Document zQgjDn4gMwjnOzvzj6v2xdrvz

August, 1927 . INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY 897 Table II--Constants of Boiled Oils Cl e a n Se e d Do c k a c k Se e d Lot 119 Lot 121 Iodine number Specific gravity Acid number Refractive index Drying time, hours 179.8 0.9416 A. 19 L48 (182) 9 175.7 0.943 4.95 1.48 (178) 9.5 Iodine number Specific gravity Acid number Refractive index Drying time, hours Lot 120 181.4 0.9394 1.48 (143) 10 Lot 122 177.4 0.9412 4.37 1.48 (145) 11 As would be expected, the iodine number, acid number, and , refractive index vary with the specific gravity of the boiled oil, but a higher iodine number persists with the oils made from clean seed and the difference in drying time is very noticeable. Tests on Blown Oils Further portions of the , oil were made up as oils aged by blowing at temperatures ranging from 300 to 240 F. (149 to 116 C.), but to.as nearly the same final specific gravity as factory conditions allow. The differences given in Table III show the effects of heat and air upon the refractive index and acid number. The refractive index is much more sen sitive to heat than to oxidation and oil with a high original index will show a high final index. Bl o w in g Te mp e r at ur e C. P. 149 300 238 280 127 260 116 240 Table III--Constants of Blown Raw Oils LOT Se e d Sp b c ip x c Gr a v it y Re f r a c t iv e In d e x Io d in e Nu m ber Ac id Nu m ber Sa p o n if i c at io n Nu mb e r 33 Cleati 41 Dockage 34 Clean 42 Dockage 35 Clean 43 Dockage 36 Clean 44 Dockage 0.9509 0.9516 0.9515 0.9504 0.9504 0.9511 0.9511 0.9506 1.48(330) 1.48(289) 1.48(291) 1.48(271) 1.48(263) 1.48(260) 1.48(264) 1.48(247) 169.4 167.2 169.1 168.3 170.7 168.1 170.4 169.3 2.37 2.75 2.73 2.89 2.70 3.32 2.65 3.12 195.9 193.8 194.9 193.2 195.7 195.3 195.4 195.3 Tests on Varnish Oils In order to make a further study of bodying qualities the remainder of the original raw oils was made into a neutral varnish oil, thoroughly bleached to produce an oil of the water-white class, and refrigerated so that it would stand in melting ice for 12 hours without showing any cloudiness. Some data concerning these varnish oils are given in Table V, and the results of varnish tests made on them in Table VI, Table V--Constants of Varnish Oils Co n s t a n t . CLEAN Se e d Varnish Oil: Iodine number Refractive index Color 189.8 1.48(033) 7.7 R Supreme (water-white class): Iodine number Refractive index Color 189.7 1.48(041) 3.3 R Arctic supreme: Iodine number Refractive index Color 191.6 1.48(046) 3.2 R Do c k a g e Ss b d 185.6 1148(023) . 7.3 R 185.7 1.48(026) 3.4 R 186.7 1.48(034) 3.3 R Table VI--Varnish Tests Cl e a n Se b d D"o c k a g b Se e d A---LIGHT VARNISH: TIMS, 80 MINUTES; HEAT, 860-600 R. (288-316 C.) Varnish Supreme Arctic supreme 1.49(141) 1,49(122) 1.49(067) 1.49(098) 1.49(030) 1.49(026) B---HEAVY VARNISH: TIMS, 150 MINUTES! HEAT, 580-800 P. (288-318 C.) Varnish Supreme Arctic supreme 1.49(398) 1.49(379) 1.49(294, 1.49(352) 1.49(280) 1.49(274) Table VI suggests an interesting relationship between the viscosity of a heat-treated oil as shown by the refractive in dex and the higher melting point fats and the iodine number of the original oil. It indicates that of two oils with the same proportion of high melting point fats the one with the higher iodine number will body faster. In general, further heating intensifies differences in the blown raw oils, as shown in Table IV. Tubes of oil from the eight batches were heated at the same time in an oil bath with a double bottom and tubes kept at the same distance from the sides of the bath. Table IV--Constants of Blown Raw Oils Heated for 90 Minutes at 560-600 F. (293-316 C.) o w in g Te mp e r a t u r e c. F. 149 300 138 280 127 260 116 240 Cl e a n Se e d Refractive Index Viscosity 1.49(239) 1.49(220) 1.49(224) 1.49(265) Poises 57 46 55 76 Do c k a g e Se e d Refractive Index Viscosity 1.49(209) 1.49(111) 1.49(082) 1.49(150) Poises 52 28 20 31 Conclusion The investigation shows the variations which may be ex pected in oils made from the same crop from the same dis trict, if greater or less amounts of dockage seeds are allowed to remain mixed with the flaxseed at the time of crushing, and further, that these variations cause differences which will affect the processes of the linseed-oil consumer. Thus far all the writers' work with pure linseed oils and linseed oils con taining a proportion of dockage oil demonstrates that there is an appreciable difference in their constants, that these differences are maintained in the refined oils made from them and are often magnified in later blowing and heat treatments. Absorption of Ultra-Violet Light by Paint Vehicles By George F. A. Stutz Ne w Je r s e y Zin c Co mp a n y , Fa l mb r t o n , Pa . N A recent paper1 the results are given of an investigation exposure of the films to sunlight and the mercury arc is also I of the action of ultra-violet radiations on wet paint ve determined. hicles. Included is a determination of the degree to which various paint vehicles absorb the ultra-violet light. In the Method present paper this absorption determination is extended to Because of the relatively high opacity of all vehicles to the case of the dry films of a number of vehicles. -The na ultra-violet light, it is necessary to examine them in very thin ture and amount of this absorption is of particular import films. A film thickness of 0.02 mm. or less is required in tance, because of the action of the ultra-violet portion of most cases in order that sufficient light will be transmitted sunlight in "weathering," or decomposing, vehicle films; and to make accurate measurements possible. Most satisfactory also because of the growing use of strong sources of ultra results were obtained by flowing out thin films of the vehi violet light in accelerated weathering apparatus. To fur cles on transparent plates. For this purpose plates of fused ther aid in this study, the change in the absorption caused by quartz and Corning glass G 980 A were used. The vehicles i Stutz, Th is Jo u r n a l , 18, 1235 (1926). were allowed to dry in diffused daylight, in the laboratory, 898 INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY Vol.*19, No. 8 and no attempt was made to control the humidity condi tions. The film thickness was determined by means of a Randall-Stickney micrometer thickness gage. This meas the films. At least four different, thicknesses of each film were used. The degree of absorption was calculated using the re lationship urement is only accurate to within about 10 per cent, the S"'* extreme thinness, as well as the non-uniformity, of the films making a more accurate determination impossible. I = I010- where I = intensity of transmitted light la = intensity of incident light The quartz spectrophotometer described in the previous t = film thickness in centimeters ?.y ' paper was used to measure the ultra-violet transmission of k = coefficient of absorption % Clear arc Raw linseed oil, wet film Raw linseed oil, dry film Heat-bodied linseed oil, wet film Heat-bodied linseed oil, dry film Air-blown linseed oil, wet film Air-blown linseed oil, dry film Acetone-insoluble portion of heat bodied oil, wet Figure 1--Spectrograms of Tungsten Spark under Water, Taken through Films of Vehicle Approximately 0,02 mm. Thick Ag e Days Wet film 5 115 115 Ex p o s u r e 0 Hours 5 u! V. 3655 98,7 98.5 76.7 91.6 Wet film 5 115 115 5 U, V. 97.9 98.4 72.4 86.1 40 ... 75.7 40 16 Sun. 98.0 2 years 2 years 22 U.' V. 10.9 35.5 Wet film S 115 115 40 40 5 tr! V. 16 Sun. 97.5 97.5 69.1 87.1 64.1 88.3 Wet film 5 115 115 su! v. 94.0 98.4 76.7 91,8 Wet film 5 115 115 3 years 3 years .., 5 u! V. 22 Ul V. 72.0 72.4 70.8 80.3 10.6 50.9 Wet film 5 115 115 3 years 3 years ... 5U] V. 22 u! V. 98.0 93.8 65.2 74.1 27.0 44.7 5 84.5 5 48 tr.` V. 73.5 5 88.1 48 Ul V. 88.9 5 \ 5 48 tl! V. 48 u! V. 85.5 91.8 88.1 85.7 5 94.4 48 u] V. 95.3 U. V."--ultra-violet; Sun.--sunlight. Table I--Ultra-Violet Absorption by Oils 3131 Tr a n s mis s io n a t 0.01 mm. Th ic k n e s s in Pe r Ce n t a t Wa v e Le n g t h : 3023 2068 2804 2655 2536 2400 92.7 87.0 48.5 72.4 86.1 74.1 34.6 62.4 35.2 68.0 ` 3.0 14.1 85.7 74.0 32.5 65.1 26.7 55.0 83.0 84.1 53.7 78.5 25.1 34.7 25.4 44.6 2.13 25.4 80.0 58,3 29.2 32.4 5.9 13.8 46.4 30.9 45.7 49.6 46.8 60.5 71.6 59.3 76.5 68.4 RAW LINSEED 89.3 85.0 43.2 66.0 86.3 80.0 39.8 60.9 76.3 63.0 29.1 44.7 73.5 54.9 27.0 38.4 70.8 37.1 21.1 31.5 r a w l in s e e d + 6 PER CENT LIQUID DRIER 80.5 71.2 32.3 53.5 80.0 89.0 30.9 51.9 67.2 45.7 21.4 31.6 57.2 35.5 15.1 27.0 51.1 20.7 12.6 20.0 RAW LINSEED -f 6 PER CENT LIQUID DRIER 29.5 51.2 29.5 48.0 13.7 21.5 8.0 13.8 RAW LINSEED 4* 5 PER CBNT LIQUID DRIER 7.8 11.5 2.4 2.1 1.2 1.0 0.85 12.3 10.9 6.5 5.1 4.9 ALKALINE-REFINED (REFRIGERATED) LINSEED + I PER CBNT DRIER.: 84.2 61.5 24.2 57.0 19.0 44.0 81.6 60.0 22.8 53.4 19.0 43.0 65.1 39.8 18.2 39.3 9.2 18.9 60.8 21.1 15.1 32.0 . 7,1 11.1 51.6 15.8 14.0 27.1 4.7 8.5 ACID-REFINED LINSEED + t FER CENT LIQUID DRIER 79.2 70.8 43.0 69.1 78.5 70.0 37.8 66.1 65.6 50.7 28.0 49.0 64.0 37.2 24.5 42.0 56.6 30.6 21.0 38.0 AIR-BLOWN BODIED LINSEED, VISCOSITY 9 POISES 22.6 24.3 17.8 30.0 1.72 22.1 16.2 17.0 14.2 26.3 1.36 17.2 8.1 8.0 6.5 17.0 0.77 10.9 3.2 3.1 2.55 8.32 0.59 9.6 0.60 0.51 0.43 7.2 0.55 6.9 HEAT-BODIED LINSEED, VISCOSITY 4 POISES 76.1 36.0 18.0 16.6 4.8 12.6 72.1 31.0 11.6 10.0 4.2 10.7 38.2 10.1 7.1 6.1 2.9 4.4 19.1 6.0 4.6 4.4 2.4 3.1 7.5 4.0 3.5 3.5 0.4 1.4 HEAT-BODIED LINSEED, VISCOSITY S POISES 43.0 24.4 32.2 21.4 14.9 5.90 5.95 2.00 0.80 1.10 CHINA WOOD OIL WITH DRIER 41.7 45.0 34.3 38.5 16.3 21.5 5.25 12.5 3.05 7.60 PSRILLA OIL 39.6 54.0 28.5 44.2 8,6 22.1 3.2 13.6 1.8 9.60 68.1 54.8 TREATED POPPYSEED OIL I 52.2 21.6 16.9 51.6 41.0 33.4 8.50 29.3 TREATED SOY BEAN OH, 64.1 62.0 55.0 57.4 29.0 49.0 20.9 . 44.7 16.3 42-. 8 42.2 27.5 17.8 26.9 34.4 18.2 10.9 17.0 6.0 10.0 0.65 3.2 27.5 14.9 12.5 23.0 3.0 6.2 34.9 ^ 22.1 17.8 34.3 0.50 0.2 0.2 7.0 0.41 ` 4.5 3.7 3.5 2.9 2.7 0.2 1.3 0.70 0.64 1.62 6.50 1.72 8.50 2.04 22.4 9.9 33.0 2300 35.0 25.1 15.5 24.5 29.4 18.0 10.9 15,8 5.8 10.0 0.52 2.5 23.4 14.4 11.8 21.6 2.3 5.3 33.5 19.3 15.5 29.2 0.50 0.2 0.2 6.8 0.48 3.9 3.5 3.2 2.8 2.8 0.2 0.90 0.80 0.41 1.49 5.75 1.68 5:95 0.50 19.5 2.0 28.4 August, 1927 INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY 899 From the average value of k, determined at the several thicknesses, the percentage transmission of a film 0.01 mm. thick was calculated. These values are recorded as a meas ure of the transparency of the films. The figures are given at a film thickness of 0.01 mm., because the differences ex isting between the several vehicles are best shown at this thickness. The exposure of the films to ultra-violet light was carried out in a cabinet held at 40 C. by blowing through it a cur rent of cool air. The films were placed 30 cm. (12 inches) from a 15-cm. (6-inch) Cooper-Hewitt quartz Uviarc. The exposures to sunlight were made on clear days in August, 1926. Results To show that the ultra-violet absorption by oil films is continuous, the spectrograms shown in Figure 1 were taken. The source of light is a tungsten spark under water, giving Aa continuous spectrum down to 2140 .2 The light from this source was passed through a film of the vehicle approxi mately 0.02 mm. thick and dispersed in a Hilger E-4 quartz 2 Fulweiler and Barnes, Franklin Inst., 194, 83 (1922). spectrograph. The increase in opacity of linseed oil on drying is shown, as well as the relative opacities of raw, heat bodied, and air-blown oils. The transmission values, as determined with the quartz spectrophotometer, for linseed and other oils, are recorded in Table I. Values for the wet'films of several of the oils are also given, corresponding to the results previously re corded. Note--The values of K recorded in the previous paper are relatively high in some cases, owing to an inaccuracy in the determination of the thickness of the wet films. Curve 1 shows the transmission of three typical linseed oils. Curve 2 gives the transmission of several other paint oils. Different samples of any one kind of oil vary somewhat in ultra-violet transparency. The results given are characteristic of oils of the several classes and types named. The results for varnishes are recorded in Table II, and Curve 3 shows the transmission of several of these varnishes. The seven varnishes used are the ones on which Nelson and Schmutz have reported accelerated weathering results.3 * Kelson and Schmutz, Proc. Am. Soe. Testing Materials, 24, Pt. II, 920 (1924). Curve 3--Transmission Curves for Dry Varnish Films, Age 5 Days Curve 4--Transmission Curves for Dry Lacquer Films, Age 2 Days 900 INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY Vol. 19, No. 8 Table II---Ultra-Violet Absorption by Varnishes No. Gu m Ag e Days Le n g t h in On,a . Tung Linseed U. V. Ex p o s u r e Tr a n s mis s io n a t 0.01 mm. Th ic k n e s s in 3665 3131 3023 2968 2804 Pe r Ce n t a t Wa v e Le n g t h : 2655 2536 2400 2300 Hours A-l Limed rosin ' 5 7 10 7 A.-2- Limed rosia 50%; Congo 50% 5 7 10 0 A-5 Ester 50%; Kauri 50% 515 7 A-3 No. X Kauri 5 0 25 7 A-7 Ester 50%; Congo 50% 5 14 35 7 A-6 Limed rosin 5 72 28 7 A-4 Ester 5 36 7 0 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 ` 83.2 59,4 75.3 54.5 79.4 58.6 75.8 67.6 75.8 70.8 75.2 55.8 85.8 66.5 3i.3 15.7 26.4 18.3 25.1 15.7 37.1 31.8 29.5 28.2 25.1 17.5 47.3 22.6 24,8 13.3 21.6 14.6 21.6 10.6 29.8 23.8 25.1 22.0 20.5 14.4 43.3 21.1 18.0 9.8 14.3 10.1 12.0 7.6 23.4 17.1 16.4 14.1 13.1 10.0 28.8 15.1 6,8 2.6 4.90 2.7 3.6 1.6 9.2 7.2 6.1 3.6 4.3 4.5 10.7 4.93 0.73 0.56 0.40 0.44 0.23 0.18 1.3 2.1 0.20 1.0 0.33 1,40 2.3 1.32 0.19 0.20 0.05 0.08 0.08 0.03 0.28 0.9 0.02 0.36 0.04 0.67 0.23 0.40 0.17 0.16 0.03 0.05 0.07 0.03 0.20 0.35 0.03 0.16 0.06 0.36 0.40 0.18 0.20 0.16 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.03 0.20 0.40 o.oa 0.15 0.05 0.25 0.28 0.10 By length in oil is meant the number of gallons of oil per 100 pounds of gum. Table III--Ultra-Violet Absorption by Lacquers No. Co mp o s it io n U. V. Tr a n s mis s io n a t 0.01 mm. Th ic k n e s s in Pe r Ce n t Ex p o s u r e a t Wa v s Le n g t h : 3655 3131 3023 2968 2804 2655 2536Hours 1 17% l/i sec. R. S. cotton, 83% .solvents 2 14.1% */* sec. R. S. cotton, 16.6% tricresyl phosphate, 69.3% solvents 3 10.7% */a sec. R. S. cotton, 12.7% tricresyl phosphate, 10.9% ester gum, 65.7% solvents 4 9.8% l/t sec. R. S. cotton, 11.5% tricresyl phosphate, 9.6% dammar gum, 69,1% solvents 5 10.3% l/* sec. R. S. cotton, 12.1% tricresyl phosphate, 5.2% dammar, 5.2% ester, 67.2% solvents 6 Commercial brushing 7 Commercial brushing Same as No. 3 with sample of pale ester gum 9 Same as No, 3 with sample of dark ester gum 100.0 94.0 88.0 82.0 52.7 28.5 24.5 48 45.6 10.5 7.5 6.5 3.4 1.0 0.32 48 97.0 16.1 39.5 1.70 83.6 1.60 78.0 1.45 31.0 0.04 0.51 0.03 o0..o5a0 94.4 38.9 29.0 21.9 2.00 0.53 0.50 48 8.80 0.31 0.18 0.10 0.02 0.01 0.01 96.6 87.1 80.3 73.3 30.5 0.4 0.3 48 18.6 2.1 1-7. 1.3 0.35 0.07 0.0& 96.0 66.8 60.8 52.0 8.9 0.32 0.32 48 14.6 1.66 1.35 0.95 0.25 0.10 0.10 86.6 39.1 28.0 17.4 5.19 2.48 3.08 48 22.4 3.13 2.43 2.07 1.08 0.56 0.70 81,4 54.8 49.0 36.1 16.2 1.12 o.sa 48 12.4 1.08 1.01 0.64 0.16 0.11 0.10 48 93.1 20.3 59.2 49.9 31.5 1.86 1.32 1.22 5.75 0.41 01..503 1.33 0.05 70.9 38.5 34.2 24.0 5.13 1.88 1.80 48 26.0 3.35 2.60 .1.32 0.70 0.61 0.35 Results for lacquer films are given in Table III and Curve 4. Lacquers No. 6 and No. 7 are clear brushing lacquers furnished through the courtesy of Mr. Hopkins, of the Mur phy Varnish Company. Mr. Hopkins also furnished the samples of pale and dark ester gum used in lacquers No. 8 and No. 9. Discussion Several oonclusions may be drawn from the results on oils. A raw or untreated linseed oil is quite transparent. A heat bodied oil is more opaque. A heavy-bodied, air-blown oil is still more opaque. In general, then, in the case of a bod ied oil the ultra-violet light is absorbed almost entirely at the surface. A'raw linseed oil, however, allows the light to penetrate a considerable distance before it is completely absorbed. 1 On exposure to the mercury arc, or to sunlight, a film of raw linseed oil becomes more transparent (bleaches). A film qf air-blown oil also bleaches, though not so much as the raw oil film. A heat-bodied oil film, however, shows but little change and may even become more opaque on exposure to the ultraviolet light. This leads to the conclusion that, in the case of a raw oil, a material is produced on drying and agingr which is acted on by ultra-violet light in such a way as to convert it into some other material more transparent to ultra-violet light. In the case of a heat-treated oil an opaque material is produced on drying and aging, which is not changed to a more transparent form when acted on by ultra-violet. Instead, the ultra-violet light may accelerate the formation of the opaque material. An air-blown oil would seem to contain some of each of these materials since it is rendered somewhat more transparent by exposure to the ultra-violet light. Perilla oil becomes more transparent on exposure to the ultra-violet light. China wood oil also becomes slightly more transparent. Poppy and soy bean oils become, more opaque in the near ultra-violet and more transparent in the far ultra violet. All the varnishes measured are quite opaque. Moreover, on exposure to ultra-violet light they become more opaque (yellow). The tendency to yellow is least in the case of a long oil varnish high in linseed oil and is greatest in the case of a short oil varnish high in China wood oil. Apparently the gums present are largely responsible for the yellowing of the varnish as well as its high initial- opacity. The results for lacquers show that clear nitrocotton is quite transparent. The addition of a plasticizer renders it more opaque at the shorter wave lengths. This is true of aU^the plasticizers commonly used. The further addition of gum renders the lacquer still more opaque. Also, ester gum famuch more opaque than dammar. Exposure of the lacquer film to ultra-violet light or sunlight results in the formation of a deep yellow color and a corresponding tremendous in crease in opacity to ultra-violet light. It wifi be noticed that practically all vehicles have high absorption at the shorter wave lengths, below the limit of the sun's spectrum. Therefore, whenever a vehicle film fa exposed to a source of short ultra-violet radiations (2800 A. or less) the energy is practically all absorbed at the surface. This accelerates decomposition, hardening, and similar reactiohs at the surface only, the underlying film not being affected. On the contrary, when exposed to sunlight, the radiations, being above 2900 A., are sometimes able to penetrate a con siderable distance into the film before being. completely ab sorbed. This difference should be considered in interpreting accelerated weathering results where the light source used is one rich in the short wave lengths beyond the limit of the sun's spectrum. August, 1927 INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY, 901 - Acknowledgment The author wishes to acknowledge the assistance and criti cisms of the members of the Research Division of the New Jersey Zinc Company, and the aid rendered by his assistant, C. Hall, in making the observations. Action of Cathode Rays on Drying Oils By J. S. Long and C. N. Moore Le h ig h Un iv e r s it y , Be t h l e h e m, Pa ., a n d Ge n e r a l El e c t r ic Co mp a n y , Sc h e n e c t a d y , N. V. HE production of high-voltage cathode rays outside of T the generating tube has been described by Coolidge1 and some experiments with these rays outside of the Table HI--Perilla and China Wood Oils--50 Seconds' Exposure to Cathode Rays Af t e r Re f r a c t iv e In d e x Mo l e c u l a r We ig h t Io d in e Nu mb e r He a t in g Before After Before After Before After generating tube are described by Coolidge and Moore.2 In a Hours SET 6--PERILLA OIL HEATED AT 293 C. description of this work3 it was mentioned that castor oil ex a 1.4806 1.4811 790 891 201.4 196.6 posed to the rays was changed to a solid. 1.25 . 1.75 1.4869 1.4900 1.4873 1.4906 1123 1388 1207 1527 157.4 143.4 155.3 142.5 The relations which occur when drying oils are thickened 2.25 2.75 1.4917 1.4920 1719 1959 Solidified 134.1 Gel by heating are quite different than those when the oil is thick ened by the action of ultra-violet light, and these differ from SET 7---PERILLA OIL AIR-BLOWN AT 293 c. a 1.4808 1.4812 785 864 200 195.7 the actions when the oil is oxidized by blowing. It was be 0.5 0.92 1.4850 1.4888 1.4852 1.4892 1078 1440 1131 1524 161.2 151.6 162.5 142.1 lieved that this thickening by the action of high-voltage cath ode rays might be of service in indicating the types of reac 1.10 1.24 1.4906 1.4910 1753 1857 Solidified 131.7 SET 8-- CHINA WOOD OIL HEATED AT 1901 c. ` 131.8 tions occurring in the process of thickening and that during o 1.5148 1.5144 873 888 157 raying there might be actions which did not take place in 0.5 1.5134 1.5132 991 1020 1.0 1.6116 1.5114 1098 1160 155! 1 157 , 153.8 other methods of bodying. Accordingly, series of samples of linseed, perilla, and China 1.5 1.5103 1.5100 1371 1453 2 1994 Gel a Time required to raise oil to temperature used. 146.1 145.6 wpod oils were prepared as described. Some or all of the constants--specific gravity, refractive index, iodine number, Materials molecular weight, and hexabromide number--were determined on these samples. The samples were than rayed and the constants again determined. The results produced by the raying are given in Table I to III. Perilla oil of suitable purity for research work was kindly furnished by Maximilian Toch. It had the following char acteristics when used in this work: Table I--Effect of Time of Exposure to Cathode Rays on Linseed and Perilla Oils Re f r a c t iv e Ex p o s u r e In d e x Io d in e Nu mb e r Mo l e c u l a r He x a b r o mid e We ig h t Nu mb e r Minutes SET I--LINSEED OIL 0 1.4776 187.6 762 37.6 1 1.4778 187.4 781 22.6 2 1.4780 187.4 832 22.3 3 1.4782 187.6 870 24.3 5 1.4786 185.5 883 19.5 10 1.4799 181.0 967 21.6 SET 6--PERILLA OIL 0 1.4804 205.5 785 47.8 1 1.4805 205.5 810 42.2 2 1.4806 . 202.6 817 41.1 3 1.4808 202.3 834 38.8 5 1.4812 198.7 878 37.0 10 1.4819 195.3 925 31.2 Table II--Linseed OU--50 Seconds' Exposure to Cathode Rays .Af t e r Re t r a c t iv e In d e x Mo l e c u l a r We ig h t Io d in e Nu mb e r He a t in g Before After Before After Before Alter Bo u t s 0 1 2 2.5 1.4776 1.4836 1.4890 1.4903 SET 4----HEATED AT 295 C. 1.4810 1.4842 1.4895 < 970 1096 1728' 2330 856 1132 1989 Insoluble gel 177.2 148 117.5 147* 112.6 a 3 9 a 0.5 1.0 1.25 1.5. 1.75 SET 3--BLOWN AT 138 c. 1.4781 1.4790 1.4796 1.4788 1.4800 1.4820 788 818 184.0 833 929 175.6 893 1025 160.5 SET 4---HEATED AT 293 C. WITH UMBER 1.4825 1.4855 1.4886 1.4901 1.4910 1.4830 1.4857 1.4892 1.4904 1.4915 1038 1209 1540 1617 1840 1046 1220 1571 1658 1904 Gel 155.2 142.2 135.9 132.0 129! 8 183.7 173.2 159j,3 144.2 128.8 120.3 114.7 103.2 Time required to raise oil to temperature used. i J. Franklin Inst., 202, 693 (1926). i Ibid., 202, 722 (1926). J. Chem. Ednc., 3, 1369 (1926). Specific gravity at 15.5/15.5 C. Refractive index at 25 C. Iodine number, Wijs (30 minutes) Hexabromide number Acid value Molecular weight 0.93S8 1;4804 205 47.8 3.08/ 765 Linseed oil derived from selected northwest seed was treated to remove the break, chilled to 6.6 C. to separate part of the saturated glycerides, and filtered cold. This oil showed the following characteristics when used in this work: Specific gravity at 15.5/I5.5 C. Refractive index at 25 C. Iodine number, Wijs (30 minutes) Hexabromide number Acid value Molecular weight 0.9355 1.4776 187.6 37.6 4.38 760 The China wood oil had the following characteristics: Specific gravity at 15.5/15.5 C. Refractive index at 25 C. Iodine number, Wijs Browne heat test minutes 0.9405 1.5160 163 Q .5 Preparation of Sets of Samples Se t 1--Two and a half cubic centimeters of linseed oil were placed in a glass Petri dish of 10 cm. diameter. The dish was fastened to a shaft inclined at an angle of 27 de grees and rotated at about 60 r. p. m. The center of the Petri dish was 5 cm. from the window of the cathode ray tube. In all cases the tube was operated at 250,000 volts (maximum) and 1 ma. The oil spread itself quite evenly over the bot tom of the Petri dish in a layer about 0.3 mm. thick. Five samples were exposed 1, 2, 3, 5, and 10 minutes. Se t 2--Six hundred grams of linseed oil were heated at 293 C. in a 1000-cc. three-neck Pyrex flask with mechanical stirring at 200 r. p. m. Air carrying moisture equivalent to 62.6 per cent relative humidity at 25 C. was passed over