Document zQmKBMo43NZ1bD9E1op1Y894B

330 CHAPTER 13 1956 Guide 11 Solar Heat Gain Through Walla and Roofs for CooUng Load Calculations, by J. P. Stewart (A.S.H.V.E. (Transactions, Vol. 54,1948, p. 361). 17 A.S.H.V.E. Research Report No. 1442, Radiant Energy Emission of Atmosphere and Ground, by G. V. Parmelee and W. W. Aubele (A.S.H.V.E. Transactions, Vol. 58, 1952, p. 85). u Radiation in the Atmosphere, by D. Brunt (Supplement to the Quarterly Journal of the Royal Mete orological Society, Vol. 65, 1940). 11 A.S.H.VJS. Research Report No. 1333--Measurements of Solar Heat Transmission Through Flat Glass, by G. V. Parmelee, W, W, Aubele and R. G. Huebscher (A.S.H.V.E. Transactions, VoL 54, 1948, p. 165). * A.S.H.V.E. Research Report No. 1348--Solar and Total Heat Gain Through Double Flat Glass by G. V. Parmelee and.W. W. Aubele (A.S.H.VJ3. Transactions, VoL 54, 1948, p. 407). n A.S.H.VJS. Research Report No. 1374--Solar Energy Transmittance of Eight-Inch Hollow Glass Block, by G. V. Parmelee and W. W. Aubele (A.S.H.V.E. Transactions, Vol. 55. 1949, p. 435) "A.S.H.V.E. Research Report No. 1399--Heat Flow Through Unshaded Glass: Design Data for Use in Load Calculations, by G. V. Parmelee and W. W. Aubele (A.S.H.VJS. Transactions Vol. 56,1950, p. 371). " A.S.H.VJS. Research Report No. 1417--Solar Energy Transmittance of Figured Rolled Glass, by G. V. Parmelee and W. W.'Aubele (A.S.H.V.E. Transactions, VoL 57, 1051, p. 200). u A.S.H.VJS. Research Report No. 975--Studies of Solar Radiation Through Bare and Shaded Win dows, by F. C. Houghten/Carl Gutberlet and J. L. Blackahaw (A.S.H.V.E. Transactions, Vol. 40, 1034, p. 101). A.S.H.V.E. Research Report No. 1485--Design Data for Slat-Type Sun Shades for Use in Load Es timating, by G. V. Parmelee and D. J. Vild (A.S.H.V.E. Transactions, Vol. 59, p. 403). A.S.H.V.E. Re search Report No. 1474--The Shading of Sunlit Glass: An Experimental Study of Slat-Type Sun Shades, by G. V. Parmelee, W. W. Aubele and D. J. Vild (A.S.H.V.E. Transactions, Vol. 59, 1953, p. 221). A.S. H. VJB. Research Report No. 1460--The Shading of Sunlit Glass: An Analysis of the Effect of Uniformly Spaced Flat Opaque Slats, by G. V. Parmelee and W. W. Aubele (A.S.H.VJS. Transactions, Vol. 58,1952, p. 337). ** A.S.H.VJS. Research Report No. 1180--Heat Gain Through Western Windows With and Without Shading, by F. C. Houghten and David Shore (A.S.H.VJS. Transactions, Vol. 47, 1941, p. 251). The Mechanism of Heat Transfer, Panel Cooling and Heat Storage, Part II: Solar Radiation, by C. S. Leopold (Refrigerating Engineering, June 1948, p. 571). ** The Mechanism of Heat Transfer, Panel Cooling, Heat Storage, by C. S. Leopold (Refrigerating Engi neering, July 1947, p. 33). Hydraulic Analogue for the Solution of Problems of Thermal Storage, Radiation, Convection and Conduction, by C. S. Leopold (A3.H.V.E. Journal Section, Beating, Piping and Air Conditioning, July 1948, p. 105)1 '* Heat Gains Are Not CooUng Loads, by C. O. Mackey and N. R. Gay (A.S.H.V.E. Transactions, Vol. 55, 1949, p. 413). " Cooling Load From SunUt Glass, by C. O. Mackey and N. R. Gay (A.S.H.V.E. Transactions, Vol. 58, 1952, p. 321). * Psychrometric Factors in the Air Conditioning Estimate, by C. M. Ashley (A.S.H.VJS. Transactions, Vol. 55, 1949, p. 91). " See Reference 1, p. 8. " Cooler Footcandlee for Air Conditioning, by W. G. Darley (A.S.H.V.E. Transaction, Vol. 46, 1940, p. 367). Lighting and Air Conditioning Design Factors, Report of 1J3JS.--A.S.H.VJS. Joint Committee on Lighting and Air Conditioning (AJ3.H.VJ3. Journal Section, Heating, Piping and Air Conditioning, Sep tember 1941, p. 605). Lighting and Air Conditioning, by Howard M. Sharp (Heating and Ventilating, No vember 1942, p. 35). u Compiled by J. P. Stewart from various sources. CHAPTER 14 FUELS AND COMBUSTION Solid Fuels: Analysis, Classification of Coals, Dustless Treatment, Classification of Cokes, Combustion of Solid Fuels, Firing Methods for Solid Fuels, Secondary Air, Draft Requirements and Regulation, Furnace Volume; Fuel Oils: Classification, Analysis, Combustion, Air Required; Fuel Gases: Classification, Heat Value, Combustion; General Combustion Principles; Air Required; Efficiency from Flue Gas Analysis; Heat Balance; Condensation and Corrosion; Soot FUELS may be classified according to their physical state as solid, liquid, or gaseous. The principal fuels used for domestic heating are coal, oil, and gas. However, coke, wood, kerosene, sawdust, briquettes, and other substances are used for heating in special applications or in localities where an adequate supply is available. Experiments are in progress in the use of a coUoidal.sqspension of coal particles in fuel oil, but this fuel has not attained wide-spread usage as yet. The choice of fuel is usually based on dependability, cleanliness, availability, economy, operating requirements, and control. Analysis of Fuels SOLID FUELS Coal has a complex composition that makes classification into clear-cut types difficult. Chemically it consists of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitro gen, sulfur, and a mineral residue called ash. A chemical analysis provides some indication of the quality of a coal, but does not define its burning characteristics sufficiently. The coal user is interested principally in the available heat per pound of coal, the handling and storing properties, the amount of ash and dust produced, and the burning characteristics. A description of the relationship-between the qualities of coals and these characteristics requires considerable space; a treatment applicable to heating boilers is given in a Bureau of Mines Bulletin.1 There are two forms of coal analyses, namely, the proximate analysis and the ultimate analysis. In the proximate analysis the proportions of moisture, volatile matter, fixed carbon, sulfur, and ash are determined. This analysis is more easily made and is satisfactory for indicating most of the characteristics which are of interest to the user. For the proximate analysis the moisture is determined by observing the loss of weight of a sample of coal when dried at about 220 F. To determine the volatile matter, the dried sample is heated to about 1750 F in a closed crucible, and the loss of weight is noted. The remaining sample is then burned in an open crucible, and the accompanying loss of weight represents the fixed carbon. The unbumed residue is ash. Although determined separately, the sulfur content is frequently reported with the proximate analysis be cause the usefulness of a coal for certain purposes depends on its sulfur content. In the ultimate analysis, which is difficult to make, the percentages of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and ash in the coal sample are determined. It is used for detailed studies of fuels, and in computing 331