Document zQvx4BjB732jBk2XVDnbyomN0

Blumbarg No. 5113 TRANSACTIONS ' 29th NATIONAL SAFETY CONGRESS GENERAL AND INDUSTRIAL SES.SIONS- CHICAGO OCTOBER 7-11, 1940 i i .I ii i > NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL, INC. ( 20 North Wacker Drive, Chicago Copyright, 1940, Notional Safety Council, Inc. * frinted in tho U. S. A. I II ' 1 Foreword i THE Transactions.of the 29th National Safety Congress and Exposition of the National Safely Council, October 7-11, 1940, arc published in two volumes. Volume I contains the General Sessions and the meetings of the various In dustrial Sections of the Council. Volume II contains the Street and Highway Traffic,; the Commercial Vehicle, the , 'transit, the Child Education and the Home Safely Sessions. . Volume I is distributed automatically to all industrial mcm . hers of the Council. Volume II is sent to members w ho are believed to be interested chielly in the sessions it contains. However, other members of the Council may obtain Volume 11 upon request. Many Council members have found it advantageous to dis tribute Copies of the Transactions Volumes to the individual executives, foremen and supervisors of llteir organi/alion-. who make use of the practical safely information the vol limes contain to organize accident prevention program-.. The volumes contain a vast amount of standard reference ma terial. Extra copies of the Transactions may be obtained as fnllolvs: Volume I, one to 10 copies at $2 each; 11 or mote copies $1.75 cadi. Extra copies of Volume H may be bail at 75 cents each. THE Transactions are a condensed record of the proceed ings of the Congress. The papers and addresses and many of the discussions have been edited to delete extraueou> matter, abbreviate the less important portions, and empha size those parts of particular usefulness in promoting effec tive safety organization and other accident prevention meas ures. The volumes are, therefore, a somewhat abridged ver sion, compact, practical, and of particular value to the stu dent, the supervisor and the executive in achieving more thorough accident prevention success. The original uianu,, scripts are available for additional reference, if desired, in the files of the National Safety Council. THE National Safety Council, at its Congresses, seeks to eliminate from discussion matters which are not pertinent to the aims of the Congress or which may be contrary to the Council's policies. However, it cannot accept responsibility for all the views expressed either in the papers presented or in the discussions based upon these papers. . NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL, Inc. 20 North Wacker Drive Ch icago, Illinois ` i ' ' Contents Council Officers and Directors.......................................... 4 Council Purposes and Program.......................................... 9 Annual Meeting of Members............................................... 11 Annual Banquet ............................................ 27 General Subject Sessions-- Agricultural Safety........................................................ 29 Building Maintenance.................................................... 47 Eye Protection........... ,.................................................... 63 Fire Control and Prevention...................................... 79 Fundamental Causes of Accidents........................... 91 Governmental Safety Service in Industry.............107 Health Service in Industry............................................ H9 Industrial Nursing............................................................129 Maintaining Interest in Safety................................... 151 Occupational Disease ..................................................... 165 Off-the-Job Accidents ...................................................183 Plant Transportation ................................................... .197 Psychology and Safety (Early Morning Classes) ........................................................................209 ' Safety Belts.........................................................................245 Safety Supervisors........................................................... 253 Safety Training ...............................................................^61 _ Visual Education..............................................................277 Aeronautical Section.....................................................................285, A.S.S.E.--Engineering Section ....................................301 Automotive and Machine Shop Section..........................305 Cement and Quarry Section.................................................. 319 Chemical Section ...................................................................... 327 Construction Section ............................. 353 Food Section........................................ . .................................375 ' Marine Section ...........................................................................397 Meat Packing, Tanning and Leather Industries Section ...................................................................................... 427 Metals Section .......... 445 Mining Section...........................................................................497 Paper and Ptdp Section............................................................549 Petroleum Section.................................................................... 591 Power Press Section...................... 625 Public Utilities Section........................................................... 635 Refrigeration Section............................................... '............ 659 Rubber Section...........................................................................671 Steam Railroad Section........................................................... 697 Textilq Section........................................................................... 723 Wood Products Section........................'................................. 739 Safety Exposition Exhibitors.............................................. 743 Index ............................................................................................... 749 . National Safety Council, Inc. . HONORARY MEMBERS : Association of Ikon and Steel Engineers Roiicrt W. Cami'oi i.i. Lew R. Palmer OFFICERS (1940-1941) Col. John Stilwki.i, President N'f.d II. Deakiiohn, Vice-President for Education I. W. Mili.akd, Vice-President for Finance and Treasurer G. T. I Illlmutii, Assl. Vice-President for Finance and Asst. Treasurer Walter S. Paine, Vice-President for Industrial Safely Lew K. Pm.mck, Vice-President for Coinniunily Councils and Public Relations A. V. Roiiwedek, Vice-President for Home Safety R. T. Solensten, Vice-President for Membership Lnsi ic(J. Sorenson, Vice-President for Public Safety W. H. Cami iinx, Ma nnging Director and Secretary EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE (1940-1941) H. J. Aldrich, Spencer Kellogg & Sons, Inc. J. I. Hvnami, Past President II. In. Rln.nt-.it, Salely Dipt., Automobile Club u[ Rhode Island C. W. I'i.kcouim, Past President II. \V. Pnia.i sS, Sinclair Prairie Oil Company II. K. Holt, South |!ind Civic Safety (.'oiineil (illas. S. ltowni.N, Public Utilities Section F. W. Brai n, ASSE-Engineering Section ' W. II. C.vMiuon. National Safely Council, Inc. L. C. Cami iii i.i., The Isoppers Coal Company Kouekt W. Camituli, Past President D. U. Chant, Ontario Pulp & Paper Makers' Safety Association N'ed H. Dlaihiokn, New York University Lewis A. DlUlois, Past 1'rr-idem Marcus A. Dow. I`.i>I President Wakoi n F. Km.ows, Tin- Amerit.nl National Red Cross Cadw.u i.aui.k Evans, In., Mining Section D. I). Fenni i.i.. Past Picsi'lnil . v II. J. GiuEmu, .(ones Nr Lauglilin Steel Corp. . K. E. Gkovlk. Columbus & Southern Ohio F.leetric Company II ihkV Gull iii.kt, The Pullman Company Jueien II. Harvey, Greater New York Safely Council . G. T. Heli.muiii, Chicago Rapid Transit Company ii 4 OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS, Continued Harold G. Hoffman, New Jersey Unemployment Compensation Com mission Walter G. Kjng, Past President Wsi. C. Innoelk, Milwaukee Safety Commission John E. Long, Past President Tiios. H. MacDonalu, U. S. Public Roads Administration . Rouert A. McArthur, Public Service Coordinated Transport Dr. Miller McClintock, Yale University I. W. Millard, Industrial Gloves Company ' Ciias. A. Miller, Petroleum Section Haroi.o L. Miner, E. I. du Pont dc Nemours & Co. Hon. Eliot Ness, Director of Public Safety, Cleveland E. J. O'Brien, Jr., Louisville Safety Council ' Walter S. Paine, Aetna Life S: Affiliated Companies Lew R. Palmer, Past President C. E. Plttiiione, Past President G. H. Pff.if, General Electric Company Ai uekt S. Klcula, Industrial Relations Counselors, Inc. U. J. Rlic.ei.uth, Construction Section Lt. Col. Henry A. Renincer, Past President A. V. Rohweder, Duluth, Missabc & Iron Range Railway Company Charles B. Scott, Past President Frank T. Sheets, Portland Cement Association. Cari. L. Smith, Greater Cleveland Safety Council C. R. Smith, American Air Lines, Inc. R. T. Solensten, Elliott Service Company '. . Leslie J. Sorenson, Traffic Engineer, Chicago Col. John Stilweli., Consolidated Edison Company of New York, , Inc. t John M. Sylvester, Lehigh Valley Safety Council J. Iv. Tknnev, Steam Railroad Section C. P. Toi.man, Past President Oiorgk G. Tkavtu, Greater Chicago Safety Council V. I. Trovit.r, Automotive & Machine Shop Section Du. C. II. Watson, Past President* A. W. Wiiitnev, National Conservation Bureau R. V. Wright, Railway Age Magazine Arthur H. Younc, Past President DIRECTORS (1940-1941) H. J. Aldrich, Spencer Kellogg & Sons, Inc. Frank E. Auks, Marine Section ; A. L. Armstrong, Rochester, N. Y. Vlrn W. Auiici., Safety Div., Syracuse Chamber of Commerce J. I. Banasii, Past President , l). A. Barrett, Carnegie-Illinois Steel Corporation Ernest W. Beck. United States Rubber Company s OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS, Continued H. K. Bennett, Safety Dept., Automobile Club of Rhode Island C. \V. BtRC-ouisr. Pa,i President * F. F. Blank, Jones & Laughliii Steel Corporation II. \V. Bocokss, Sinclair Prairie Oil Company O. C. Bon eau, Wood Products Section 11. E. Bolt, SoiiiIi Bend Civic Safety Council C. B. Uouli.t, Wisconsin Public Service Corporation Ciias. S. Boasdcn, Public Utilities Section F. \V. Braun, ASSK-Enginecring Section Irvin A. Brinkman, Metals Section Just imi A. 1! 1(011 is', Kli/ahclh Safety Council I'. S. Broavn, Standard Accident Insurance Company W. II. Cameron, N'aiioual Safety Council, Inc. I. . C. CAMrma.i., The Kopppcrs Coal Company Koucrt W. Cami'umi, l'a^t President Raymond A. C.un.v, p.vanston Safety Council K.w Carney, Kenosha Safety Council Rgiikrt I. Cati in', Aetna Casualty & Surety Company I). B. Chant, Paper ft Pulp Section Dean M. Clark, Pood Section Wm. it Ci.akk, St. Joseph Safety Council Howard L. Couk, Korhester Safety Council J. K. CtJi.iiNEV, Belhlehcni Steel Company N'i:t> If. Ukariiorn, Xew York University Lewis A. Di.Bims, Past President l\ W. Demitsy, The l.iquid Carbonic Corporation R. A. Dm mar. Cement & Quarry Section Mmols' W. Doiikzknsky, East Bay Safety Council C. K. DoOl.LV, Socony Vacuum Oil Company, Inc. James B. Douglas. The Philadelphia Cias Works Company Marcus A. Dow. Past President Ralph \V. Ei.i.is, Jr., Springfield Safety Council & Hampden County Safety Council Harold F. Eni.oavs, The American National Red Crus* Odavai.i.ader Evans, Jr., Mining Section D. D. Fennei.i, Past President Dm. Hart E. Fisiifm. Chicago Rapid Transit Company Edmund 1`it/c.e.k\i n. Safety Die., Milwaukee Association of Com merce Victor li. Fiizp.mkii k, Richmond Safety Council Howard U. Ponijx, Burroughs Wellcome & Co. (U.S.A.) Inc, Arthur C. Frey. Worcester Safety Council Lyie H. Gift, Peoria Association of Commerce Safety Council Randolph L. Gii.m\n, Rahway Safely Council Hinry J. Gorman, Blackstonc Valley Safety Council W. A. Griffin, American Telephone & Telegraph Company H. J. Griffith, Jones & Laughlin Steel Corporation E. E. Grover, Columbus & Southern Ohio Electric Company Harry Guiluert, The Pullman Company D. T. Harrington. U. S. Bureau of Mine* t 6 OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS, Continued Frank H. Harrison, International Harvester Company Julien H. Harviiy, Greater New York Safety Council G. T. Hellmutii, Chicago Rapid Transit Company J. C. Heriif.rt, Greater i.os Angeles Safety Council Harold G. Huffman, New Jersey Unemployment Compe'iisaimn ( mn mission J. Andrew Holley, Child Education Section Oliver Hopkins, Rubber Section S. B. Hoiiiii i.l, 'I'lie Carey Salt Company Mlkkick J ackson, Employees' Publication Section W. Pi.oyh Jackson, Delaware Safely Council Wm. F. James, Philadelphia Safely Council Jasper B. Johnson, Madison County Safety Council Thomas I'. Kearns, Industrial Commission of Ohio H. II. Kelly, U. S. Inter,talc Commerce Commission Walter G. Kino, Past President Wai. C. Knof:i.k, Milwaukee Safety Commission Wm. S. Knudskn, Detroit Industrial Safely Council C. L. LaFountaine. Great Northern Railway Company Roy I.f.e, Contra Costa Comity Safety Council AnNoi.n LockeriiV, Granil Rapids Safety Council John li. Long, Past President J. W. Loud, Commercial Vehicle Section Tnos. II. MacDonald, U. S. Public Roads Administration ' Hon. Akihur \V. Mamie:, Commissioner of Motor Vehicles, New Jersey Roy S. Marshall, Seattle Traffic & Safety Council R. A. McArthur, Public Service Coordinated Transport II. N. MlCi.ell.an, Bcihclcy Traffic Safely Commission, Ltd. Dr. Miller McCi.istolk, Yale University David L. Mil i.ar, St. Louis Safety Council I. W. Millard, Industrial Gloves .Company Ciias. A. Miller, Petroleum Section ` Harold L. Miner, E. I. dtt Pont tie Nemours & Company R. B. Moio.ey, Industrial Accident Prevention Associations C. L. Murray, Mason City-Cerro Gordo County Safely Council Gen. Daniel Nef:iui.asi, Massachusetts Safety Conne-il M. C. Nelson, Dcs Moines Safety Council Hon. Eliot Ness, Director of Public Safely. Cleveland Frank S. Neavei.l, Toledo Safety Council E. J. O'Brien, Jr., Louisville Safety Council George C. A. Opp, The Detroit Edison Compaii) Waiter S. Paine:, Aetna Life & Affiliated Companies Lew'll. Palmer. Past President David A. Patton, Ncssark Safety Council ' V. G. Pendleton, Posvcr Press Section C. E. Pettihone. Past President ,, G. IL Pfeif, General Electric Company Judce Harry H. Porter, Street, & Higlixvay Traffic Section ' A. A. Rail, Refrigeration Section 7 OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS, Continued Ai.hert S. Rkcui.a, Industrial Relations Counselors, Inc. R. J. Keicei.uth, Construction Section ' Lt. Col. Henry A. Renincer, Past President A. V. Rohwedkr, Duluth, Missabc & Iron Range Railway Company Henry G. Schaffneh, Meat Packing. Tanning & Leather Industries Section _ Charles B. Scott, Past President v , Earl S. Shartzer, Utica Safety Council Frank T. Sheets, Portland Cement Association John R. Sherwood, Baltimore Safety Council Dr. L. A. Siiocoy, Bethlehem Steel Company Ernest L. Simonies. Mew Haven Safety Council Adolph Skinner, Safety Dept., Nashville Chamber of Commerce Carl L. Smith. Greater Cleveland Safety Council C. R. Smith. American Air Lines. Inc. Arthur V. Snell. Chattanooga Safety Council R. T. Solknstkn, Elliott Service Company Leslie J. Sorenson. Traffic Engineer. Chicago John R. Spence. Kansas City Safely Council * E. C. Spuing, Philadelphia, f'a. Cue. John Stii.wkll. Consolidated Edison Company of N. Y.. Inc. Edmund C. Stone. Western Pennsylvania Safety Council John M. Sylvester, Lehigh Valley Safety Council r- J. K. Tenney. Steam Railroad Section Arthur M. Thoe. Consulting Engineer C. P. Toi.man. Past President Geoki'.k G. Truer. Greater Chicago Safety Council V. 1. Trotter. Automotive & Machine Shop Section Wilfred E. Vogi.kh, Albany Safety Council Dr. H. L. Vosiilrc.ii, General Eleciric Company J. C. Ward. Superior & Douglas County Safety Council Stanley Warzala, Chcmiral Section Dr. C. If. Watson. Past President W. B. Weaver. Textile Section T. Anouk White. Safety Div., Birmingham Chamber of Commerce S. E. W iiitino. Liberty Mutual Insurance Company A. \V. Whitnf.y. National Conservation Bureau R. V. Wright. Railway Age Magazine Arthur H. Young. Past President E. J. Zaiiet. Safety Bureau. Dulmli Chamber of Commerce ,xT The profit, live i achiev- the fo 1. C will tr; are cor dents .. ing pe, and er don't " definite dents c ment . fore. .5 of the* 2. P causes in any are no'. Every school ganizat. of accb ventiou the th . 3. M pie rewhich Thereft the m public influnn*' driver, school pends iv way i from i.. isfactioi omy. 4. E. accidcni The r  ll. von hate .taken a big ' that man's mind. 'is necessary for me to bat worry certainly play* art in accidents. I am not "v many accidents-those had if we had not taken ancial difficulties. But 1 did a job for them but r our safety program at getting rid of their , : I redit union is almost an nr safety program. hospitalization and sick' out in about the same .t man working in your w rate job. he is not al of money and has a sponsibilities. His doci are going to have to . iken out." The doctor's r to be 525, $50 or posMe is going to have to n weeks, and there will '* pay there. That is a -it during the time he ireceive a definite sick'.nows he is going In in benefit, he is a lot dling to go ahead and n out; and, again, he elf a favor and you a his physical condition. f them do play a part >ftty program. LEU: Ladies anil Cionu.d interest this moru-nUicicnt satisfaction to panel that the Chair- than to turn to them n behalf of the Proe are glad that there . not more discussion <>m this panel, hat a good part of the mg will he published | 1 j [ ! ; . I | j j i ^ . . . ` V' * { Occupational Disease ` WEDNESDAY MORNING SESSION October 9, 1940 The meeting on Occupational Disease, Manager, Engineering Department. Aetna planned as a Panel Discussion, was called Casualty & Surety Company, Hartford, to order by the Chairman, Walter S. Paine, Conn., who presided. Panel Discussion N , CHAIRMAN PAINE: Al every meeting that I have attended in this Congress some one lias raised the question of industrial dis ease. This is a subject which has been maligned in some cases and has been a fan Considered as Industrial Injuries?" This will be handled by H. A: Nelson, Director of Workmen's Compensation Department, Wisconsin Industrial Commission of Mad ison. tasy on the part of others. This, however, should not in any way destroy the realities that arc back of the industrial disease prob lem. We all regret that severe illness keeps Dr. Paul flrelim, Supervisor of Industrial Hygiene Unit of Wisconsin State Board of Healtli at Madison, from being present. In the discussion of this broad problem, wc have asked the medical profession and the law to help us this morning. Each phase The- paued wilt be opened on "Health Hazards in Spray Painting." Dr. Wal-li. . of the problem will be discussed on an or derly basis. Wc have assigned as the first Spray Painting speaker for each of these subjects one of the men on this platform. After he has finished his preamble, we will ask the members on the floor to present any question they may. have on the subject. Wc have the following subjects to be dis cussed: "Health Hazards in Sprav Paint ing." Dr. Eugene Walsh, Associate Super visor of Medical Service, International Harve-tcr Company, Chicago, will open this subject. DR. EUGENE WAI.SII: Painting i> a topic that has received considerable atten tion. There lias been an increasing number of hazards imported into the trade. Mo-t of these have received wide attention, par ticularly in the past few years. It has licett incident to the wide use of the -pray gtm and of the lacquers, particularly. Many of the solvents and products used in the paint industry have known toxicities. Others arc in the experimental stage, so far as ti-c ai-i "Fatigue and Its Relation to Occupational so far as their hazards to health arc con Disease." This subject will be taken up by Dr. Xorbcrt Enzcr, Director of Labora tories. Mount Sinai Hospital, Milwaukee. "The Toxic Limits of Common Solvents." This subject will he opened up by Dr. Elston L. Belknap, of Milwaukee. cerned. In the old days of brush or dip or llou painting, still widely used, solvents of rather low volatility were employed, and the haz ards associated therewith were not a- great. However, when we come to the spray gun. "Lead in Industrial Processes." Dr. Bel particularly in its use in the recently devel knap will also handle this subject. oped lacquers, wc come into a host of new "Skin Affections." This will be handled by Dr. M. J. Reuter, Dermatologist anil Syphilologist, of Milwaukee, Wis. solvents. The quantities used per year m lacquers and solvents in the paint industry in the The last, hut one of the most important, United Slates reach astronomical propor will be "Should Orrupatioiial Diseases Be tion*. Many, many tons arc used. 29th National Safety Congress ilir paints we have the following liaz.: first, the pigments. There has been a i in,; trend d>ruiilely away from Icadi.m; pigments toward uOn-lcad pigments. ::t 1,1 the luni-hail pigments have their niiar hazards. Many of tlicm are rela- ly iniiih'iiims and can Lie used with rela- immunity. ered when xylol is used. .Al-., whin we lia\;c two substances which are used to make a paint or lacquer fluid, its toxicity, result ing from the combination of die two sub stances is not usually that of a summation of the individual toxicitics of the two. That i>. it we have two products (A and It),.A of one-plus toxicity, if we wish to u-v that i iar as the fluid constituents of paint" terminology, and 11 of one-plus toxicity, we imicerticd, in the order of volatility in may get a resulting toxicity of three-plus, ral. we have, first, the solvents which or something of that nature--just to ti-c an largely, for paints; the parallius, nils arbitrary form. arni'li; varnish with some turpentine .line spirits of vat inns and sundry types. Inner the volatility, of I'ntiise, it it is sic product, the gicater the toxicity. The methods of control are: First, Ihe Mihxliliilion of nun-toxic produets such li ne nii-utiuncd ill gelling away from lead hearing pigments in paints. We are fin tuiiale he ordi ny paiiils and lacquers can In: to have alert chemists in the paint indii.-lry eh ted 'yogelhcr because the prohletn of who arc alive to this problem. They are 'ilventJr largely, is what we wish to constantly striving and working will) ihe in null. The solvents used are relatively dustrial hygienists and the physicians in de h'nlmg (troducts which volatilize read- veloping nou-loxie products, So far a< hoi It sin h as- acetone, ethyl acetate, hutyl pigments and solvents arc concerned. in-, amyl acetate, and so forth. Anothcc factor that has liven considered i st, the paint must have a diluent. In and is of importance today in reducing rdinary paints--oils, turpentine or spirits toxicity is the mechanical development of he used. In the lacquers--alcohol, the spray gun. Many years ago, in its in I. \ylnl. mineral spirits have heen used, fancy, no precautions were taken. The en e past, benzol was used. We'are glad gineers weren't particularly interested in it. y that there is a growing trend away. A man would spray with one or another, : ihe U'e of-benzol, which has cumnla- spreading the toxic substances about. Today, n lions in the hiiiuan individual, result- however, with the development of lower n the low grade chronic toxicitics duo pressure spray gnus, with the development hpiession oi the Idood-funning organs, of engineering methods of control of vapors c is a definite trend toward less loxic and fumes and dusts incident to the process, Its. we have less toxicity. next essential part of the lacquers iu- If an individual corporation is alert in ob s the driers, such as ethyl lactate or serving and controlling the hazards preseni, olve, nionomethyl ethers and various very little toxicity need be encountered in chemical products of known and un most processes. Thisincliides, of course, the it toxicitics. Also, there mu>t he a precautionary methods for the individual, zer or a substance giving flow to the when 1 speak of the industrial hygieni-t and -. These are relatively high-boiling low- the engineer's phase of the problem. If an 'ity prrtjucts, triplicnylphosphate. cas individual is working in a place where en ', cainphar and oihers, again of known gineering methods arc not feasible to control ihuown tp.xiclty. the vapors and toxic product", then the in toxicitics of the various individual dividual iuii"t have his respiratory protec is arc jfieu known. It is not the tion to prevent inhalation. Mo"l of the y of the pure product, however, that . often concerned with. It is the prodlich is used commercially. It is often purities in minute quantities that add solvents which arc used have a narcotic action, and their action is hv way of ab sorption llirougli the respiratory tract. Tak ing away the fumes is the way of control. toxicity. For example, we may say I have very briefly outlined some of die s, in the case of xylol, some question major points. Do you choose In pursue this its inherent toxicity. However, since question ? is so frequently a contaminant, we v some benzol toxicity to he consid CHAIRMAN PAINE: Discussion will be carried on from the floor and also from Oecttfxilioital Disease 10/ the viewpoint of the panel. May wc proceed on this subject, namely health hazards in spray painting? EDWARD SMITH (Jewell Alloy & Malleable Co., lSulT.ilo, N. Y.): No mrnlion was made about spraying whitewash. DR. WALSH: Spraying with whitewash is a common procedure. z\s whitewash is largely calcium, it is a relatively innocuous substance. It is irritating to the respiratory tree and may he followed by a chronic cough. Nut infrequently there are runtaiiiiri.mis in whitewash which may have toxic products in them hut, irdinarily, white washing i" a mailer that is ilnnc tnilav. nvxl week, and perhaps a inoiilh heiicv. It isn't1 done in most industries day after day. The cxposiiie is relatively iufnqiiiiil and die hazards are not great. Likewise, most of the whilewashing pro cedures are done in large, open, airy rooms. That isn't true of some tunnels, of course. If it is done in closed rooms, tunnels and show on the x-ray. Most of them arc stopped by the mechanical aids in the nose and upper respiratory tract, that is the hair-, the cilia on the lining of the respiratory tract and, as such, are coughed up, rather than persisting in the respiratory tract. However, if one is using paints over a long period of time, it is conceivable that a chronic bronchitis might result. However, here one is on thin ice. Then- are many other factors incident to the- can-alion of chronic bronchitis that arc equally as, or mure, import.ml than the priidm Is use-d in the paints, either the pigments nr the sol vents. MR. CALK (Eastman-Ixod.ik ( omp.mc): fit spray painting in rooms, using lead-free gasoline as a solvent, we have noticed as much as -150 parts per million of aromatics, and wc find that many lead-free gasolines now sold contain a large proportion of ben zol, xylol and toluol, f wonder if much at tention has been given to that fact ? places with poor aeration, it is advisable, if DR. WALSH: That is a problem, it is the process is to consume any length of true. Certain fields of oil, particularly those time, to have the individual protected in bearing the naphthionic acid oils do, in their some niauiier. Just a simple draft of air or cracking processes, result in benzol in con a mechanical dust type respirator probably siderable portions, in some inslanre>. in the would lie usable if the exposure is to be of gasoline. The straight paraffin oils'may re any length of time.' sult in some benzol but not so much. It is a factor to be considered. It depends largely X-Ray Examinations ' upon the amount of benzoj present. In some instances it has been said to run as high as DR. KOIIERT M. BURNS (Minnesota 10 per cent in certain gasolines. That is not State Medical Assn., St. Paid, Minn.) : Are usually true. there methods by x-ray examination from time to lime or from year to year that will show progress of bronchial trouble as a re sult of these paint inhalations? There is one factor to be considered in gasolines, and that is the difference between benzol, which is the ring-structure and ben zene, which is a straight hydrocarbon, and DR. WALSH: There are those that relatively innocuous. It lias some tcixic prop would answer your question in the affirma erties, but they are transitory, largely. tive. Mo-t roentgenologists, however, rather scoff at the idea of making a diagnosis of bronchiectasis by x-ray. The shadows which wc see in the x-ray are largely those of the blood W"-e)s and fibrous structures of the lung. It is true, however, if an individual is using some paints which bear silica--and one paint that I did not mention is that used in the porcelain industry, silica-hearing paint--that is another problem. If you are using a silica-bearing paint, you will get the characteristic ^h.luges of silicosis. However, for the ordinary pigment, so little is absorbed, so few of them produce prngres-ive changes in the lung, they rarely Benzol has developed a chronic toxicity. This particular subject is receiving attention now, but very little has been produced to indicate that benzol is a definite toxic agent in the gasolines produced. But if the- aro matics were up to about 450 parts per mil lion, you certainly are on the borderline of toxicity. I think it should he reduced, if it is at all possible, by ordinary methods. Al least the men should be watched very care fully for blood changes, so far as benzol exposure is concerned. MR. CARR: In that connection, it has been necessary for us to go to a respira- 29th Witiumil Safety Congress prolcc on of the supplied air type. SupI also villi a charcoal canister at the ' uaisl, so that when he breaks the ictiun temporarily to go back in the i. he still has the protection of the char* canister. The connection, when broken, nalie.illy shuts off both the air supply diluents used in the lacquers which wc arc now employing. The process is very much the same. There has been some change in Ihc length of time required to dry these lacquers, hut the constituents are the same as they were. also (he air connection, so that he can- W. H. KRAUSE (Allis-Chalmers \fl'g. rtatlic the room air. Company, West Allis, Wis.): There have WALSH: That certainly is a fine cement. <. ALICE HAMILTON (Division of r Standards, 11. S. Department of r. Washington. D. C.): In the Division ahur Stamlarils in Washington some or three years ago, when 1 was visit- been recent changes in regard to the diluents used in paint. Quite a few of the target oil companies' are now producing hydrogenated naphtha. These do contain considerable quantities of benzol and toluol. I wonder if there hail been any experiments made with regard to the toxicities? u|.,mobile plants, I was tohl they were ig a change in their coatings. I wonder Benzol Frowned Upon her that has proved to be true? They me they were substituting synthetic s for nitrocellulose and as a solvent using hydrogenated petroleum prod- uliicli had very low volatility. It .d as if that were going to be a revo- i in coating iu automobile factories. I 1 like very much to know whether that c lias been made. DR. WALSH: I should have mentioned, when we were speaking of toxicities of sol vents, that the medical profession frowns upon the use of benzol as a solvent or di luent iu any proportion. We just don't like benzol, regardless of its percentage, because it is so easy to get out of hand, and the chronic effects of its poisoning come on so slowly and so innocuously, they creep up AIRM\N PAINE: Can anyone an- on you before you know it. It requires rather tlie question of Dr. Hamilton ?- close observation wherever there is any WALSH: I would like to say to Dr. benzol or toluol. ion concerning the substitution of So far as the hydrogenated naphthas are lie resins for nitrocellulose products concerned, it has been said that the hydro e automotive industry particularly, genation does not change the chemical struc f us receive all of our information ture of the naphtha, and it does not increase, ilug the newer development of haz- particularly, its toxicity. If it is in relatively rnrn no person other than Alice Ham large quantities, -100 to 500 parts per million, it anyone in the room can answ er the tin u there is the problem of the toxicities ii. I am sure that she can. She livau- inherent to the hydrogenated naphtha ilstlf. rivicwcd the entire literature iu a But wc would murli prefer not to -ee ben lion that she produced in 1936 called zol at all. . t Changes in the Painter's Trade" CHAIRMAN I'AINE: Dr. Ham-ltou. did is Bulletin No. 7 of the U. S. De you wish to say anything cl-e on the sub ll of Labor. It is a beautiful presen- ject ? iml it is worth while lor any of you cl in the paint industry to read it. DR. HAMILTON: I think not. My study of the subject is four years old. I thought .-ruing the <|iicstion at hand, I know- perhaps very important things had mine to articular changes at the moment that light since then. Apparently benzol is still a ui instituted in the industries that I lurking danger which arises in all sorts of cn acquainted with. I do know that unexpected ways, especially as we use inure . lugs arc in progress. As Dr. Ham- cracked gasoline than we did before. I quite egcsts. I think that they are changes agree that it is something that should hr ight direction, in many instances. avoided \. L. BROOKS (Fisher Body Diicncral Motors Corp.): We do quite sprr ; painting. I believe there has radie.d change in the solvents and Wc always advise the substitution of toluol, when possible, for benzol, but f don't think any industrial physician would he will ing to give a clean bill of health to toluol. Occupational Disease 16') We are beginning to look upon it with more definitions of the term "occupational dis suspicion. Dr. (iainniou of the tin Pont ease." _ Company believes it is much more harmful Now, any disease will produce fatigue. It than we have thought hitherto. I hope he is almost synonymous that disease limits (lie w ill, as the years go on, accumulate more output or the capacity for work of the in accurate knowledge about it so that wc may dividual who lias been alfcctc-d. Wliat wc perhaps encourage its disuse, also. I think must recognize today is that fatigue may that probably would lie in the right direc also constitute a state of disease. In other tion. MR. (iUMMAR (Barrett Company): 1 would like tn offer one minor observation. Commercial toluol, as sold in this country, words, that wc recognize fatigue as a func tional disorder which must he trialed, which must be recognized and corrected, and its causes eliminated. dov- not contain any measurable amount of The ineeliaiiisin of fatigue is grounded iu benzol. . CHAIRMAN PAINE: Wc will have to (>ass on tn the next subject: "Fatigue ami its Relation to Occupational Disease." This sub ject will lie opened by Dr. Norbert Enzer, Director of Laboratories, Mount Sinai Hos pital. Milwaukee. a very complex explanation which is not yet clear, anil probably won't be clarified until a great deal of investigative wank has been done. But in the past few years a con siderable amount of investigation has been done, most notably at the Harvard School of Industrial Hygiene under Dr. Dill; and in Europe, up to recent times, a great deal of - Fatigue and Occupational Disease work lias been done, particularly in Ger many and latterly in Russia; the object be ing, in the European investigations, to niid DR. NORBERT ENZER: At ten-thirty out wliat circumstances of employment con in the morning I generally have a very lovv tributed to fatigue, to correct those cir levcl of activity and suffer from fatigue. cumstances of employment to prevent fa Fatigue is a state of bodily ill health, of tigue ami, lu-ncc, to increase the output of transient character. It is evanescent, as we the individual in terms of his occupation, understand it and as the term is commonly without sacrificing any quality of his health. used hut, so far "as industry is concerned, fatigue is that state of the individual at work which makes it impossible for him to perform what may lie considered an average good output. Now, the Ihing that wc lack at present, so far as its applicability to the practice of industrial medicine is concerned, is a tardstiek of fatigue. A number of investigations are going on iu that direction, and I think It is characterized by certain symptoms. It In fore long something will come of it is rhararlcrizcd under ideal conditions of Broadly speaking, two main channels of invi-ligalioii by certain objective findings ' investigation are being carried mi. One i< a wliivli I will elaborate in a moment. slate of fatigue relative to the muscular In the strictest sense of the term, I sup- capacity of the individual, fn oilier words, pu-c an oeeupation.il disease is that condition we relate nuisclc strength to the load. The which can he directly traced to some agent other is a form of fatigue which I think is or circumstance in employment which can going to he more important as time goes on, he labeled as the calisativc factor of the dis-** and is related to the nervous system. That ease. But as our horizon widens and our arises out of the fact that fatigue is pro concept of disease becomes broader, anti as duced by agencies which impair the ability we interpret the word "disease" as it was of the brain to scud impulses to the originally used in the Greek sense, a slate of peripheral muscles so that work may he variation iTom health, or dis-eaxe, then we performed. mu-t regai d an occupational disease as any statc of ill health which has been contrib uted to by circumstances of employment. Under that definition there is hardly a disease which, tinder some imaginable state of affairs, couldn't be related to wliat the man is doing. Those arc the two extreme Now, monotony of work may he the greatest contributor to fatigue. 1 use that as an illustration. For example, we found out, in one small investigation, that individuals employed at work which called for dexterity and niinbtencss and a high degree of mental alertness fatigued in less than a twenty- 29ih Xattonal Safely Congress Imur period. In other words, if a ccr- ,in11<J.11 <) of measurement was applied morning before work began, llie same ,nl applied at (lie.- end of llie day, we demonstrate in almost all indii idu.ilx cd that tlicy bad experienced fatigue, at tliat experience was definitely rc- 10 tbe ability of their nervous system gufatc their muscular activity in co ition. . w. in jobs which call ior a stationary oii, manipulation of instruments, or tony uf exercise, that kind of fatigue be recognized by the indn-trial pliy-i- It lias been pointed out, and vve have been able lo show in some small investigations, that if it could be arranged that this joh could be done in the sitting position, the output would be increased and the individ ual would suffer less fatigue. ` It has been shown that, in jobs which call for a to-and-fro movement between more or less fixed positions, vvithuut much opportunity to rest, if the period is broken hourly or at hour and one-half intervals, and simple freedom of motion allowed lo get out of the range of what he was doing, rest is instituted and fatigue is relieved. c occu|iational disease', conversely, may i. c a l.ili;11e which may not he rccog- nidi " I be individuals are Stihjectid to d examination. I'm' example, we have I that individuals with a mild type of leii-ioi iuena-ed blood piessui'e, have my ins,, u,es a lower fatigue lloc-hold iudividieds whose blood pressures are d Or an cnlaigcd heart, due to vulwii-c.ise, a leaky valve, will produce the We have been able lo show that the appli cation of bathing, in certain kinds of iudu-tries, will produce a diminution of fatigue and raise the capacity of the individual lo rc-i>t his industry or his joh. Tlio-o arc some of the features of the occupational aspects of disease, or the industrial a-perl of fatigue, rather. With that casual iulrodm'limi wc ran go on and attempt to nu-wer some ipieslioos. jdienome ion; or individuals with diaor individuals that have a low lei-al Tests of Fatigue lie ra'c. because of a thyroid gland ''nice, or individuals who art- ab- llc obi -e will all show variations in i.iticuo thresholds. CHAIRMAN PAINE: Are there any questions from (he floor? This is an inter esting subject. mil) way that aspect of the subject ropcrly be investigated is to approach m the medical point of view first. Ex.lion ol the individual becomes the imit thing. I', is impurtanl to a|iply critandards of ev.duaiiuu, then to attempt reel them hy medical program. imlo'lrial factor of fatigue, which I iited first, calls for a recognition that i kinds of work can produce fatigue, in lo a|i|dy inelliods vvhirli will relieve ant to illustrate just two: D1C WAI.SH: I should like to ask a question in relation to various tests of fa tigue. The psychologists have all had people polling round pegs in square holes and all that sort of thing, rapidity of processes. That is one method that is not my concept of the way to measure fatigue, but it brings up one point; namely, the relation of fatigue to tbe meiilal status of llie individual Again, tbe psychological yardstick may be applied. What is the relationship of the in telligence quotient of the individual to fa tigue? Does the person using his mind in ,i iccoyiiire that a certain occupation his wotk fatigue mote readily than one do ccs fatigue, wc have discovered things ing physical activity in which no mental ef will relieve the fatigue. A man whose fort is required? dls for standing at a bench, in more v one position, dome the same job ud over again, will have fatigue which e relieved if lie can periodically sit because his oxjgcn consumption in uiny position is greatly reduced over .Hiding position, and he performs vir- less work within himself. Consc- DR. ENZER: If I liiay restate (he ques tion, f think Dr. Walsh really wants to find out whether individuals of low I.Q., so to speak, experience the same phenomenon of fatigue under the same circumstances as an individual of high I.Q. DR. WALSH: That is right. y he has available greater reserves of for his performance. DR. ENZER: I would say lie docs, al though that is not generally recognized. Occnlnitionnl /disease 171 REX JOHANEK (Connor Lumber Co., Wakefield, Mich ) : Do you not think a lot of this is caused through improper food? DR. ENZER; Wc arc now recognizing scu-itivc to sound, because we could pick out from a group of individual.- people whose flicker phenomenon was gready de pressed when their cars were' stimulated; which suggests, perhaps, that such individ that nutrition plays an important part in nervous fatigue' because vve know there arc certain elements in food that are important for the integrity of the central nervous sys tem, Hut we have been able to show iu some preliminary experiments and from .some sur uals work best in a quiet atmosphere. That is a speculation. Another type of individual constitutionally wasn't alTectcd at all. His flicker phenom enon was exactly the same rate. veys that, in a general nay, food intake, ex The third individual had his dicker phe cept in an extreme instance, is not important, nomenon raised; in other words, he was Imt iu acute instances it is. What do I mean stimulated by sound. I think casual exam by that? An individual who has been de ination amongst yourselves will probably prived of food for longer than be is nor bring to light illustrations of the individual mally accustomed, in other words, if his` who can concentrate on reading a book while meals are separated by too long a period of the radio is going on and understand both ul' lime, fatigue will be produced. Wc showed them perfectly satisfactorily. that on ourselves. We took no food from early morning until late at night and were able to show increasing fatigue. Nine, when we fatigued these individualby their routine work--iu other word-, wc conducted the same test in the mnniing and We were al-o aide to show--and this is got a Certain base line value; tlun llicv did well known, of course--that there arc cer (heir day's work, and we tested them at the tain kinds of food which give some tem- end of the day--we found that fatigue ac poiary relief from fa(i;;iif, most notably the centuated the direction of their natural con sugars, carbohydrates, and a good deal has stitutional tendency. In other words, the in been done on the proteins of diet. Hut in the dividual to whom stimulation of the car sense that I have -tried to lay the subject depressed the flicker phenomenon found this iiiuruing, diet is a factor in fatigue be that depression increased at the end of a cause it becomes a disease state, and a dis ease state induces fatigue. Diet will produce a state oi fatigue if wc have some acute disturbance ill the habits of did. day's work. PAUL M. HARRIS (Western Austin Co., Aupura, III.): Does the human sy-tem have the ability in any way to build re Factor of Noise sistance to this monotony, so it doesn't aflerl fatigue other than the infusion of glucose MISS MARY LOU SCOTT (J0s. E. or the increasing of the oxygenation? Seagram it Son. Louisville, l\y.): I would DU. ENZER: That is a phenomenon like to know the effect of factory noise in known as adaptation in a physiological sense regard to fatigue. DR. ENZER: Nuise is a factor in fatigue. We demonstrated that objectively in a sci entific way in a laboratory, in this manner: We tested individuals for the flicker phe nomenon rate which, as I said, constitutes our base line. Afterwards, we stimulated their car with a sound of a regular inten sity, rhythm and rale, the object being In Sec whether wc could fatigue one center of the brain au|f in that way effect fatigue in and, iu the -need sense, it is a question of getting ll-ed lo your job; hut the mifoi Innate part about getting used to your joh is you are not the same today as you were Jive years ago. In other words, the individ ual today can't get Used lo the things he was used lo five years ago. Age is an important factor in that direction. The longer the in dividual is at a fatigue-producing joh. sooner or later there will come a time when his fatigue becomes manifest. another center of the brain, or whclher we Wc have fuund that our so-called fatigue could distract one center from the other. testing standards showed no important fac We found that this,investigation brought to light two rather interesting things, or I would say three, perhaps. One is that there are, constitutionally, individuals who are tors, so far as age was concerned; but the older individuals had a lower threshold to the thing that produced the fatigue than (he younger individuals. Jn other words, it is 29lh National Safety Congress mil} mu: that txinriuicc with a job million class. The most recent report classes .railin' against fatigue. them as 400. Mh'.M.W I'.MXK; In orilcr that you t hi- fatigued. I am guiug to change ini. I am asking |)r. Ilclknap to lake next subjects, 3 anil 4: "The Toxic of Cnmiuou Sols cut.-" ami "Lead in i.il I'rmcSSl4." and ilnol) nil thu-e s ;is one. Toxic Limits of Solvents The third group of 200 parts per million, include the following; Methanol or wood alcohol which, as you know, may have a serious effect on vision ami cause blindness,; toluol and xylol, tetrachlorcthylcnc, trivhlnrcthylcnc and turpentine. The fourth group, which has dropped to 100 pails per million, include carbon tetra chloride and ethylene dicldoride. 111 STUN- I.. HELKNAF: Mr. an. 1 know* there may lie several dis ced guests hut I am sure that wc in lical profession alivais feel peculiarly I u Inn Or. Hamilton is in the audi- Then the fifth group of 75 parts per mil lion, benzene and dichlorbenzeiie; and finally nitrobenzene, which we, fortunately, actu ally use very rarely as a solvent, is 5 parts per million. It there has been anyone who has I think it is important to remember that . *puttsihle for bringing to the attvii- lltesc solvents, if in sufficient concentration, Americau industry and the medical may kill. This is in contradiction to the am the importance oi toxicology in other subject that I have been given, which Y, I think it is Or. Hamilton. is lead, which very rarely kills. These sol I emphasize r. "cw of the toxic limits .'oininnn solvents, so-called thresholds, '.hose limits have been more qr less upon by authorities in this field, par . such as Doctors Drinker, Haggard milieu, there is no threshold that is dy perfect, and the actual decision cr or nut the solvent has been toxic hservalion of the patient who has posed to that solvent, by a physician i-t determine whether or not there eit a temporary intoxication and or not there has been a residual. Valsh has really very ably covered ect of lie hazards of spray paintsol vein: which are the chief hazards ' panning, hut I will utcnfimi a few have gioupcd in increasing order of vents kill, first of all, by simple suffocation, it they arc used in an enclosed space, such as in a vat. Hut the sinister element of the solvent, of the* to.vic solvent, is the fact that it affect.- the central nervous system because, as you know, these solvents are fat solvents, and uiir nervous system is largely made up' of fatly tissue or lipoid tissue, so the nerv ous system is very easily affected. We have involvement, therefore, of the eye, one of the limit highly dcvelojied nervous struc tures. Thin wc have central nervous system involvement, paralysis, inability to walk. Also, wc must realize that some of these *.<!veil11 actually damage the liver and the kidney, causing an acute Height's disease. It is ihum'.ht that some of them may cause ciiihoiii of the liver. I 'm Innately, one of the best solvents and example' of probably the least toxic -I say least toxic because no solvent initially toxic; in fact, some go so > say that all good solvents are toxic one of the must dangerous is not included in the list at all now, the tctrachlorclhylcin' giuiip tiicd in the airplane industry in the pa-l. That had the peculiar ability to attack every part in the body, including llw heart is gasoline. It lias hem stated that rts per million is a safe limit for I exposure. The mailer of conlam*y other substances such as benzol 0 (>er cent i t certain gasolines, ccriilil alter that safe threshold. muscle. That, too, is said to be a contam inant ol some of our other solvents, ft has been. mentioned that possibly the former containiiianrc in triclilorctbylcne teas really the reason why trichlorcthylenc bad orig inally had a rather bad name. ext group of solvents which .are more toxic, arc the amyl and butyl and ether which arc alluwahlc in . per million. Some authorities still t they belong in the 1.000-part-pcr- I think one of the most important things to remember in dealing with the control of a good solvent is that wc arc dealing with a potentially dangerous substance and not make any effort to conceal that fact from Occupational Disease 173 anyone in the factory. We of the medical profession have always felt that we like to put our cauls on the tabic. We know that it is a great deal simpler to follow the ancient axiom and tell the truth. So that I admire, for instance, the benzol company which puts on its barrels, the word "I'nison.*1 I am not in a position to know whether they more or less did that because they were told to, but I know they do it. more than thirty leet away, they were doing spray painting, and they were doing it prop erly. Instead of exhausting the spray over head and bringing it right hack in the' worker's nose, they had their suction under neath the objects to be sprayed and took advantage of draft as well as suction. Thc> bad good engineering equipment and staff, but they simply didn't know what they were using in this particular instance. I think there are many other companies I had another experience with a man who that ihmihl put the same Jahcl on their prod ucts. In this connection 4 would like to tell of a ea>c that I was asked to see, where a young hoy, in the miudlc of the summer, ' was a so-called neurotic. I think most of you can spot the neurotic, if you have had any shop exprriuire. This man certainly was. He had been to half a dozen doctors. One working in a shop which made motors, sud told him he was going to die, and another denly became very sickv'Jljul severe headache, one said there was nothing the matter with was dizzy, and had to slop work. He was him. working with a substance which he regarded z\gain I demanded to see the shop. We as harmless. When I first heard of the case I insisted I would wan! to sec the process and see the plant and get my information firsthand rather than attempt to talk to some foreman by telephone. (The medical profession as a whole is learning that it can only fulfill its responsibility by demanding the right to know all about the `exposure of the patients that eomc into their hands.) found he was spraying an aluminum paint with a harmless solvent, a diluent, with good suction and a good spray gun. How ever; on further talking with him and con firmation from the foreman, I found he was the one man in the shop who was delegated to clean the spray guns at the end of the working day. He would sit down and squirt material, which he called chloride, in and out of the spray guns, and lean over the vat lie was working with. Finally, he noticed he When I went into the shop f found (hat began to get happy and whistle and sing, lhi> worker was using a large paint brush, and he began to look forward to the experi dipping it into a large howl of liiptid, which ence at the end of every day. However, he then slapped on the motor to get the finally lie noticed he was getting weak, he grease olf. On I his particular hut day he was dragging one leg, and his heart was evolved the idea of setting a fan, wliielt ordinarily, perhaps, blew the (nines away irnm him, directly opposite the . bowl of material and blew the fumes direelly in bis fate, lie got cooled, and then be got sick. going very fast. Well, this illustrates one other sample. This was a large corporation. Yes, they wen: usiup. chlmidr. Finally, after great `Vihu'tiliy and having to go to the treasurer of the I asketl the foreman what was in that organization and going into the tiles wc material, amt he said he didn't know exactly; found that this was a material wliielt they it was stock material, perfectly safe, as far had bought from a supply house in another as lie knew'. J said, "Well, 1 would like to ci'y, and they did not know what was in it. know what it is." So there was considerable We finally found out it was ethylene di up-elting oi routine. We finally went nut chloride. iutn a shed in the yard, completely dark; we finally got a flashlight, and wc found a barrel of benzoi lj marked "Poison." Now, no one iii tliat shop knew' what they were doing. There were a dozen other work ers each doing tjic same thing but who, fortunately, bad not potted this brilliant idea of the fan. The course of that individual is interest ing, in that we put him in the hospital. It eventually cost that company quite a lot of money. 1 was in this to find out all I could learn about the action of that particular substance. I put tbe man in the hospital three or four weeks am) did a number of delicate tests on him. . The curious thing about this particular Well, he came through, and interestingly shop was that in another department, not we found that he had an opportunity to dc- 29th-National Safety Congress p a rnld once or' twice. Every time hi- plants, when I came there about ten years lie ileveUnK.il jaundice. Then. ot coune, ago we were having an incidence of about III liver function tests and found rciluc- 21 lead cases per 100 employees per year, >1 iliai. \Vc fomiil he had a weakening which I'orie.sponds pretty well with the per u- lu-arl muscle. We found a delimit centage of 15 to 16 reported by the Public f ilie- reflex in one ankle-joint, showing Health Scryicc in work about that time. ilc involvement of the central nervous In five years, by cooperation with *thc medical department, the engineering depart - were aide to get all the physicians to ment and management, we dropped that to that this man uas considerably di<- an incidence.of 2 per 100, and for the past that it was due to his occupation. You lice years we have had no cases of lead understand. i was seeing him not for poisoning at all. Wc arc still handling lead, If hut for the company. I think a pood and we arc still handling it in large amounts. oi them thought 1 had been a little mis to tin - malingerer. This man went I and got a large settlement. I don't anwluni' further about the case except I did hear that the man died and that u.iili certificate said "cirrhosis of the ami lie.nl failure." Unfortunately, we bate an autopsy to confirm it. I think that in the storage battery indus try, probably, men arc exposed potentially, at least, to the greatest concentration of had for absorption directly into their bodies than in any other industry. I am glad to report that, having followed this particular group of workers of about SO for this period, at tin- cuil of ten years they arc certainly just my opiniou. the toxic solvent is one of as healthy and, in many respects, I think nisi dangerous substances ami it may healthier than the general run of the popu i-dv di-ablc and kill. lation. Of course, we have reduced their ,-cad in Industry had absorption, hut at times it will break down the physical resistance ami respiratory protection. They occasionally have large a prua'i- to the subject of leail in in doses of lead. Many of these workers wire I would like to say that I am not persons who had had lead poisoning or seri i/ing ci lircly in industrial medicine, ous lead absorption in the period oi ob me oi t -at increasing group who feel servation. ulu-tri.il medicine is not a specialty in but is merely a division oi internal iic or diagnosis, the large field oi nc which in private practice corrc- to or is correlated with the field of I surgery. I am glad that a large proi of my practice is still private pracam af-o coiiMiliing medical director oi our imlii-trial concerns in Mil o. with branches over the country, so have an opportunity to see lead and axic materials. I.ead is one of the most widely used socalled poisons in well over 200 industries. I think there is no doubt but in the large indii-try the hazard is well controlled. First of all, it is recognized and then every effort is given. X'u expense is spared to study the nnn and In reduce the continuance .of any exposure. However, in the small industry, which is the major portion ot industry in this country, lead is continually cropping up. and even silicosis, which got the center of the stage in recent years, certainly in Wis n ynu sev a man who has said, "I consin, has now taken a hack step, and had ad pui-imiug.'' do not iurget he mas ha- come hack' into ill own, togdln-:' with (.me other disabilities and disease-, the ever iueieasing use of solvents s acute appendicitis, gallbladder, kid- I would like to stre-s again the danger lie and so forth. In niv private prac- hi re is one of non-recognition, that we have e interest has hcen sharpened n that our trouble in the small plant, not in the >s make an effort to take a very carc- large plant. I will rapidly rim through tin . np.'ilional hi-lory on a patient, even types of industry where I have seen had lie may come to me purely as a heart poisoning occur and in which it is an im mg rase or uhat-have-you. portant factor. ' his particular plant in Milwaukee, The most important is the storage battery began by having and still has, as a industry. Then the streamlining ul our auto roportion of its work, storage battery mobiles ami trucks where, after welding, of Occupational Disease 175 course, as many of ynu know, they were at first smoothed off by lead paste which, after it cooled, was then ground by machine grinder ami produced a great amount of finely divided, iiihalable dust. This brings up the fact that the most important hazard in any lead industry is the point of inhalation. Remember that lead dust inhaled is much more dangerous than swallowed, and that very rarely arc lead compounds absorbed through the skin, perhaps with the one ex ception of tetrachloride fluid which is an organic and fat soluble substance. ft is rather anursittg that many plants, smaller plants, particularly, have had to give up machine grading of welded joints. Here is a return of modern industry to the horsc-and-btiggy stage. They arc going back to hand filing where',-course, the particles arc heavy and are too large to be inhaled. The problem can be licked, however, even by machine grinding, if one uses respirators. It has always been said that lead poison ing was very common in painting. My ex perience in ordinary painting nowadays is it is very rare, particularly on inside painting where lead has been substituted by other substances, such as titanium, zinc and so forth, which arc harmless. On the outside, however, lead is still used, in many instances, because it is the one substance that will stand the weather. Here wc conic again to the question of finely divided, inbalalde dust where men burn oil old paint in private homes; not in the large install.itions, of course, or sand, cither by machine sanding or by hand sand ing. There wc have the question of finely divided dint which is inhaled. You must remember that dust when inhaled passes di rectly into the system and immediately cir culates throughout the entire body. I make a recommendation, therefore, that any worker that has gotten his lead by burn ing off or sanding, be given a respirator for that purpose, even though he is an outside worker. In the wrecking of old buildings and old ships, of course, there is the constant pres ence of lead, absorption when the steel has been coated with several coals. It ideally forms a fume which is so fine as to be al most invisible tjnd is absorbed directly into the system The only way that a worker doing that can really protect himself, in my opinion, is to use an air-line respirator. I have -ini a great many men in one particu lar type of ship industry, cutting up old ships outdoors in mid-winter, and 'I have never seen men loaded up so rapidly. Of course, this is an old story. The Navy found this out twenty years ago when they scrapped many of the old ships. Unfortu nately, some people in industry, as well as doctors, are not very good on keeping up on their own work, by reading, and experi ments have to be made again. In the smelting of lead or zinc ore and scrap metal, lead poisoning occurs. In pot tery making where a glazed mixer is used, one most usually is exposed to lead. In the printing industry we have heard a great deal of lead poisoning. I had an opportunity recently to make a survey of a group of printers with the Wis consin Industrial Hygiene Unit. They went into an analysis of the air, and I examined the men. To be sure, our list was not large, some 30 men in fourteen different printing establishments, but it was striking that all of these men were in excellent health and. as far as I could see, there had been no great deal of turnover. ' However, there are one or two spots in the printing industry that are danger spots; that is, of course, the man who reinclts the old type metal or who saws it, if he uses a machine saw. I think it is interesting, going through our records of printers in the State of Wisconsin, for a great number of years past, wc have had only three cases, one of which was really a serious case, and that man was one who rcmelted--he was the for gotten man, worked down in the basement on a kettle, where nobody paid any atten tion to him, and there was no protection. In passing, I will simply name soldering, and that occurs very frequently even in the evaporated milk industry out in the country; tempering of metals, brass foundries, ink Miiaking, insecticides. This potentially may occur in loaded steel when it is scrapped. Then 1 would class as the final one, the risk which says they have no lead hazard. That is the place you should look particu larly. As I said, the important portal of entry is through the nose. If wc bear that in mind, the problem of control of lead poisoning is really not difficult. If, of course, your en gineers reduce the exposure (o 1.5 milli grams, I don't think you will have a rase of 2Vtlt National Safely Congress |...i*utiing. lloi\tr, as' a mMltr of rival interest. I think it is very difficult it there in ordinary industry, and l til in.ire ur li'S rmimitate 3 as a safe I 1 think it ha* also been found by Other fir*. Mow ever, if yrm yeel over 3 you nly have lliv pn**ibilil\ of srrious lead |>l ii -u. i .mi to unpha-izc tli.it mere lead all nun doc* not nivan the man lias lead nine. He m3; have a lead line', may lead in tlie urine, .08 milligrams per . hut that due. not make lead poisoning, t i.* merely evidence of absorption. He i h.ivi. in addition, clinical symptoms of ,.f the three type- of lead absorption. . a final word in regard In the role of in du al proie**iuu in it* cooperation in -In, it >eems t<> me that the medical -liuiild first of all lie responsible to licl.vt man in authority in the plant, so In call go dinct to him with any proh- tli.it arise, and hefurv any new pro- re is used or any new chemical, have a i nine with the phy*ician to see,whether i* any possible danger, whether there i id.tide 'solvents nr lead, *o that the i r to ill., men max hi- prevented hrfnrc i|ietl`. statically controlled so the temperature of the lead dots not exceed 500 degrees? DU. BELKNAP; That is a good prac tical question. As we know, lead melts at a much lower temperature when volatilized. In my experience, lead docs not really vola tilize until around 1,000 or 1,100 degrees. In this group of workers that I am fol lowing, some years ago, large lead pots, two or three feet in diameter, were uuhooded be came of certain changes in technical pro cedure, and the plant never got around to the hood. I disapproved of that and re peatedly said they would have eases of lead poisoning there if they didn't hood. They said they would just as soon as it was prac tical. It ha< never been practicable, and 1 am here to say we have had no lead cases develop to the point of disability, and we have had very little lead absorption result from that. The same men have worked there lor ten years, dipping lead nut of the pot, incidentally, at temperatures ranging usually from 850 to 950 degrees. In this group of limit) pe workers wc found no evidence of lead absorption in some of the shops where tin) had no suction. I would not say in my .mu wpcrii'iici- that hooding is nvrrssarv al still degrees. in tint making a plea for absolute suh n for and avnidanec or the me of I think industry cannot get along with>c u*e of lead, cannot get along without -e of a number of these solvents; but 'usfry is forewarned, and if the worker armed correctly so he will cooperate in >c of protective devices and, finally, the MR. V'ARR: I wonder if there is any evidence to indicate the toxic limit for butyl alcohol could he raised above that given? We had experience over some twenty years with the same group of men, working in vniivinlralinns from 200 to -100 parts per million, and under careful examination thev have shown no indication of trouble. al profession is allowed to see the pa One other question is whether much work is often as they see fit, perhaps every let* been done on toxic limits of dioxene? r three weeks, then there need occur DR BELKNAP: I think Dr. Hamilton .ttpational disease in industry. will have to state if she recalls whether wc AIRMAN PAINE: Arc there any have toxic limits established for dioxene. ms on cither otic of these subjects that DR. HAMILTON: Dioxene is the trade 'mid like to ask? name for dietltilenc chloride. No to.xic limit . MUTTER; What is the elfeet ol the of kerosene on the worker? Is that a lent effect or just temporary? BELKNAP: As far as I know, there II effect from the inhalation of kcro- has hven established for that. Wc considered it a fairly safe solvent until some very dis astrous cases occurred in England from over-exposure, causing - five deaths. Since then wc have looked upon it with a good dial more suspicion. There has not been enough work done on it to establish any * SK.YRM (Employers Liability As- maximum allowable concentrations. c Corporation, Boston): Would Dr, p recommend the direct venting of ols on linotype machines where the re electrically heated and thermo DK. BELKNAP: fit regard to butyl al cohol, the butyl radical acetate is much less toxic than ethyl or methyl, particularly. So 1 would be interested in your point of view. Occupational Disease 177 I think probably it could be made at safe The problem confronting the physician is limits. to determine the relationship bet..-ten the skin disease and the occupational environ MR. CiUMMAR: I want to endorse com ment, to discover the nature of the offending pletely ibo principle of maximum clearances agent and to adopt measures designed to of safely standards in engineering, hut they dire the condition and prevent its occur should be based on factual data. As regards toluene, there have been enormous quantities used in the lacquer industry since spray painting came into use. It is sprayed into the air ns line mist, and even though it evap orates at a slower role than benzol, if yon inhale the mist, von get severe effects, if it is toxic. rence. There arc many predisposing causes of occupational dermatosis, such as unclcanliness of workrooms, of clothes and of per son. Previous skin diseases as, for example, eczema, arc potent factors, because individ uals with eczema react seven times more frequently to external irritants than noti- I have employers'll four states, New York ctzcmaioiis individuals. The skin of the State, New Jersey, Ohio and Connecticut, young and old is more susceptible to irrita who for tlie past swtUsn >cars have not had tion and infection than the skin of persons any report..I cases of chronic toluene poison in middle life. Dry skin is more vulnerable ing; yet Ohio in (lye p.i*t sixteen years has to irritants than oily skin. ' had over fi9 cases oj poisoning from gaso line in the petroleum industry. The skin of certain parts of the body is especially sensitive, for instance, that of the As to the experimental results, I can find eyelids and genitalia. Anything which lowers no experimental data indicating the toxicity the normal threshold of resistance of the should be such a low value. Some of the skin may act as a predisposing factor in the confusion arises from the failure to dis production of dermatitis and of infectious tinguish between chronic and acute poison lesions. These factors include bruises, marked ing. It is a fact that in extremely high eon-' sweating and maceration, prolonged ex ccniralions. lohirnc and xylene arc more posure of the skin to water and especially toxic than benzol; dial is. if you go into a to alkalis and repeated scrubbing of the skin. chamber where llicre arc 20,000 parts per These agents tend to remove the normal million, you would be unconscious quicker protective coats of the skin, that is the outer from toluene and xylene than you would horny layer, and thus expose the sensitive w ith benzene, hut that is an entirely separate cpidertyial cells directly to irritating material. phenomenon from the slow chronic poison A point fairly recently emphasized is that ing. individuals with common athlete's foot are CHAIRMAN PAINE: The next topic will lie "Skin Affections" and that will be handled by Dr. M. I. Reuter. much more prone to occupational dermatitis of tjie hand*. Apparently this infection of the feet acts as a sensitizing factor. Skin Affections The actual causes of occupational derma toses arc mechanical, physical and biologic DR. M. .1. REUTER: When we consider to what extent the skin of the worker is exposed to injuries, tlie action of chemical irritants and the various infectious agents, it is not surprising that occupational skin dis eases are a major problem in industry. The United States Public Health Service esti mates 69 per cent of occupational diseases arc skin diseases. They carried out a study in 100,000 \lorkcrs and found, in the course agent.* and chemical irritants. Mechanical agents produce bruise* and laceration*, as well as friction and pressure resulting in various inflammations and thickenings of "Mic skin. The physical agents which may produce an occupational dermatosis arc heat and cold, either dry or wet, electricity, ultraviolet rays, either from the sun or artificial, and x-rays or radium. of a year, that one per cent of these workers were affected with some skin disease as a result of their woik. This,did not include burns, splashes of acids and alkalis, and the ordinary pus infections of scratches or abrasions. The biologic agents are the common bac teria, fungi and parasites. For the most part, however, occupational affections of the skin are the result of > on tact with irritants of a chemical nature. JVlh A ul to mil Safety Ldngress illy acids or alkalis producing simple iunnaliciii of (lie skin. . a subject for discussion, I might sav probably clean-dm; agents used by tbc ,,,rs are one of llic most potent factors he causation of occupational dermatitis. IfAIKMAN PAINE: Tliis is a suliject bit It tlien: are a number of men interI Will yon expedite your questions? K H.VZEK: I would like to ask Dr, er to say a work about skill cancer in patinual exposures. Skin Cancer I. REUTER: Ewing lias set forth five dales whicli imi-l be fulfilled before (me trauma as llte cause of given cau- Kwing slates: "Pirst, llte authenticity admuacy of injury must be eslah!That is, the patient's statement reig injury must be substantiated, and must be actual tissue damage. cnii.l. (lie previous integrity of the led parr before the injury must he idled. ltd, the cancer or tumor must arise- at ml of injury. irtli, there must be a reasonable lime ul ween injury ami the development of iii'ir." That is, if the tumor develops lii'ii r three days after the injury, uaso,i llde that in that .short a lime a imild I ave developed. It. die . ositivc diagnosis must cstahit there is an actual tumor present c nature of Oil- particular tumor." . I UMAX PAINIi: Dr. Eiucr, do it to speak to the point? DU. REUTER: 1 have )tad very little occasion to pass on a question' of cancer of. the skin arising from alleged contact with some carcinogenic agent. C. T. DENSMORE (Koppcrs Co.. St. Paul, Minn ): I would like to hear a little aliiuil the effects of coal tar and creosote oils in relation to cancer and what-not, and also the inhalation of the creosote va pors . DR. REUTER: Regarding the develop ment of cancer from coal tar and creosote, I have had no experience. We do know that coal tar is the nearest to the skin and docs produce an inflammation about the hair follicles called folliculitis. It is undoubtedly due to the plugging of the follicles with the tar and perhaps some stimulation of tbc epidermal layers of the skin from the tar, which sets up this inflammatory reaction around the hair follicles. I think the same is true with creosote. Rut, regarding the actual development of hypertrophic lesions of the skin, particularly cancer, I have had no ex perience. DR. HELKNAP: As for creosote, I have had no actual rases brought to my atten tion. As far as I know, the fumes would he no more irritating, possibly, than causing an irritative cough. I know of no cases, really, of acute chronic bronchitis or other car cinogenic results'. CHAIRMAN PAINE: We will leave any other questions to the end ot tbc ses sion and hear Mr. H. A. Nelson, Industrial Commission of Wisconsin, on the question: "Should occupational diseases he ronsiilrreil a industrial injuries?" _ Disease Vs. Injury ENZER: I thought Dr. Reuter might lord about the increasing attention wg given to inghly complex clicmirnl \liieh have llic property of inducing u the experimental animal. We know* in agents whicli have that properly iiinau. The commonly known one is er. Wc know also of certain aniline which would produce cancer of tin-, ' die urinary bladder, and so on. 1 it subject is highly complex, but I diouUl be brought to your attention die Jcrmatology- of today wc .deal with dermatitis but also deal with II. A. NELSON: Mr. Chairman: The question which I have been assigned is sus ceptible of treatment in several ways. MYran treat it in a highly technical way and quibble about llte com l construction of the word "injury" or wc can treat it in a gen era! way and ask whether occupational, dis ease* should be compensated. That is the real crux of the question today. It sometimes astonishes me that thirty years after the passage of compensation acts we are still disputing this question of whether we shall compensate a condition which may cause disability and whicli arises I Occupational Disease 1-79 out of industry just as clearly as docs an accidental injury. There are various ways of meeting the problem. One, of course, is to do nothing about it ami that is what about eighteen states in the Union are doing. They arc- not compensating occupational diseases at all. Out of the other slates there arc a few which are compensating all occupa tional diseases, ami some of them arc com pensating hy schedule. Now, schedules arc usually designed so that there are a great many diseases which are named, hut very generally you will find that they leave oqt.the one occupational dis ease which causes 'the most disability, l-'or example, silicosis^ left out of a great many of tbc state laws'which have schedules. Therefore, silicosis, which is a serious oc cupational dtseasc'Y'H not compensated. When wc go hack to the prime principles employ ees who have this accrual of dosage.' it may be that in periods of dep*- -sion the expense to him will be rather great for the lime- being, and that must be met in varinm ways. Employers are humanitarian. Most ot them would like (O do these things hut they are also in competition with each other, and that means there must be laws ami regula tions for the compensating of occupational disease if the job is to be done in a -ati factory way. Another reason that is often given is that industrial commissions and accident boardare unable to decide the question ot occu pational disease, as to causation, between the process and the final condition which re sults in disability. I tbink that is a rather fatuous objection, in view' of the develop ment which has been made in medical sci ence within the last few years. of workmen's compensation, wc wonder why I think those questions arc no mure diffi the compensation fathers didn't face the cult to decide than the questions of aggra question at the time the compensation acts vation of pre-existing conditions which arc were passed. That was the time to do it. clearly under the law, if wc may ascribe Either through inadvertence or, in some them to accidents, and also to tbc obscure cases, through design, occupational diseases conditions whicli are ascribed to accidents were left out of the laws pretty generally, and as to which compensation hoards and but accidental injuries were to be compen commissions have to make decisions every sated. I think that was largely because of day. the rather violent split from the old common law system and leaving out of consideration Can Stamp Out Disease the cpie-aion of negligence. It was a rather violent stilil, hut it is surprising that in all' Hut tin: most glorious thing that has lu vu of these years oeriiputional diseases still re accomplished hy occupational di-ea-c laws is main uncompensated in so many slates. the fact that employers have become con M'lten we consider the nature of an occn- scious of the fact that they can stamp out jiatioual disease, which is usually a slow, insidious process, over which the man him self, the employee, has no control, hut over which the- employer, as these physicians have (old you this morning, lias the entirepower of control, there seems to be one occupational disease-. 1 am glad to s.iy that in Wisconsin we have practically stamped (<ut silicosis, that in a fc>v years more it is going to be practically a negligible thing Dr. Ilelkuap lias shown you how lead pois oning can be almost entirely eradicated hundred times more reason why t]jc em ployee vs ho cannot protect himself in any possible wav should lie compensated for oc cupational disease rather than for acciden tal injury. I suppose there is no question but that the real crux of llic matter is that of ex pense to the, employer, and (hat comes be cause of the so stated accrued liability. Here has been an accrual of dosage which finally eventuates in disease, and this, accrual is such that the disease may come at a given That is the glorious thing which we have achieved through the pas-age of occupa tional disease laws. I want to give a wr few figures showing the drop in silicn-is in the State of Wisconsin since 1933 to 10.1't These figures are the percentages ot com pensation which were paid in silicosis ca-i as compared with the total. In 1933 the fig ure was 9.4; 1934, 88; 1935. 7.9 ; th.cn 5 at. 1 2 and .9 per cent, and, in the year 1939, I ,i per cent which wc figure is getting al-nut on a level. moment I think there is no question but that tin- (f the employer has a large number ot public is demanding that occupational dis- 29th iNational Safety Congress compensated. The trend is citminj; i lin e that industry and society will ificl when the problem has been 1 .y whatever methods may he adopted 'id to the different states. taken. Disability due to sickness over the ton-year period was calculated and seen for eacli individual man. There certainly was no marked difference in sickness rates and in disability rates in the welders as compared IRMAN PAINE: Arc there any s you want to ask Mr. Nelson bc ijo into the general discussion? to the general run of employees working :M their side in the same plant and in the same economic situation. l.E AMUAM (Hamlin & Co. New itv) : We passed a compensation Jaw York Stale some two or three years rliaps set recall that first we passed illogic. 1 law, the all ineInsiee act eted most disastrous!) nut only to initell but to the workmen. You arc r with the history and the recall of i I dare say in a number of states it luiely ri.cnt and proper the coinpenari dinuld include silicosis, hut it include silicosis on a schedule basis, >k is the case in Illinois. When you arc considering welders who are cutting painted materials, lead-bearing paints, or who are welding in confined spaces, you have a different problem; but lor the ordinary welding group, working in a large, airy room, with ordinary precau tions and ventilation, their health is just ns gooil as any other group of workers. If they are cutting paint or toxic coatings of any kind or lead-hearing steel, or if they are working in a confined space, then additional respiratory protection is necessary. So far as the question that was rampant XEI.SO.V: All states are not as u as some other states. I think we wing generally throughout all bf the hat the problem run he soiled a tew years ago, that is the development of so-called fibrosis of the lungs due to weld ing, we have not found this to be the case. Or. Enzcr and Dr. Sander at Milwaukee have had occasion to t'xaminc at postmortem Protection for Welders a ie-w of these individuals who have been welding for long periods of time in confined I KM AN' PAINE: We have a few Anyone in the audience has the e oi asking this panel of doctors any i- they want to raise on ihc-i: main GREEN (Edgcwatcr Steel Co. it. Pa.): I would like to a-k to what .n ordinary welder iu a small plant V protected? Once in a while there a hardening material which has is results. Other tinn-s there will ho tiling of paint on a product which 0 some noxious poison To what exulil a welder or a cutter have to he I? spaces, usually. They did find there was an increase of iron in the lung hut no fibrosis causing harm. Kecenlly, we also have examined another group oi welders, that is a variant of the welding trade, scarfers, in the continuous production of steel. These scarfers me a long torch and blow out the defects in the hillcts rather than chiseling them out. This group also, while it is an infant iu the group of welders, apparently have no health haz ards of any consequence in their trade, hi oilier woids, I think if ordinary precau tions, so far as ventilation and so forth arc coiii'crucd, we need not he concerned other than if we are using lead or chromium or 1 KM AN PAINE: The question is. ome of the toxic materials. : see going to protect, and what is o-urc to welders on new material hi material that has been painted? h Dr. Wahh to answer that ques- CHAIRMAN PAINE: Dr. Ettzer will -peak tor a minute on the subject and then Or. Belknap will follow him right up. OK. ENZER: I want to seize the oppor A'ALSIf: Within the past cuupjc oi c have had occasion to go over a t about 1,000 welders. Of that group 0 have been welding for ten or more hey were gore over from the clinical >' view-. X-rays of the chr-t were tunity to make some comments relative to the general altitude of this panel discussion. It is most important that iu any approach _ to the problem of industrial health wr re member that a statistical analysis of groups is not a true criterion of the health of the indi ziilual. In other words, just like the sur- Occufational Disease 1^1 gcon who might lioast oi a 99'/i per cent recovery rate from a specific operation, the individual who happened to belong to that '/i per cent constitutes 100 per cent mortal ity for the individual. There is a very sharp contrast there. Now, when we talk about safe limits of toxic solvents, safe limits of toxic agents,, safe limits of an industry, wc must remem ber that the problem is nut going to be solved by a blanket generalization of a problem, hut by a careful and meticulous analysis and study of the individuals ex posed to the industry.' I know of no other way that this can he done except that in dustry realize that Nh) profession! of medi cine forms the keystone to the solution of these problems. , , DR. BEI-KNAP: I'simply wanted to am plify what has already been mentioned, and that is when a welder or cutter works on material that lias been painted or coated with lead, he, of course, probably will ac quire lead absorption in a serious fashion about as quickly as, if not quicker than, in any other way. . It is very simple now, with the respira tors we have available, for a shop welder, whenever lie is doing that type of work, to use such a respirator. In my own particular scries of cases one of bur cases of lead ab sorption was a welder who had been re pairing some ovens containing a large amount of lead. Also, f had occasion recently to see half a dozen cases of cutters who were cutting up tanks in a large chemical plant. These steel tanks had been lined with lead. They could not understand why the men were getting lead. They went through the lead with a torch 3000 or -1000 degrees and they absorbed lead exceedingly rapidly. It is not a diliicult question to solve at all but it is a mailer of having perfect confidence hj what the work is for and preparing for it. MR. CARR: In connection with welding, wc have had instances of zinc chills from work on galvanized iron. Wc have also had nitrous fum^ poisoning from the use of coated electrodes. I would also like to call attention to a relatively new development, that of the flame cleaning of metals before painting, by the use of a special oxy-acctylcne tflrch. That includes previously painted metals as well as those-which simply have mill scale mi them. R. }. WOODHOl'SE (Continental Cas ualty Company, New York City): I had,a case a short time ago that I was called upon to investigate. The man worked in a small printing plant where he was assumed to have contracted lead poisoning. After mak ing impingcr tests which proved negative, an award was given by the commission to the widow in the amount of $13,000. The lead was melted around 650 to 700 degrees and the experts proved that toxic I mm; were not liberated. I wonder what yardstick the referees used to measure those cases, in the face of such expert testimony. MR. SKYRM: I would like to know the relation of hemlock poisoning and poison ivy to skin disease. DR. REUTER: Poison ivy, of cour.-c, ithc most common plant that causes derma titis. Hemlock is occasionally the cause. Poison ivy is an intense irritant to most people's skin. It is a question of whether in itself it is not an irritant to all people's skin. . We used to think we knew the cause of poison ivy dermatitis, but more recent work has tended rather to disprove that wc do know the actual cause of what it is in the plant that produces dermatitis. Apparently it is a water-soluble fraction rather than an oil. Its relation to occupational disease de pends* on what the individual is doing. I: he is exposed to it in his occupation, for ex ample, as a farmer, WPA worker, lumber man or any occupation that keeps an indi vidual out-of-doors, and he contacts poison ivy, it certainly would he an occupnthninl disease. Poison ivy dermatitis is apt to be a much more violent dermatitis than that from hemlock. CHAIRMAN PAINE: Mr Gumacr. will >on repeat your question? P. W. GUMAER: The question was, what is the basis of the comparatively low maxi mum concentration of toluol iu the ah-eia > of any reported occupational disea-e ca-cy and arc there any experimental data In u ar rant' such a low concentration where such experimental data deals with chronic pui-oniiig and not with acute poisoning? 29th National Safety Cnmjress l)R. BELKNAP: The question is, The American Standards Association has whether toluol is really as toxic as I inti a committee at work in this field, with a mated it might be, being permissible in only small subcommittee. We have just finished 200 parts per million. Is that right, Mr. dealing with two gases and two volatile sol Gumaer ? . vents, carbon monoxide and benzol and car MR. GUMAER: Yes. bon disulphide and hydrogen sulphide. There DR. BELKNAP: As far as the official authority of that is concerned, it is taken we have been able to get pretty accurate figures because we have data to go on. from the code for safe concentrations of We arc now trying to deal with twelve certain toxic substances used in industries, others which arc going to be increasingly whose authors are Bowditch, Drinker, Hag important in the munitions industry. Wc gard and Alice Hamilton which appeared iti hope to be abfe to give out more accurate the June 1940 issue of the Journal of In figures then. But it is a very difficult prob dustrial Hygiene and Toxicology. lem. You sec the only way wc can get any I do not know whether there is any prac tical experimental work hacking that up, hut inasmuch as toluol and xylol are very closely related to benzol, I assume that the authors felt that it as yet could not be given an entirely safe record, for instance, com pared to gasoline. accurate figure is by having a combined .inquiry made by the physicians, the chem ists and the ventilation engineers, because we have to know how many cases developed in a given workroom at a givln concentra tion, and also at what concentration do no cases come. We ronld do that with thr four I have I will say, among a group of workers who mentioned, but it means, as you see, a great have been working with adequate protection . deal of careful study in the factory and in tor several years swih toluol solvents. 1 have the physicians' examining room. Bringing seen no'geneeal reaction. those two together, wc can do it with re DR. HAMILTON: May I speak to that gard to lead; wc can do it pretty well with for just a moment? That presentation to regard to mercury, and we have pretty good. which Dr. Belknap refers was gut out data with regard to zinc oxide fumes in simply because a small group of us felt galvanizing iron and brass foundries and that wc might as well let the public know zinc smelting; hut the rest of the substances what was ottr best guess at the present mo still are more or less in the realm of guess ment with regard to maximum allowable work. concentrations of the most commonly used CHAIRMAN PAINE; May 1. in your solvents. It is founded very largely on guess behalf and in behalf of the National Safety work. Council, thank the gentlemen on the plat The quantity of l.000 parts per million for form who have so kindly led us in this dis ga-olinc is guess, and so is 200 parts of cussion? Will you express that thanks by toluene. We arc hoping that we shall he able giving them a rising vote? to give more accurate figures presently. . . . The audience arose and applauded. V" .in.tOURNSn-NT y3 Ce m to X t< or j> ii. d* se Ll m l!: i\ l' t>.'c time Jt takes to ii made to plastics and the present time, I have ,do with these materials here and a little there, terials are synthetic in t properly handled and natitis. erased sensitization has connection with derma- accelerators. Patch test lerable to bear out this n who has been slow in ' the first test, may later ive to the materials used, kers have been forced to ' work they arc doing bc ork causes an immediate rash, usually in an ag- .ctions in varying seasons .Ve often see a little cpi:! the spring where the "Tked for months on the Steam Railroad Section . . Officers 1939-1940 . (/i'ii,tii/ Chairman--E. L. Henhy, Chicago & North Western Railway Co.. Chicago, III. Fitc-Chairman--D. G. PittLUPS, Wabash Railway Co., St. Louis, Mo. Secretary and Nescs Letter Editor--P. F. Bucki.e, Chicago, Burlington Sc Quincy Railroad Co., Chicago, 111. Program Committee--J. R. Tf.nnf.y (Chairman), Western Maryland Railway Co.. Hagcrs- Y town, Md. P. F. Bucki.e, Chicago, Burlington Sc Quincy Railroad Co.. Chicago, III. 0. F. Gnadincer, Elgin, Joliet & Eastern Railway Co., Joliet, III. Membership Committee--Roiif.rt Scott (Chairman). Atlantic Coast Line Railroad Co., Wilmington, N. C. A. .0. Beck, Canadian National Railways, Montreal, Que., Canada. F. A. Boc.ue, Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway Co., Chicago, III. Statistics Committee--T. H. Cakkow (Chairman). The Pennsylvania Railroad, Philadelphia. F. R. Bradford, Boston & Maine Railroad, Boston, Mass. I). G. Pnti.urs, Wabash Railway Co., St. Louis, Mo. Contest Comtnittee--C. L. LaFountaine (Chairman). Great Northern Railway l`n.. St. ' Paul, Minn. ' L. R. Paiaier (Secretary), Equitable Life Assurance Society of U. S., New York City. 1 T. H. Cakkow, The Pennsylvania Railroad. Philadelphia. Pa. .A- V, Roii^TDF.r, Duluth, Missabe & Iron Range Railway Co., Duluth. Minn. - .rfttmJjtT Scott, Atlantic Coast Line Railroad Co.. Wilmington, N. C. ~ Paster Committee--L. J. Benson (Chairman). Chicago. Milwaukee, St. Paul (t Pacific Railroad Co., Chicago, III. - 1 C. H. Ri.akf.moke. Norfolk 5: Western Railway Co., Roanoke, Va. J . W. F. LorcuhX, Chicago, St. Paul. Minneapnlis & Omaha Railway Co.. St. Paul. Minn, i Safe Practices Pamphlet Committee--T. K. Gac.i: (Chairman), Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad Co., Chicago, 111. , W. J. Fi-annican, Northern Pacific Raiway t o.. Si. Paul, Minn. , F. A. Boul'E, Chicago, Rock Island &: Pacific Railway Co., Chicago, III. j S'nminalians and Elections Commillct--W. C. SllEl.VF.lt (Chairman), Union Pacific Rail- | road Co., Omaha, Nclir. . I M. T. Fui.ton, Kansas City Southern Railway Co.. Kansas City, Mo. ' H. A. DaaKK, Eric Railroad Co., Cleveland, Ohio. j Health Committee--Dft. I. S. CltTTfK (Chairman), Chicago & North WY-t.-rn Railway j Co.. Chicago, III. ' I Hu. IIauvky Rakti.f, The Pennsylvania Railroad, Philadelphia, Pa. t Du. A. W. Wmkf.r. Southern Pacific Railway Co., San Francisco, Calif. Officers 1940-1941 General Chairman--J. R. Tf.nney, Western Maryland Railway Co., Hagerstown. Mil. Fire-Chairman--O. F. Gnadincf.k, Elgin, Joliet & Eastern Railway Co., Joliet.'111. Secretary and Ncsus Letter Editor--L E. Luxe, The Delaware & Hudson Railroad Corj., Albany, N. Y. ' Pro'iram Committee--P. F. Bucki.F. (Chairman). Chicago, Burlington Sc Quincy R. U. Co.. Chicago, 111. ' l\ A. Roone, Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Co., Chicago, 111. cm 2911) iWiliniml Stiffly Ct)>lt/rfss 1. M. Gutui, Union Pacific Railroad, Omaha, Nebr. Membership Committee--Roarin' Scott (Chairman). Atlantic Coast Line R. R. Co.. Wil mington, NT. C. A. V. RomvKDKit, Duluth, Missahe & Iron Range Railway Co., Duluth, Minn Statistics Committee--T. H. Car row (Chairman), The Pennsylvania Railroad, Philadelphia. F. U. Bradford, Boston & Maine Railroad, Boston, Mass. D. G. Phii.ijps, Wahasii Railway Co.. St. Louis, Mo. Contest Committee--C. L. LaFoiintainf. (Chairman), Great Northern Railway Co., St. Paul, Minn. I.. G. Br.NTi.KY, The Chesapeake & Ohio Railway Co., Richmond, Va. Cr. \V. F.i.stu, Jr., Baltimore & Ohio R. R. Co., Baltimore, Mil. L. R. Paksier (Secretary), Equitable Life Assurance Society of U. S.. New York City. J. .1. Snavkj.y, New York, New Haven & Hartford Railway Co.. New Haven, Conn. Poster Committee--L. J. Benson (Chairman), Chicago, Milwaukee. St. Paul & Pacific R. R. Co.. Chicago, 111. .. C. H. Ui.akf.morf., Norfolk it Western Railway Co., Roanoke, Ya. \Y. R. Lofckf.n, Chicago. St. Paul. Minneapolis & Omaha Railway Co.. St. Paul. Minn. Safe Practices Pamphlet Committee--T. K. Gage (Chairman), Chicago, Burlington & Quincy R. R. Co., Chicago, III. . W. J. Ft.ANNir.AN, Northern Pacilic Railway Co., St. Paul, Minn. G. C. Jkffkkis, Atchison, Topeka St Santa Fe Railway System. Chicago, III. S'amimtlions and Elections Committee--H. A. Daake (Chairman), Eric R. R. Co.. Cleve land, Ohio. M. T. Fui.ton, Kansas City Southern Railway Co., Kansas City, Mo. E. L. Henry. Chicago & North Western Railway Co.. Chicago. 111. Health Committee--Dr. I. S. Cutter (Chairman), Chicago & North Western Railway Co:. QffcagojfTU. "Mr. "fTARvf.Y Bauti.k, The Pennsylvania Railroad, Philadelphia. Pa. ------------- 1-------- TUESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION (ictoBcr S, 19-10 The i.pcmne session of the Steam Rail road Section was called to order by the Chairman. E. L. Henry, Superintendent of. Safety. Chicago S: North Western Railway Company. Chicago, who presided. lie <>trilinol briefly some of-the activities of tin- Section during the past year, and took the opportunity to mention the work of many Standing Committees. He then intro duced J. R. Tenney, Supervisor of Safety, Western Maryland Railway Company, Ha gerstown, Mil., Chairman of the Program Committee, who assumed the Ch.ur. Mr. Tenney introduced the speakers. The Effectiveness of Grade Crossing Protective Devices from the Viewpoint of State Authorities By WARREN HENRY Assistant Chief Engineer, Illinois Commerce Commission, Springfield, 111. The art of grade crossing protection has made rapid advance in the past few years and I In-lievc it is fair to say that the state of public opinion on this point has advanced fully as much. It was not long ago for iu- stanre that a major obstacle to progress in this field seemed, to some of us at least, the prevalence of what wxs often called the claim agent point of view, that is an undue emphasis upon legal liability ratlicr than on public safety. ' Another very persistent mental attitude. 9 I l I t t j i I .i ii h is lug ilrn get! it i wlu war hcti poir Y (aiv heci the the aftal T1 dem ini pc into on a tresp have proci hers A a faero" a ecu of pe and t the i era-ii Can i ocrtip dangr in the tion it the pi gered Aim stmnn Momli WaiiKef inc. \ in the ciUnt crltcrithe aer loscthc mental, emphas tinn.% t! upon r certain sing Safety f Chiefs of Police, * programs, the railroad* time, money and effort oment standpoint in this ng grade crossing aceiimst he the thrmc--jn-t ihemc in the genera) plan .cment. ment in the country i* to have men patrolling every hour of the thiy. .nestion of assigning men of the city where the accidents are occurring-- day that experience in*re the most prevalent-- '> the men to he on the mlations that have been rident*. the country have learned rcemeut pay;--in lives prevented. Pul ifc have orts can lie much more lev concentrate on the ad nf scattering their 'he grade crossing acei- dive enforcement may : of motorcycle oiTiccr< radc crossings with had nours of the day; it may I educational program . driver faults that have may mean the installa:ve devices or a system me distance hack form functions of thr traffic i ment of the trallic rules ' c police must see that But-the work of the tv is much hrnader than of the law. t sterling citizens will they think they can get fore, one of the major nforcement officer* is tblic a sense of ohrdidesome respect for the S/i'tiw h'liilniinl St'dioii 711 traliie Ians, a* well as the other latvs we Wo are p;r. ticularly concerned about the have that make this a civilized country. In grade crossing accident problem in rural t this sense, the work of the police is edu areas, as most state police organization*, cational. The police would like, in every which are responsible for rural trallic case, to get obedience to the traffic laws safety, are so pitifully undermanned that and to g<Kid driving practices without ap they are unable to rope with these and other plying penalties. Unfortunately, this cannot' enforcement problems in the manner they he done always. should. r We all know that in cases of disobedience / think f can speak for all traffic law en to -igns and signals at grade crossings, the forcement hoilies in saying that the police results |o non-conforming drivers arc often arc anxious to cooperate with the railroads tragic. Enforcement is a definite factor in and other agencies in every way possible 1i grade crossing safety for this reason. Ob to solve this joint problem of grade cross servance of stopping lights, crossing' gates ing accidents--and it is indeed gratifying to and signs at grade crossings require* the know that we have such outstanding leaders I same sort of driver obedience that other in the field of safety as the railroad men traliie regulations do. to work witli in this project. WEDNESDAY A ITKKXOf )X SESSION* October 9. 1940 y ^ -^Trespasser Accidents--Panel Discussion Presiding: P. F. BUCKLE ,. Superintendent of Safety, Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad Co.. Chicago In this program we will deal principally ties and 12.2 per cent of the injuries sus with one phase of the railroad safety prob tained by all classes of persons in railway lem which, over the years, has perplexed accidents involving train operation in that railroad managements, railroad officers and year, indicating that this particular field is rjnployrc.s generally. We will attempt to still ait important one for aerident preven point out sonic of the difficulties in dealing tion work." with this problem and hope to offer you some ideas as to how it may, in some part at lca-t. he solved. I shall not take time here to present de tailed statistics on the subject, but I should like Iti read to you the opening paragraph I would recommend that all railroad of ficers interested in abating the trespass evil obtain a copy of this statement for it can he used to excellent advantage in presenting the subject to employees and outside groups. of that splendid Statement on. Trespasser Casualties in Steam Railway Accidents, pre pared by tlic Bureau of Statistics. Interstate Commerce Commission, last April. This is known as Statement 4018 and is available to all railroads. l)r. M. O. I-oreuz. Director of the Bureau nf Statistics. I. C. C. when at St. Paul last June said: "It may he said of the trespasser accident problem, as of tlie grade crossing problem, that yon (the railroads) arc not primarily responsible. It is the victim's own "The average annual number nf trespasser fault if he is injured while making un ca-ualtics (number killed plus number in authorized use of your property, lint cer i jured) in railway accidents in the period tainly the trespassers arc not. organized and iJ l'*2l)-l 9.19 was 5.248 compared villi 0,060 the public will concern itself with the prob for a like mmiher of years 1000-1010. lem onlv if stimulated to do so. THE Tbi represents noteworthy reduction: how DRIVING FORCE MUST COME FROM ever, the mimlwr reported by the railways THE RAILROADS WHOSE PROPERTY in 10,10 constituted 54.9 per cent of the fatali IS INVADED BY TRESPASSERS."