inn Automobile Driving Test. American Mutual Liability Ins. Co. H<i%t*n. Ms Insurance, Workmen s C'ujenvalnin. Arnticn, Inc., Chicago. 111 Auxiliary KmerRcncy Stretcher and l-'irA>1 Arroway Traffic Signal 0rp.. KingxjwiM. 'I nm Traffic Control Signals. Beacon Corp., Minneapolis. Minn Diff-ifI <.** Direction and Danger Signals for M* *r Trxnr- m Y<h,. :* Bcndix Products Corp.. Smith Bend, 1ml. AutomotTvcT\quipment. Blatchford Corporation, Chicago. 111. Traffic Signals and Markers Cities Service Co., New York City, Otis and Gasoline. Crousc-Hinds Company, Syracuse. N. V. Traffic Signals an3 Flood Lights Dual Parking Meter Co., Oklahoma City. CJUla Parking Meter Equipment. Donald S. Duncan, Inc., Chicago, 111. Parking Meter Equipment. Eagle Signal Corp., Moline, 111. Traffic Signals. General Electric Co.. Schenectady. N. Y Electrical Equipment. Harley Davidson Motor Co., Milwaukee, Wiv Police Motorcycles and Equipment. The Highway Safety Signal Co.. Baltimore. Md Double rilamcnt Traffic I.amps and Color Design Traffic Hoof Products Co., Chicago, III. Motor Vehicle Speed Control Governor*. Indian Motorcycle Co., Springfield, Mass. Police Motorcycles and Equipment. Liberty Mutual Insurance Co.. Boston, Mass. Automobile and Industrial Safety Service. Martindale Electric Co., Cleveland, Ohio. Dust Respirators and Highway Safety Signal*. Monarch Governor Co., Detroit, Mich. Automobile Speed Control Governor*. National Carbon Co.. Inc., New York City. Equipment for Battery Operated Devices. Parkrite Corporation, Houston, Texas. Parking Meter Equipment. Traffic Boy, Inc., Canton, Ohio. Traffic Warning Signs. U. S. Steel Corporation & Subsidiaries, Pittsburgh, I'a Street'and Highway Markers and Highway Guards. 1rmi Weaver Manufacturing Co., Springfield, 111. Automobile Testing Equipment. * .* >-* 141 120 Twenty-fifth National Safety Congress leum distillation are frequently combined others of. the danger. Even if removed with those from coal tar to form valua ble chemical combinations. They have been placed on the market ,so rapidly from the poisonous gas at that period, the -damage actually done by the gas may result in permanent physical damage. that medical science has been' unable to determine their physiological effect upon Infection the health of man. We have known that some of these chemicals are capable of The skin is a protective covering of creating changes in the liver, and only the body against infection and is ex recently in a city in Massachusetts one tremely efficient as long as it remains in- of these newer products caused the death tket, but allow it to be broken or punc of two employees and a battle to retain tured, introduce bacteria, and a battle life among two others. ensues between the offensive agencies of ^ %infection and the defensive powers of the Carbon Monoxide \ bbdy. The winning of such a struggle Vmay determine the presence or absence of You remember the adage, "Where there is smoke, there is fire." We might add to that. "Where there is fire there is carbon monoxide." . . This odorlessSbut poisonous gas- may occur in any industry or in any home, but the poorer the ventilation the better the chance of producing physical incapacity. Since the advent of. the motor, car, whose exhaust pipe may pour forth as high as 6% of carbon monoxide, we are all exposed to that gas, particularly in crowded cities. The ordinary passenger car liberates about two cubic feet per minute, and one can readily estimate the physical damage that , may be" done if such a motor is allowed to run within the doors of a poorly ventilated garage or shop. Fortunately, serious cases of such poisoning are not .common among those employed in p'ublic garages, but many of those employees are likely -to complain of headache and faintness at the. end of a incapacity. Infections a r e common throughout industry, but two types are particularly prominent -- infection result ing from anthrax and infection among meat packers and fishermen. Many of our fur, hair or wool-covered animals may contract anthrax. The germs of that diseasft defy the ordinary methods of sterilization and may linger on hides, bristles or hairs for long periods of time. Tanners, wool sorters, and hair or bristle workers may introduce the anthrax spore beneath their skin and undergo much physical suffering and sometimes death. Infections are frequently found among meat and fish packers and those engaged in deep sea fishing. Although death rarely occurs, the loss of fingers, hands and nasty septic wounds are the resplt. Punctured wounds, cuts, abrasions, burns and scratches are potential avenues of entrance for bacteria which would seem ,t_o __b_e , wai.ting. e.ve.r.ywh,e.re a_t a.ll d .y 's work, especially in colder weather r? ' wh.en ^doors and Jwindows. remain .dosed.. surgtcal interferenc1TMe,<'nho` t.tfo*" m*e*n.'ti*on the a u * ^ StC^ m<lustry, where gas is used as the heating agency in the blast fur naces, care m ust be used to provide proper ventilation. Within the' mines, workers are warned to allow enough time 'accompanying discomfort, incapacity and perhaps the loss of an essential body part. Summary following blasts for the escape of this gas. Being a colorless,, odorless and taste less gas, quick of action within the hu man body, the manifestation of the very first symptom may be too late to save a workman from partial or total incapacity or perhaps death. Because the exposed person suffers first from motor paralysis, he may be unable to help himself .or even to warn I feel that the time has come when an employer must demand of a manufacturer the answers to two questions: 1. How will your product affect my business? 2. How will your product affect the health of my employees? That employer is entitled to honest answers based upon sufficient chemical and physiological examinations of the questionable product. That manufacturer Occupational Diseases 121 sh o u ld be held responsible for ..the !ill$produced b y . the use Of his product and' unless he can guarantee its safety, it has no place ih industry. . Too many lives have been lost o r' jeopardized by too little knowledge of a. product's action upon those who handle it. : The inddc^cq^ of lost time due to ill ness and -"ih'nipy\ in industry has been greatly lessened_Jby the`; many agencies working along lines', of safety. When in- dustry has been made fool-proof by the substitution of non-toxic preparations for those now found to be harmful, and when each employee is imbued with the idea that constant thoughtfulness and care are most necessary for the maintenance of health and happiness, then, and not un til that idealistic stage has been reached may vigilance and perseverance to main tain and preserve health, limb and life be lessened. Pre-Employment Examination as an Aid to the Control of In>dustrial Diseases - By DR. W. C. T EM PLE/R Medical Director, Coming Glass Works, Corning, N. Y. We may well ask whether or not phy sical examination is" of any value to the world at large, rather than limit th^.discussion to the control of industrial di seases. In the cohserVation of life and health much progress has been made in the eradication or control of such diseases as occur in epidemic form, as well as that type of disease which is not truly epidemic, but occurs in such frequency that general health programs are neces sary. Much has been dpne to control such disabling illnesses as heart disease, arterio-sclerosis, .kidney disease and dia- . betes; and something has been accom plished in the control of morbidity, which tends to, at least, make people happier through good health, even though 'an in creased span of life is not gained. Physical examination has played a large role in accomplishing these things, be cause it was through physical examination and physical observations that investiga tors were led to exert themselves to find a remedy for the cause of such condi tions. Small-pox is no longer prevalent, due to such observations, which led to its control by vaccination. Malaria and yellow fever have been brought largely under control, and knowledge is now available in the control of venereal di seases, if the proper physical examination and laboratory methods are used to arrive at a diagnosis. We are all familiar with the resutts obtained in decreasing the death rate due to tuberculosis. In fact, in the treatment of all epidemic-type diseases that have so far been eradicated, the examination of patients to ,,determine the severity of symptoms and the im provement has. been of foremost value. Knowing that the average span of life has been increased eight years in the last quarter^-century and assuming that the above mentioned factors have had some bearing on it, could w t decry the value of physical examinations for the general population? <. a . If we know that examinations made by insurance companies and their .associating examining institutions, the. clinics run by the United States Public Health Service, and the great mass of physicians,, who all carefully examine . their clientele, have been of value in the control of disease, may we not asstiime that examinations *in industry will help control the incidence and extent of industrial disease, particu larly when the life expectancy of 'indp^trial, workers is less than that of the general population? In fact on April 14, 1936, at the Na tional Conference on Silicosis and Similar Dust Diseases, called by the Secretary of Labor, Dr. R. R. Sayers of the United States Public.Health Service said, "Pre liminary and periodic physical and roent>genological examination should be made of all employees engaged in industrial processes where there is a1' potential if Safety Equipment 143 They should never be patched, hap hazardly and turned back into service. Ladders needing repair should be tagged and turned ove^io, the foreman, who should determinev-wh"ethei`"h^rTtanL^be repaired. If he decides tlja^Tcp'ac^s pos sible, he should turn the lander o^er tb the maintenance department. - - .3/ W hat should be the angle of lad der leaning against the wall? In general practice the ladder should stand one-quarter of its own length away from the wall. 4. Is it possible to use steel scaffolding for temporary work? Yes. This type of scaffolding is easily erected and can be placed on rollers and easily moved about. 5. In purchasing a ladder how can. it be determined whether the tenons project far enough into-the side'rails to give a firm footing? There is no type of inspection that will determine this. The only way one can be sure the tenons, are firmly imbedded is to purchase a quality ladder. 6. Is the airplane cable or the solid steel bar the best form of re-enforcement in a ladder? The solid steel bar. It gives the firmest and most dependable support. Cable reenforcement is now practically obsolete. . t Unusual Developments in Leg Protection * r By E. L. W HEELER Chicago In times of serious illness one always obtains the services of the best doctor available, buys, the best medicine procura ble, from a reliable source. Is there atiy reason why protective apparel should be regarded differently? Is not the preven tive as important as the cure? Part of the time almost any kind of protective apparel is good enough, but when the emergency arises, when real protection is needed, then is 'the time your - men should be provided with the best pro* tection obtainable. If protective apparel does not protect against the extreme haz ard, it is absolutely worthless. Your men may complain that certain apparel is a bit ; cumbersome, a,-bit uncomfortable, but arP accident is a thousand times more un comfortable', and usually results in loss of time plus untold suffering. To. be safe it must be sturdily made, though it may not be 100 per cent comfortable; but complete working comfort without maxi mum proteetion is a compromise that does not make for safety. There is now available standard leg protection that will safely meet every normal hazard in industry, and further more, it is possible to have made' special products for specific hazards of almost' any nature. Possibly because of the fact that the greatest number, of them.'have been used in recent years, the most unusual and varied development in leg protection has been centered on what are commonly called "foundry leggings." q The first leggings t know anything about consisted of bag-like tubes that hung from the waist or from the knee and ..were made from anything that wouldn't explode upon coming in contact with molten metal. Early it was discov ered that chrome leather was a good heat resister and gradually asbestos cloth was woven into a more useable, pliable fabric, with fire-proofed duck' used in some in stances.' These three materials are still chiefly used,, with chrome leather leading. W ith more o r less stabilization of basic materials, 'improvement in design came in for prompt, attention. Leggings with snap button* and straps were cput on the mar ket, and arctic buckles were also used as a means of fastening. The knee length, legging rabidly became the most popular style. It is-a prime requisite that such a legging shall b^ so constructed that it will afford protection from the knee down . to, and including, the foot. Its `-design should be comfortable, but comfort should not be sacrified for safety. It should be fully and quickly adjustable, and instantly removable; 144 Twenty-fifth National Safety Congress With thcic fundamentals in mind vari- made entirely of heavy fibre with or with- <>ui kind* of spring knee .leggings were out metal flares as the hazard demands, created--one of the first great improve- Steel studded chrome leather is also used menu in legging construction. However, in some cases. There arc styles made from in lotnt cases there seemed to be justi- chrome leather reinforced with flexible fied complaints about the circular springs reeds backed up by felt to act as a shock getting too hot for comfort arid so the _absorber. A most interesting anti-rattle- manufacturers promptly eliminated this by snake legging is made in a sort of spring covering the springs or insulating them, knee type, using fibre as a base and cover- Spring knee leggings still are preferred ing it with water-proofed duck as a fur- hy ome and will undoubtedly-be used for ther protection while walking through long many years to come. wet grass. Hut we find many new so-called springI- types of leggings appearing _in the field. We also find that the old stunt of wrapping legs in wet burlap is. almost ex tinct. thanks to the efforts of safety men. Suhaequcntly the springlesrs type of leg ging further combined safety and comfort. The popular appeal -..-of this type was chiefly its greater comfort and finer adjuatahility. Every conceivable kind of fatener is he/e used to insure case of putting on and to assure quick removal. Entirely new fasteners have been devel oped and use has also been made of already existing types. Individual features car'iry their appeal to aiety men. but. all recognized types of leggings on the market tod^ are much m o r e comfortable and safe than those of a few years back. l.cg protection against acid splashes calbv for not nearly so many styles of leggings but is adequately covered. The types of leggings and'spats that protect a g a in s t cuts, bruises, and similar injuries are many and. varied. Some are made from a heavy leather base covered with metal reinforcing strips, properly placed t<> give the needed protection. O thersare Pure grain rubber mounted over light leather has been successfully used as leg and foot protection against sand blast shot. Hip length leggings, while used in lesser numbers, are still standard equip ment in,, foundries where protection is needed from the hip down. They range in style from regular pant leg shapes to extensions put on spring knee or spring less type leggings.'hnd are made from asbestos . cloth, fireproofed duck, and leather. A combination of chrome leather bottom with an attachable asbestos top has proved a very desirable style from both a safety and an economical stand point. Here again, as in the knee type, safety, comfort, adjustability, ease of put t i n g on and taking off are important factors. Of course, almost any of these styles of leggings is adaptable for other uses, especially when sparks, molten metal or severe .-heat are encountered. In rather rare instances light leggings or spats have been used with more or less success for leg and foot protection for women. Proper protective apparel will speed up production, will keep men on the job, will keep them happy, and will increase profits. 1 he following questions were brought out in the discussion: 1. Do spats give as good leg protection as leggings? No. 2. Why are spats worn at all? They are used when workmen have an aversion to leggings or when only low splashes of hot material are expected. In the latter case, however, the workman wearing spats is taking a gamble, because, by the law of averages, the hot splashes may not always be low. 3. What material is the best heat resister? Asbestos gives the best protection from severe heat, but this material will not stand wfcar and friction as well as some other materials. Safety Equipment 145 Respiratory Protective Equipment for Use Against i, Dusts, Fumes, and' Gases By PHILIP-DRINKER " Boiton^Mass.' There appears to be some confusion and one can see large plants for recover is/ to the distinction between *dusts, ing lead fume--a dry powder. Obviou- :umes, vapors, mists, and gases, with the ly, one does not want the same kind of esult that respiratory equipment for pro respiratory equipment for two such dif tection against them occasionally is ferent substances yet the customer often wrongly applied. T he respirator manu 'a sk s for a respirator to protect against facturers have many examples of such fumes. misunderstandings and often are blamed Lead fume happens to be very difficult for errors which result solely from con- to filter out so that the ordinary re*ptr- fusion in nomenclature.. ator which catches dust particles may hr . Dusts include all types , of dry earthy inadequate against lead fume. The arid particles .small enqujgh to be blown about? fumes, containing both liquid particle* by ordinary "air currents. Dust^suspen- and gas, require a filter to catch the drop- sions may be generated as the result of lets and a gas absorbant to catch the si grinding, blasting, or comjninuting pro- gaseous constituent. Therefore, it u*u- cess; or they may result from the han- ally happens that the respirator manufar- dling of finely divided materials as in turer, in self protcctionrjadvises the cut- mixing processes/ in sweeping, or the .tomer to use an air-siipplied or air-tine blowing about,-of wood Hour, plant ppl- respirator because he will then be ade- lens, or common road dust: There is no quately protected whether the fume it of chemical limitation implied by the term solid0particles, like lead, or a liquid and "dust" while the range in size of dust gas mixture. If the customer stated ex particles extends from the sub-microscop actly what the Suspension consisted of nr ic to small'<sand" grains. Such materials told how it was generated he might be can be caught very effectively by the able to use less expensive equipment. modern type of'dust respirator. A vapor .is a gas which can be con Fumes embrace two-.definite kinds-of verted into a liquid at ordinary tempera- atmospheric suspensions. It :is unfortu- jtures.and pressures. Thus, water vapor is nate that such double-naming exists in !a common constituent of the i j r . apd is the trade but one had best admit the fact, contained in concentrations which' vary Thus, "lead fume" is a very, old ''term with -yatmospheric conditions. Respira- used to describe the visible dark grey tory protective equipment is used against suspension .which evolves . from - lead low concentrations of a great -many va- heated to high temperatures'.' The ma- p.ors arising 'fronr common organic solv- terial in such suspensions is mostly tipy ehts such as bcnzoL Many such sub- pa,rticles of .lead (and lead oxide), much stances .are absorbed by activated char- smaller in size than those of the average coal as in gas masks. There is a.small dust, with some lead in the gaseous sta te .' 'cartridge type respirator in which the NWhen such a m ixture is cooled down td -cartridge is filled with activated charcoal ..the point where it can he breathed, the/ for absorbing a vapor .such as benzol or contaminant is then the lead particles with soda-lime for .absorbing an acid gas alone without any gaseous lead. such as carbon, dioxide. Because these The word "fume" is also used to de- small cartridges contaiif' comparatively scribe the mixture of gas and mist which little -of the absorbant their use is lim- may come from a bath of hot nitric acid, <&c, i to very .low concentrations. They for example. None of the material in should riot be used for emergency rescue the suspension is dry--it is all th the form work. ^ of a true mist (liquid droplets) or as a A mist consists of a suspension of li- gas, yet it may have a thick brownish col- quid droplets together with the gas. from or. One buys ' fuming sulfqric acid (a which the droplets condensed. The corn- liquid) from any chemical supply house monest example is atmospheric fog. 146 Twenty-fifth National Safely Congress Droplet* of mi*t are necessarily micro scopic In *lze or they would not remain In suipension. As *oon as several drop lets collide and form a large drop the li quid ettles out. Therefore, it is possi ble to dispel a true mist very readily by timnly itirring up the air--ventilation or dilution is unnecessary. Xfist droplets can be filtered out by or dinary dust respirators--that~is, the visi ble portion of a fog is easily removed by filtration--but the gaseous t constituent may pass through the filter. If the mist happens to be corrosive to fabrics the re sultant effect upon a dust respirator is bad. Paint spraying generates a mist snd a certain amount of vapor. Protec tion usually consists of an air-line res pirator but it is not at all uncommon touse cartridge respirators containing acti vated charcoal and a filter. A gas contains no solid or liquid par ticles under ordinary atmospheric condi tions. The filter units of any of the common makes- of respirators-'are inef fective against gases. Respiratory pro- tective equipment which catches gases al ways consists in some- chemical agent which either absorbs the gas or converts it. into some other substance which can be.absorbed. Because one can rarely be sure of the gas concentration to be en countered it is common practice in ex ploring man holes, for instance, to use devices supplied with air or oxygen in order that the wearer may be safe, re gardless of the conditions he finds. The gas mask, however, and its outgrowth, the chemical cartridge respirator have a definite place in industry and are in wide use today. The U. S. Bureau of Mines has helped in the manufacture and use of respiratory protective equipment greatly by its issu ance of specifications for permissible equipment. Their present schedules do not include the air-supplied respirators v such as those used in paint spraying or sand blasting but both the Bureau and the American Standards Association will issue such specifications presently. Discussion following the address was based on these points: 1. What protection is provided against a dangerous accumulation of air pressure in the ordinary fresh air hose mask? The helmet is not rigid. Air will leak out long before a dangerous pressure ac cumulates, or a safety link, provided in some types of hose" mask, will blow out. 2. Would a protective mask approved for lead dusts filter out zinc oxide? Yes. However, almost any type of mask will filter out zinc oxide, since these particles are easily trapped. 3. " Will the simple face mask filter out ordinary smoke or will it absorb it? It is impossible to answer such a ques tion. There are as many types of ordinary masks as there are ordinary dusts. A mask must >be purchased to fit a specific need... >This is not'difficult, however, since all types are available. " Glass Used for th Protection of the Eyes Against Injurious 0 Radiation [ \ By e : d . TILLYER Southbridge, Mass. The effect of excess visible light on the eye is immediately felt. If there is too much, anyone except the sun gazers im mediately turns away, closes the eyes or eeks some kind of relief. There is a tendency to use. top dark glasses in weld ing, inherited from the 'days when even the blackest glasses gave practically nd protection from the insidious invisible radiations. A proper rule is, use a shade number which gives good, immediately comfortable vision and insist that this glass give protection against the inviiiblc radiations. The effects of the ultra-violet and the infra-red radiations are not as quickly noticed as the visible. We cannot say, as we said for the visible, "get good im mediately comfortable vision" because the first noticed effect of the ultra-violet oc- American Society of Safety Engineers--Engineering Section ' Officers 1935-36 General Chairman--G .W . S m ith, Standard Oil Co. (Ind.),. Chicago, III. V icc-Chairmcn-- C. B. Boulet, Wisconsin Public Service Corp., Milwaukee, Wis. D. L. -Royer, Ocean Accident 'and Guaranty Corp., New York, N. Y. Secretary--W . D ean K eefer, National Safety Council, Chicago, III. Members at Large-- Cyril A insworth, American Standards Association, New York, N. Y. C. B. Auel, Westinghouse Electric and-Manufacturing Co., East Pittsburgh, Pa. J. I. Ba n a sii, Consulting. Engineer, Chicago, 111. E. W. Beck, United States Rubber Products, Inc., New York, N. Y*. H. R. Bixler, Union Carbide and Carbon Corp?. New York, N. Y. (Metropolitan Chapter.) . . *W. F. Boeiiner, J .B . Stetson Co., Philadelphia, Pa. (Philadelphia Chapter.) E. W. B ullard, E. D. Bullard Co., San Francisco, Calif. (San Francisco Chapter.) R. E. D onovan, Standard Oil Company of California, San Francisco, Calif. Roy M. Godwin, Philadelphia Electric Company, -Philadelphia, Pa. (Philadelphia Chapter.) W. M. Graff, National Bureau of Casualty; & Surety Underwriters', New York, N. Y. R. McA. K bown, Industrial Commission of Wisconsin. Madison, Wis. E vertt F. K ino, Lever Brothers Co., Cambridge, Mass. (Boston Chapter.) E. J. KreU) Philadelphia Co., Pittsburgh,, Pa. (Western Pennsylvania Safety Council Chapter.)-' " T homas E. Licutfoot, Koppcrs Coal Co., Pittsburgh,-Pa. M'. G. Lloyd, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. C. W. S. P aine, Aetna Casualty & Insurance Co., Hartford, Conn. Geo. F. P russing, Union Oil,Company of California, Los Angeles, Calif. C. E. R alston, Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co., Pittsburgh, Pa? A. S. R ecula, Industrial Relations Counselors, Inc* New York, N. Y. J ohn R ussell, J r., publie Service^ElectricjStJGas -Co^, Newark, N." J. (Northern New Jersey Chapter) . G. E. 'S anford, General Electric Co., Schenectady, N. Y. * ... H. S. S m ith , Union Carbide and Carbon Corp^ ;New York, N. Y. R. C Stratton, The Travelers Insurance Co., Hartford, Conn. R. F: T halner, Btilck Motor Company, Flint, Mich. S. E. W hiting, Liberty Mutual:Insurance o,, Boston, Mass. W ilu a m P. Y ant, U. S. Bureau of Mines, Pittsburgh, Pa. Officers Elected for 1936-37 General Chairman--D. L. R oyer, Ocean Accident and Guarantee Corp., New York, N. Y. \ Vice-Chairman--C. B. Boulet, Wisconsin Public Service Corp., Milwaukee, Wis. ' Vice-Chairman--R. E. D onovan, Standard Oil Company of California,-San Francisco, Calif. Secretary--W. D ean K eefer, National Safety Council, Chicago, 111. -j Defe4ed. 191 ------- * ~J ' * W9 T ' ' * * mt y v v r M * v w v Members at Large-- C yril A insworth. American Standards Association. New York, N. Y. C. B. Au.. Westinghouse Electric and Msfrufacturing Co., East Pittsburgh, Pa. J I. Banash, Consulting Engineer, Chicago, 111. " K. W. Beck, United States Rubber Products, Inc., New York, N. Y. ^ II. R. Bixlf.r. Union Carbide and Carbon Corp.. New York, N. Y. (Metropolitan Chapter) K. W. Bullard, K. D. Bullard Co., San Francisco, Calif. (San Francisco Chapter) H. F. Gilbert, American Cyanamid Co., Linden, N. J. (New Jersey Chapter) Rov M. Godwin, Philadelphia Electric Co., Philadelphia, Pa. (Philadelphia Chapter) W. M. Graff, National Bureau of Casbalty & Surety Underwriters, New York, N. Y. If. J. Griffith, Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp., Pittsburgh, Pa. (Western Pennsylvania Safety Council Chapter) R. McA. K eown, Industrial Commission of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis. J. M. K errigan, United States Rubber. Reclaiming Co., Jnc., Buffalo, N. Y. (Niagara Frontier Chapter) Everett F. K ing, Lever Brothers Co., Cambridge. Mass. (Boston Chapter) T homas' E. L ightpoot, The Koppers Coal Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. M,' Lloyd, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. C. H . M iner, E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co.,'Wilmington, Del. W. S. Painf., Aetna Casualty & Insurance Co., Jdr^ford, Conn. Gfo. F. T russing, Union Oil Company of California, Los Angeles, Calif. C. E. R alston, Pittsburgh PlattfJGlass Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. A. S. R egula, Industrial Relations Counselors, Inc.. New York, N. Y. G. K. S anford, General Electric Co., Schenectady, N. Y. C. W. S m ith , Standard Oil Co. (Ind.), Chicago, III. H. S. Smith, Union Carbide and Carbon-Corn.. New York, N. Y. R. C. Stratton, The Travelers Insurance Co., Hartford, Conn. R. F. T halner, Buick. Motor Company, Flint, Mich. S. E. W hiting. Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., Boston, Mass. W illiam P; Y ant, Mine Safety Appliances Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. WEDNESDAY NOON SESSION October 7, 1936 The annual meeting of the ASSEEBineering Section of tlit\. National Safety Council followed a luncheon and convened with C. W. Smith, Standard Oil Co. (Ind.), Chicago, general chair man, presiding. All reports had been mimeographed, and copies were distrib uted at the luncheon. Dr. Francis -F. Lucas, Member, Tech nical Staff, Bell Telephone Laboratories, New York City, and international au thority on microscopy and photomicrogra phy, spoke on "Late Developments in High Power and. Ultra Violet Micro scopy." The report of the nominating commit tee was presented by A. S. Rcgtila, chair man. Other members of the committee were S. E. Whiting, R. F. Thalner, C. B. Auel, and Dr. M. G. Lloyd. The com mittee's list of officers, as elected, will be found elsewhere in this sectional record. Other s e s s i o n s ^ s o r e d by the ASSEEnginccring Sect toil) included those on "Safety BcUs."^*S*irty Training," "E x haust Systems," "Safety Exchange Round Table," and ('Occupational Disease." Reports of these sessions will be found elsewhere in the Transactions, y Automotive and Machine Shop Section 0 |h e e f s > l935-36 General Chairman--C. T. WtNEC.A4yChrysler Corporation, Detroit, Mich. Vice-Chairman--Marvin H exdt, Budd Wheel Co., Detroit, Mich. Secretary--hi. A. Clark, U. S. Rubber Products, Inc., Detroit, Mich. News Letter Editor--W. H. F rater, Cadillac Motor Car Co., Detroit, Mich. Engineering Committee Chairman--G. E. S anford, General Electric Co., Schenecta.dy, N. Y. Health Committee Chairman--D r. A. I.. Brooks, Fisher Body Detroit Div., General Motors Corp., Detroit, Mich. Membership Committee Chairman--L. R. J udson, Timken Detroit Axle Co.. Detroit. Mich. Poster Committee Chairman--C. W. Bisiioi*, Lycoming Manufacturing Co., Williamsport. Pa. * .. Program Committee Chairman--H. W. BdULTONjJ^urcay Corip. of America, Detroit, Mich. Publicity Committee,Chairman--N elson H. KY^^^HikAtudebaker Corp., South Bend, Ind. Statistics Committee Chairman--W. W. J anzer, Seaman Body Co., Milwaukee Wis. Members at Large-- . _ L E. Averill, Chicago Eye Shield' Co., Detroit, Mich. C. M: Dotterer, "Revere Copper and Brass, Inc., Detroit, Mich. H oyt L. F racher; Detroit Steel Products Co., Detroit, Mich. Merle C. H ale, General Motors Corp., Detroit, Mich. M. J. McCarthy, Fisher Body Corp., Detroit, Mich.: . R. A. S haw, Murray Corp. of America, Detroit, Mich, Carl L. Storck, Dclco Products Corp., Dayton. Ohio. R. F.. T halner, Butck Motor Co., Flint, Mich. Officers Elected for 1936-37 General Chairman--M. A. C lark, U. S. Rubber Products, Inc., Detroit, Mich. Vice-Chairman--H. W . Boulton, Murray Corp. of America, Detroit, Mich. Secretary--W. H ..F rater, Cadillac Motor Car Con Detroit, Mich. ' O News Letter Editor--W . W. J anzer, Seaman Body Corp., Milwaukee, Wis. Engineering Committee Chairman--L. B. Loomis, Temstedt Manufacturing Diy., General Motors Corp., Detroit, Mich. Health Committee. Chairman--D r. A. L. Brooks, Fisher Body Detroit Div., General Motors Corp., Detroit, Mich. r- , Membership Committee ChairmanrrC. W. Bishop, Lycoming Manufacturing Co.,. Williams port, Pa. ' Poster Committee Chairman--E. M arentate, Motor Products Corp., Detroit, Mich. Program Committee Chairman-- W. A. Bechill, Chrysler Corp., Detroit, Mich. Publicity Committee Chairman-- P aul A. D enzic, Kelsey-Hayes Wheel Co., Detroit, Mich. -- . r, , Statistics Committee Chairman--G. E. S anford, General Electric Co., Schenectady, N.,.Y. Members at Large-- L. E. Averill, Chicago Eye SJiieUJ Co., Detroit, Mich. 197 Metals Section Officers 1935-36 Central. Chairman--H. W. D arr, Bethlehem Steel Co., Johnstown, Pa. *Vice-Chairman--A. Bzrquist, The Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co., East Chicago, Ind. Vice-Chairman--C. M. A llem, The American Rolling Mill Co., Middletown, Ohio. Vice-Chairman (In Charge of Health)--Dr. R. C. E ngel, Corrigan-McKinney Div., Republic Steel Corp., Cleveland, Ohio. Secretary and Hexes Letter Editor--R. A. Chaffin, Continental Steel Corp., Kokomo. Ind. Contest Committee Chairman---Robert L. Schmitt, Louisville Car Wheel and Railway Supply Co., Louisville, Ky. Engineering Committee Chairman--J /'E . Culliney, Bethlehem Steel Co., Bethlehem, Pa. Foundry Committee Chairman--I rwin A. Brinkman, Mackintosh, Hemphill Co., Pitts burgh, Pa. Membership Committee Chairman--M ell E. T rammf.ll, Gulf S ta te s Steel Co., Alabama City, Ala. Poster Committee Chairman--R. H. F erguson. Republic Steel Corp., Cleveland, Ohio. Program Committee Chairman--H. M. Crochan, Inland Steel Co., East Chicago, Ind. PublicityrCommittee hairman-- C. W. H anko, Pittsburgh Steel Co., Moncssen, Pa. Railway Car BuilderC om m ittee Chairman--1?. J. Brand, Pullman Standard Car Manu facturing Corp.. Pullman, Chicago, 111. Slides and Safety Kinks Committee Chairman--J. A. Oartel, Carnegie-Illinois Steel Corp., Pittsburgh, Pa. Statistics Committee Chairman--W. J. I reland, Kohler Co., Kohler, Wis. . Members at Large-- F. G. Bf.nnett, The Buckeye Steel Castings Co., Columbus, Ohio. E. F. Blank, Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp., Pittsburgh. Ra. J. A. Coltrin, National Radiator Corp., Johnstown, Pa. G. A. D avis, Carnegie-Illinois Steel Corp., Chicago, 111. M. W. D undore, - Beloit Iron Works Co., Beloit, JjVis. John P. E ib, Carnegie-Illinois Steel Corp., Joliet, III. W. T. F ilmer, Th Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co., Youngstown, Ohio. A. C. Gibson, Spang. Chalfant & Co., Inc., Pittsburgh, Pa. 0 . F. H arvey, American Car and Foundry Co., New York, N. Y. S. E. H awkks, MacWhyte Co., Kenosha, Wis. c H. H. H enry, Otis Steel Co., Cleveland, Ohio. H. G. H ensel, The Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co., Chicago, XU. W. A. J arvis, The Chase Companies, Watcrbury, Conn. F. A. L auerman, Republic Steel Corp., South Chicago, 111. T. H. M cK enney, Chicago, 111. D. V. M edalie, Interlake Iron Corp., Chicago, III. John O'Rourk, Bethlehem Steel Co., Sparrows Poin^Md. C. E. R alston. Pittsburgh Plate Glas* Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. F rank R owe, Wheeling 5teel Corp., Portsmouth, Ohio. H erman S pokrrr. The Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co., Evanston, 111. 1. K. Statord, Mississippi Valley Structural .Steel Co., Decatur, 111. J. A.'Voss, Republic Steel Corp., Cleveland, Ohio. Dcai*d. 300 Twenty-fifth National Safety Congress Officers Elected for 1936-37 Central Chairtnan--C. M. A llen, The American Rollins Mill Co., Middletown, O. I'iee-Chairma11--R. A. Ciiakkin, Continental Steel Corp., Kokomo, Ind. Secretary and Nexvs Leiter Editor-- Mull E. T rammell, Gulf States Steel Co., Alabama, City, Ala. CoMtesI Committee Chairman-- Rodert L Schmitt, Louisville Car Wheel and Railway Supply Co., Louisville, Ky. O _ Engineering Committee Chairman--R. H. F erguson, Republic Steel Corp., Cleveland, O. Foundry Committee Chairman--I rvin A. Brinkman, Mackintosh-Hemphill Co.. Pitts burgh, Pa. Health Committee Chairman--D r. R. C. E ngel, Republic Steel Corp., Cleveland, 0 . Membership Committee Chairman--H. J. Griffith, Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp., Pitts burgh, Pa. . Poster Committee Chairman--H . H. H enry, Otis Steel Co., Cleveland. Program Committee Chairman--C. W. H anko, Pittsburgh Steel Co., Monessen, Pa. Publicity Committee Chairman--C. E. Ralston, Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Railxray Car Builders Committee Chairman--P. J. Brand, Pullman Standard Car Manu facturing Corp., Pullman, Chicago. Slides and Safety Kinlis Committee Chairman--J. A. O artel, Carnegie-Illinois Steel Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Statistics Committee Chairman--W. T. F ilmf.r. The Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co., Youngstown, Ohio. Members at Large-- ' F. G. Bennett. The Buckeye Steel Castings Co., Columbus! O. R. A. Beyer, Central Tube Co., Ambridg, Pa. C. A. Bia n ch i, H. H. .Robertson Co., Ambridge, Pa. E. F. Blank, Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp., Pittsburgh, Pa. J. A. Coltrin, National Radiator Corp., Johnstown, Pa. C. S. Craigmile, Beiden Manufacturing Co., Chicago, 111. H. M. Croghan, Inland Steel Co., East Chicago, Ind. J. E. C ulliney, Bethlehem Steel Co., Bethlehem, Pa. H. W. Darr, Bethlehem Steel Co., Johnstown, Pa. M. W. D un dore, Beloit Iron Works Co., Beloit, Wis. B. T. D ye, Republic Steel Corp., Warren. O. J ohn P. Eib, Carnegie-Illinois Steel Corp., Joliet, 111. E. A. E llis, Wheeling Steel Corp., Wheeling, W. Va. J. P. Gatherum, Great Lakes Steel Corp., Ecorse, Mich. A. C. Gibson, Spang Chalfant Co., Inc, Pittsburgh. Pa. O. F. H arvey, American Car and Foundry Co., New York, N. Y. S. E. H/twkES, Macwhyte Company, Kenosha, Wis. H; G. H ensel, The Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co., Chicago. 111. W. A. J arvis. Chase Brass & Copper Co.. Waterbury, Conn. F. A. Laxterman, Republic Steel Corp., Chicago. Iti. T. H. McKenney (retired), Carnegie-Illinois Steel Co., Chicago, III. D. V. M edalie, 'Interlake Iron Corp., Chicago, III. J ohn O 'Rourk, Bethlehem Steel Co., Sparrows Point. Md. C. S. P hillips, Revere Copper & Brass, Inc., Rome, N. Y. Frank Rowe, Wheeling Steel Corp., Portsmouth, O. A. C. Schultz, Bucyrus-Erie Co., So. Milwaukee. Wis. H. T. SpoerR, The Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co., hast Chicago, Ind. E. J. Sterner, Bethlehem Steel Co., Bethlehem, Pa. J. A. Voss, Republic Steel Corp., Cleveland, O. MONDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 5, 1936 The opening session was called to order by General Chairman H. W. Darr, i Bethlehem Steel Co.. Johnstown. Pa., who presided. Chairman Darr welcomed 312 Twenty-fifth National Safety Congress 1. think, inability to draw a personal lesn from the experience of others, overconfidence and a desire to make good on the job. These can only be overcome by carrful and systematic handling,-An the part of the supervisor. His is the responilnlity of putting over to the worker the, ^alue and advantages resulting from a ^ cloar observance of rigid safety inspec tion *. Systematic Organized Safety Effort There should be little need to make a pica for more concerted action along this line. As safety men, we know how eas ily the small employer could be put out of business as the result of even a few accident losses..; .The larger employer, as ,well, cannot afford to overlook the situa tion--his losses, through waste of time, money and materials, will seriously affect his profits and hold his company- up to the public as a very inefficient organiza tion. The ever increasing cost of com pensation insurance will undoubtedly be a factor in forcing more consideration for . well organized safety work. Personally, I emphasize the side of humanity above the dollar and am satisfied from long ex perience that where humanity rules, the profits will be satisfactory. Where a real safety program is followed, without doubt efficiency and economy of the highest or der will also prevail. The Present Status of Control of Dust and Fumes in Industry -- -- ----------- ----- -- ----- C By H. B. MEL'LER Managing Director, Air Hygiene Foundation of America, Inc.; Head, Air Pollution Investigation, Mellon Institute of `Industrial Research, Pittsburgh, Pau The problem divides itself naturally into medical, preventive engineering apd legis lativc phases, and includes consideration' of the responsibilities of employer and em ployee to each other and to the public. It is axiomatic that, in case of physical disorder, impairment of function or dis ability, the more thoroughly the cause and course of action are known, the more - certainly can possible remedies be applied or preventive measures taken. r, In the diseases or affections under con sideration, there are, facts upon)which pre ventive methods are based, and upon which further studies now in course "or contemplated are, at least in part, predi cated. .. . During the development of th present state of knowledge of the influence of some air 'contaminants on health, natu rally many theories were advanced that later scientific work has modified or dis placed. However, not always has the correction been as widely and* thoroughly disseminated as was the original theory;- this condition, perhaps, has led to some confusion in the minds of many who have not followed too closely the evolution of knowledge in this field. ' - Clarsification of Dusts There are available different published classifications of dusts. Included in such classifications are dusts, the exposure to inhalation of which are, or are likely to be, occupational. , Those that are inher ently toxic'when inhaled or otherwise ab sorbed and which cause systemic poison ing, include lead, arsenic, mercury, man ganese. Examples of dusts which have the ability to penetrate th deep lung tis sues and to be retained there are quaVtz, flint, chert, asbestos, talc, coal, iron, clay, slate, and other types of rock dust. Attention here will be centered upon this last group and upon pneumoconiosis, the general term used to designate lung conditions caused by dust. Silicosis, which is caused by the inhalation of free silica, has been prominent recently in the public press, sometimes in a way that made mis understanding possible, if not probable. Aside from silica, many of the insoluble .mineral dusts imay bring about slight changes in the lung tissues, which may be demonstrated on the roentgenogram if there is silica in the dust that is inhaled. As far as if known today, most of them arc relatively or entirely harmless. Metals Section ' . 313 Ability of Dusts to Cause Injury of the silicotic process toward the stage It has been established that the poten tiality of siiicious dusts to cause lung damage is; with few exceptions, depend- . ent upon their content of free silica (SiOs). The.development of silicosis de pends, therefore', upon the concentration of dust containing free silica' in the air breathed. In other words, the total amount of free silica breathed and re tained seems ( .to be the primary factor; the length of time necessary for a suffi cient accumulation is important, but less so than: the total load. Silica occurs also-in chemical combina tion in silicates. Some of these com pounds have been proved to be relatively harmless to health, some are still in the I realm Of doubt, and one--asbestos--may cause the industrial disease called asbesr tosis, which is the result of lung damage similar to, but not identical with nor as ser_ious as, that produced by free silica.. Importance of Particle Size. The sue of disablement except through limiting or preventing further exposure to silica dust. Nor has medical scnence found .a way to prevent tuberculosis' from being super imposed upon' silicosis, except through control, of contact. The course of silico- tuberculosis is chronic and is very diffi cult to -influence by treatment, according to phthisiologists. ' "Medical Control. As a basis'for intelli gent determination of the physical fitness of. a man for a. job in a dusty trade, physical examination, with stereoscopic roentgenograms of the. chest, is necessary. Along with this study'goes, naturally, the preparation . of ah occupational history with detail as to the exact nature of previ ous. work and of exposure to industrial dust--not a valueless''recording of occu pations as "laborer," "machinist," etc. Dr. Sayers, of the U. S. ^Public Health Service, has developed a method of secur- ing information for a proper occupational history; among others, Cummings, of' dust particles in the air which an indi- /'jo f Saranac Laboratory, alsoyhas worked vidual may breathe ts important. Not..'' o--ut a- --useful history, .b.lan.k. often are particles, larger than 10 or 12 Standards have been developed for the microns found in the deep lungs, except diagnosis of silicosis."' There is also a in the case of asbestos dust, where fibers suitable technic for taking roentgeno as long as 200 microns have worked their grams of the'chest in order to bring out way down lengthwise. the characteristic lung changes; Uncomplicated Silicosis. Silicosis, un From the considerable amount of work complicated by an infection, is more of an impairment than a disability. It is not that has been done, it is possible to fore cast w ith'a reasonable, degree of accu seriously disabling until it reaches an ad racy the silicosis potentiality of various vanced stage, and does not of itself dusts. . '> . . <} greatly shorten the life of a silicotic. Silico-Tuberculosla. W hen a silicotic Periodic physical examinations, ...includ ing roentgenograms, are essential, if em dies, the immediate cause of death is usu ployers are to be enSbled. accurately to ally some type of intervening lung infec learn 'the effect of individual exposure tion. It is not known' just why the pres and intelligently to transfer ^ffebted work ence of silica in the lungs increases sus- men'-to lower dust /concentrations before ceptibility to tuberculosis, hut when an . ,,`.wcr " dull with ilica.i, i, exposed to tub-'.' cttlosis, an active infection may occur, re gardless of the previous state of health. It is thought probable that silica dust can reactivate healed tuberculous lung lesions of the adult type; how -long after such lesions have healed the reactivation..is possible is not certain. Exposure of sili cotic to tuberculosis or of tuberculous individuals to silica dust is serious and sen00? f H * 1 don5 ' out a system of rotation where indicated as desirable in order that exposure may be intermittent. Such examinations are helpful also in showing the* efficiency of engineering control methods. The ability to place responsibility' in cas, of claim for injury is no small part of the valt;e of such initial and periodic examination's. should be avoided.' Asbestos!. Clinical experience has A lter lilicosis has become well estab shown that the inhalation of a sufficient lished in the lungs, medical science has amount of asbestos dust causes a serious, not found a way to arrest the progress type of fibroids, which is no't accompanied by an unduly high incidence of tubercu- lorn. Other dusts and silicate compounds so far studied produce, at most, only a mild non-progressive reaction in the lungs, provided there is no significant amount of free silica in their composition. While not serious clinically, such conditions may give rise to considerable litigation. Adequate statistics on morbidity and mortality from .occupational disease, to serve as a basis fo.r effectively focussing the efforts to study and control dust dis-. eases of the lungs, are non-existent. In concluding this section, the follow ing quotation from a court decision .in Wisconsin is pertinent (Schaefer v. In dustrial Commission, 265 N. ?W. 390 (Supreme Court, February, .1936)): ". . . It will be necessary to distin guish carefully between medical or patho logical disability and actual physical in capacity to work. The medical experts apparently ignore this distinction, and so increase ,the difficulty of arriving at a just result under the law." tions in air are recorded gravimetrically as milligrams per cubic meter. Others (as silica, where sire is a factor in de termining dangerous particles-), are given by count. Neither method gives the whole story, but in both cases it may be possible-vto secure the information neces sary for the purpose. In one of the reports referred to earlier, there occurs this statement: "There is no doubt in the mind of anyone familiar with the present dust-sampling and dust estimating methods that they will be amended and changed from time to time. At the present writing we would advise : the use of the simplest possible procedures where dust control alone is in question. If one wishes to obtain values which can be compared with published data, it is generally necessary to copy with consid erable care the technic used in the origi nal case. This is another way of admit ting the annoying fact that results by one method are usually not comparable to those obtained by another method." In another place, the report says: "It is very doubtful if any useful purpose is Preventive Engineering served by determining accurately ex- .' . , v needjiless repettr..t.wn to' dj .-s- tre,mely cud,,ens(eor d, uucsth dcloUnce;snttr0ati,ohnosw--tthhec cum m a technical way he cng,nccnnK(. ^ h h w k k , much duItier phMCJ of dust control. All interested are , should bc. . ' . referred to "Industrial Dust," by Drinker and Hatch, which deals comprehensively with the subject; U. S. Bureau of Mines Information Circulars 6840 and 6848, by Harrington and Davenport, a review of literature on "Prevention of Dust Dis eases"; U. S. Public Health Service Bul letin 217, by Bloomfield and DallaValle, on "Thc Determination and Control, of Industrial Dust"; Report Z9 of the Amer ican Standards Association; and to the U. S. Bureau of Mines for a list of ap proved protective devices. It may be said that, in general, -the engineering, specialist can and will devise the necessary equipment to meet the con ditions specified to him. But the setting of limits of permissible' -dust concentra tion is not his but the physician's respon. sibility. The engineer is concerned with " It is probable that any sampling pro cedure which fixes concentrations in groups 100 per cent apart is sufficient and that the results of any attempts to come closer to the concentration at the moment of sampling are simply misleading. Thus ranges such as 0-5, 5-10, 10-20, 20-40, etc., suffice for dust control." As dust particles in the lungs are of the order of 1 micron, with rarely a particle over 10 microns, dust control for hygienic reasons should be aimed at parti cles in the size range found to have been breathed and retained. Again quoting: ". . . if one could avoid use of the dusts of 1 micron or less or exclude them from the dust which passes a 325-mesh screen, nearly all dust diseases would be elimi nated." keeping dustiness to or below the limits Dust Elimination at present considered satisfactory. Obviously, it is better, when possible, Methods of Determining Dust Some dusts '(as lead) are determined by chemical methods and the concentra- to purchase equipment already supplied with exhaust h9od, rather than to have to worry to fit one to equipment not de signed to be hooded. Thus the responsi- - M etals Section 31$ bility'for potential efficiency is upon .the ... Some metal-mining companies have manufacturer. -, gone further, setting the maximum of There is available comparatively tittle permissible dustiness at S million particles information upon which to base the scien per cubic foot. tific design of hoods. Th'e Preventive. Certainly, there is a degree of air clean Engineering'* Committee of Air Hygiene liness .that is safe, from the standpoint of Foundation includes in its. recent report concentration of harmful dust. But the a table of minimum air velocities to cap engineer may find himself in the position ture certain industrial dusts (for use iq of practically being forced to control any granite cutting, -.grain, elevators, .paint dust, harmful or otherwise, if he would spraying, sand pulverising and electric protect his employers against suits at welding). common law and the possibility of aw ard For protective equipment such as dust of damages to men who have breathed respirators, air supplied masks, sand blast dust containing little or no free silica. A helmets, and goggles, -very complete 'in-- dusty workplace is difficult to defend in formation is available, because of th work court. Neither courts nor compensation of the U. S. Bureau of Mines, the Bu boards, and certainly not juries, have reau of Standards, and the American seemed to be greatly impressed with a Standards Association fn preparing and. low silica dust count in an otherw ise issuing specifications to be' met if the dusty atmosphere. equipment is to; be used under conditions Quoting from .one of the reports re where approval' is necessary. ferred to: "E ach'state is a unit--a sover Of course,'all agree that, where possw ble, dust should be controlled at the source, and protective equipment used where this action cannot be accomplished. eign--and it :handles its problems in its own way. Uniformity is lacking, although of course the statutes of many states arc similar. The courts of the various states follow such precedents as appeal to them: ~ Permissible Dustiness consequently, on any imprtant question, ' ** th er^ is likely to*be a divergence of opin There are various figures that have been w ion among the courts, and often the and are being usetf'as guides'1to permissi- . courts fall into two or more groups, each ble dustiness where free silica is present.' gro u p . following a different.:.theory with It should be noted that.m any of the data respect to (he same legal problem." were not determined as the medical re-, quirement, but as being attainable in good practice and apparently satisfactory from a safety standpoint. In South Africa the figure is 1- milli gram per cubic meter (or 300 particles per cubic centimeter, or approximately 8.5 million per cubic foot). o Dr. Lanza found in 1917 in the Joplin, Mo., district that, with good engineering- practice, a figure of 1 milligram per 100' liters of air could be attained. The U. S. Public Health Service, in its study in the ahthracite region ot.Pennsyl- vania, found that 50 million particles per cubic foot with 5 per cent quartz in the coarse dust and 10 million particle? per cubic foot with 35 per cent quartz were apparently satisfactory *and oftefi were attained. q The figure of 10-20 million particles per cubic foot for granite dust with 35 per cent quartz content is often quoted from ... "Workmen's Compensation Acts Workmenls ^compensation acts have ben .passed i n . 46 states (all except A rkansas.and Mississippi)- and the Dis trict of Columbia. These acts are com pulsory as to private employers in 15 states and^leCtive in 31'* states. Insur ance to cover the' risk is compulsory in. seven states. A state fund, ont of which compensa tion is <paidt ,i.s maintained in 18 states; in two of these the employer may, by provingT-financial responsibility, carry his -own risk with lim ite^ contribution to the state fund for the expense of administra tion; in 11 more of.-.this group bf states the employer is. not required to avail fiimsclf of the privileges ofrthe state fund and may provide compensation otherwise. In 28 states, there is no provision for a state compensation fund. - the Vermont granite studies of the U. S. ^ m in istratio n of the compensation act Public Health Service. is-vested'in a commission, board, o r single Metals Section 317 i ^ Examination After Claim for Disability Arises studied separately for details, but in each occupational disease, including silicosis, No two state acts contain identical pro is compensable*. visions, but in all (including the District - The importance of roentgenograms in of Columbia) that have compensation any thorcyugh3>hysical examination for acts, there is provis^bn"tor physical ex pneumoconiosis is well known. This im amination after claim 'fbr disability arises. pNoerwtanJceerseiys, rNeceowgnYizoerdk,` iNn otrhthe CAacrtoslinoaf, In five states (Kentucky, Massachu and (West Virginia. setts, New York, North Carolina, and West Virginia), definite recognition has been given to the importance of some Medical Treatment sort of medical board composed of spe In tjje 17 states (inclffcling ^Maryland) cially qualified physicians and surgeons, in which occupational disease is, to some and charged with the duty of diagnosing ' extent, compensable, the acts usually en occupational disease and of advising the title the claimant to a limited amount of administrative board or commission with medical, surgical, and hospital care, m e a s respect thereto. The laws of these five ured in money cost or length of time states are quite different and should be covered by treatment. These points were raised im the dis r2. Is it advisable to1*limit the number cussion following the addresses': of students per-teacher? 1. How much time is required for Ten studejUs pe,,r instructor is a good , completing a training course? "jatipr^w . V. , . Mr. Davison said that the training X'-XWhich gases present the greatest course in their plant ordinarily codejrd a period of one and one-half years, mit that some students completed it sooner. The time required depends upon the individ harzards in welding? . Silicon gases are the most harmful. The risk, however, has largely been over- come by msnufacturersV.of welding sup ual. plies. THURSDAY MORNING SESSION October 8, 1936^ Metals Section Safety Contest Two hundred and two Units, were reg istered in the 1936 Contest of the Metals , Section. During the Contest period! ' 267,792 employees worked 561,788,579 man-hours with an average frequency rate of 8.030, a decrease of 4 per cent from the 1935 rate of 8.354. Ninety-five units completed the Contest with a fre quency rate below the average, and 8 per cent of the units finished with per fect records. Nineteen plaques and eight certificates were awarded in the Contest. The plaques were presented by John B. Gibson, Publicity Director, Hawthorne works, Western Electric Company, Chi cago, and Vice President for Community Safety Councils, National Sdfety Council, as follows: Steel Mills Division, Group A--Conti nental Steel Corporation, Kokomo Divi sion; Kokomo, Indiana, 4,141,806 man hours, 12 injuries. 484 Twenty-fifth National Safety Congress which had been followed during: the past year. Report of Exhibits Committee. The Committee reported that definite steps had been taken to assure good attendance at the National Exposition in the Conven tion Hall, and that these measures in cluded the following: ! Routing of delegates through the Ex hibit Hall: suitable notices in programs; luncheon and cloakroom' facilities; an "Exhibit Day" in each Section program; a worth-while attendance prize, with eligi bility limited to delegates who showed a real interest in the exhibits; cooperation of exhibitors in providing attractive dis plays; providing exhibitors with daily registration of delegates;, publicizing the exhibits. Report of Program Committee. The Committee reported that a series of talks on five different subjects had been pre pared for presentation at the National Safety Congress. (A record of the Safety Equipment session will be found else where in these proceedings.) Other reports presented were those of the Publicity Committee, the Finance Committee, the Activities Committee and the Membership Committee. Meeting of October 6, 1936 The meeting was called to order by Chairman T. A. Willson, who had been re-elected. Executive Secretary A. 0 . Boniface acted as secretary of the meet ing. George Shull, J. B. Davies and C. H. Callaway were appointed directors. It was agreed that committee appoint ments.would be made later by the Execu tive Committee and that members would be notified of the results by mail. It was voted to continue tbs positions of executive secretary and assistant treasurer on the present basis. ADJOURNMENT Accident Prevention Equipment Manufacturers Who Exhibited at the Twenty-Fifth National Safety Congress and Exposition Atlantic City, N. J.f October 5-9, 1936 Ballroom--Convention Auditorium Aetna Casualty & Surety Company, Hartford, Conn. . Automobile Driving Tests. American Abrasive Metals Company, Irvington, N. J. Safety Treads for Walkways and Safety Gratings. American La-France & Foamite Industries. Inc., F.lntira, N. V. Fire Extinguishing Equipment. Safety Equipment Section 4*5 American Mutual Liability Insurance Company, Boston, Mass. Insurance, W orkmen's Compensation, Property Damage, and American Optical Company, Southbridgc, Mass. Head and Eye Protection Products. Arntzen, Inc., Chicago, Illinois. Auxiliary Emergency Stretcher and First Aid Equipment. Arroway Traffic Signal Corporation, Kingsport, Tenn. Traffic Control* Signals. Associated Guard Manufacturers, Chicago. 111. Dust Control Units and Mechanical Safety Guards. General Atiinmnltil' Frank E. Barnes Company, Chicago, Illinois. Electrician's-Rubber Gloves. Beacon Corporation, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Direction and Danger Signals for Motor Transport Vehicles. Bcndix Products Corporation, South Bend, Indiana. Automotive Equipment. Robert A. Bernhard, Rochester, New York. First Aid Supplies. Blatchford Corporation, Chicago, Illinois. Traffic Signals and Markers. Bradley Washfountain Company, Milwaukee. Wisconsin Group Washing Equipment. Stewart R. Browne Manufacturing Company. New York City. Safety and Special Purpose Lights and Lamps. Brown Shoe Company, St. Louis, Missouri. Men's and Women's Safety Shoes. R. H. Buhrke Company, Chicago, Illinois. Safety Equipment for Construction and Maintenance. . E. D. Bullard Company, San Francisco, Calif. Industrial and Mining Safety Equipment. Burroughs Wellcome & Company. (U. S. A.), Inc., New York City. First Aid Kits and Medical Equipment. H. Childs & Company, Inc., Pittsburgh, Pa. Safety Footwear. Cities Service Company, New York City.. Oils and Gasoline. Columbus-McKinnon Chain Corporation, Tonawanda, N. Y. Alloy Steel Sling Chains. H. S. Cover, South Bend, Indiana. Respirators and Safety Goggles. Crouse-Hinds Company, Syracuse, New York. Traffic Signals and Flood Lights. Davis Emergency Equipment Company, Inc., New York City. First Aid and Safety Equipment. C. H. Dockson Co., Detroit, Mich. Head and Eye Protection. Do-More Chair Company, Elkhart, Indiana. Posture-Health Chairs for Office and Factory. Dual Parking Meter Company, Oklahoma City, Okla. Parking Meter Equipment. Donald S. Duncan, Inc., Chicago, 111. Parking Meter Equipment. ^ Eagle Signal Corporation, Moline, 111. Traffic Signals. 4N> Twenty-fifth National Safety Kongress KUiott Service Company, New York City. Elimination of Waste, Promotion of Efficiency anil Safety. Fairway Laboratories, Inc., Bcileville. III. Anti-fatigue and Heat Exhaustion Antidote Tablets and Dispensing Equipment. General Electric Company, Schenectady, N. Y. Electrical Equipment. Louis Gerber, New York City. BOON the Glove Invisible. Harley Davidson Motor Company, Milwaukee, Wis. Police Motorcycles and Equipment. The Highway Safety Signal Company, Baltimore, Md. Double Filament Traffic Lamps and Color Design Traffic Holcomb Safety Garment Company, Chicago, 111. Industrial Safety Clothing. Hoof Products Company, Chicago, III. Motor Vehicle Speed Control Governors. Huntington Laboratories, Inc., Huntington, Ind. Disinfecting and Sanitation Products. Hynson, W estcott & Dunning, Inc.. Baltimore, Md. Mercurochrome Antiseptic for First Aid Application. l.cn>es. Indian Motorcycle .Company, Springfield, Mass. Police Motorcycles and Equipment. Industrial Gloves Corporation, Danville, 111. Steel Grip Gloves and Safety Apparel, industrial Products Company, Philadelphia, 1'a. Accident Prevention Equipment. International Shoe Company, St. Louis, Mo. Safety Shoes. Keystone Coat & Apron Manufacturing Corporation, Philadelphia. Pa. Service Uniforms for Industrial Purposes. Keystone View Company, Mcadvitle, Pa. Visual Safety Tests. Walter Kidde & Company, Inc., New York City. Fire Extinguishing Systems and Portable Extinguishers. Walter G .L egge Company, New, York City. Compounds for Cleaning and'Treating Moors. Lehigh Safety Shoe Company, Allentown, Pa. Leather and Rubber Safety Shoes.' Liberty Mutual Insurance Company, Boston, Mass. Automobile and Industrial Safety Service. The Lima Cord Sole & Heel Co.; Lima, Ohio. Non-slip Soles and Heels. Liquid Carbonic Corporation, Chicago. 111. Fumigant for Infestation Control. Macwhyte Company, Kenosha, Wis. Wire Rop and Braided Slings. Martindale Electric Company, Cleveland, Ohio. Dust Respirators and Highway Safety Signals. Metropolitan `Life Insurance Company, New York City. Insurance, Industrial Group, etc. Milbum Company, Detroit, Mich. Protective Creams for Prevention of Occupatioiml Skin Mine Safety Appliances Company, Pittsburgh, Pa, Safety Appliances and First-Aid Materials. l>ieae. Safety Equipment Section 487 Monarch Governor Company, Detroit, Mich. Automobile Speed Control Devices. National Bureau of Casualty & Surety Underwriters, New York City.' Casualty Insurance. National Carbon Company, Inc., New York City. Equipment for Battery-Operated Devices. National Safety Council, Inc., Chicago, 111. Poster, Bureau of Information, Research and Education Divisions. Parkrite Corporation, Houston, Tex. Parking Meter Equipment. Patent Scaffolding Company, Chicago, 111. Safety Ladders and Scaffolds. Protectoseal Company, Chicago, 111. Safety Devices for Hazardous Liquids. Pulmosan Safety Equipment Corporation, Brooklyn, N. Y. Respiratory Protection and General Safety Equipment. Pyrene Manufacturing Company, Newark, N. J. Fire Protection Equipment. Railway and Industrial Engineering Co., Greensburg, Pa. Interlocking Systems. Reece Wooden Sole Shoe Company, Inc., Columbus, Neb. Wooden Sole Safety Shoes. Rose Manufacturing Company, Denver, Colo. Ladder Shoes, Window Cleaners' Safety Belts. Safeguard Electric Company, Inc.,.Brooklyn, N. Y. Shockproof Portable Lamp Guards. Safety Engineering, Alfred M. Best Company, Inc., New York City. "Safety Engineering," Insurance Publications and Reports. Safety Equipment Service Company, Cleveland, Ohio. Goggles and All Types of Accident Prevention Equipment. Safety First Shoe Company, Holliston, Mass. Safety Shoes. Safety Shoe Company, New York City. Safety Shoes. W . H . S alisb u ry & C o m p an y , Inc., C hicago, 111. Linemen's Rubber Protective Devices. W. W. Sly Manufacturing Co., Cleveland, Ohio. Dust Control Equipment & Respiratory Protective Devices. Spencer Turbine Company, Hartford, Conn. Heavy Duty Vacuum Cleaners and' Dust Collecting Equipment. Standard Safety Equipment Company, Chicago, 111. Dust Protective and Safety Equipment. Stonchousc Signs, Inc., Denver, Colo. Accident Prevention Signs and Tags. Strauss Company, Inc., Pittsburgh, Pa. Safety Belts, Foot Guards, Safety Hats. Sugar Beet Products Company, Saginaw, Mich. Industrial* SoapfsT'*! Surety Rubber Company, Cartollton, Ohio. Linemen's Safety Equipment and Synthetic Rubber Industrial Equipment. John S. Tilley Ladder Company, Inc., Watcrvlict, N. YC Safety ladders and Scaffolding. Traffic Toy, Inc., Canton, Ohio. Traffic Warning Signs. 488 Twenty-fifth National S a fe ty Con'<fr.es}\ U. S. Steel Corporation & Subsidiaries, Pittsburgh, Pa. Steel Products and Cement. Weaver Manufacturing.Company, Springfield, 111. Automotive Testing Equipment. - West Disinfecting Company, Long Island City, N. Y. Products for the Promotion of Sanitation. Willson Products, Inc., Reading, Pa. Personal 'Protective Devices.