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Asbe os I. -ation Association/;'.Americ 22 East 40th Stree New York, N. Y, 10016 (212). 661-8206 0204-in June 15, 1972 The Editor THE WALL STREET JOURNAL 22 Cortlandt Street New York, New York 10007 ', . Dear Sir: ' It is incumbent upon any newspaper in this country, especially when reporting on an issue relating to occupational or environmental health, to present evidence that is factual, well-researched, and free from distortion, error and any possible taint of sensationalism. This is especially true when the newspaper in question enjoys the nigh' reputation for fairness and accuracy of THE WALL STREET JOURNAL. ' Unfortunately, these basic precepts of sound journalism were not followed in a recent story in the JOURNAL. By this we specifically refer to the article on asbestos by Barry Newman that appeared in your June 7 issue, beginning on the front page. The article contains many major errors of fact and interpretation, such that it presents a com pletely distorted and alarmist picture of the asbestoshealth problem in the United States, The simplest way to demonstrate the truth of this statement is to examine some of the major errors contained in the Neman article. Mr. Newman began the article with a description of the supposed hazards faced by mechanics who blow asbestoscontaining brake lining dust out of brake assemblies with an air hose before replacing the worn linings. Had your reporter investigated this matter with any degree of thorough,",ess, he would have discovered a number of well established facts, namely that (1) the U.S. Public Health Service conducted a study which showed that less than 1 per cent of the approximately 50 per cent of asbestos in brake linings remains as free fiber in the dust after wear, the rest being converted by the high heat of friction 6porkS0e<J by Atlas Ashcs'oa Co., Come*! Ashriios Products Co,. CcM.-'in-teftf Pmdiir.t* Ce*P . F|in*lriite Co., OAF Co'p.i John* M*nvl!!e Coi'p,. National Gypsum Co, Pnnpjon Corp, id Huybosloa Man-SaMso, lc. Alicr bU J, WALL E Zy JOURNAL June , 1972 Page I vo --*xl to a non-fibrous non-toxic materia] called foste'rite, and (2) a study by Hickish and Knight, published in the British "Annals of Occupational Hygiene" in January, 1970, established that men engaged in the blow-out procedure described by your reporter had a Time Weighted Average exposure of .68 asbestos fibers per cubic centimeter of air, a level far lower than either the current United States standard of five fibers per cc or the two fiber standard scheduled to go into effect in 1976. ' While these studies in combination demonstrate quite conclusively the lack of a hazard for men employed in brake lining maintenance and replacement, of perhaps even more importance in evaluating your reporter's alarmist approach to the subject is the fact that to the best of my knowledge, there have been no published or unpublished studies indicating the existence or even the suspicion of a hazard for these men. The conclusion is inescapable that your reporter selected this example to lead off his story . because of its colorful and alarmist nature rather than because of any factual evidence that an actual hazard existed. In the fourth paragraph of the story. Dr. Irving Selikoff of Mount Sinai Hospital is quoted as predicting 95,000 deaths from asbestos related cancer among the approximately 250,000 men currently employed in the asbestos industryin this country. While Dr. Selikoff is obviously entitled to make whatever predictions he choses, it is only reasonable to expect that a reporter seeking to write a balanced story would submit such a terrifiying prediction to other experts in the field for their comment. Had he done so, your reporter would unquestionably have been told that Dr. Selikoff's prediction is quite exaggerated and without solid foundation. The reason why this is so is quite simple. The two studies upon which Dr. Selikoff's prediction is based were of men employed in the industry for a minimum of 20 years and at a time (the 1930s and 40s) when dust levels were many times higher than they are today. Thus to apply the death rates resulting from long term exposure to dust levels existing 25 and 30 years ago to today's working population is plainly illogical. Had your reporter sought additional comment on Dr, Selikoff's prediction, he would have discovered this fact. -More- WAT.L ST RET."OURNAL June 15, 1? : Page Three oao.: i-v In the next paragraph, it states that "ordinary people who have come into contact with asbestos in the atmosphere" could be subject to asbestos-related disease. This same idea of a general public hazard is contained in the headline of the story: "Tiny Asbestos Fibers Pose a Health Threat To Workers and Public," While there is some evidence that in years past there may have been some potential hazard to people living in close proximity to uncontrolled asbestos mines and mills, as technology was developed for `the control of asbestos dusts in industry from escaping into -the community air, these potential hazards have been -eliminated. As far as the general public is concerned, there never has been nor is there today a public health hazard as a result of exposure to the very minute amounts of asbestos.that have been shown to exist in the ambient air. This was the basic conclusion reached by a panel of asbestoshealth experts convened by the National Academy of Sciences to draft a report to serve as the medical basis for the Federal Environmental Protection Agency national emission standards on asbestos. The report, entitled "Asbestos: The Need for and Feasibility of Air Pollution Controls," states on page 19 that "there are levels of asbestos exposure that will, not be associated with any detectable risk. What those levels are is not known, but there is no evidence that persons in the general population -- without occupational, household, or neighborhood exposures-- have any increased risk of neoplasm, even though there may be ferruginous bodies or fibers in their lungs," and in the Conclusion section on page 31 it states: "There is no evidence that the small numbers of fibers found in most members of the general population affect health or longevity," This booklet has received wide distribution. Had your reporter researched his subject with any degree of thorough ness, he would certainly have been given copies of the report. If he was given a copy, he obviously completely disregarded it. A little later on in the article your reporter states that "bits of asbestos used in filters for beverage making have been found in wine and beer, for instance, and could be dangerous if swallowed." This same question was raised in Great Britain a few years ago by writers also seeking the sensational rather than the scientific. The furor died -More- WrtJjL, t)'i'KJtiij'i.' vJUUWNAL June 15, 1972 Page Four 020-V13 when it was shown that the total amount of asbestos fiber found in British beer added up to only two-one-thosandths of an ounce in the total United Kingdom beer production of over a thousand million gallons a year. This translates into about five parts per million-million by weight. The additional fact that there is not one shred of evidence that ingesting such infinitesimal amounts of asbestos is in any way hazardous helped allay the fears of the British beer drinking public. The comment attributed to William Nicholson of Mount Sinai that shaking an asbestos-containing coat could result in . "dust levels as high as in an asbestos factory" once again demonstrates your reporter's search for the sensational rather than the factual. Had he chosen to look into the matter of the 200,000 asbestos-containing coats more thoroughly, he would have discovered, that the committee appointed by the Food and Drug Administration to investigate the problem concluded in its report that "this single episode of manufacture and sale of asbestos-containing garments .did not constitute an 'imminent hazard' as defined by the Food and Drug Administration, and that a recommendation to recover all the garments from the individual purchasers was not warranted." Tests run on the coats by the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health for the FDA were "deliberately designed to be many orders of magnitude more ' severe in terms of applying energy to the garments than would be expected in ordinary use by the public." In addition, "a build up of air-borne fibers was encouraged." Despite these severe wear and brushing tests, the amount of free fiber that became air borne was considered by the committee to provide "a wide margin of safety" for the wearer. Thus, while Mr, Nicholson's colorful quote makes attractive copy, it is not supported by sober, scientific fact. One of the most serious breaches of journalistic ethics is to deliberately quote an individual out of context. This was done in' the case of Mr. J. B. Jobe of Johns-Manville, who was quoted as stating at Occupational Safety and Health Administration hearings in Washington in March that it would be "socially irresponsible" to adopt a two fiber occupational standard in the asbestos industry. Mr. Jobe's full statement, which can be found in the official record of the hearing, was as follows: "Where there is no scientifically credible evidence -More 'The Editor WALL STREET JOUiv.-sL June 15, 1972 Vige Five ()r> ^^4X4. demonstrating the necessity of such low standards, it would be socially irresponsible to adopt them." By omitting the first part of Mr. Jobe's comment, the impression is given in the article that Mr. Jobe would be opposed to the two fiber standard on economic grounds, even if it were necessary to adopt such a standard in order to protect the lives of industry workmen. I need not point out the serious harm that could be done to Mr. Jobe's reputation by this out- of-context quote. Your reporter's next major error is a relatively simple one of misunderstanding, yet had he made any efforts to discuss the situation with industry officials or to visit a manu facturing facility (both of which were offered to your reporter by Johns-Manville), the mistake would not have been made. By this, I refer to those paragraphs in the article in which your reporter states' that "the curbing of asbestos contamination is more an exercise in good house keeping than capital expenditure," and he then goes on to list a half-aoren "staples of such an operation, already in use in many plants." The mistake made by your reporter is that the "staples" he refers to, such as closed plastic bags for mixing cement, vacuum attachments on power saws, etc., are not used in plants where asbestos-containing products are manufactured, but in the construction industry, especially in the application of asbestos-containing insulations in buildings, power plants, etc. Asbestos dusts in manufacturin are controlled not by such devices but by highly sophisticate and expensive bag-house .type dust collectors and other similarly costly equipment. One visit to an asbestos manufacturing plant would have clarified this point for Mr. Newman. A similar error is made by your' reporter when he reports that a Mount Sinai survey of 9,400 asbestos workers showed that there was only one dust count taken "in asbestos plants for every 20,000 man-days worked." Dr. Selikoff has reported on similar dust count frequencies for years, but always in reference to the construction industry, never to manufacturing plants, where dust counts are taken on a regular basis in most operations. Perhaps Mr. Newman's confusion, arose out of the fact that the term "asbestos workers" when used by Dr. Selikoff refers not to men engaged in the asbestos manufacturing.industry, but to those in the insulation application trades, who belong to a union called -More- !.U1 The Editor .m street jour; Jur. 15, . ?72 Fags Six 020415 the Heat, Frost, Insulation and Asbestos Workers (my underlining) which is commonly referred to as the Asbestos Workers Union. . Once again, a more thorough research effort on your reporter's part would have provided him with this information. Finally, I would like to register a very serious objection to a major error of omission in Mr. Newman's article, as contrasted to those of commission referred to thus far. In the entire article, your reporter makes only one or two passing references to industry efforts to solve i'ts problems in this area, and leaves the distinct but erroneous impression that .the industry is trying to get away with doing as little as possible and that it started its control efforts only very recently. Nowhere in the article can be found mention of the vast amount of medical research sponsored, co-sponsored or cooperated in by the industry over the past three or four decades, nor ,of the vast improvements in dust conditions achieved in manufacturing operations from coast to coast over the years. While information of this nature does not make for alarming headlines, it is as important a part of the overall asbestos-health story as case histories of disease and dire predictions of occupational deaths in the thousands. In conclusion, I hope that this rather lengthly letter has demonstrated quite clearly to you the incomplete, erroneous, sensationalized and distorted manner in which your reporter presented the asbestos-health situation in his article. On behalf of the member companies of the Asbestos Information Association/North America, we request in the interests of fair and balanced journalism, that this letter be printed . in its entirety in THE WALL STREET JOURNAL; that the WALL STREET JOURNAL print in its pages an apology for the incomplete and distorted nature of the article; and that you assign a competent writer untainted by the desire for sen sationalism to write a balanced article on industry efforts and accomplishments in reducing asbestos-health hazards for workmen throughout the nation. Very truly yours, Matthew M. Swetonic Executive Secretary Oz 0 presents... Super Visbestos THE MOST VERSATILE DRILLING FLUID ADDITIVE SUPER VISBESTOS Economically Effective From . . . Surface To Total Depth In . . . Fresh Water To Super Saturated Nondispersed To Highly Dispersed 'wsi*'wm* * 'cvi .staff'' :asmtwm* iirihl i'nmi- REGULAR ASBESTOS (Dry Processed) SUPER VISBESTOS (Wet Processed - Presheared Asbestos) Super Visbestos is produced, exclusively for Montello, Inc., by chemically and hydraulically shearing a top-grade chrysotile asbestos, through a unique, proprietory, wet-process. This process produces a high degree of asbestos fiber separation. A study of the micrographs above reveal that over 98% fiber separation has.been achieved when processing Super Visbestos compared to less than 50% fiber separation with regular dry processed asbestos additives. r\ The high degree of fiber separation (i.e. yield) provided almost i\\\ instantly with Super Visbestos Is impossible to achieve using 'vW regular dry processed asbestos in the field even after days of circulation and mixing. j (M&fcrS \J /7 A study of data below reveals the advantages of Super Visbestos. w J/ j / // y / rit/x f / SUPER VISBESTOS VS. REGULAR ASBESTOS V \ . /yi- Fann VG Meter Super Visbestos 5 LBS/BBL Regular Asbestos 5 LBS/BBL Apparent Viscosity Plastic Viscosity a Yield Point Initial Gel 14.5 11 7 5 7 6 2 3 (Tests Run By Major University) f t us <'- Mr r Mnui^ i V I WWW < I SUPER VISBESTOS, BENTONITE AND ATTAPolGITE IN WATEK (TESTS RUN BY INDEPENDENT TEST LABORATORY, BUFFALO,NEW YORK) 020*15 It takes considerable less SUPER VISBESTOS to build an adequate drilling fluid. The curve compares the apparent viscosity obtained with different concentrations of SUPER VISBESTOS, bentonite and attapulgite. bentonite or attapulgite based drilling fluids. Over 150 field wells have proved that SUPER VISBESTOS based'drilling fluids produced better penetration rates than SUPER VISBESTOS drilling fluids drill faster. COMPARATIVE GEL STRENGTHS OF SUPER VISBESTOS, BENTONITE AND ATTAPULGITE IN WATER (TESTS RUN BY INDEPENDENT TEST LABORATORY, BUFFALO,NEW YORK) The gel strength of a SUPER VISBESTOS Slurry is not progressive. (See graph -- 10 sec. and 10 min. gels of Super Visbestos slurry are equal). Compare that with the progressive gel nature of attapulgite and bentonite. This progressive nature of bentonite gel strength can be pract ically eliminated by using SUPER VISBESTOS in combination with bentonite. msE'SsbssTji*  iw ^i VELOCITY \i PRESSURE DROP (TESTS RUN BY INDEPENDENT TESTING LABORATORY, BUFFALO,NEWYORK) 020419 One of the most Important characteristics of a drilling fluid is it's ability to shear thin. Shear thinning permits low viscosities at the bit and high viscosities in the annulus. This type of fluid combines high penetration rates with adequate lifting capacity in the annulus. A study of the graph above reveals the following: --Shear thinning capability of SUPER VISBESTOS based drilling fluids. --That the viscosity of the SUPER VISBESTOS slurry is approximately equal to the viscosity of water at drill pipe velocity. --That the viscosity of the SUPER VISBESTOS slurry Is less than the viscosity of water at Jet velocities. --That the viscosity of the SUPER VISBESTOS slurry is considerably greater than the viscosity of water at annular velocities. This 13 exactly what we want -- and when you get It with SUPER VISBESTOS you don't have to worry about bugs eating it -- temperature affecting it--progressive gels or excessive chemical treatments -- and In addition It is more economical to build and maintain with SUPER VISBESTOS than with polymers. (TESTS RUN BY INDEPENDENT TEST LABORATORY /3UFFALCT NEW YORK ) 020 SUPER VISBESTOS + BENTONITE 0 + 10 2.5 5.0 ++ 7.5 5.0 LBS/BBL 7.5 + 2.5 10 + 0 bentonite 10 LBS/BBL '-SUPER VISBESTOS . 10 LBS/BBL SUPER VISBESTOS 5 LBS/BBL C+ BENTONITE 5 LBS/BBL 94 20 2 39 SYNERGISM SUPER VISBESTOS is used primarily for hole cleaning in any drilling fluid. If adequate hole cleaning plus some fluid loss control Is desired it can he obtained faster and cheaper with a combination of SUPER VISBESTOS and bentonite. These graphs demonstrate the synergistic effect of SUPER VISBESTOS on bentonite. Webster defines synergism as the cooperative action of different products such that the total effect of the two used in combination is greater than the sum of the two effects taken inde pendently. Five different combinations of SUPER VISBESTOS plus bentonite were tested. The SUPER VISBESTOS concentrations were varied from 0 to 10 pounds per barrel, while and at the same time the bentonite concentrations were varied from 10 to 0 pounds per barrel. The total concentrations of SUPER VESBESTOS plus bentonite at any point v/as always equal to 10 pounds per barrel. Maximum yield value occured at combination C (5 LBS/BBL or SUPER VISBESTOS plus 5 LBS/BBL of bentoniteT. In actual field use combination _C may not produce optimum yield value due to the hydrating character of the different drilled solids. A comparison of the yield values of combinations A, E, and C can be more easily made by studying the bar graph above. 20421 COMBINATION YIELD- VALUE A (10 LBS/BBL bentonite) E (10 LBS/BBL SUPER VISBESTOS; C ( 5 LBS/BBL SUPER VISBESTOS plus 5 LBS/BBL bentonite) 4 39 111 A closer look at combination C (bar graph) reveals that the synergistic action of SUPER VISBESTOS on bentonite for this concentration is 89. (That is lll-(20 plus 2)), That's synergism----- the cooperative action of the combination Is much much greater than the sum of the separate individual actions.. Not to be overlooked Is the low value of plastic viscosity at combination C, This is a plus and just what we wanted because plas*tic viscosity being a function of type and amount of. solids In a system will naturally Increase when the system is loaded with cuttings. So what does synergism mean. To you, the user. It simply means getting more than you planned for or paid for or getting ail you needed with a lot less material. That's saving money either way--and only SUPER VISBESTOS can offer so much for so little amount of money. SUPER VISBESTOS REDUCES SLIP VELOCITY 50 Dynamic tests were run to determine the actual slip velocity of a b inch gravel sample from the North slope. Slip velocity in plain water of b Inch gravel sample was 126.7 feet per minute. Slip Velocity in plain water plus 2| LBS/BBL of SUPER VISBESTOS of same \ Inch gravel sample was 62.5 feet per minute. Therefore Z\ LBS/BBL of SUPER VISBESTOS reduced the slip velocity of cuttings by more than jjO percent. . V.N LMKtlV V k 1 V V ' VI IM| J Elevated temperatures in drilling fluids normally cause product deterioration -- increased viscosities -- higher gels -- all of which reduce penetration rates. SUPER VISBESTOS is not adversely affected by elevated temperatures. The shape of this curve is similar to that of plain water and actually reflects a decrease in viscosity as temperature increases. Therefore SUPER VISBESTOS vrhen used with other drilling fluid additives tends to stabilise the temperature effect. The higher the percentage of SUPER VISBESTOS -- the more temperature stable the drilling fluid. SUPER VISBESTOS (Pound Per Pound) costs no more than regular asbestos ! ASBESTOS VJET SCREEN TESTS Concentration: 5 LBS/BBL Mixing: 15 Min. on Hamilton Beach Test: All Materials Wet Screen Through 80 Mesh Screen PRODUCT PERCENT LOSS OVER 80 MESH SCREEN Brand B Brand F Brand VQ 20.3 i' 25.0 25.7 TX_r -- " SUPER VISBESTOS LESS THAN 1 % You are using a shale shaker -- and regular asbestos -- your cost per pound of regular asbestos left in system after one circulation Is the same as the cost per pound of SUPER VISBESTOS. It is not necessary to bypass desanders -- desllters -- or shale shakers when using SUPER VISBESTOS. A SUPER VISBESTOS BASED SYSTEM IS cheaper to build IS cheaper to maintain IS cheaper to drill with because Less Material Costs Less Mixing Costs Less Hauling Costs Less Water Requirements Higher Penetration Rate More Efficient Solids Removal Reduced Chemical Treatment Cost More Rapid Settling of Drilled Solids 0^041:4 SUPER VISBESTOS . . . THE WET PROCESS PRESHEARED ASBESTOS Shear Thins . Chemically Stable Doesn't Screen Out Temperature Stable Nonprogressive Gels Reduces Slip Velocity Best For Hole Cleaning Synergistic Effect On Bentonite Over Twice As Effective As Dry Processed Asbestos Goes Into System Almost Immediately - One Circulation SUPER VISBESTOS SYNERGISM ON BENTONITE Major Operator In Libya. Major U.S. Mud Service Company Total Depth - 10,068 Feet Hole -18 5/8 inches to 156 Feet 13 3/8 Inches to 3,272 Feet 12 1/4 inches to T.D. . Super Visbestos - Bentonite Low Solids Mud Material Ratio: - Super Visbestos/bentonite Ratio used l / 2 (l lb. Super Visbestos to 2 lbs, bentonite) should be closer to a 1 X 1 ratio. Next Well planned to a 1 1 ratio. CMC Used For Fluid Loss Control Mud Weight: 8.7 Ibs/gal to 8.9 Ibs/gal Oil Content: 3 to 4 per cent Funnell Viscosity: 40 Second Solids: 4 to 7 per cent Chemicals: Very Little (Caustic Soda Only) Properties (Fann VG) Plastic Viscosity - 8 Yield Value - 4 Report - - Quote "Very Competitive System" Advantages: Fluid Properties - Easy to Maintain Electric Logs Showed Excellent Gauge No Problems - Hole Cleaning Low Chemical Cost Excellent Solids Removal (Desilter Efficiency Very Good) No Lost Circulation - (First in this Area Drilled Without Losing Circulation) Lower Water Requirements 0204126 SUPER VISBESTOS Pre-sheared, wet-processed asbestos How Packaged: Multi-wall paper sacks 50 pounds per sack. . Function: To improve hole cleaning characteristics of all drilling fluids. Effect on drilling fluid properties: Increases yield quickly {one circulation). Provides shear thinning Increases viscosity - Where Used: Drilling fluid: All types Hole interval: From top to total depth How to use: Add one to three pounds per barrel through mud hopper as needed for desired hole cleaning. "Sweep the hole clean" by slugging approximately 30 barrels of slurry containing 3 pounds per barrel of Super Visbestos or flush 2 to 4 sacks of Super Visbestos through mud hopper. Advantages: Insensitive to contamination, temperature, bacteria, pressure -- you name it. Faster penetration - longer bit life (less re-drilling of cuttings). Not removed by shaker screens, de-sanders or de-silters. Highest and fastest yielding asbestos (one circulation). Desired hole cleaning with lower annular velocities. Lowest cost asbestos (per ton of cuttings removed). May be used in flocculated systems, Less washout. MONTELLO INC. - P.O. DRAWER 130, SAND SPRINGS, OKLAHOMA 74063 TELEPHONES: DAYS 918-245-6641, NIGHTS 918-743-3105 020427 Presheared asbestos muds help cut costs, rotating time John L. Kennedy Drilling Editor RESULTS of drilling in widely sep arated areas indicate that the use of presheared asbestos in drilling fluids can help reduce mud costs and rotat ing time. These drilling fluids are designed as low-solids muds and ap pear to be finding increased applica tion. !n one of these instances, presheared asbestos was used with bentonite and results were compared to drilling re sults using a straight bentonite system on an adjacent well. In this Okfuskee County, Okla,, comparison, mud costs for the presheare '.sbestos-bentoni!1: system were 47.3{7ft while the straight bentonite system cost 58.2f/ft, These two wells, located 660 ft apart, were drilled by the same op erator using the same contractor and the same rig, the same mud company and the same mud engineer. Total depth of the two wells was slightly over 4,000 ft and mud-up depth was around 2,700 ft. Casing string in both wells was 8%-in. A significant savings in drilling time resulted from using the presheared asbestos-bentonite mud over the straight bentonite system. The well using the combination fluid was drilled in 99 rig hr, compared to 140 hr to drill the well on which the straight bentonite system was used. The bentonite-drilled well required six bits compared to five for the well drilled with the presheared asbestosbentonite mud. In Libya, a similar system proved to be competitive with straight bentonite fluids that had been used previously. And this particular well was drilled without any lost-circulation problems, something that had given operators considerable trouble in the past in this area. The Libya well was drilled to a total depth of 10,068 ft with mud weights varying from 8,7 to 8.9 ib/gal. After an 18%-in. surface string was set, I3%in. was run to 3,272 ft and a 12^-in. production string set at TD. The presheared asbestos-bentonite low-solids mud system was built in a ratio of 1 lb of presheared asbestos to 2 tb of bentonite. But plans for the next well 1 .fed using a dr'fing fluid ; in ; ratio of these materials, ince, a fluid-loss control agen, was used and the properties o. the mud system included a ptasii:. viscosity of 8; yield value of 4; funnel viscosity of 40 sec; and 4-7% solids. For North Slope drilling, a pre sheared asbestos-bentonite extended system has been recommended from surface to total depth. In this case, this procedure applies: 1. Initial surface volume is prepared using freshwater treated with pre sheared asbestos and bentonite in a 50-50 ratio. 2. Surface volume is then treated with salt to lower the freezing point to the necessary level. 3. The system is then used to drill through the permafrost to the surface casing point. During this interval, presheared asbestos can be added directly to the system for viscosity and hole cleaning when needed. Bentonite can be prehydrated and added to the system when required, and filtration control can be obtained with salt-water flu id-loss agents. 4. Do not discard this fluid after drilling permafrost and setting surface casing--simply discontinue the addi tion of salt to the mud system and use freshwater for makeup. 5. This same system is used out from under surface to approximately 3,000 ft where casing is again set. Since no salt was added during this second interval and freshwater make up was used, the system will be fresh enough to allow mixing of bentonite directly. For maximum yield, 50-50 Fig. I Apparent viscosity comparison 93 concentrations of preshreaded asbestos and bentonite are used. 6. From second casing point to TD. the drilling fluid system is essentially a freshwater, low-solids, presheared asbestos-bentonite type. Filtration is controlled with a freshwater fluid-loss additive, and shale can be controlled using this same system but with the addition of powdered asphalt mater ials. A typical system. A mud system like the one used in Libya is usually built around 2-3 Ib/bbl of presheared asbestos and 3-5 Ib/bbl of bentonite. A 50-50 mix usually gives the best hole-cleaning results, but a higher pro portion of bentonite is usually recom mended when hole stability is a prob lem. Using Super Visbestos, a presheared asbestos distributed by Montello, Inc., Sand Springs, Okla., a cost comparison indicates that such a fluid would run in the neighborhood of 52.5c/bb! com pared to a straight bentonite system at about 62.5e/bbl. These costs were based on the use of 2'/j lb/bbl of presheared asbestos with 2]/j Ib/bbl of bentonite for the combination system, and 25 lb/bbl of bentonite for the other fluid. In addition to a lower initial cost, manufacturers of the presheared as bestos additives cite other possible savings including lower mixing costs; lower hauling costs; less water re quirements; reduced chemical treat ment cost; and higher penetration rates. Presheared asbestos-bentonite sys tems will usually give some hole stabilization and a small amount of fluid-loss control. Then if necessary, a fluid-loss control agent can be used 94 U- tuv/ .0 sower loss }j required levels. Such a system is applicable in any area. To get proper cleaning, a drilling fluid's yield point and plastic viscosity are important properties. Table 1 in dicates the effect :;! these variables on the settling time of solids in a flocculated solids settling test. Another important consideration in cuttings transport is annulus flow profile. If this profile is turbulent, cuttings slip page is increased and cuttings can fall faster than the average annular rate causing a hole-cleaning problem. If hole cleaning is critical and an adjustment of annulus flow does not help, yield value can be raised with asbestos. Montello recommends, how ever, when using their product that before raising the yield value too high the hole should be flushed clean with a 25.v contain;.. ib/bbl of pi........... .estos. Or ; -.an be done by ao;: = 75-100 lb of the ma terial directly into the mud system through the mud hopper. Th-s flushing Settling tests Table 1 Settlinf tine Density for 50% f flee solids settlint Wti(kt lb/1*1 P Yp (min/ft) 8.3 10.4 1.0 0 8.3 10.4 2.0 0.5 8.3 10,4 2.0 1.0 8.3 10.4 2.0 2.0 8.3 10.4 4.0 40 8.3 10.4 8.0 8.0 9.0 11.0 4.0 4.0 9.0 11.0 8.0 8.0 10.0 11.8 4.0 4.0 10.0 11.8 8.0 8.0 VS I 2 8 27 88 30 97 34 112 ope . can be repeated as ^reded with. :: ..quency ranging from once a day to twice a tour. And it should be done just before malting a trip, accord ing to Montello. Of course, good - ds removal techniques are esser to the per formance of low-solids systems. Both chemical and mechanical means can be used to accomplish this. Some properties. Presheared asbes tos has grown in use recently, its ad vantages stemming from the fact that the carefully controlled shearing process at the point of manufacture provides a high degree of fiber sep aration quickly at the well (OGJ, Oct. 28, 1968). Properties of presheared asbestos compared with those of other mud-sys'tem additives are shown in Fig. 1-5, END SUPER VISBESTOS PROVIDES HIGH YIELDS ALMOST INSTANTLY A message of special interest to drilling superintendents and those responsible for writing drilling mud pro grams, distributed courtesy of Montello, Inc, For more information and extra copies of the reprint, write Montello at P.O. Drawer 130, Sand Springs, Okla. 74063. (Dry Processed) Only 50% Separation SUPER VISBESTOS (Wet Processed-Presheared Asbestos) Over 98% Separation SAND SPRINGS, OKLAHOMA 7*063 Otjyt: 918 245-6651 Nighti: 918 743-3105 Super Visbestos is produced, exclusively for Montello, Inc., by chemically and hydraulically shearing a top-grade chrysotile asbestos, through a unique, proprietary, wet-process. This process produces a high degree of asbestos fiber separation. The high degree of fiber separation (i.e. yield) provided almost instantly with Super Visbestos is impossible to achieve using regular dry processed asbestos in the field even after days of circulation and mixing. A study of data below reveals the advantages of Super Visbestos. (Tests Were Run By A Major University) SUPER VISBESTOS VS, REGULAR ASBESTOS Fann VG Meter Super Visbestos 5 L8S./BBL Regular Asbestos 5 LBS./B8L Apparent Viscosity Plastic Viscosity Yield Point Initial Gel 14.5 11 7 5 7 6 2 3 020431 SUPER VISBESTOS EXTENDED BENTONITE DRILLING FLUID SYSTEM P. O. 80X 130 SAND SPRINGS, OKLAHOMA Days: 9rs 245-6641 Nights: 918 743-3105 The Super Visbestos - bentonite drilling fluid system is the most ver satile and economical low solids drilling fluid system available today. This system Is based upon the fact that Super Visbestos, when used In conjunction with bentonite, produces a synergistic effect: that is. Super Visbestos actually extends the bentonite. Pound for pound Super Visbestos and bentonite used together produce five hundred percent or five times as much drilling fluid as asbestos and bentonite used independently (see attached curves). The presheared asbestos (Super Visbestos) - bentonite extended system has been field proven on the North Slope, in Libya, Indonesia, Offshore Gulf Coast and in the U. S. Midcontinent area. For North Slope applications, this system is applicable from surface to total depth. The following procedure is followed: 1, Initial surface volume Is prepared using fresh water treated with Super Visbestos and bentonite (50^50 for maximum synergism), 2, Surface volume Is then treated with salt to lower the freezing point of the drilling fluid to the desired level. 3, The above system is then used to drill surface -- through the per mafrost -- to the surface casing point. During this interval, Super Visbestos can be added directly to the system for viscosity and hole cleaning when required. Bentonite can be prehydrated and added to the system if needed. Filtration control. If required can be obtained with salt water fluid loss agents. U. Do not throw away this system after drilling permafrost and setting surface casing - simply discontinue the addition of salt to the drilling fluid system -- use fresh water for makeup. 5. This same system was used out from under surface to approximately 3,000 feet where casing was again run. Since no salt was added during this second interval and since fresh water "makeup" was used, the system was fresh enough to allow mixing of bentonite directly to the system. To obtain maximum yield. Super Visbestos and bentonite at 50/50 concentrations are used. 6. From second casing point to total depth, the drilling fluid system was essentially of a fresh water, low solids. Super Visbestos bentonite type. Filtration was controlled with a fresh water fluid loss additive. Shale was encountered and controlled using this same system but with the addition of powdered asphalt materials. The efficc;' surface solids remc v; equipment is excellent when using the Suj-xr Visbestos - bentonite system. Super Visbestos will not screen out over shale shaker nor is Super Visbestos removed by desilters or desanders. Selective flocculants have also been used -Tery successfully to assi?4: in so-ids removal when required. This system is very versatile because it can be used from surface to total depth regardless of salt contamination. Super Visbestos can be added directly to the system at any time regardless of salt content, The salt content of the drilling fluid will dictate whether the prehy dration of bentonite is necessary, as well as what type of filtration control additives should be used. This system is very economical. Due to high yield through synergism between the Super Visbestos and bentonite, the actual pounds of material required to build an adequate drilling fluid is drastically reduced. This combination of low priced materials plus lower handling cost (fewer pounds of material required) presents a drilling fluid system that has already proven its economic worth in difficult to service areas such as Libya, Indonesia and the North Slope. Any area, where salt contamination (natural or manmade) is a factor, presents a made to order application for this type of system. SYNERGISTIC EFFECT OF SUPER VISBESTOS ON BENTONITE (TESTS RUN BY INDEPENDENT TEST LABORATORY) BENTONdE 10 LBS/BBL [SUPER VISBESTOS l 10 LBS/BBL SUPER VISBESTOS S LBS/BBL C BENTONITE 5 LBS/BBL 20 2 LBS/BBL 39 5YNERGI5U III Synergism is "the cooperative action of different products such that the total effect of the two used in combination is greater than the sum of the two effects taken independently." This is exactly what happens when Super Visbestos and bentonite are used together. Super Visbestos provides the hole cleaning and bentonite provides the fluid loss control. Combinations of Super Visbestos and bentonite totaling 10 Ibs/bbl, were tested for yield value and plastic viscosity. See the above graph. At point A, 10 Ibs/bbl. of bentonite gave a yield of 4. With 5 Ibs/bbl. you would expect a yield of 2, At point E, 10 Ibs/bbl. of Super Visbestos gave a yield of 39. With 5 Ibs/bbl. you would expect a yield of 20. Adding the expected yields from 5 lbs of bentonite and 5 lbs of Super Visbestos, the total should be 22. Now for the synergism. The yield of 5 Ibs/bbl. of Super Visbestos and 5 Ibs/bbl. of bentonite is shown at point C on the graph. The value is 111. The bar chart above illustrates this even more graphically. Synergism brought about an unexpected increase in yield value of nearly 90 points. (By the way, don't over look the low value of plastic viscosity at point C. This indication of low solids means faster penetration rates.) In field use, maximum synergism (yield) may occur slightly to the right of point C, depending on the amount of hydratable, drilled solids. For you, the operator, synergism with Super Visbestos means better hole clean ing and faster penetration at lower cost, " PRODUCT TECHNICAL. REPORT (PTR) NO. 0-09-1 Ivr \iTF-L1 :.o. ;r: y. SUBJECV: P, C. ECX IP Effect of Super Visbestos (Fre: tea.. ..d Asbestos) in an invert oil emulsion drilling fluid. * ran mgs, Oklahoma Days: 918 NTghr:: 913 7*1 j-'g i'-7 Properties Ease Fluid 60/40 oil/water ratio invert drilling fluid Earn 600 "ann 300 . ?.V. (CP) 'field Point y/100 sq.ft. A.P. (C?) Initial Gel 10 Min. Gel Elec. Stab. 47 27 20 7 23.5 2 3 5C0v Ease Fluid ft 2 lbs. bbl. Supc-r Visbcstos mined 20 min. 11,000 rpn., H.B, Mixer PO 31 21 10 26 2.5 0 2C;0v* . Base Fluid & 2 lbs. bbl. Surer Visbeafo 20 min/at `11,001, rpm., H.B. Mixer L~ed 1 wk.,mix 20r.' - 65 40 25 15 32.5 4 5 250v "'CULTS: The addition of tv/o pou sac cf outer VIstcctos increased the yield va.v. f base drilling fluid by apprcr.i atcly fan, that Is from 7 to 10. After aging /or one week the yield value ir.cr eased to 15 or approximately ll^T increase ova-' the base fluid. :e emulsion breaking was noted. Visbesto3 deesf not roan t' ;d. To.is stability char.; e Toe crop ir. Electrical Stability on adding the ; the stability cf the emulsion is actually v fact, that the asbestos fibers a.re roferentlally net by the v.'ater phase and with each fiber in contact with the other a conductor was set up within the fiber structure rather than the elec tricity travelling from one water droplet to the next. No chemical change war noted. Any solids will plate out emulsifiers. The drilling fluid improved ;ith age. CINCLUSION: Super Visbcstos can be sucessfuliy arci economically used in an in .ortod oil emulsion drilling fluid to increa.ee the carrying capacity of the fluV. fact - ZVD Re P*CS0r *^Crr' ^ ' ' ^ ^ AT Sp (soc, tLL&sr ? $ ^ s/2'/ ?3. 02043 j pZpPter y g_PT - Vr7" Tc 3e Ccfl/&h v/&r&{/iu7ZT> / Q3H\ 3TANDARD3 AND THE SAFE USE OF ASBESTOS John L. Myers Union Cart) i da Corporaiion January 1971 ABSTRACT 0*20435 OSHA STANDARDS AND THE SAFE USE OF ASBESTOS Asbestos is one of the first target hazards to be handled by the Occupationa Safety and Health Agency of the U,S. Department of Labor. The unique properties of asbestos, a fibrous mineral, have resulted in its use in over 3000 applications. There is no reason to prohibit the use of chrysotile asbestos as fiber concentrations in the workplace and in the general environ ment can be readily and sat IsfactoriIy controlled. AsbesTos has received a ' deal of at+en+i' pub!' -/ in the ; o years, especially after i .,us designated as a .arget he ;i hazard" i ci and a "hazardous air pollutant" by the FPA. Most of the media treatment o: f!ie subje't has been emotionally oriento; a nd d i storted, and in some cases has bordere.: on the sensational. Little has been done to place the question of asbestos use and asbestos toxicity in a logical perspective. Many users of asbestos and products containing' asbestos have been mislead and confused by dis torted reports, federal legislation, and locally-enacted rules and regulations. Some company news releases or advertising have even contained misleading or in complete information. It is an accepted fact that asbestos, like many other foreign bodies, can cause disabling lung damage, commonly referred to as asbestosis. It is impor tant to note that asbestosis and statistical excess occurrences of bronchogenic carcinoma, the two most common asbestos-related diseases, have occurred only in workers with massive, long-term exposures to asbestos dust. The risk of this type exposure is normally limited to asbestos mines and mills, manufacturing operations using thousands of tons per year, and construction jobs using sprayed asbestos insulation. The latter operation has been essentially discontinued. Some epidemiological evidence indicates that asbestos fibers'must be associated with cigarette smoking and/or the inhalation of other materials to cause a carcinogenic condition. There is no evidence that the general public is in any danger from the amount of asbestos fiber in community air. The U.S. National Academy of Science states in an October (971 publication, "Asbestos - The Need for and Feasibility of Air Pollution Controls": "at present, there is no evidence that the small numbers of fibers found in most members of the general population affect health or longevity" This does not, however, preclude the need for definition and control of man made asbestos emissions into the atmosphere. There are several varieties of asbestos and there is considerable evidence that some are-more harmful than others, especially with regard to development of mesothelioma, a very rarely found cancer of the pleura. Asbestos is a commercial or generic term used to describe six naturally occurring minerals that are hydrated metal silicates. All are fibrous and can be separated into relatively soft, silky fibers. The six varieties are divided into two classes, serpentine and amphibole, based on crystal structure. Chrysotile is the only member of the serpentine class and the amphiooies include crocidolite, amosite, anthophyI Iite, tremolite and actinolite. Chrysotile is by far the most used variety of asbestos and accounts for more than 95? of world production. It is the only variety produced In commer cial quantities in the U.S. and Canada. Also of commercial importance are crocidolite, amosite and anthophyI Iite, obtained from Africa and Finland. In the United States crocidolite is used almost exclusively to reinforce cement pipe. Amosite is used in insulating and packing materials while anthophyllite is used primarily as a chemical resistant filler in plastics. Chrysotile is used in over 3000 applications, the largest and most common include asbestos-cement products, floor tile, asbestos paper, friction materials ana gaskets, textiles, plastics, and insulation. There is increasing evidence that crocidolite and amosite should be mere st- '"-ently -oiled than chryscMIe. Some data indicate that even a rei ti. she . jre to these amphibole minerals can result in the develops, -f of resothe. A pan" of experts in Bri'-in c" I uded that other types fibt> should be substitu . for crocldolite ..rev- - possible. The use of crocidoi:,e in Britain has been severely restricted since 1970 and its impor tation into the United States and Japan has steadiIy decreased since the middi l960Ts. Where there is a strong statistical relationship between mesothelioma and the inhalation of asbestos, crocidolite and amosife have been involved either alone or in combination. This is the case in crocidolite miners, asbestos using insulation workers, asbestos textile manufacturing, and in a large asbestos products manufacturing plant. Until recently the insulation trade used much more amosite than chrysotiie and large amounts of crocidolite were used in England. The insulation manufacturer is also exposed to silica and other pneumoconiosis producing dusts, as well as additional agents and materials in the particular work environment. These coexisting agents, such as coai tar and aromatic hydrocarbons, have been ignored in the reported studies of insulation and other workers. _ When asbestos exposure has been limited to the serpentine class (chryso tiie), as in Quebec asbestos workers, there is strong evidence that no excess mesotheliomas will occur. Additional data, as reported by Dr. J, C. McDonald, show that the Quebec miners have no excess of lung cancer unless they were very heavily exposed (probably to greater than 10 fibers per cc for forty years). Dr. McDonald is Professor of Epidemiology at McGill University in Montreal and has specialized in epidemiology for 25 years. The WiI Iiams-Steiger Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 became effective on April 28, 1971. Based on congressional mail this law has stirred up more confusion and controversy than any other recent legislation. In spite of the interest it is estimated that 30? of the nation's employers are not aware of the law's existence and many others have no real idea of what it is all about. The Congressional purpose of the Act is: "to assure so far as possible every working man and woman in the Nation safe and healthful working conditions and to preserve our human resources." The Act established the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) within the Department of Labor, which has responsibility for adminis tration and enforcement. Research and related functions are handled by the Department of Health, Education and Welfare (HEW) through the newly created National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NiOSH). Five million employers and 60 million of the nation's 80 million workers are covered by OSHA. Specifically excluded from coverage are government em ployees and operations, such as mining, which are protected under other Federal health and safety laws. Most of the controversy originally surrounding OSHA was related to safety rules and the safety-oriented target industries program. Early efforts were aimed at eliminating hazards in the five industries whose safety record was especiaI Iy bad : Longshoring Meat and Meat Products Lumber and Wood Products * Roofing 3rd Sheet Mete Mob : I Horv and Other Transportation Equ;. 020438 '-j a news release issued January 4, 1972, OSHA announced a .Target Health Hazaras Program to pa'-altei the Target Industries Program. The new program is aimed at improving health factors associated with working conditions. It was initiate 1 by naming five substances to be the focus of initial and concerted efforts ay OSHA and NIOSH: Asbestos Cotton Dust Silica Lead Carbon Monoxide Prior to this announcement, on December 7, 1971, an asbestos emergency standard was set at 5 fibers per ml. This replaced a prior threshold limit value CTLV) of 12 fibers per ml. originally established by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). This "emergency" action was prompted by an AFL-CIO request based on studies of insulation workers. The Act empowers the Secretary of Labor to establish emergency tem porary standards, effective immediately upon publication in the Federal Regis ter, where it is found that employees are exposed to "grave danger". Continuing from the OSHA news release, following is a summary of the spe cifics on the five target substances: No. Employees Substance Can Produce At Risk Industries Asbestos Asbestos is, Cancer 200,000 Insulation, Ship building, construc tion, etc. Cotton Dust Byss i nosis 800,000 Cotton Processinga 1 1 types Silica S i ! i cosis i,100,000 Abrasives, mineral processing, sand blasting, etc. Lead Severe nervous system d i sabi1ities 1,600,000 Ammunition, paint, battery, auto, efc. Carbon Monoxide Brain damage, death Uncountab1e Thousands Metal processing, users of gasolinepowered equipment At the present time, new standards have been established only for asbestos. Of the 8000 toxic substances on the NIOSH list, only 500 are covered by stan dards and many of them need updating. By some estimates, a new chemical goes into industrial use every 20 minutes; and the toxic effects of many of these chemicals are unknown. A new Standard for Exposure to Asbestos Dust was published in the Federal Register, Volume 37, No. I 10 on Wednesday, June 7, 1972. The basic exposure standard is an 8-hour time-weighted average (TWA) of 5 fibers, longer than 5 micrometers, per cubic centimeter of air. The fiber limit is +0 be reduced to 2 on July I, 1976. A peak concentration of 10 fibers per cc is not to be ex- reeded at any '.All 'oyee may be -posed > ' fib-' oncentra+iom are f`ose :o which an erri-- rrote ' -e clothing or' equipment. The first basic quirement of the new standard is monitoring to determine whether or not fiber ;oncentrations are in excess of the exposure limits. This was to have been completed within six months at "every place of employment where asbestos fibers are released". Obviously there are not enough industrial hygienists to enable compliance with this provision. Some asbestos suppliers provide a monitoring service to customers and several insurance companies have personnel trained in fiber counting. Many service companies have been formed and inexperience has resulted in several instances of inaccurate and misleading results. Ml OSH sponsors training schools and each session is filled to capacity. Improper interpretation of the regulations has created many misconceptioqs about the equipment and procedures needed to use asbestos. If exposure limits are not exceeded, there are no further compliance requirements except for medical examinations. Interpreted literally, medical examinations are required for all employees in any "occupation exposed to airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers". Some definition of "exposed" is necessary since evidence indicates that small amounts of asbestos fiber have existed in the atmosphere for millions of years. The source of these fibers would be from the weathering of naturaily occurring surface outcrops. In its criteria document on asbestos, NIOSH recommended that "exposed to asbestos" be defined as "average exposures above one fiber per cc or peak exposures above five fibers per cc". Respirators and special clothing are required in the construction trade for the spray application of insulation and fireproofing materials, and for the removal of such materials. This special protection is not required for any other use of asbestos unless exposure limits are exceeded. This is also true for other items such as specially equipped tools, product limitations, change rooms, clothes laundering and waste disposal. Caution labels are required on products containing asbestos except where the fibers have been modified by a bonding agent or other material to prevent dusting during any normal subsequent use or handling. Besides raw asbestos fiber, products which require package labeling would include: dry acoustical spray products and joint cements, unsaturated roofing felt and textiles, various insulating products made without adequate binders. The labeling of a product does not prohibit its use. Although the list could be endless, products containing up to 40% asbestos and not requiring a label could include; reinforced plastics (phenolic, nylon, polypropylene, polyester, etc.), roofing compounds, floor tile, reinforced rubber, ready-mix joint cements, flooring, coating and adhesives (polyester, epoxy, urethane, casein, etc.), paint (PVC, alkyd, acrylic latex), mineral board, lubricants and greases. Soon after the asbestos standards were published, industry and OSHA rep resentatives met to clarify a number of points with regard to interpretation and enforcement. Since these are the first set of standards it is expected that they will become guidelines for the other substances listed as target health hazards. There are several areas where literal interpretation is ob viously not feasible. It was the consensus of the industry group after the meeting with OSHA that enforcement and citations would be reasonable provided that there was no attempt by industry to circumvent the. spirit and intent of the ompromise the s< f the 020440 "ion to the OSHA stands . ,'q are o:; I at ionsconcern- bestos .. ..n are being considered or which have beenpromulgated. A Ithr expected six months earlier, . of the end of 1972 the Environmental :)ro* . Agmcy (EPA) had not issued .ofos standards. - The EPA was founded by me Clean Air Act of 1970 to improve the environ ment to which the general public is exposed. On March 31, 1971, asbestos, along with beryllium and mercury, was identified as a "hazardous air poliuntant" by fir. William Ruckelsbaus, Administrator of the EPA. Whereas OSHA is respon sible for the protection of workers, the EPA regulations will be designed to protect the general public from harmful emissions which may be generated by plants and other industrial operations. In addition to requiring filters on certain plant ventilation equipment, it is expected that the spraying of certain materials will be prohibited. At this writing it is understood that the spray ing on structures of fireproofing compounds containing more than I? asbestos will be prohibited. This prohibition will not apply to insulating materia Is, roof coatings, auto undercoating, decorative paints and coatings, and similar products containing asbestos held with a suitable binder. ' At least two states and local authorities have enacted "asbestos" regula tions. Quoting from the New York State regulations: "Mo person shall engage in or allow surface coating by the spraying of asbestos or asbestos - contain ing materials". The intent was probably to restrict the spraying of insula tion and fireproofing materials on structures, similar to the EPA provision, but a literal interpretation would eliminate many safe and necessary uses of asbestos. Apparently much more thought and expert advice want, into regulations en acted by the State of Illinois as they are feasible and workable without com promising public safety. However, the law enacted by the City of Chicago is similar to that of the State of New York which leaves much to be desired with regard to industry compliance and public safety. It is assumed that the EPA regulations will eventually be adopted or used as' a pattern by state and local governments. Some proposed regulations are obviously based on misleading articles about asbestos. Within the past year articles have been published about the hazard from asbestos in friction materials and to mechanics who blow dust from brake assemblies. The U.S. Public Health Service conducted a study which showed that less than \% of the 40-50? asbestos in brake linings remains as free fiber after wear. The asbestos is converted by the high heat of friction to a non-fibreus, non-toxic materia] called forsterite. A study in England found that mechanics engaged in this activity had TWA exposures of 0.68 fibers per cc of air, much less than OSHA's 1976 standard. There is no known study which indicates any hazard to men employed in this occupation. In another article, Dr. Irving Sellkoff of Mount Sinai Hospital was quoted as predicting 95,000 deaths from asbestos - related cancer among 250,000 mar, currently employed in the ll.S. asbestos industry. The two studies on which this dt re prediction was based were of men employed in the industry for a minimum of 20 years during the 1930's and 1940's when dust levels were unfortunately many times higher than they are today. it is illogical to apply death rates re sulting from long term exposure to dust levels existing some 30 years ago to today's working population. Quoting from an artic, ' the J .e 7, : 972 issue of the Wa . reet . ourna I : "bits of estos .... in f i i * /'s fc leverage making he - .sen . : :n wine and beer, instance, ana col : be 'gerous if swallowed". A study in C. "eat Britain showed that the total amount of a -b estos fiber *ound in Srit'sh beer added up to only 0.002 ounces in the fa I annual eduction of over one billion ga I I ng , This is equ i va I ent to sr ;>ut five par ,, per mi I i ion- million by weight. There is not one shred of evidence that in sting such small amounts of asbestos is hazardous. Many stories refer to Dr. Setikoff and his studies at Mount Sinai Hospital. It should be noted th.at when Dr. Seiikoff uses the term "asbestos workers" he is not referring to the men engaged in the general asbestos mining, milling or manufacturing industries. His studies have been on men employed only in the asbestos insulation trade who belong to a union called the "Heat, Frost, Insulation and Asbestos Workers", commonly referred to as the asbestos workers union. It was reported in one Mount Sinai survey that there was only one dust count taken for every 20,000 man-days worked by 9400 "asbestos workers". They have reported on similar dust count frequencies for years, but always in reference to the construction industry, never to asbestos mi'liing and manufac turing plants, ' Oust counts have been taken on a regular basis in most asbestos operations for years. With new and better counting techniques, pelletized asbestos, wet processing, and improved operating conditions, many industries are finding that 03HA compliance presents no major problem, in many cases dusty conditions are being caused by other raw materials. The new membrane filter technique for counting asbestos fibers precludes the inclusion of many dust particles as asbestos. The problem becomes one of nuisance dust control not a lengthy and usually unnecessary program to "get rid of asbestos". One large chrysotile asbestos user is now receiving pelletized asbestos in .bulk hopper cars con taining about 95 tons of product. With appropriate storage, transfer, and ventilation equipment, there is no asbestos dust released to the work or public atmosphere. The asbestos peilets flow freely from the car and there is no residual material. Plastic bags and repuipabie paper bags are other means used to preclude container opening by personnel. More is probably known about the potential health hazards of asbestos and the proper means for controlling or eliminating them than would be the case with possible substitute materials. It would be imprudent to use unproven materials, whose health effects are unknown, to replace asbestos which has proven its use fulness for the past 100 years. Asbestos is used by the pfastics industry for reinforcement, heat resis tance and flow control. About 93$ of the 250,000 tons used annually is chrysotile, normally chosen for most applications because of its plentiful supply and product uniformity. Sometimes the special advantages of another fiber are required. Polypropylene has been reinforced with anthophyllite asbestos because it permits more effective heat stabilization. Recent work may overcome this short coming of chrysotile and permit its use in this large application. Chrysotile also has poor resistance to acids and an amphibole is usually chosen for this type application. , Chrysotile is set apart from the amphibole minerals by its positive surface charge, softness, flexibility, and low refractive index. Its fibril diameter is anmi- . , the sme est >.. iof^HRRhanis strength. Wet common` " fibers, and has ..... *sing or ...nr / sotI te has permitted : ca I i f i ed products with surfu. . -operties similar to pyrogenic silica ' U3e iWa^ti sag and thixotropic applications. Cor:ired to chrysotile, amphibole fibers are larger in cross-sectior, harsh, : .d hard. They are anionic in surface charge and core resistant 1c acids. The unit chrysotile fUjril is now recognized as a naturally occurring reinfo-_:ing whisker. BecaJ^s of its high strength, stiffness and aspect ratio it provides excellent wbysker reinforcement; assuming that it has a hign degree of fiber liberation and has been specially processed to remove extraneous gangue materia I. The largest uses for asbestos in plastics are in vinyl asbestos floor tile and in phenolic molding compounds. It is also used in numerous other compounds of polypropylene, polyester, nylon, melamine, epoxy, silicone, etc. It is used in many product types such as friction materials, heat resistant and electrical components, sealants, adhesives, coatings, mastics, etc. Asbestos has been, is, and can be used safely in the plastics industry as well as most other areas of application. It is an important and necessary raw material and its use cannot and should not be prohibited. Medical, industrial and governmental personnel must continue to work together to estab lish reasonable exposure limits while, at the same time, providing S3fe work areas for employees. I* 20443 VIS5EST0S Availability and recommended treatment l/ISBESTOS is available through your mud service company If his stock is depleted, Montello, Inc. has back ud stocks in your area which can be obtained by calling Montello's representative for your area or by calling Montello direct. 1/IS3ES7QS has been used in brine muds, r"resn water muds, emulsion muds, samols muds and work over muds. The treat ment (#/SSL) of v/ISEESTOS depends upon the drilling fluid system and the amount of work that is bone on the VIS3ESTQS during mixing. The more slowly the material is mixed, the higher the shear and the better your results. Mormal concentrations of i'I53ESTC5 vary from Ifr to 5 oer barrel. A good souc mud was obrainsc by using 3#/85L of VIS3EST0S to IGy/EEL of Gel. Excellent sample muds have been preoered with as little as 2?/::. of '.'ISBESTG5. The exact concentration of VIS8ESTQ5 oecends on the fluid sys tem, the amount of m i x i n c and the desired mud properties. Any mud enpineer familiar with asbestos will hays ~o dif ficulty using VISEESTQS, The only :irfsr=nce is that you will get the same results with less material. VIS3E5TDS yields better in salt water than fresh water. VI55EST0S yields faster at the rig than competitive pro ducts due to extra shear during the manufacture of 1/IS9ES70S. You will notice the larger size of I S E ESTG5 bags because of this. Th3nk you for considering the be C f y ISBESTOS. 020444 Visbestcs is a top gr ade chrysotile asbes tos compound mined in Coalings, Ca liforr.ia and process ed under rigid quality control spec: finally for use as a drilling mud additive, Visbestcs, compatible with all drilling fluid systems, was designed primarily as a viscosity builder and i-s used successfully to increase the carrying capacity, and suspending ability of drilling muds. Seme of the first worm v;: i d5O6St0S 6HQ G rilling fluids was performed by hr. Cavid A. Rowe in the I?40's. Pa tents were assigned tc a rr. ior oil company . Visbestos is covered under 'letters p rent #2,727,001 and 2,732,343. These patents inclusively ever the use cf chrysotile asbestos ir. drilling fluid , according to the opinion cf very competent parent c unsel. There are six types :f asbestos. Five types are charged negatively and one type, chrysotile, is charged positive ly. V.'e will only discuss chrysotile asbestos since it is the only one cf the six types that exhibits the desir ed crcperties. Asbes :o s samples from, fusee c, the Fast Coast, Arizona, Wyoming, California and ether locations have been tested in order to determine the very best product from which to produce Visbestos. There was a tremendous variation in the perform.ar.ee of these samples. Most samples failed on the first test, that cf building viscosity. After consid ering all the test indexes only the top grade chrysotile asbestos material proved tc be acceptable. What does Visbestos dc? It builds viscosity and increases the carrying capacity of drilling fluid -- that is a fact! The increase in viscosity cf a drilling fluid caused by the addition of asbestos depends on the drilling fluid system, the concentration cf asbestos and the amount of work: that is done ir. mixing, (i.e. the amount of shear). As discussed above, the grade of asbestos also effects the viscosity yield. 1 020445 \ C. INiC. . :> /' P. O. BOX 1046 SAND SPRINGS, OKLAHOMA . Days: 918 Cl 5-6641 Nights: 918 Rl 3-3105 Low Solid Fresh Water Drilling Visbestos muds have been prepared by adding as little as 2# of visbestos to a fresh water system. This small amount of material does not show an increase in the viscosity when measured with a marsh funnel, but there is an increase in the yield point, therefore giving an increase in carrying capacity. This mud provides characteristics to. fresh water, but gives sufficient carrying capacity to keep the hole - clean. The extenders have been very beneficial in flocculating _ the very fine cuttings from the visbestos mud using extenders as specified in clear water drilling information. - For instance, the manufacturers of powered extenders recommend that for an 8" hole with penetration rates of 100' per tour that it will require approximately 8# per tour. We have had very good results using a liquid extender at the return lines and therefore flocculating solids in the mud pits. This product has proven very successful and more economical* ]flhen using any extender all contaminants must be treated from the mud. 02044* . SAND SPRINGS, OKLAHOMA Days; 918 Cl 5-6641 Nights: 918 Rl 3-3105 Other Applications Wyoming Bentonite used with salt water and visbestos. First method A. Mix visbestos with salt water. ' B. Mix Wyoming bentonite with fresh water. C. Feed Wyoming bentonite fresh water mixture to salt system. Second method Used in panhandle area A. Mix visbestos in salt system. B. Mix Wyoming bentonite through mud hopper. Good results have been reported on the above procedure. West Texas application Major Oil Company drilling in West Texas Highland Drilling Company - drilling at 14,000*. Mud system consisted of 7# asbestos plus water loss control. Contractor reported they were ahead on drilling program-no shale problem-situation very good G T< -*** ui P. O. BOX 1046 SAND SPRINGS, OKLAHOMA Visbestos Packer Fluid l6# Days; 918 Li 5-664 i Nighfs: 918 Rl 3-3105 The following is a method that has been used in the Louisiana area for preparing an inexpensive packer fluid. 1. To fresh water blend approximately 2# per barrel of salt or magnesium sulphate. - 2. Blerd in 6# per barrel visbestos. Mix in at the' rate of 15 minutes per sack. -. 3- Circulate 30-45 minutes after all visbestos has been added. 4. 5- Mix weight material as fast as you. want to. 6. If more corrosion protection is needed we have found Norton manufactured by Cbamplin Chemical to be very good. 7. If bacteria control is desired fiacton also manufactured by Champlin has proven to be most economical. If a lighter packer fluid than 16# is desired more visbestos {60 per barrel) is used. We have found the optiraun to be in the line of 10# per barrel. This packer fluid was tested for 6 weeks with no setting at temperature to 375F. No separation was noted. Gulf Coast seawater was used on one job without adding salt- results were very good. CWMCAl ="PCRT VIS 55-3 P. O. BOX 1046 SAND SPC DS, OKLAHOMA * Days.- 918 Cl 5-6641 * Nighfs: 918 Rl 3-3105 VIS3EST0S Problem: Drilling 3,0CQ Feet of 17" surface hole. Location: South Louisiana . Depth: Surface to 3,DDL- feet. . Temperature: Normal Situation: Considerable trouble has been anc is being experienc ed in this area when drilling surface hole. Difficulties are ex perienced in keeping hole clean. Cuttings are as big as a man's fist. Tabulated below is 3 comparison of two surface noles cut with dif ferent types of mud - same depth - size and area. Attanulgite Cel Mud VIS5CSTQS + Cel Mud co51 22,5GC,CC olus Hole trouble ell the way Gauge very bad >ery bad cement job Plug bit nearly every time connection was made Mud cost 31,213.0C \o hcle trouble uood gauce Good cement i o b Did not oluc bit Conclusion: Due to poor carrying caoacity of ettapulgite gel mud difficulties were experienced with drill cuttings settling to bottom. Everytime a connection was made the cuttings would settle to bottom and plug bit. Also it was necessary to wash hole clean after connection was made which enlarged hold leading to poor cement job. w'ith a VI55EST0S mud settling did not occur, drilling was imme diately continued after connection was made. the drilli~c con tractor saved many hours which led to savings both to operator and drilling contractor. ^`-'0443 TEw :,,Al REPORT W VI- 66-" P. 0. BOX 1046 * SAND SPRINGS, OKLAHOMA * Days: 918 Cl 5-6641 * Nights: 918 Rl 3-3105 VlSSESTOS Problem: Quick viscosity snd increased carrying capacity of mud requires to keen hole clean. Location: North 3 a k o t a Depth: 9,70Q feet Drilling Fluid: Salt water and attaoulcite Temperature: \cr~si for area Solution: A major oil company while drilling in North Dakota needed to cuild viscosity quickly and also to increase the cutting carrying capa city of the drilling fluid to helo keep the hole clean. V 15 S 5 T 0 5 , (?. high :r^de chrysotile asbestos compound) , '.-as acdec at ouud suction through mud hoooer to a conesntr-tion of aooroximately 3 if/ 3 5 L. The VIS5E5TCS was added slowly allowing about 15 minutes per 5 G ff tag '"or maximum shear. Tne desired viscosity was obtained in one round trio, Both the ocerntcr and mud service company were very oleased with the quick, economical re sults obtained using J I 53E ST05. Their only complain*. - - "we could have done the i o b with less V I 5 5 E 5 T Q 5 ! ! ! ! ! ! (10450 After thic company started usir.: asbestos the following advantages -were noted. * Trilling tine definitely decreased. * Cuttings were considerably larger. * letter gauge hole (r.c washing out while trashing or drilling up large, hand size recks). *Eetter penetration, *Zasier setting pipe. *Zetter cenenting ;cbs (less fill required). A -study of figure t and figure 6 presents field evidence of the economy and adv ant acres rates (Visbestcs) Fi'gure 5: These wells were dr lied by the sane contractor, sate rig, and sane operator, bell was drilled to 11,700 feet with water, 6-percent til and er.uls tier. At this depth a low visco sity san.ple nud with fluid les control was added. Well 3 was drilled to 11,700 feet with wa er, 5-percer.t oil and asbestos, At depth a fluid less control gent was added. For recovery of good sancles, hold renditions equired the introduction of asbestos. Fluid properties were c. ppg, viscosity 34 to 4C seconds. o. 020451 Footage no. of Bits Rotating Hours Avg. ft./bit Avg. ft/hour Bit size Comparative Penetration Rates Well A Well 2198 10 283 220 7.7 7 7/8" 2407 7 231 344 10 7 Figure 6: Comparison of three wells drilled by different con tractors but with comparable rigs. Well A was drilled with clear saturated brine water. Well B was drilled with saturated brine water with flocculant. Well C was drilled with saturated brine water and asbestos. A 32 second viscosity was maintained as samples were desired from 9C3 feet. Figure 6 ROTATING HOURS 6. A\ 204Z2 COMPARATIVE PENETRATION RATES Footage Number of bits Avg. ft./bit Avg. ft./hour Bit size Rotating hours Well A 4847 8 606 11 k" 243 Well B 4733 10 473 19.6 lit" 241 Well C 4908 7 701 .19.9 17" 247 I-n summary Asbestos has beer. economically and successfully used ip: er muds r muds (no gelling) 5 muds muds The fcllcwina advantages were realized: * Ir.creased carrying capacity of mud. * Increased suspending ability of mud. * Stable it high temperature. (r.c increase in viscosity due to temperature) * Larger samples. * Synergistic effect on polymers and starch + Inhibits fInoculation. Jr Better penetration rates. (Icr.oer bit life) 3e sure the grade you use will do the job. YI5BE5TCS IS THE BEST ' 0453 ;u in > 0U0454 Footage no. of Bits Rotating Hours Avg. ft./bit Avg. ft/hour Bit site Comparative .-enetrati r'igure c: Corp arise: tractors but with cerrpar clear saturated bnr.e v,a ;n: water wii -C ` - ~ ' water ar,: - r\ p. cH as sanp-es were uesir' a 1 /L C / by different ccrs drilled with led with saturate led with saturate ne lU t u 1J. F- 0204S5 Visbestcs 'asbestos) definitely has a plane in the drilling in dustry and has proven its enmon.y numerous times in many areas. Figure 1 - indicates the viscosity building characteristics of Vi sbestcs ir. saturated salt water. The values shown are an av erage cf laboratory test runs. Similar results are obtained when tested in fresh water. litre i 11 12 MATESiAi :c:::f:::faticn 9: 14 16 (lb/bbl) 18 20 22 24 02045S After this company started using as were noted ov;i ng advant ages decreased. y larger, hang out while p large, hand s fill'required). Figure 5: These wells were drilled rig, and sane operator. V,'e 11 .1 was water, 6-percent_ci 1 ar.d ecu. -1 f: er . sTEy sah.ple~ir.ud with fluid lose rir.t :1 was add 'drilled to 11 . 7Q~0 feet wiTT pTr^r; c At depth a fluid loss control acsr.i _ good samples, hold conditions reqv.ir tos. Fluid properties -were peg, entrant or.. same ,700 feet with th a lev; vlsco- Well 3 was and asoestos or recovery of ucticn of astes te 40 seconds. ACTATITO i:\.. _ ..w ,o 020457 For instance the same concentrations of a first and second grade asbestos were checked with the following results: Fann V G @ 600 Grade #1 82 Grade #2 47 This is very important --do not become partial to a certain brand name that may look like "Visbestos" but does not perform like a top grade asbestos. Require performance runs to indicate which material is the best buy, . Visbestos (asbestos) definitely has a place in the drilling in dustry and has proven its economy numerous times in many areas. Figure 1 - indicates the viscosity building characteristics of Visbestos in saturated salt water. The values shown are an av erage of laboratory test runs. Similar results are obtained when tested in fresh water. Figure 1 90 Saturated Salt Water 80 70 ASBESTOS i // 60 50:50 ASBESTOS;ATTAPULGITE 50 40 30 02 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 MATERIAL CONCENTRATION (LB/BBL) 2. ' 18 20 22 24 Visbestos (asbestos) also builds viscosity in oil emulsion mud. For instance Visbestos was tested using Kerosene @ 70 F with the following results: Fann V G 600 Kerosene 3 3% Visbestos 3% Visbestos Low High 14-24 Why does Visbestos (asbestos) react in this manner? A_study of the data given in Figures 2 and 3 below gives us a good hint as to the reason for the viscosity building characteristics of as bestos . Figure 2 COMPARISON OF FIBRE DIAMETERS Type of Fibre Human Hair Wool Nylon Glass Asbestos (Chrysotile) Dia. - Inches .00158 .0008 to 0.0011 . CO03 .00026 .000000706 to 0.00000118 Figure 3 SURFACE AREA OF FIBRES Type of Fibre Nylon Cotton Wool Asbestos (Chrysotile) Surface Area by N? 37TUD------- ---------------- 7,200 9,600 130,000 to 220,000 Please note the fibre diameter of asbestos compared to other fibres. Also note the extremely high surface area of asbestos compared to nylon, cotton and wool. The tremendous strength of the asbestos fibres (figure 4) reveals why the asbestos fibres are not destroyed by mixing and agitation of the drilling fluid system. 3. 020459 Figure 4 'COMPARISON OF TENSILE STRENGTH Type of Material Wrought Iron Carbon Steel Rock Wool Asbestos (Chrysotile) Strength - psi . qBTTHJO -------c-- ' 155.000 - 60,000 100.000 to 300,000 Laboratory tests and field applications proved that a top grade chrysotile asbestos (Visbestos) is compatible to all mud systems and can be used economically in the following systems. Brine Fresh Water Emulsion Muds Sample Muds Spud Muds Work Over Muds Some advantages of Visbestos are; *Lower solide mud. ^Replaces or complements bentonite and attapulgite clays. ^Increases carrying capacity and sus pending ability of drilling fluids. ^Larger formation samples and cuttings are removed from well. A recent report from South Louisiana revealed that a major mud company was using asbestos in 80 - 85 % of the wells they are servicing. Outstanding results were reported when using 50 to 100 sacks of asbestos and some clay while drilling surface hole. 4. C\ A/ 0204G0 Presheared asbestos muds help cut costs, rotating time John L. Kennedv Drilling Editor RESULTS of drilling in widely sep arated areas indicate that the use of presheared asbestos in drilling fluids can help reduce mud costs and rotat ing time. These drilling fluids are designed as low-solids muds and ap pear to be finding increased applica tion. In one of these instances, presheared asbestos was used with bentonite and results were compared to drilling re sults using a straight bentonite system on an adjacent well. In this Okfuskee County, Okla., comparison, mud costs for the presheared asbestos-bentonite system were 47.3(Vft while the straight bentonite system cost 58.2f/ft. These two wells, located 660 ft apart, were drilled by the same op erator using the same contractor and the same rig, the same mud company and the same mud engineer. Total depth of the two wells was slightly over 4,000 ft and mud-up depth was around 2,700 ft. Casing string in both wells was 8%-in. A significant savings in drilling time resulted from using the presheared asbestos-bentonite mud over the straight bentonite system. The well using the combination fluid was drilled in 99 rig hr, compared to 140 hr to drill the well on which the straight bentonite system was used. The bentonite-drilled well required six bits compared to five for the well drilled with the presheared asbestosbentonite mud. In Libya, a similar system proved to be competitive with straight bentonite fluids that had been used previously. And this particular well was drilled without any lost-circulation problems, something that had given operators considerable trouble in the past in this area. The Libya well was drilled to a total depth of 10,068 ft with mud weights varying from 8,7 to 8,9 tb/gal. After an 18%-in. surface string was set, 13%in. was run to 3,272 ft and a 12VJ-in. production string set at TD. The presheared asbestos-bentonite low-solids mud system was built in a ratio of 1 lb of presheared asbestos to 2 !b of bentonite. But plans for the next well included using a drilling fluid built in a 1/1 ratio of these materials. In this instance, a fluid-loss control agent was used and the properties of the mud system included a plastic viscosity of 8; yield value of 4; funnel viscosity of 40 sec; and 4-7% solids. For North Slope drilling, a pre sheared asbestos-bentonite extended system has been recommended from surface to total depth. In this case, this procedure applies: 1. Initial surface volume is prepared using freshwater treated with pre sheared asbestos and bentonite in a 50-50 ratio. 2. Surface volume is then treated with salt to lower the freezing point to the necessary level. 3. The system is then used to drill through the permafrost to the surface casing point. During this interval, presheared asbestos can . be added directly to the system for viscosity and hole cleaning when needed. Bentonite can be prehydrated and added to the system when required, and filtration control can be obtained with salt-water fluid-loss agents. 4. Do not discard this fluid after drilling permafrost and setting surface casing--simply discontinue the addi tion of salt to the mud system and use freshwater for makeup. 5. This same system is used out from under surface to approximately 3,000 ft where casing is again set. Since no salt was added during this second interval and freshwater make up was used, the system will be fresh enough to allow mixing of bentonite directly. For maximum yield, 50-50 Fig. I Apparent viscosity comparison 93 Comparative gel strengths Fig. 1 Shear thinning characteristics Fig. 4 Approximate effect of temperature r 13 12 11 10 1 J7 D 0 J 4 3 2 1 70 10 20 100 110 1 20 1 30 140 ISO 160 170 110 190 V. ___Te_mp_trafu_r*,_CF._____________ J Fig-5 200 concentrations of preshreaded asbestos and bentonite are used. 6. From second casing point to TD, the drilling fluid system is essentially a freshwater, low-solids, presheared asbestos-bentonite type. Filtration is controlled with a freshwater fluid-loss additive, and shale can be controlled using this same system but with the addition of powdered asphalt mater ials. A typical system. A mud system like the one used in Libya is usually built around 2-3 Ib/bbl of presheared asbestos and 3-5 Ib/bbl of bentonite. A 50-50 mix usually gives the best hole-cleaning results, but a higher pro portion of bentonite is usually recom mended when hole stability is a prob lem. Using Super Visbestos, a presheared asbestos distributed by Montello, Tnc., Sand Springs, Okla., a cost comparison indicates that such a fluid would run in the neighborhood of 52.5p/bbl com pared to a straight bentonite system at about 62.5p/bbl. These costs were based on the use of 21/3 Ib/bbl of presheared asbestos with 2y2 lb/bbl of bentonite for the combination system, and 25 lb/bbl of bentonite for the other fluid. In addition to a lower initial cost, manufacturers or the presheared as bestos additives cite other possible savings including lower mixing costs; lower hauling costs; less water re quirements; reduced chemical treat ment cost; and higher penetration rates. Presheared asbestos-bentonite sys tems will usually give some hole stabilization and a small amount of fluid-loss control. Then if necessary, a fluid-loss control agent can be used 94 to lower loss to required levels. Such a system is applicable in any area. "fi> get proper cleaning, a drilling fluid's yield point plastic viscosity are important properties. Table 1 in dicates the effect of these variables on the settling time of solids in a flocculated solids settling test. Another important consideration in cuttings transport is annulus flow profile. If this profile is turbulent, cuttings slip page is increased and cuttings can fall faster than the average annular rate causing a hole-cleaning problem. If hole cleaning is critical and an adjustment of annulus flow does not help, yield value can be raised with asbestos. Montello recommends, how ever, when using their product that before raising the yield value too high the hole should be flushed clean with a 25-50-bb! slurry containing 3 lb/bbl of preshejied asbestos. Or it can be done by .Ijing 75-100 lb of the ma terial directly into the mud system through the mud hopper. This flushing Settling tests Table l Settling time Density for 50% of flee solids settling Weight Ib/gjl Pv Tp Imin/ft) 8.3 10.4 1.0 0 W 8.3 10.4 2.0 0.5 1 8.3 10.4 2.0 1.0 2 8.3 10.4 2.0 2,0 8 8.3 10.4 4.0 4.0 27 8.3 10.4 8.0 8.0 88 9.0 11.0 4.0 4.0 30 9.0 11.0 8.0 8.0 97 10.0 11.8 4.0 4.0 34 10.0 11.8 8.0 B.O 112 operation can be repeated as needed with frequency ranging from once a day to twice a tour. And it should be done just before making a trip, accord ing to Montello. ' Of course, good solids removal techniques are essential to the per-, formance of low-solids systems. Both chemical and mechanical means can be used to accomplish this. Some properties. Presheared asbes tos has grown in use recently, its ad vantages stemming from the fact that the carefully controlled shearing process at the point of manufacture provides a high degree of fiber sep aration quickly at the well (OGJ, Oct, 28, 1968). Properties of presheared asbestos compared with those of other mud-system additives are shown in Fig. 1-5. -' END SUPER V1SBESTOS PROVIDES HIGH YIELDS ALMOST INSTANTLY A message of special interest to drilling superintendents and those responsible for writing drilling mud pro grams, distributed courtesy of Montello, Inc. For more information and extra copies of the reprint, write Montello at P.O. Drawer 130, Sand Springs, Okla, 74063. REGULAR ASBESTOS (Dry Processed) Only 50% Separation SUPER VISBESTOS (Wet Processed-Presheared Asbestos) Over 98% Separation SAND SPRINGS, OKLAHOMA 74063 Doyis 918 245-6661 Night*: 918 743-310S Super Visbestos is produced, exclusively for Montello, Inc., by chemically and hydraulically shearing a top-grade chrysotile asbestos, through a unique, proprietary, wet-process. This process produces a high degree of asbestos fiber separation. The high degree of fiber separation (i.e. yield) provided almost instantly with Super Visbestos is impossible to achieve using regular dry processed asbestos in the field even after days of circulation and mixing. A study of data below reveals the advantages of Super Visbestos. (Tests Were Run By A Major University) SUPER VISBESTOS VS. REGULAR ASBESTOS Fann VG Meter Super Visbestos 5 LBS./BBL Regular Asbestos 5 LBS./BBL Apparent Viscosity Plastic Viscosity Yield Point Initial Gel 14.5 11 7 5 7 6 2 3 Test Fresh Waters 1. API Funnel Viscosity (Average, 3 runs) 2. Apparent Viscosity (CP) 3. Plastic Viscosity (CP) 4. Yield Point/100 s.f. Bentonite lbs ./bbl. 5 -10 27.5 2.0 2.0 0.0 29.1 2.5 2.0 1.0 Visbestos' lbs ./bbl. 5 10 26.5 5.0 3.0 4.0 29.9 12.5 5.0 10.0 Visbestos/Benton .1 i: a lsl ratio-lbs./bbl. 5(total) .U..( total) 26.6 2.0 1.0 2.0 28,0 4.5 i- 4.0 T est Salt Waters 1. API Funnel Viscosity (Average, 3 runs) 2. Apparent Viscosity (CP) 3. Plastic Viscoisty (CP) 4. Yield Point/100 s.f. Attapulqite lbs ./bbl. 5 10 28,.7 4,.0 3,.0 2 .0 31.1 0.0 4.0 8.0 Visbestos lbs ./bbl. 5 10 29.,0 11,,5 6,.0 11..0 34.4 22.0 . , 14.0 16.0 . Visbestos/Ati- .1nite lsl ratio-1? - /O': 5(total) 10 (tot I.) 29.1 9.0 3.0 12.0 36.7 21.0 Appendix XyiH 0204G4 0204G5 - Companies in the Prilling Industry Re; The SAFE use of asbestos in drilling fluids On June 7, 1972, stringent Federal regulations went into effect on the commercial use of asbestos. The impact of these regulations on the drilling industry has been a source of concern and confusion to suppliers and users, alike. Because of this, we at Montello determined to ascertain how our unique, wet-refined Super Visbestos would perform, in the context of' the OSHA regulations, under the widely varying conditions found on-drilling rigs. With the invaluable cooperation and assistance of_. several companies, four on-site tests and their evaluation have now been completed. You will find attached, a recap of the more important points found in this study. We'll be pleased to send you a complete, complimen tary copy of an extensive report which gives a detailed interpre tation of the results from these four on-site tests. Site selection was based on a desire to evaluate the broadest possible range of dumping environments. Three different forms of our asbestos were checked to determine the effects of fine grinding, coarse grinding (i.e. crushing) and granulating, on air entrained dust concentrations. We believe interested readers will find this report informative. In substance, the results lead us to believe that there is no rea sonable expectation of exceeding the limit values imposed by the regulations, when using either Crushed Super Visbestos or the much cleaner New Granular Super Visbestos. Please contact our Sand Springs office for your copy of the report. We'll respond as quickly as possible. Sincerely, // f KNC/jd Attachment {!) 020406 A study covering airborne dust concentrations in drilling fluid operations using wet-refined asbestos has been com pleted. The following are some of the more important points to consider: 1. All tests were performed using Montello's exclusive wet processed asbestos products. The findings'cannot be safely applied to any of the several dry ground pro ducts on the market. ' 2. Fiber counts were highest on fine ground material and lowest on granular material, with coarsely ground (crushed) material falling between these two. 3. Crushed Super Visbestos, which has been used in the field for several years, consistently fell well below the OSHA regulations as to maximum ceiling limit and 8 hour, time weighted average, (TWA). 4. New Granular Super Visbestos, now available in the field at no extra cost, proved to be from 20% to 50% cleaner than Crushed Super Visbestos. 5. Neither form of Super Visbestos exceeded even the much more stringent TWA level which will become effective in 1976. 6. Based on this test series, Super Visbestos in either form offers a safety margin of 5 to 1 or more, in complying with the limits set by the regulations. Therefore, we believe there is no reasonable expec tation of exceeding the legal limits, when using Crushed or New Granular Super Visbestos. \ 0204C To: "ompanies in the Drill g Industry Re: The SAFE use of asbestos in drilling fluids On June 7, 1972, stringent Federal regulations went into effect on the commercial use of asbestos. The impact of these regulations on the drilling industry has been a source of concern and confusion to suppliers and users, alike. Because of this, we at Montello determined to ascertain how our unique, wet-refined Super Visbestos would perform, in the context of the OSHA regulations, under the widely varying conditions found on'drilling rigs. With the invaluable cooperation and assistance of- several companies, four on-site tests and their evaluation have now been completed. You will find attached, a recap of the more important points found in this study. We'll be pleased to send you a complete, complimen tary copy of an extensive report which gives a detailed interpre tation of the results from these four on-site tests. Site selection was based on a desire to evaluate the broadest possible range of dumping environments. Three different forms of our asbestos were checked to determine the effects of fine grinding, coarse grinding (i.e. crushing) and granulating, on air entrained dust concentrations. We believe interested readers will find this report informative. In substance, the results lead us to believe that there is no rea sonable expectation of exceeding the limit values imposed by the regulations, when using either Crushed Super Visbestos or the much cleaner New Granular Super Visbestos. Please contact our Sand Springs office for your copy of the report. We'll respond as quickly as possible. Attachment (1) A study covering airborne dust concentrations in drilling fluid operations using wet-refined asbestos has been com pleted. The following are some of the more important points to consider: 1. All tests were performed using Montello's exclusive wet processed asbestos products. The findings--cannot be safely applied to any of the several dry ground pro ducts on the market. 2. Fiber counts were highest on fine ground material and lowest on granular material, with coarsely ground (crushed) material falling between these two. 3. Crushed Super Visbestos, which has been used in the field for several years, consistently fell well below the OSHA regulations as to maximum ceiling limit and 8 hour, time weighted average, (TWA). 4. New Granular Super Visbestos, now available in the field at no extra cost, proved to be from 20% to 50% cleaner than Crushed Super Visbestos. 5. Neither form of Super Visbestos exceeded even the much more stringent TWA level which will become effective in 1976. 6. Based on this test series, Super Visbestos in either form offers a safety margin of 5 to 1 or more, in complying with the limits set by the regulations. Therefore, we believe there is no reasonable expec tation of exceeding the legal limits, when using Crushed or New Granular Super Visbestos. 0^0471 OIL&GAS JOURNAL i . , ' t i i i\ l: t\ X JI? I !r t i i' * ii t \ Presheared asbestos muds help cut costs, rotating time John L. Kr.NNr.DY Drilling Editor Reprinted from the June 8, 1 970 edition Complimenfi of MONTEUO, INC. Presheared asbestos muds help cut costs, rotating time v John L. Ke.nnf.dv Drilling Editor RESULTS of drilling in widely sep arated areas indicate that the use of presheared asbestos in drilling fluids can help reduce mud costs and rotat ing time. These drilling fluids are designed as low-solids muds and ap pear to be finding increased applica tion. fn one of these instances, presheared asbestos was used with bentonite and results were compared to drilling re sults using a straight bentonite system on an adjacent well. In this Okfuskee County, Okla., comparison, mud costs for the presheared asbestos-bentonite system were 47,3<4/ft while the straight bentonite system cost 58,2c/ft. These two wells, located 660 ft apart, were drilled by the same op erator using the same contractor and the same rig, the same mud company and the same mud engineer, Total depth of the two wells was slightly over 4,000 ft and mud-up depth was around 2,700 ft. Casing string in both wells was 8%-in. A significant savings in drilling time resulted from using the presheared asbestos-bentonite mud over the straight bentonite system. The well using the combination fluid was drilled in 99 rig hr, compared to 140 hr to drill the well on which the straight bentonite system was used. The bentonite-drilled well required six bits compared to five for the well drilled with the presheared asbestosbentonite mud. In Libya, a similar system proved to be competitive with straight bentonite fluids that had been used previously. And this particular well was drilled without any lost-circulation problems, something that had given operators considerable trouble in the past in this area. The Libya well was drilled to a total depth of 10,068 ft with mud weights varying from 8.7 to 8.9 tb/gal. After an 185,i-in. surface string was set, 13%in, was run to 3,272 ft and a 12|/i-in. production string set at TD. The presheared asbestos-bentonite low-solids mud system was built in a ratio of 1 lb of presheared asbestos to 2 lb of bentonite. But plans for the next welt Included using a drilling fluid built in a 1/1 ^- o of these materials. In this instan.' fluid-loss control agent was used : the properties of the mud system "eluded a plastic viscosity of 8; \ alue of 4; funnel viscosity of 40 sec, ced 4-7# solids. For North Slope drilling, a pre sheared asbestos-bentonite extended system has been recommended from surface to total depth, fn this case, this procedure applies: 1. Initial surface volume is prepared using freshwater treated with pre sheared asbestos and bentonite in a 50-50 ratio. 2. Surface volume is then treated with salt to lower the freezing point to the necessary level. 3. The system is then used to drill through the 'permafrost to the surface casing point: During this interval, presheared asbestos can be added directly to the system for viscosity and hole cleaning when needed. Bentonite can be prehydrated and added to the system when required, and filtration control can be obtained with salt-water fluid-loss agents. 4. Do not discard this fluid after drilling permafrost and setting surface casing--simply discontinue the addi tion of salt to the mud system and use freshwater for makeup. 5. This same system is used out from under surface to approximately 3,000 ft where casing is again set. Since no salt was added during this second interval and freshwater make up was used, the system will be fresh enough to allow mixing of bentonite directly. For maximum yield, 50-50 Compare.: - e gel lengths s , .j Fi*. * Shear thinning characteristics concentrations of preshreaded asbestos and bentonite are used. 6. From second casing point to TD. the drilling fluid system is essentially a freshwater, low-solids, presheared asbestos-bentonite type. Filtration is controlled with a freshwater fluid-loss additive, and shale can be controlled using this same system but with the addition of powdered asphalt mater ials. A typical system. A mud system like the one used in Libya is usually built around 2-3 Ib/bbl of presheared asbestos and 3-5 Ib/bbl of bentonite. A 50-50 mix usually gives the best hole-cleaning results, but a higher pro portion of bentonite is usually recom mended when hole stability is a prob lem. Using Super Visbestos, a presheared asbestos distributed by Montello, Inc., Sand Springs, Okla., a cost comparison indicates that such a fluid would run in the neighborhood of 52.5<7bbi com pared to a straight bentonite system at about 62.5<-/bbl. These costs were based on the use of 2Vj Ib/bbl of presheared asbestos with Vfi Ib/bbl of bentonite for the combination system, and 25 Ib/bbl of bentonite for the other fluid. In addition to a lower initial cost, manufacturers of the presheared as bestos additives cite other possible savings including lower mixing costs; lower hauling costs; less water re quirements; reduced chemical treat ment cost; and higher penetration rates. Presheared asbestos-bentonite sys tems will usually give some hole stabilization and a small amount of fluid-loss control. Then if necessary, a fluid-loss control agent can be used io low ' -cd lev : Such a syster :$ in am rsa. To gel proper -.eaning, a drilling fluid's yield point and plastic viscosity are important properties. Table 1 in dicates the effect of these variables on the settling time of solids in a flocculated solids settling test. Another important consideration in cuttings transport is annulus flow profile. If this profile is turbulent, cuttings slip page is increased and cuttings can fall faster than the average annular rate causing a hole-cleaning problem. If hole cleaning is critical and an adjustment of annulus flow does not help, yield value can be raised with asbestos. Montello recommends, how ever, when using their product that before raising the yield value too high the hole should be flushed clean with a 2: -.. bbl slurry containing 3 lb/bbl of presheared asbestos. Or it can be done by adding 75-100 lb of the ma terial. directly into the mud system through the mud hopper. This flushing Settling tests Table 1 Settling time Density for 50% of floe solids settling Weight lb/gal Pv Yp Imin/ftl 8.3 104 1.0 0 *4 8.3 10 4 2.0 0 5 1 83 104 2.0 1.0 2 8.3 104 2.0 2.0 3 8.3 104 4.0 4.0 27 8.3 10.4 8.0 8.0 9.0 no 4.0 4.0 S3 30 9.0 11.0 80 8.0 97 10.0 118 4,0 40 34 10.0 11.8 8.0 8.0 112 U^U474 operation can be repeated as needed with frequency ranging from once a day to tw ,:e a tour. And it should be done just before making a trip, accord ing to Montello, Of course, good solids removal techniques are essential to the per formance of low-solids systems. Both chemical and mechanical means can be used to accomplish this. Some properties. Presheared asbes tos has grown in use recently, its ad vantages stemming from the fact that the carefully controlled shearing process at the point of manufacture provides a high degree of fiber sep aration quickly at the well (OGJ, Oct. 28. 1968). Properties of presheared asbestos compared with those of other mud-system-' additives are shown in Fig. 1-5. - END SUPER VISBESTOS PROVIDES HIGH YIELDS ALMOST INSTANTLY A message of special interest to drilling superintendents and those responsible for writing drilling mud pro grams, distributed courtesy of Montello, Inc. For more information and extra copies of the reprint, write Montello at P.O. Drawer 130, Sand Springs, Okla. 74063. (Dry Processed) Only 50% Separation (Wet Processed-Presheared Asbestos) Over 98% Separation MONTULO, INC, P.O. DRAWER 130 SAND SPRINGS, OKLAHOMA 74063 24 HOURS: 918 245-6661 Super Visbestos is produced, exclusively for Montello, Inc., by chemically and hydraulically shearing a top-grade chrysotile asbestos, through a unique, proprietary, wet-process. This process produces a high degree of asbestos fiber separation. The high degree of fiber separation (i.e. yield) provided almost instantly with Super Visbestos is impossible to achieve using regular dry processed asbestos in the field even after days of circulation and mixing. A study of data below reveals the advantages of Super Visbestos. (Tests Were Run By A Major University) SUPER VISBESTOS VS. REGULAR ASBESTOS Fann VG Meter Super Visbestos 5 LBS./BBL Regular Asbestos 5 LBS./B8L Apparent Viscosity Plastic Viscosity Yield Point Initial Gel 14.5 11 7 5 7 6 2 3 J U-CU47S ASBESTOS DRILLING FLUID ADDITIVE'S EFFECT ON PRODUCING FORMATIONS The following report is respectfully submitted in answer to questions which have arisen concerning what effect asbestos fibers as used in drilling or workover fluids might have on production zones, and of equal importance, what effect 15% hydrochloric acid has on these same asbestos fibers. There are six general types of asbestos fibers: chrysotile, amosite, actinolite, crocidolite, anthophlyllite and tremolite. All of the above asbestos fibers carry a negative charge with the ex ception of chrysotile, which carries a positive charge. Until recently, chrysotile asbestos products as used in drillinq and workover fluids were dry processed and most available data has been ac cumulated on such materials. With the introduction of wet processed, presheared Super Visbestos, there is a new inovation in a.sbestos orocessing. Most of the chrysotile asbestos used in drilling fluids to day i's produced from California asbestos ore. This ore assays at ap proximately 60% pure asbestos with the remaining 40% being a white serpentine type rock. Dry processing of asbestos fibers consists of grinding dry ore and cleaning the asbestos through screens, cyclones and dust collectors, the purity of dry processed asbestos drilling fluid additives varies from 58% to approximately 90%. Wet processing of asbestos fibers consists of repeated washing and opening of asbestos ore, with rock and dust removal through floatation. This produces a finished product with a purity of approximately 99%. While still wet the asbestos is then presheared or defiberized to pro duce Super Visbestos, with 98% open fiber as compared with 50% open fiber for dry processed asbestos materials. A detailed study on the effect of acids on dry processed asbestos ma terials entitled "Fibrous Silicates" was made in 1966 by Mr. A. A. Hodgson of the Royal Institute of Chemistry at 30 Russell Square in London, England. This study revealed that chrysotile asbestos posses ses such little resistance to acid that it may be decomposed by strong acetic acid, also that dry processed chrysotile asbestos refluxed in 4.ON hydrochloric (HCL) acid would rapidly decompose. Weight losses amounted to approximately 60% in the first 15 minutes of immersion. The higher the normality of acid, the more complete and the faster the chrysotile fiber is decomposed. As reported by an oilfield acid izing company, a 15% hydrochloric acid, which is normally used in oil well and gas well acidizing, is equivalent to a 4.4N. It should be added that the rate of decomposition of chrysotile asbes tos fibers by HCL acid i's a direct function of the exposed surface area of the fibers. There are structural differences between the major P.O. BOX 130, SAND SPRINGS, OKLAHOMA 74063 /<918>-24S-W1/TWX Bl0-64<W007 Page 2: 020 ;?b groups of asbestos fibers which account of the chrysotile asbestos by acids. r the rapid decomposition When a chrysotile fiber reacts with strong acid, the whole of its (MgOH) layer is rapidly removed leaving at most a very porous skeleton of the individual fiber. Recent tests performed by a major mud service company on a Berea sand stone core subjected to salt water containing chrysotile asbestos fi bers showed "0" permeability damage after being treated with a 15% solution of hydrochloric acid. "Summary" - 1. .Deposition of chrysotile asbestos fibers in the bore hole of a well is reversible. It can be decomposed and removed with a '15% HCL solution. Only chrysotile asbestos is used in the manu facturing of Super Visbestos. 2. The rate of the decomposition of chrysotile asbestos in HCL is a direct function of the surface area of the asbestos fibers. Super Visbestos (the only wet processed, presheared chrysotile asbestos drilling fluid additive) has 300 to 400% greater surface area than the other materials which are dry processed. 3. Some asbestos drilling fluid additives contain impurities which are not soluble in HCL. Super Visbestos is approximately 99% pure chrysotile. Dry processed asbestos drilling mud additives purity varies from 58% to approximately 90%. 4. Greater fiber liberation means greater efficiency and corres pondingly fewer pounds per barrel required when treating drill . ing fluids. Super Visbestos with 98% fiber liberation as compared to 50% fiber liberation of the dry processed materials simply means that only one-half as much material is needed to produce the desired results when using Super Visbestos. Therefore, the wall cake of a Super Visbestos drilling fluid system contains only one-half as much chrysotile asbestos as the dry processed asbes tos drilling fluid. . Conclusions: Therefore, due to Super Visbestos' Greater fiber separation, 98% versus 50% Greater surface-area, 3-4 times more Higher purity, 99% versus 90% Higher efficiency, (only one-half as much required) Super Visbestos should be used instead of dry processed asbestos ma terial as a drilling or workover fluid additive. Harry M. Wyatt MONTELLO, INC. P. 0. Box 130 Sand Springs, Oklahoma A.C. (918) 245-6661 74063 Reprinted from September 1965 World Oil A GULF PUBLISHING COMPANY PUBLICATION 3301 Allen Parkway Houston, Texas Asbestos in drill water helps cut drilling costs William C. Smith, Drilling Superintendent, Capitan and Highland Drilling Companies, Odessa, Texas COPYRIGHT 1966 By Gulf Publishing Co. All Rights Reserved 020478 Asbestos in cHI! #ater helps cut drilling costs Capitan and Highland Drilling Companies have increased penetration rates in West Texas William C. Smith, Drilling Superintendent, Capitan and Highland Drilling Companies, Odessa, Texas 20-second summary 4s6estos added to drill water has been found ef fective in retaining good water penetration rates along with recovery of good samples. The asbestos can be added to fresh or salt water directly through the mud hopper. The asbestos has been found com patible with all mud additives used in West Texas drilling operations. of Odessa,Capitan and highland drilling companies Texas, have achieved water penetration rates along with good samples by adding an asbestos material to the drill water (Figure 1), Asbestos, an inorganic material, increases the carrying capacity and suspending ability of drill water. It can be used in fresh, salt or a mixture of both with a mini mum of solids. Since it is chemically inert, it does not control water loss or cause water to gel. The material requires no new equipment at the rig for handling. It is added to the mud system through the mud hopper. To continue reducing drilling costs, it is essential that every means possible be used to increase rock bit pene tration rates. After analyzing each foot of hole to be drilled and applying optimum drilling technique, it is possible, in many cases, to lower, the footage price. This can be done in cooperation with the operator by re ducing the amount of hole that is drilled with mud to re cover good samples. - Since 1958 the West Texas drilling industry has been able to increase over-all penetration rates about 20 per cent. This has been done by using improved hydraulic programs, correct bit selection, more drill collar weight, and using dean water or brine as drilling fluid. Results of a recent McElroy Field study of wells drilled with a chemical mud from 1958 to 1960 compared with wells drilled in 1963 and 1964 with brine, or very low solid muds, showed the later wells had a 15-18 percent higher penetration rate. Clean water as a drilling fluid, of course, produces the fastest hole. Although water cannot always be used as a drilling fluid because of hole conditions, much footage drilled today with mud could be water drilled if good formation samples could be obtained. Since most wells are contracted on a footage basis to total depth, the upper, or faster drilled, part of the hole is where the contractor usually makes the most money. The top hole is almost always drilled with water, but the lower part of the hole is where the most improvement can be made in penetration rates. Too many times-- just because only a few hundred feet or at most a thousand feet are involved--a contractor does nothing about trying to improve the drilling fluid program. Capitan and Highland Drilling Companies had drilled some 9,300-foot wells in Ector County, Texas, and were FIG. 1--Samples in this photograph on the right were taken while-drilling with water, and the larger samples on the left were after adding asbestos to the water. FIG. 2--Funnel viscosity vs, various materia! requirements. 20.;79 FIG. 3--Comparison of three wells drilled by different con tractors but with comparable rigs. Well A was drilled with dear saturated brine water. Well B was drilled with saturated brine water with flocculanf. Well C was drilled with saturated brine.water and asbestos, A 32-second viscosity was maintained as samples were desired from 900 feet. COMPARATIVE PENETRATION RATES Footage No, of bits Avg. ft,/bit Avg. ft./hour Bit are Rotating hrs. WELL A 4,847 8 606 19.9 17*4" 243 WELL B 4,733 10 473 19.6 17'/i" 241 WELL C 4,908 7 701 19.9 l7'/j" 247 FIG. 4--These wells were drilled in the same field with com parable rigs but by different contractors. Well A drilled this interval with water, 6-percent oil and emulsifier, Well B drilled this interval with water and asbestos to secure good samples. Fluid properties were 825 ppg, with a viscosity of 35-38 sec onds. COMPARATIVE PENETRATION RATES Footage No. of bits Rotating hrs. Avg. feet/bit Avg, feet/hour Bit size WELL A 2,649 8 194 331 13.6 w WELL B 2,955 8 252 369 11.7 fy*" required to mud-up at 6,900 feet so the geologist could recover good samples. After study of the problem and discussions with mud and bit company engineers, it was decided that water could be used to safely drill to 8,500 feet. Drilling bids were recalculated assuming that from 6,900-7,900 feet the increase in penetration with water versus mud would be 90 percent, and that from 7,900 to 8,500 feet the increase would be 75 percent, not con sidering savings in bit cost. The operator then was offered a choice of price reductions on the bid of 15 cents per foot if the mud-up point was lowered to 7,900 feet and 20 cents per foot if lowered to 8,500 feet. This is a sav ings per well, to the operator, of $1,395 and $1,860, respectively. To the contractor, this meant an added profit of 5 to 10 cents per foot. To allow recovery of good samples while drilling with water, a new long fiber asbestos materia! was tested. Addition of this asbestos material to the drilling fluid was designed to allow good sample recovery and still maintain penetration rates near that of water. Capitan and Highland Drilling Companies added this asbestos material at 6,700 feet to the drilling fluid and achieved penetration rates about 95 percent of those expected with water. In many cases, the same funnel viscosity can be achieved with as little as 25 percent of the material requirements as when bentonite or attupulgite is used. Figure 2 indi cates. the funnel viscosity versus material requirements. The asbestos material was found compatible with all FIG. 5--These wells were drilled by the same contractor, same rig, and same operator. Well A was drilled to 11,700 feet with water, 6-percent oil and emulsifier. At this depth a low viscos ity sample mud with fluid loss control was added. Well B was drilled to 11,700 feet with water, 6-percent oil and asbestos. At depth a fluid loss control agent was adJed. For recovery of good samples, bole conditions required the introduction of as bestos. Fluid properties were 8.5 ppg, viscosity 34-40 seconds. COMPARATIVE PENETRATION RATES Footage No. of Bits Rotating hrs. Avg. ft./bit Avg, ft./hour Bit size WELL A 2,198 10 283 220 7.7 77/s" WELL B 2,407 7 231 344 10.4 7'/s" 0204SQ tttflt FIG. 6--These wells were drilled by the same contractor, same rig, same operator. Well A was drilled with bentonite sample mud, no water loss control. Well B was drilled with water and 6-8 percent oil. The increase on peneration over mud was about 27 percent for the interval shown. Well C was drilled with water and asbestos. The increase on peneration over mud was about 39 percent for the interval shown. Asbestos was added to obtain good samples. mud additives used in West Texas drilling operations. However, in lost circulation zones such as the San Andres, the asbestos material can be dangerous in wall sticking, if not used along with a water loss control agent. Figures 3, 4, and 5 indicate comparative penetration rates for water and brine versus water and brine with as bestos added. About the author William C, Smith is drilling superin tendent for Capitan and Highland Drill ing Companies in Odessa, Texas. He was graduated from Texas A & M Uni versity tn ISiS with a BJ5. degree in chemical engineering. Prior to joining Capitan and Highland Drilling Compan ies, he worked 11 years with Baroid Di vision of The National Lead Company. Smith is an active member of the API, A!ME and AAODC. Figure 6 compares three drilling rate charts of develop ment wells drilled in the same field in San Andrews County, Texas. This is a case where the operator needed samples for the interval. A bentonite sample mud with out water loss control was used in Well A. In an attempt to reduce cost, water and oil were substituted for mud in Well B. The drilling rate increased about 29 percent, but samples recovered were not satisfactory. In Well C, use of the asbestos material and water in creased the drilling rate about 37 percent and did pro duce good samples. The operator is continuing to use this drilling fluid program in development work. It is through research and development of specialized .techniques and continued cooperation of service com panies, contractors and operators that drilling prices can be kept in line. This article is based on a paper titled "Good Samples with Water Penetration Rates," presented at the Spring Meeting of the Southwestern District Meeting of API in Dallas, March 10-12, 1965. 020-1 Gi TECHNICAL REPORT ff VIS 66-6 P. O. BOX 1046 SAND SPRINGS, OKLAHOMA Days, 9S8 Cl 5-6641 * Nights: 918 Rl 3-3105 VISBESTOS Problem: Quick viscosity and increased carrying capacity of mud requires to Keep hnle clean. Location: fvorth Dakota Depth: 9, 7 uD feet Drilling Fluid: Salt water and attsoulcite Temperature: \ormei ror area Solution: A major oil company while drilling in i\'ortn Dakota needed to build viscosity quickly and also to increase the cutting carrying caoacity of the drilling fluid, to help keep the hole clean. VI5BE5TQ5, (a hich orede chrysotile ascestos compound"), "jos added at cumo suction through mud hoooer to a concentration of approximately 3f/SSL. The VISBESTOS was added slowly allowing about 15 minutes per buff bag for maximum shear. The desired viscosity was obtained in one round trio. Both the operntcr and mud service comoany were very pleased with the quick, economical re sults obtained using VISBESTOS. Their only coanlaint, -- "Oe could have done the joe with less VISBE5TDS! MM! P. O. BOX 1046 SAND SPRINGS, OKLAHOMA . Days: 918 Cl 5-6641 * Niphlj; 918 Rl 3-3105 Visbestos Visbestos are just like love-- you must ask for it by brand name to get it Specify Visbestos or Super Visbestos by brand name on your next location . . , We guarantee they are better--our customers say much better--than competitive priced asbestos products. ^ Adequate stocks in your area 24-hour service through your favored mud service company OR CALL Monahans, Texas--943-4781--Montello, Inc. Sweetwater, Tex.--BE 4-2498--Glasgow Trucking FOR PICK UP, WAREHOUSE OR DELIVERED TO LOCATION Visbestos and Super Visbestos are produced from Calidria asbestos, the best asbestos that money can buy. ELECTRON MICROGRAPH ILLUSTRATIONS (*20483 Electron Micrograph of typical Canadian asbestos fiber structure 0204SS Electron Micrograph of typical Calidria asbestos fibers 020486 - 37 Electron Micrograph of wet processed Calidria asbestos fibrils f t To: Companies in the Drilling Industry Re: The SAFE use of asbestos in drilling fluids 020488 On June 7, 1972, stringent Federal regulations went into effect on the commercial use of asbestos. The impact of these regulations on the drilling industry has been a source of concern and confusion to suppliers and users, alike. Because of this, we at Montello determined to ascertain how our unique, wet-refined Super Visbestos would perform, in the context of the OSHA regulations, under the widely varying conditions found on drilling rigs. With the invaluable cooperation and- assistance of several companies, four on-site tests and their evaluation have now been completed. You will find attached, a recap of the more important points found in this study. We'll be pleased to send you a complete, complimen tary copy of the five reports which document the tests. The first is an interpretation of the overall results of the series. The next four cover the details of each of the on-site tests. Site selection was based on a desire to evaluate the broadest possible range of dumping environments. Three different forms of our asbestos were checked to determine the effects of find grinding, coarse grinding (i.e. crushing) and granulating, on air entrained dust concentrations. We believe interested readers will find this report both detailed and informative. In substance, the results lead us to believe that there is no reasonable expectation of exceeding the limit values imposed by the regulations, when using either Crushed Super Visbes tos or the much cleaner New Granular Super Visbestos. Please contact our Sand Springs office for your copy of the report. We'll respond as quickly as possible. Sincerely, MONTELLO, INC. Kenneth N. Campbell KNC/jd Attachment (1) montello P,0, SOX 130, SAND SPRINGS, OKLAHOMA 74063 /(918)-245-6661 /TWX 910-640-3007 020 4L A study covering airborne dust concentrations in drilling fluid operations using wet-refined asbestos has been com pleted. The following are some of the more important points to consider: ' 1. All tests were performed using Montello's exclusive wet processed asbestos products. The findings-cannot be safely applied to any of the several dry ground pro ducts on the market. 2. Fiber counts were highest on fine ground material and lowest on granular material, with coarsely ground (crushed) material falling between these two. 3. Crushed Super Visbestos, which has been used in the field for several years, consistently fell well below the OSHA regulations as to maximum ceiling limit and 8 hour, time weighted average, (TWA). 4. New Granular Super Visbestos, now available in the field at no extra cost, proved to be from 201 to 50% cleaner than Crushed Super Visbestos. 5. Neither form of Super Visbestos exceeded even the much more stringent TWA level which will become effective in 1976. 6. Based on this test series, Super Visbestos in either form offers a safety margin of 5 to 1 or more, in complying with the limits set by the regulations. Therefore, we believe there is no reasonable expec tation of exceeding the legal limits, when using Crushed or New Granular Super Visbestos. J 020400 AIRBORNE ASBESTOS DUST CONCENTRATIONS in DRILLING FLUID OPERATIONS using WET-REFINED AS8EST0S This report provides a General interpretation of the overall results from four on-site evaluations. Individual reports cri each are appended for reference. H, B. Rhodes & E. J. Kleber MOTE: Cornanies co-operatino"^r^h^^"Tests*M are customers of Montello and conducted the tests to ascertain that their use of the product complies with standards set forth in the federal occupational Safety and Health Act. Results of these tests are ade available to other companies solely for their use in making their own evaluations of procedure15 to be followed in using the material. Mo representations are made, nor are to be implied, from this report as to the safety of this r'aterial no ratter how it is used. UNION CARBIDE CORPORATION Mining S Metals Division Niagara Falls , New York February 22, 1973 jjr auction 020401 A survey has been made to examine the levels of asbestos dust that may occ : wnon wet-refined asbestos Is used as an ingredient in drilling fluids. Both open-air and enclosed dumping operations were checked, A range of dumping rates from 10 to 80 sacks per hour was used. Tests were run with three types of wet-refined asbestos: 1. A fine-ground hydrophobic asbestos known commercially as Arcovis 953. (2) 2. A coarse-ground asbestos known commercially as Super-Visbestos. 3. A new version of Super-Visbestos in the form of 1/8" gra'nular pellets. . It is important to emphasize that the dust levels reported herein are specific for the wet-refined asbestos types described and do not apply to dry- processed California or Canadian asbestos. ' " The reports giving the details of the dumping and sampling at four locations and the raw data obtained are appended for reference. This report provides a more general interpretation of the overall results. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS The highest dust level measured during any of the nine dumping^operations tested was 5.5 fibers/cc. greater than 5 micrometers in length'') which is over 55% of the allowable ceiling concentration. This level occurred during the dumping of the fine-ground product in a small enclosed area to simulate North Slope conditions and is not typical of routine mud operations. The more recresentative tests gave results below 2 fibers/cc. which is less than 20% of allowable. Time-weighted average values were calculated for all dumps on. the basis of one dumping period per shift and a background exposure of 0.3 fiber/cc. during the time asbestos was not being handled. The highest value found in any of the dumps was 0.7 fibers/cc. for North Slope conditions with 0.3-0.4 fibers/cc. typical of normal operations. The latter values are less than 10% of the current allowable value of 5 fibers/cc. and 20:; of the projected value of 2 fibers/cc. in 1976. As would be expected, the new-granular product gave much less dust, i.e., 20-50%, than the coarse-ground Super-Visbestos. CALCULATION PROCEDURES The OSHA regulations permit exposure to a ceiling concentration of 10 fibers/cc. and an 8-hour time-weighted average exposure of 5 fibers/cc. In this work, the ceiling concentration occurred in the breathing zone of the operator during the dumping of the asbestos and is reported directly as measured. ^For convenience, in this discussion the term "fibers/cc." will be taken to mean the entire term, "fibers/cc. greater than 5 micrometers in length," (2) Use of this product is covered by U.c. Patent No. 3,618,680. The 8-hour time-we;. ted average Is basically a simple .oncept that -in be "re; - b as; . ._ /Tibers/cc. in a ~] ffW in h ; s c-er which the T.W.A, = Time-Weighted Average - <[artic ` -ole] ar"-:ular sample was collected: g _= Where: ^*= Summation of samples collected over the 8-hour period. In order to be strictly correct, it is necessary to sample over the entire 8-hour period to define the TWA. In these tests, however, only a short post-dump sample was obtained. Normally, at a well, an operator dumps for a short period once a snift (or tour) and spends the remainder of the time out of the immediate dump area. It is thus reasonable to estimate the TWA for the operator as a combination of the ceiling concentration (measured) exposure during the dump and a background exposure for the remainder of the shift. The data obtained in this work indicate a reasonable and probably conservative (high) value fcr tne background of 0.3 fibers/cc. This number will be. used in the calculation of 8-hour TWA values. ' REVIEW OF DATA Dust counts have been obtained at four locations; three by Union Carbide and one by Complete reports are appended for reference. In this section, the data are reviewed and the tecnnical basis for the background level assumption just described is provided. An 8-hour time-weighted average value is also calculated for each dump. Central 'Veil Location In this test, 20 sacks of regular Super-Visbestos were dumped over a 21-minute period. After a wait of about 10 minutes, 20 sacks of the New Granular Super-Visbestos were dumped over a 26-minute period. The fiber count data for the airborne dust samples obtained is shown graphically in Figure 1. The figure gives fiber count as a function of elapsed time. The ceiling concentration sample taken in tne breathing zone of the operator during the dump regular Super-Visbestos gave a count of 1.9 fibers. When granular Super-Visbestos was dumped 10 minutes fater, the count was down to only 0.4 fibers. During these same periods, the downwind counts were 0.51 and 0.31 fibers, respectively, wnile upwind values of <0.1 and C.1E fibers were found. The wind was a light, somewhat variable breeze so all of these values seem reasonable and internally consistent. Note that the hichest environmental sample found (Position 3, downwind) was only 0.5 fiber and this occurred during tne dumping of the ground Super-Visbestos. With granular Super-Visbestos the maximum seen was 0.3 fictr or less. Ttie assumed value of 0.3 fiber for the background level when no asbestos is being handled this seems reasonable. Note that both environmental samples (Positions 1 ana 3) were 0.3 fibe1' or below during the granular Super-Visbestos dump. The assumed value of 0.3 fiber for the background level when no asbestos is being nandlea thus seens reasonable. -2- 020403 The data 1r "<gure 1 ce he used to estimate TWA values for both types of asbestos dumped. r. ' the regular Super-Visbestos, consider the exposure to be 1.9 fibers for the 30-minute period covering both the dump and subsequent time until the lower reading was obtained. cor the remaning 7-1/2 hours of the shift, it is assumed that the operator dumps no more asbestos and is exposed to a back ground level of 0.3 fibers. Thus: TWA = C1-9 fibers) (0.5 hours) + (0.3 fibers) (7.5 hours) 8 hours TWA * =0.4 fibers This is only (0.4) (100)/5 = 8% of the allowable exposure level, For the granular Super-Visbestos, consider the exposure to be 0.4 fibers for 0,5 hour and the assumed background of 0.3 fibers for 7.5 hours. 'Thus: - TWA . (-) .IP.-*) * (;,U,(7-5) . o,3 fibers This is 6* of the allowable TWA. Location Near Houston, Texas The next series of tests to be examined were run at on September 25 and 26, 1972. These tests were intended to simulate conditions on the North Slope. Dumping was done in a small, covered enclosure about 10' x 111 x 9' high. Dumps were made with one side open 8' to approximate normal conditions and with everything closed as occurs in the Arctic during extremely cold and windy weather. Finely-ground hydrophobic asbestos (Arcovis 953) and granular Super-Visbestos were dumped on successive days. Finely-Ground Hydrophobic Asbestos: In the first day's test, 30 sacks of Arcovis 953 were oumped in 29 minutes with the 8' door open. Dust levels were monitored during the dump and for a 1-1/2 hour period thereafter. Approximately 2-1/2 hours later the door was closed and 30 more sacks of Arcovis were dumped in 36 minutes. Dust levels were again measured during tne dump and for about 1-1/2 hours thereafter. The data are shown in Figure 2 with the airborne asbestos dust concentration in fibers/cc. greater than 5 micrometers given as a function of elapsed time. The exact sample point locations referred to in the figure are shown in the appended report. They are approximately: 1. In a "dead" corner adjacent to the door. ' 2. Directly over the hopper. (The hopper is near the wall on the opposite side from the door.) 3. Breathing zone of operator during dump. 4. Over empty sacks in rear corner near hopper. -3- 20434 During the first dump, with the door open, the ceil ] ctm .entr. on sample from the operator's breathing zone gave a level of 1.3 fibers. All of the other samples were 0.3 fiber or less. In the second dump with the room closed tightly, the breathing zone (#3) and the sample directly over the hopper were very close at 5.5 and 5.2 fibers, respectively.When the dump was finished, the level over the hopper (#2) then dropped sharply to 0.5 fiber. At the same time, the level at Point 4, near the hopper but over the empty bags was only 0.3 fiber. In normal practice in the Arctic, the dumD is made and the operator leaves the area entirely. On this basis, it would be reasonable to use a value of 0 fibers for the time outside of the dump in estimating the TWA exposure. In order to keep the data directly comparable with the other locations covered in this report, however, the value of 0.3 fiber will be used. The results in Figure 2 also corroborate that the 0.3 level for general background is*probably high. The data can be used to estimate the TWA values for both the open and closed dunDS. For the open dump, consider the exposure to be 1-.3 fibers for 1/2 hour and 0.3 fiber for 7-1/2 hours. Thus: TKj , (1.3) (0.5) 8 (0.3) (7.5) , 0,4 fiber For the closed-door dump, the values are 5.5 fibers -2/3 hours and 0,3 fibers for the remaining 7-1/3 hours to give: TWA * (5-5) . (2/3) + 8 (0.3) (7-1/3) =0,7 fibers Granular Super-Visbestos: In the second day's test, 30 bags of granular Super-Visbestos were dumped in 29 minutes with the door ooemng closed off. Oust levels were monitored during the dump and for a 1-1/2 hour period thereafter. The door was then opened and 30 more bees were dumped in 30 minutes. Dust levels were again measured during the dump and for approximately 1-1/3 hours thereafter. Sample collection points were at the same locations just described. The data are shown in Figure 3 in the same coordinates as Figure 2 but at different scales. Before examining the data, it should be recalled that on the previous day, a more dusty product, Arcovis 953, had been dumped with the building closed. Sample Point *1 gave a reading of 1.0 fibers on a sample collected during and after the Arcovis dump. (See Figure 2) During the first Super-Visbestos dumo shown in Figure 3, Point 1 gave a value of 0,8 fiber. This dropped sharply to only O'.l fiber when the door was opened. Also, a background sample taken over the hooper before the start of this dump had a reading of 0.7 fiber. This suggests that the closed room at the start of these dumps contained a level of 0.7 - 0.8 fibers as a residual from the previous days' tests. ' -4- During the first granular Super-Visbestos dump room closed} the ceiling concentration breathing zone sample, #3, showed a level of 1.8 fibers. At the same time, the adjacent region over the hopper. Point #2, was at essentially the same level, i,e., 1.7 fibers. When the dump was finished, the level over the nopper (Point #2) dropped to the very low value of 0.2 fiber. At Point #4, near the hopper but over the empty bags, the level was only 0.1 fiber throughout the two hours. During the second dump, with the door open, the breathing zone (#3) and hopper (*2) samples were both only 0.4 fiber. The formerly "dead" area (#1) was 0.1 fiber througnout. The hopper (#2) dropped to 0.1 fiber after the dump was completed. The =4 position, in the corner over the bags, went up from 0.1 fiber to the still very low level of 0.3 fiber. Recognizing the inherent inaccuracies in the dust count technique, these data obtained and those obtained with the Arcovis present an internally consistent picture. It appears that the hopper is generally acting as an .aspirator and is removing dust-laden air from the immediate vicinity. Its effect does not appear -to reach as far as the opposite corner of the room. Position *1., however. The modest ircrease in Point =4 with the door open could be due to a "dead" area developing in the corner but the data are too limited to more than speculate. The data from Figure 3 can be used to estimate the TWA values for the operator. For the closed-door case, the peak concentration would be 1.8 fibers for 1/2 hour to give: THA = (1-8) C0.5) * 8 (0.3) (7.5) . 0.4 fiber gi ve: For the open-door dump, the values are 0.4 and 0.3, respectively, to TWA = (0-4) (0-5) + (0.3) (7.5) 8 0.3 fiber Texas Panhandle ''Jell Location The third series of tests were run at The mud was mixed in a 25' x 7' mud house with open doors at both ends. The hopper was adjacent to the door at one end of the house. A diagram is available in the complete report appended. The test consisted of a dump of 10 bags of Sure---Visbestos at regularly spaced intervals of 6 minutes over a 60-minute period. This was followed by a 30-minute wait and tnen a durn.o of 10 bags of granular Super-Visbestos in the same manner. During the entire period, the wind outside was blowing strongly. It was in a direction, however, such that even though botn doors were open tnere was no strong draft through the building. For these tests, samples were collected at the following points: Position 1 Position 2 Position 3 Opposite corner at same end of trailer as mud hooper. End of trailer at opposite from the mud hooper. Operator breathing zone during dumps. -5- 020496 "he dust count result- obtained are shown graphics1'/ in Figure 4. For th e dump of regular Super-Visbe:' ds, the dust level in the bathing zone was 1,0 fiber. The environmental samples near the hopper and at the other end of the trailer were considerably lower and decreased with distance from the hopper. During the following half hour (12:15-12:45), the two environmental samples showed a moderate increase which also continued over the ensuing one-hour dump of the granular Super-Visbestos. In the half hour after the second dump, however, the levels at both Position 1 and Position 2 dropped. The breathing zone sample collected during this dump was the same as the adjacent environmental sample at Position 1, i.e., 0.5 fiber. This pattern suggests that the second breathing zone sample is more representative of the general level at the hopper end of the trailer than a direct measure cf dust generation by the granular Super-Visbestos, The correct granular Super-Visbestos level, however, should be no more than, the 0.5 fiber measured. As in the previous tests, the general level of environmental samples, j.e. , 0,1 - 0.3 fibers in the opposite end of the trailer, and 0.3 - 0.5 fibers directly adjacent to the dumping area, continue to support the validity of the value of 0.3 fiber as the background exposure level for the time period when asbestos is not being handled. Regular Super-Visbestos: TWA . I ta-3j m. = 0.4 fiber Granular Super-Visbestos: TWA = (-5) (7) = o.3 fiber '* c n t h L-uisiana 'fell Location Jhe last data to be.considered were obtained b; This was an open-air dump wherein 21 bags of granular Super- Visbestos were dumped in 15 minutes and 5 minutes were scent in cleanup and disposal of the bags. A slight wind was blowing towards the worker. Two samples were collected simultaneously in the breathing zone of the won.er during the dump. One sample was collected at tne same time in the breathing zone of an observer standing about 3' upwind. Results are shown in the table below. SAMPLE NO, LOCATION TIME FLOW RATE TOTAL VOLUME ASBESTOS CONC. MINUTES LITERS/MIN LITERS FIBERS/CC. 1 At breathing zone of worker. 22.0 2 At breathing zone of worker. 21.3 3 At breathing zone of the observer. 20.3 1 .5 2.9 4.3 33.0 61.8 87.3 1.4 0.6 0.0 6- Du.rinc- the home, as -veil as do.rinc cleanup and associated operations. The data from the two breathing zone samples, although somewhat fferent, are in reasonable agreement for this kind of dust sampling and .ounting. The levels found a"e also in the same general range as the results obtained at t"e other three locations. The zero level found for the observer also supports the assumption of the 0.3 fiber value for TWA calculations. Thus; TWA . L'.-1L&1+Lt-3U7.J11.0.35 o or using the 0.6 fiber reading TWA . (0.6) (0.33) * (0.3) (7.67) . 0 3, 8 DISCUSSION OF RESULTS - The data from the various tests have been assembled in Table I arranged approximately in the order of increasing dumping rate. Both ceiling concentration _and estimated time-v,:ei gh ted-average values are included. The data are shown graphically as a function of dumping rate in Figures 5 and 6. Ceiling Concentration Figure 5 gives the ceiling concentration results, ''he highest value observed was 5.5 fibers that occurred when the fine-grouno material was dumped in a small enclosed area. Even this level, however, is only. 55'. of that allowable in the OSHA regulations. All of the other data regardless of asbestos-type dumping rate or type of enclosure are below 2 fibers. Certain of the data were paired, as shown by the connecting arrows, to test the effect of a single variable. The two pairs of tints connected by the solid arrows are a direct comparison between coarse-ground ('ecular) and granular Super-Vis be scos. As would be expected, the granular ^ 0 :-;n gives naif as much dust or less. The other points for granular dumps in ooen a'r at nigner dump rates (open squares) bear out that the granular product fo'v, gives very low-dust levels. The two sets of points connected by the dashed arrows compare open and enclosed dumping. Again, as is reasonable, the levels were approximately four times as great for the confined areas. Estimate Tine-Weio'1 ted Averages Figure 6 gives the estimated TWA values for the various dumps. As noted previously, these were calculated on the basis of the observed ceiling concentration during the dump and an assumed background of 0.3 fiber over toe remainder of the shift The highest value found was only 0.7 fioer with all of the rest of the results in the 0.3 - 0,4 range. These numbers are a?r rexi '".a to8 of the present allowable level of 5 fibers and only 20V of :ne 1976 level of 2 r'ibers. -7- hocatic K~y t ' T Texas Panhandle II Central Oklahor* T T I Jear ''buston iv : '1bnr [mi'll on V Couth Lcisiana TABLE I AIRBORNE ASBESTOS OUST CONCENTRATIONS IN ! DRILLING FLUID OPERATIONS location SUPER-VIS8EST0S PR00UCT Coarse-Ground (Regular) Granular CONDITIONS 7'x25' Hud House. Open door at both ends 7`x25' Mud House. Open door at both ends DUMPING Rate Sacks Mi n. (Sacks/Min.) HOST LEVEL(,) Ceiling Concentration Timc-Ueiqhted Ave. (iW^ Fibers/cc. T of Allowable ' Fibers/cc. ^ I of fs) Alt- lel5) 10 59 10 59 0.17 0.17 1 .0 0.5 10 0.4 5 0.3 Coarse-Ground (Regular) Granular Open a i r Light breeze Open air tight breeze 20 21 20 26 0.95 0.77 1.9 0.4 19 0.4 4 0.3 Fine-Ground 10'x1l' Room (Hydrophobic) Totally enclosed 30 36 0.83 5.5 55 0.7 M. Fi n?-Gruund 10'xll' Room * (Hydrophobic) 1 side open, 8' 30 29 1.03 1.3 13 0.4 - A - - Granular Granular Granular 10' x!1' Room Totally enclosed 1n1 *|]' Room l side open, 8' Open air S11 ght breeze 30 29 10 30 21 15 1.03 1.00 1 .40 1.8 0.4 ffil.*4^'66'* . . 18 4 14 6 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 e 6 6. ^Sampling and dust counting carried out in accordance with OSHA Regulation 1910.93a. (2) Calculated at a background exposure of 0.1 fiher/cc. for all time except during actual dumping. ^fibers/cc. greater than 5 nicoineters in length. (4) ' 'Allowable * 10 fibers/cc. greater than 5 micrometers. ^A1 lowable 6 fibers/cc. greater than 5 micrometers, ^^Operator wore 2 samplers. One dunp per 8-hour shift cfc C3 CO ASBESTOS FIBER COUNTS Of AIRBOA* SAMPLES COLLECTED 020433 fl| Central Oklahoma Well Location Septenter 27, 1972 COURSE GROUND {REGULAR) AND GRANULAR SUPER-VISBESTOS Dump 20 Sacks *- Course Ground - Super-Visbestos Dump 20 Sacks -- Granular -- Super-Visbestos bf t e s t/ Cc, S'm {c *oy <rr) 020500 ASBESTOS FIBER COUNTS OF AIRBORNE SAMPLES COLLECTED flk Location Near Houston, Texas Septenter 25, 1972 One Side Open FINE GROUND HYDROPHOBIC ASBESTOS (ARCOVIS 9S3) - - :------------------- --j--------Room Closed ---------- >-- Dump 30 SacLs of Arcovis 953 020501 ASBESTOS FIBER COUNTS OF AIRBORNE SAMPLES COLLECTED Location .Tear Houston, Texas September 26, 1972 GRANULAR SUPER-VISBESTOS Room Closed jL Dunp 30 Sacks of Granular Super-Visbestcooss -- 1 h-*2.0. One Side Open X Sreithlnf iemt r /.? -k- L j.0 Ortr. Moppet.-------- l* ' : \ _J____ .0 -- *--- Jt^o- ' ^ Oppoi/ fh Corno/ _ ' I--I--/-- 1 i M(P I _______^ Pachiredi .<**(> * ' _____ L. as ^SreatAtftf 2One \ ___ gilfirl O Gfir Hopperw 1---------- ________j_______ Orer fmpty Baps Corner- Orr {Tn-.P?y . .--------------------,L--*--,je- --*--*--*--=j--Tn -- f~ * X XX f>9 ft* /otS 10*0 //** Z/iO GO 60 90 uo fSO 180 /yf&rCJ -- 1' kJj Off *qre Corner /i to /** -- T'l'me. CH*"'J 2>0 pi:,,utzt faps*4 r r > f~m /c ro n e f im ASBESTOS r'.3ER COUNTS OF AIRBORNE SAMPLES COLLECTED 0-0G02 ift Texas Panhandle Tell Location Septenfcer 28, 1972 COARSE GROUND (REGULAR) AND GRANULAR SUPER-VISBESTOS ( 1 iii - ; pump /n^ Jn & 7 *2S" \ />&/*<?, Poor open -- ! c*f doth ends. Dump /D SacA s --ftegufar -- Soper ^is tesfes Pump /O sacAs --Gran u/qr -- Sup er//sesfos \ ASBESTOS DUST CEILIN' ORATIONS DRILL: - AIO OPERA"i'ONS 020G03 c- > f iC <r 4 8 7 ALLOWABLE LEVEL - OSHA REGULATIONS Key To Numbered Points: Location Near Houston, Texas - 1 - Fine Ground; Room TotallyClosed 2 - Fine Ground; Door Open 3 - Granular; Room TotallyClosed 4 - Granular; Door Open ... Texas Panhandle Well Location 5 - Coarse Ground 6 - Granular ' Central Oklahoma Well Location 7 - Coarse Ground 8 - Granular South Louisiana Well Location 9 - Granular 10 - Granular \ \---------------------------------- \ \ \ 4 \ \ \ J ----------------------- \ Figure S \ \ z ^ / 10 O 0 1 _____ 1 _1_ _1 c.z 0.4 , _ 0.6 , 0.8 t.o /.a t.4 7\0 TV { Sac Jrf//n'n ute) Ce'i/zn.f C o n c e n fre fio rt ASBESTOS DUST ESTIMATED TIME-WEIGHTED AVERAGE CONCENTRATIONS Key To Numbered Points: Location Near Houston, Texas 1 - Fine Ground; Room Totally Closed 2 - Fine Ground; Door Open 3 - Granular; Room Totally Closed 4 - Granular; Door Open Texas Panhandle Well Location 5 - Coarse Ground 6 - Granular Central Oklahoma Well Location ?- Granular ( - Coarse Ground South Louisiana Well Location 9 - Granular 10 - Granular ALLOWABLE LEVEL - OSHA REGULATIONS 1972 '^0504 4 k Sr 5 V3 *S * A| ALLOWABLE LEVEL - OSHA REGULATIONS 1976 Vi 'Ck \Zyyu re 6 JL 0. 0.7 0.4 / 4i #1 L_____ 6 C. <f? f.Q ~ /Z i /m !'/> .j 'i'e ^ 10 J 1.4 <^0505 ASBESTOS FIBER COUNTS OF AIRBORNE SAMPLES COLLECTED Central Oklahoma Well Location This report gives the details of the dumping and sampling at the location shown above. Septeirber 27, 1972 On-Site Report No.l PERSONNEL PRESENT Montcllo, Inc. : R. Newman Union Carbide Corporation: L. l-'ber J. f-vr*' i UNION CARBIDE CuRPOftATh'-. Mi ning and Mata I ; Di vi s i Niagara Fa 11 j, f!e,j '/ok OBJECTIVE Monitor airborne asbestos under "on site" conditions. INTRODUCTION On September 27, 1972 tests were conducted at to provide on site airborne asbestos data. Two products were evaluated; Super Visbestos, a cracked pellet form of asbestos and New Granular Super Visbestos, a pelletized product. TEST METHOD 11:00-11:30 - 20 bags Super Visbestos added to premix pit. 11:30 - 12:00 - 20 bags New Granular Super Visbestos added to -premix pit. PRE-MIX PIT - (See Figure 1} Pit was approximately 301 x 8' x 51 deep. The 20 bags of product were added to a hopper connected to a discharge pipe. The vacuum created by the flow of liquid through the pipe was sufficient to keep the addition rate at a little over 1 bag/min. SAMPLER LOCATIONS - (See Figure 1) . The samplers were left in the same positions for both tests. Tney are designated posi tion 1 , 2 , and 3. Position 1 - 9 ft. upwind from hopper across tank, mounted on light pole, approx. 3 ft. above top rim of premix pit. Position 2 - Located on operator as he dumps 20 bags of product. Position 3 - 7 ft. downwind from operator on top of a pile of bags, approx. 2-1/2 ft. above top rim of preini x pit. Note: Tne terms upwind and downwind are fairly accurate. However, the wind did some shifting during the tests. EQUIPMENT Sampling and dust counting were carried out in accordance . i tii ;,sHA Reguloticn 1910.93a. Personal air samplers were used to collect personal breatiung zone and environmental samples on Mi Hi pore Membrane Filters of O.C micro!; ^urosity. 020507 Airs amp rs we re as fol 1 cws : MSA Personal Sampler - Calibrated to draw 2 liters per minute of air used in positions 3 and 4. 'Linico Personal Sampler "A" - Draws 1.8 liters per minute. Used in position 1. Uni co Personal Sampler "B" - Draws 1.7 liters per minute. Used in pcsi ti on 2. Fiber counting was performed on a Leitz Microscope utilizing Phase Contrast Illuminatio at 400X and a Patterson Globe and Circle Reticle. . TEST RESULTS - (See Table 1) '* Table 1 contains the results of the sample analysis dust counting. The count is reported as fibers greater than 5 microns in length per milliliter of air sampled. A fiber is defined as any material having an aspect ratio greater titan 3. INTERPRETATION Althougn the figures speak for themselves, it may be worthwhile to briefly review the Tire Weighted Average (TWA) aspect. The Regulations have been established with a limit of 5 fibers per mi1 liliter greater than 5 microns in length on a Time Weighted Average. This means the figures must be arranged to show the employee's average in take of fibers per milliliter on an 8 hour day. For example, a worker bumping asbestos for one hour per day and inhaling 8 fibers per milliliter during that hour would have a TWA of 1 fiber per milliliter and for 2 hours dumping at the 8 fibers per milliliter level would be 2 fibers per milliliter, etc. The highest reading in. Table 1 is 1.91 fibers per milliliter and the operator was exposed to this level for only 21 minutes. If this were his only exposure during the day, his TWA would be less than 0.1 fiber per milliliter. TABLE I SUMMARY OF DUST COUNTS N.8. No. Field No. Ti l;'2 (Minutes) Position Descripticn Addition of 20 bags Super Visbestos 1929-34-1 5 24 1 Environmental 1929-34-2 4 21 2 Personal 1929-34-3 ' 6 23 3 Environmental 1 . 1929-34-4 1929-34-5 1929-34-6 Addition of 20 bags New Granular Super Visbestos 37 27 1 Environmental 16 26 2 Personal 25 27 3 Environmental J308 Fi bers/ml >5 <0.1 1.91 0.54 0.15 0.42 0.31 FIGURE I Premix Pit Discharge Pipe PosItIon I Position 3 020510 ASBESTOS FIBER COUNTS OF AIRBORNE SAMPLES COLLECTED flflk Location Near Houston, Texas This report gives the details of the dumping and sampling at the location shown above. September 25-26, 1972 On-Site Report No. 2 PERSONNEL PRESENT Montello, Inc. : R. Newman Union Carbide Corporation: E. Klebe j . My^rr, UNION CARBIDE CORPORATION Mining and Metals division Niagara Falls, New York t. OBJ CT i < Monitor airborne asbestos in simulated North Slope mud house conditions. INTRODUCTION September 25 S 26, 1972 tests were conducted in order to determine the amount of airborne asbestos that could be generated a North Slope drilling operation. A building was constructed for the tests and air samples were taken inside this structure. Two products were evaluated: Cl) Arcovis 955, essentially I00JS liberated fiber and New Granular Super-Visbestos, a pelletized form of asbestos. TEST METHOD In order to closely simulate North were made as follows: ' September 25th - 30 - 9:00 a.m. - Noon of September 25th 1:30 p.m. - 4:00 p.m. - 30 of September 26th - 30 8:30 a,m. - 10:30 a. m. to 5 barrels of water. "Door" closed. September 26 th - 30 bags of New Granular Super-Visbestos added 10:30 a.m,. - 12:30 p.m,, to PHYSICAL DIMENSIONS OF BUILD! NG - A specially constructed plywood building, approximately 9 x 10 x 11.5 feet was used for all tests. The building was enclosed on all sides except for an 8 x 9 foot opening in front. When a "Door open" test was run the opening was ieff alon*:> end wind was free to blow about. When a "Door closed" test was conducted a large* p'o-cc ol dlactic was stapled over the opening, effectively shutting off outside wind. This technique was devised to simulate a cold day on the North Slope when trailer doors -r.utl be closed. SAMPLER LCCATIQNS - (See Figure I) in order to obtain a high amount of comparative data if ..as decided Ihet Ihe samplers would be located in the same positions for all i-ests. For esse c,' i sent i; icat ton they have been labeled positions I, 2, 3, and 4. Position I - Approximately 7 feet from Hopper in corner near aucr opening. Somewhat of a "dead" area from the standpoint of air circu!otion. In oil this sampler ran both during dump and in the "settling" nerk.f. Position 2 - Directly over Hopper, It was decided fhaT sine-.- fns eperafor moves about quite a bit obtaining and disposing of bags, a stationury camDio would be of value to catch any "blew back" from the l-bpper. This sampler was run during the dump. Upon completion a new filter was inserted and allowed to run through tne "settling" period. This accounts for two position 2 s-amplcs in each rest. (1) Use of this product is covered by U. S. Patent Nuriaer 3,618,680. 1} V :%-* ' ozoztim Position 3 - Attached to operator and run dur'nq entire dump. Position 4 - Placed over bag disposal area, approximately 5 feet from Hopper. Run after completion of dump. MISCELLANEOUS Alt samplers were 5-1/2 to 6 feet above the ground, except background sample on 9/25 which was 4-1/2 feet above the ground. In each test,30 bags of asbestos were added through a Hopper to approximately 100 barrels of liquid (either diesel or water) in a 170 barrel tank at the rate of I bag per minute. A 6 x 8 Inch B. J. Centrifugal Pump operated at 790G.P.M. Background sample 1929-32-12 has a rather large fiber content. This is probably due to movement in the area kicking up the previous day's dust and the placement of a pallet of asbestos during sampling time. - EQUIPMENT Sampling and dust counting were carried out in accordance with OSHA Regulation 1910. 93a. Personal air samplers were used to collect personal breathing zone and environmental samples on Mil Iipore Membrane Filters of 0.8 micron porosity. Air samplers were as follows: MSA Personal Sampler - Calibrated to draw 2 liters per minute of air. used in positions 3 and 4, Unico Personal Sampler "A" - Draws 1.8 liters per minute. Used in position I. Unico Personal Sampler "B" - Draws 1.7 liters per minute. Used in position 2. Fiber counting was performed on a Leitz Microscope utilizing Phase Contrast Illumination at 400X and a Patterson Globe and Circle Reticle. TEST RESULTS - (See Table 1) Table I contains the results of the sample analysis dust counting. The count is reported as fibers greater than 5 microns in length per milliliter of air sampled. fiber is defined as any material having an aspect rafio greater than 3. A INTERPRETATION Although the figures speak for themselves, ft may be worthwhile to briefly review the Time Weighted Average (TWA) aspect. The Regulations have been established with a limit of 5 fibers per milliliter greater than 5 microns in length on a Time Weighted Average. This means the figures must be arranged to show the employea's average in take of fibers per milliliter on an 8 hour day. For example, a worker dumping asbestos for one hour per day and inhaling 8 fibers per milliliter during that hour would nave a TWA of I fiber per milliliter and for 2 hours dumping af the 8 fibers pGr milliliter level would be 2 fibers per milliliter, etc. The highest reading in Table I is 5.5 -2- * 1Y 020513 fibers per milliliter and the operator tras exposed to this level tor only 35 minutes. If this were his only exposure during the day hfs TWA would be 0.4 fibers per mi I IiI iter. -3-  j-wry V.-XiW*.-..;. simRv or dust ooukts U^0S14 jr H.8. No. Field No. T i me (Minutes) Position Description Fibers/*! 5 September 25, 1972 1929-32-1 58 56 2 Background for 9/25 0.1 1929-32-2 1929-32-3 1929-32-4 1929-32-5 1929-32-6 OPEN SYSTEM - Addition of 30 bags Arcovis 953 to 100 barrels of diesel 62 29 52 30 70 81 54 78 56 1 10 2 Environmental - During Dump 3 Operator - During Dump 2 Environmental - After Dump * 4 Environmentst - After Dump 1 Environmental - During & After Dump 0.3 1.3 0.1 0.2 0.2 CLOSED SYSTEM - Addition of 30 bags Arcovis to 102 barrels of diesel/Arcovis mix 1929-32-7 1929-32-8 ' 1929-32-9 1929-32-10 1929-32-11 57 55 82 50 63 36 35 95 95 132 2 Environmenta1 - During Dump 5.2 3 Operator - During Dump 5.5 2 Environmental - After Dump 0.5 4 Environmenta1 - After Dump 0.3 1 Environments1 - During & After Dump 1.0 1929-32-12 23 31 September 26, 1972 2 Background for 9/26 0.7 CLOSED SYSTEM - Addition of 30 bags New Granular Super Visbestos to 125 barrels of water 1929-32-13 1929-32-14 1929-32-15 1929-32-16 1929-32-17 93 95 68 92 27 29 29 85 83 114 2 Environmenta1 - During Dump 1.7 3 Operator - During Dump 1.8 2 Environmenta1 - After Dump 0.2 4 Environments 1 - After Dump 0.! 1 Environmenta1 - During & After Dump 0.8 OPEN SYSTEM - Addition of 30 bags New Granular Super Visbestos to 120 barrels of water 1929-32-18 1929-32-19 1929-32-20 1929-32-2! 1929-32-22 90 79 19 36 74 31 30 77 77 107 2 Environmenta1 - During Dump 0.4 3 Operator - Dur ing Dump 0.4 2 Env1ronmenta1 - After Dump 0.) 4 Environmenta1 - After Dump 0.3 1 Environmenta1 - During After Dump 0.1 TOP VIEW Position (1) - >^.-rr . 020515 11-1/2 t 1. 10-1/3' All monitors about 5,5* above ground level Building 9' high Hoppar 3' high 1 { EMPTY j SACKS Position (A) FIGURE 1 - HOrPER ANT) BUILDING T ! .6 AS3EST0S FIBER COUNTS OF AIRBORNE SAMPLES COLLECTED Texas Panhandle Well Location This report gives the details of the dumping and sampling at the location shown above. Septerrber 28, 1972 On-Site Reoort No. 3 PERSONNEL PFESENT Monte!1c, !r;. R, V;, /an H. i-.'y 311. Union Carbide- Corporal1 -on : L . lotor UNION CARBIDE CORPORATION Minirz and Metals cn Niagara Falls, v-,r 020517 OBJECTIVE Monitor airborne asbestos in an actual on site condition inside a mud house. INTRODUCTION 25' x I' witn were evaluate Super-Vi sbes t tests were conductec at a dri 11 i ng site flHfc All samples were collecteo in a mud house approx, ..onset nut roof 7 ft. hi gn at the zenith. Two asbestos products ..per-. isoestos , essentially 100 liDerated fiuer, and New Granular a pel loti zed form. TEST f'E'Hjp 11:15 - 12:45 - 10 bags Super-Visbestos added to hopcer. ' 12:45 - 2:10 - 10 bags New Granular Super-Vi sees to., added to hopper. The first hour of each test was the dumping of a; re., tos , 1 bag every 6 minutes. Tne lubt half hour .-.as monitored as a settling period. SAMPLER LOCATIONS - (See Figure 1) The samplers were left in the same spots for each test. They arc oesignated as Position 1, 2, end 5. Position 1 - 4 ft. from hopper in somewhat of a "dead" air area, 5-1/2 ft. above floor. Position 2 - At opposite end of mud house, 3 ft. from doer, downwind from hopper, 5-1/2 ft. above ground. Position 3 - Operator dumping bags at tne rate- of 10/nour. EQUIPMENT Sampling and dust counting were carried out in accoruu'-vC with CSfiA Reg..let; on 1910.93a. Personal air samplers were used to collc.t personal breatni<'e samples on Mi 11 ipore Membrane Filters c 3.8 mit.*'on uo: : and environmental Air samplers we^e as follows: MSA Personal Sampler - Calibrated to draw i )M. . per minute of air. Used in position 3. Unico Personal Sampler "A" - Draws 1.8 liters minute. V.-: 'n position 1. Uni co Personal Sampler "3" - Draws 1.7 liters per mi note. "H d in position 2. Fiber counting was performed on a Leitz Mi c osc ".me i.t: i i zi ng Phase Contract Illumirat at 400X and a Patterson Globe and Circle Reticle. u^ujia rST RESULTS - (See Table 1) . Table 1 contains the results or the sample analysis dust counting. The count is reported as fibers greater than 5 microns in length per milliliter of air sampled, fiber is defined as any material having an aspect ratio greater than 3. A INTERPRETATION Although the figures speck for themselves, it may be worthwhile to briefly review the Tire Weighted Average (TWA) aspect. The Regulations nave been established with a limit of 5 fibers per milliliter greater than 5 microns in length on a Time Weighted Average. This means the figures must be arranged to show tne employee's average in take of fibers per milliliter on an 8 hour day. For example, a worker dumping asbestos for one hour per day and inhaling 8 fibers per milliliter during that hour would have a T..'A of 1 fiber per milliliter and for 2 hours dumping: at the 8 fibers per milliliter level would be 2 fibers per milliliter, etc. The highest reading in TabJIe 1 is 1.03 fibers per milliliter and the operator was exposed'-to this level for 59 minutes. If this were nis only exposure during tne day, his TWA would be less than 0.2 fiber per mi Hi li ter. 0-20S13 N.B. No. 1929-36-1 -2 -3 -4 -5 - TABLE I SUMMARY OF DUST COUNTS Field No. (Mi note's } Position Descri pt1' on Dun,ping of 10 bags Super-Visbestos 33 60 41 61 47 59 9 27 34 27 1 Envi ronmental 2 Environmental 3 Personal 1 1 Env. - After Dump 2 Env. - After Dump 7 -6 -7 -8 -9 "-10 Dumping of 10 bags New Granular Super-Visbestos 15 59 11 60 10 59 42 25 46 25 1 Envircnrental 2 Environmental 3 Personal 1 Env. - After Dump 2 Env. - After Dump Fi bers/ml > 5 JJL. 0.40 0.20 1.03 0.44 0.31 0.47 0.35 0.49 0.32 0.16 FIG'jac 1 'id i'OJS? ' 1OW <- ,, ?r,'. i ti on 3 r I osi-'ion 1 3afjs or !.\s>er-7isi,';;. (,, ft > ' i '1 o -Site Report No. 4 South Louisiana Well Location 020521 sr::-\ar operation. SLTEVEy Personal samples were collect?! at the breathing zone of d.e worior during the da-ping of asbestos using 37 cillinszer Mi Hi pore' type |r. erhrace) A-\ filter i.n a holder connected to a MSA or Unico pur.p pulling air through the ;liter at a constant flow rate. The determination of asbestos concentrations ..'as cade tv counting asbestos fibers longer than 5 micrometers at 103-^50 X nagri: ic-tior. (V ssillii.eters objective) with phase contrast illumination. DiscRiFzrc;: cr o?zaAna:: Id drilling operations a mud circulates around the drill Tbs nad is treated for weight, viscosity and gel str-engt... Auice-os effectiveness of gel,, that is. ;eps it :ron setting ~p . ...e ejr.cr.t be left in the annulus of the brill with gel characterise-:s. increases The seed ;roa. the 3ags weighing 50 pounds of Super Visbestos, Montello Inc., Tulsa, Chi.nr.ora were dumped into a hopper (l?" x 15" opening) over a tanb. contn-.t... g "15 barrels of r.ud (lb. 5 Ibs/g ligr.osulfor.ate). The Mortallo asbestos, producer bp- "nior. Carl i ic by a wet process, is in a pelletized fore. Twenty-one bags of asbestos war. d-uyn:i cv--r u period of approx imately Ip minutes. About 5 via :tes was spent in diertsin.; of . ...pty bags. A sligh breeze was blowing dust toward the worher r.rt tr.o lust ' :gir. to reztle before reaching Sl'lPLS IK) lccaito:; At breathing none o: \.rO~C ~ r''+' j REOb-TS ?I!-3 JJUT2S FLOW RAT3 litzr3/;:i;; 02052? totai voLiri: LITHiS A3333T0S COJC FIBZRS/CC 22.G 1.5 33.0 1.4 ON OJ . 21.3 cl. 0 0.6 20.3 *3 7.3 0.0 Two sc l?rs were placed at the breathing zone at ' o "T'-ror. fete sac pier -..'a" - ala -reuthi;:.; aur . a.' the s-rveyor who a i t..a operator aai ::orl nrocedurc at acor oxsunat e uy iron the hopper, Q) discussio:: C o *- rT'he Occupational Safety and health Adrini strut ion (C-SIL-.) regulation requires that the -hour tir.e-weighted average airborne concentration of asbestos filers to which any employee r.ay be exposed shall not exceed five filers longer tier. ;i vdcroaatera, par centimeter of air. The ceilir.; (zaxiaur.) coacentrotion is 11 f.^.'rs, loaper than 5 micrometers, per cubic centimeter of air. The results of the sampling and determinations iaiicatei that the asbestos exposure of the employee dumping asbestos was below the present GomA permissible level. The result was below 2 fibers/oc, the lir.it which will he effective on July 1, ljju. (1) The samples were ..collected s i~ultaneouslv during dumping as veil as during cleanuo and associ ated ooerations. > r ,'S Ah REGULATIONS T *> Title 29--LABOR Chapter XVII--Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Depart ment of labor PART 1910--OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH STANDARDS Standard for Exposure to Asbestos Dust On December 7, 1971, an emergency temporary standard concerning exposure to asbestos fibers was published in the Federal Resists* (36 FH. 23207), In ac cordance with section 6(c) (3) of the Wii* liams-Steiger Occuptalonal Safety and Health Act of 1970, a notice of proposed rulemaking regarding a permanent standard for exposure to asbestos libers was published in the Federal Register on January 12, 1972 (37 F.R. 466). The no tice Invited Interested persona to submit both orally and In writing, data, views, and arguments concerning the proposal. On or about January 24, 1972, the Ad visory Committee on Asbestos Dust was established and requested to make writ ten recommendations with regard to the proposed standard on asbestos. On or about February 1, 1972, the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare trans mitted to the Secretary of Labor a cri teria document containing Reconunenda- tions for an Occupational Exposure osure asbestos fibers and the ap Standard for Asbestos by the Nsrional pearance at advene biological manifes Institute for Occupational Safety and tations, such as asbestosls, lung cancers, Health (NIOSH), Public notice was given and mesothelioma, have given rise to of the receipt of the recommendations controversy as to the validity of the and their availability for Inspection and measuring techniques used and the relia copying. On or about February 26, 1972, bility of the relations attempted to be the Advisory Committee on Asbestos Dust established. Because of the long lapse submitted Its written recommendations of time between cauet of exposure and to the Assistant Secretary of Labor for biological manifestations, we have now Occupational Safety and Health. evidence of the consequences of exposure, Pursuant to the notice of rule making, but we do not have, in general, accurate a hearing was held on March 14 through measures of the levels of exposure oc 17,1972, for the purpose of receiving oral curring 20 or 30 years ago, which have data, views, and arguments concerning given rise to these consequences. There the proposed standard. On or about are also controversies concerning the March 31,1972, the presiding hearing ex relative toxicity of the various kinds of aminer certified to the Assistant Secre asbestos, and varying hazards In dif tary of Labor for Occupational Safety ferent workplaces. and Health the record of the proceeding. It Is fair to say that the controversy The record Includes prehearing written has centered in the area between a two- comments, a transcript of the oral pres fiber TWA concjmtratlon and five-fiber entations made at the hearing, and nu TWA concentration, with variations on merous exhibits received during the the time needed for compliance. Many course of the hearing or within the pe employers support a five-fiber TWA. riod allowed after the dose of the Most medical opinion is divided between hearing. a two-fiber standard and a five-fiber The proposed standard dealt with (1) standard. permissible concentrations of asbestos In view of the undisputed grave con fibers; (2) methods of compliance; (3) sequences from exposure to asbestos warning signs; (4) monitoring; (5) med fibers, it Is essential that the exposure be ical examinations; and (6) recordkeep regulated now. on the basis of the best ing. Each of these major proposals elic evidence available now, even though it ited comments, arguments, objections, may not be as good as scientifically de and counterproposals. They all have been sirable. An asbestos standard can be re examined and considered. evaluated In the light of the results of 1. Acceptable concentrations of asbes ongoing studies, and future studies, but tos dust. The proposed standard would cannot wait for them. Lives of employees limit occupational exposure to 8-hour are at stake. time-weighted average (TWA) airborne It Is concluded that there should be concentrations of asbestos dust not ex one minimum standard of exposure to ceeding five fibers longer than five asbestos applicable to all workplaces ex micrometers per milliliter. Concentra posed to any kind, or mixture of kinds, tions above five fibers but not to exceed of asbestos. Reasons of practical ad 10 fibers (celling concentration) would ministration preclude a variety of stand be permitted up to 15 minutes In an hour, ards for different kinds of asbestos and but for not more than 5 hours in any one of workplaces. Also, while the evidence 8-hour day. tends to show that crocidolite, for In NIOSH In effect has recommended stance, Is more harmful than chrysotile. that the five-fiber TWA and 10-flber the evidence is not sufficient to establish peak concentrations be permitted only separate standards for varieties of for 2 years; thereafter, TWA concentra asbestos. tions should be not more than 2 fibers Because there must be one standard per cubic centimeter (cm,') of air, and governing exposure to all varieties of peak concentrations should not exceed 10 asbestos, and In workplaces apparently flbers/cm.*, with no time restriction. more hazardous than others; because Numerous objections and counterpro some present employees with regular ex posals have been made, with regard to posure to asbestos have probably al both the limits of asbestos fiber concen ready accumulated great doses of asbes trations and the time periods to comply tos fibers, due to higher levels of ex with them. Some, for example, have rec posure In the past; because it appears ommended return to a 12-flber standard that levels of exposure which may be of an earlier day; l.e., a level adopted safe with regard to asbestosls are not under the Walsh-Healey Public Con safe with regard to mesothelioma; be tracts Act In 1969. Others have recom cause the statute requires the protection mended a two-fiber standard to become of every employee, even of one who may effective In 6 months, then a one-fiber have regular exposure to asbestos during standard for 2 years, and finally a zero- a working life which may reach, or even fiber standard after 3 years. These rec exceed, 40 years; and because of several ommendations give a fair Indication of other considerations which have been the wide spread of the counterproposals. urged and are reflected In the record of No one has disputed that exposure to the proceeding, the conflict in the medi asbestos of high enough Intensity and cal evidence Is resolved In favor of the long enough duration Is causally related health of employees. As of July 1, 1976, to asbestosls and cancers. The dispute la TWA concentrations of asbestos fibers as to the determination of a specific level longer than 6 micrometers will not be below which exposure Is safe. Various allowed to exceed two flbers/cc,, with a studies attempting to establish quantita celling value of 10 flbers/cc. The current tive relations between specific levels of TWA concentrations of five fibers, and FEOEJtAL REGISTER, VOL SI, HO. 110--WEDNESDAY, JUNE 7, 1972 RULES A?4D REGULATIONS 11319 ceiling concentration* of 10 flbers/cc, fiber: -r. that these would not be released 4. Records. The standard, as proposed will be permitted until July 1, 1979, dur In tor . .-mal use of the products, should and as adopted, requires maintenance of ing what will be a transitional period not be required to be labeled; and <2> records of monitoring and of medical deemed necessary to allow employers to words such as "danger" and "cancer" are examinations. Most of the controversy in make the needed changes for coming urwamuitedly alarming. this are* has revolved around the ques into compliance with the more stringent Both contentions have merit, and toe tion whether an employer should be al standard. standard has been changed accordingly. lowed to have access to the results of The record shows that the many work 4. Monitoring. The proposed standard the required medical examinations. The operations subject to the single asbestos would have required persona! monitor apprehension of those who have argued standard (textile, manufacturing, Indus ing and environmental monitoring. against employer access is based on the trial. and marine installation, etc.) will Many Issues hare been raised concerning expectation that some employers will use meet varying degrees of difficulty in the availability and reliability of meas the medical examinations as a means of complying with toe standard. In some uring Instruments, frequency of moni screening employment applicants, and plants, extensive redesign and reloca toring, and conditions In which monitor worse, as grounds for discharging current tion of equipment may be needed. It ap ing should be required. The adopted employees, who show signs of being af pears. however, the delay In the effective standard takes the objections Into con fected by exposure to asbestos. Since the date of the two-fiber standard will pro sideration. It requires periodic monitor purpose of the medical examinations is vide all employers a reasonable time to ing at intervals no longer than 6 months, to monitor toe health of employees ex comply, At the same time, so long as toe thus allowing considerable time and dis posed to the hazards of abestos, em celling limit is complied with, no harm cretion, and prescribes toe use of the ployees cannot in reason be granted the Is reasonably expected to result from ex membrane filter method, which Is an ac privilege of refusing to disclose to their posures during the transitional period. ceptable method for determination of employers results of occupational expo 2. Methods of compliance. It has been pointed out by many persons, that pro tection against asbestos fibers Is best obtained by controlling the generation of fibers first, and secondly, by controlling the dispersion of released fibers Into the ambient-air of the workplaces. Therefore, asbestos fibers. It has also been recommended that employees or their representatives should have an opportunity to observe the monitoring. The recommendation has been accepted. 5. Medical examinations. The pro sure. It does not make sense to require employers to provide medical examina tions Lf they cannot know and use toe results of toe examinations. Por these reasons the standard provides that em ployers may have a restricted access to some medical information. the standard requires feasible techno posed standard would only require an On the other hand, there is no Inten logical controls and appropriate work appropriate medical examination on a tion to allow employers to abuse medical practices as toe primary means of com pliance. Rotation of employees as a way of meeting the TWA concentration re quirement Is allowed only in stated ex ceptional circumstances, because, as a general rule, it would be difficult to Im plement. Personal protective equipment, such as respirators, cannot be relied upon because, among other reasons, they may be so uncomfortable as to be bur densome, except for short periods of time. Therefore, It is expected that res pirators and shift rotation will be used during the period necessary to install en gineering controls and to train employ ees In sound work practices, but, after technological compliance has been achieved, their use must be limited to special work situations and emergencies. Where both are practicable, shift rota tion is required. 3. Labeling. The proposed standard stopped short of requiring labeling as bestos and asbestos-containing products. The proposed standard would have re quired only warning signs at locations periodic basis. The generality of the pro posal has attracted many objections and also many helpful comments. The recom mendations of NIOSH and of the Advi sory Committee on Asbestos Dust were much more specific with respect to both frequency end type of medical examina tions to be required. The comments vary as to toe class of employees to be ex amined and a* to the frequency of toe examinations. The adopted standard requires medical examinations both at the beginning and the termination of employments exposed to concentrations of asbestos fibers, and also requires annual medical examina tions of every employee exposed to air borne concentrations of asbestos. It has been pointed out that in certain indus tries, such as construction, an employee may work for several employers during the same year. Accordingly, the standard does not require either preemployment, or termination, or periodic ex&minaton of any employee who has been examined in accordance with the standard within Information obtained pursuant to the Act, to the detriment of employees. Therefore, the administration of the medical records requirement will be closely watched, and, in cases of abuse, appropriate action will be considered. The issues discussed above are believed to be the major ones. Numerous other is sues have been raised In the rulemaking proceedings. Some have been referred to incidentally. Many recommendations, for instance, about work practices, are so obviously meritorious that their adop tion needs no exposition here. Other recommendations sad many objections have not been adopted for a variety of reasons which should be manifest. Sev eral, for Instance, have recommended the use of respirators only pursuant to a variance, or in cases of emergency and occasional short-term exposures. The recommendation with respect to vari ances undoubtedly has many merits, but Is considered administratively Im practical. where asbestos hazards are present. the past year. Accordingly, after consideration of toe However, labeling, rather than warning One question which has been raised whole record of toe proceeding, and signs, has proved to be a point of con troversy. Both NIOSH and the Advisory Committee on Asbestos Dust recom mended labels for asbestos products and containers, and these recommendations goes to whether toe employer or the em ployee should be allowed to choose toe examining physician. The standard gives the option to the employer. Since some employers already have a medical pursuant to sections 6 (b) and <c) and 3(c) of the Wllllams-Stelger Occupa tional Safety and Health Act of 1970 <94 Stftt. 1593, 1596, 1599 ; 29 UB.C. 6S5, became very controversial In the course examination program in operation, and, 657), 29 CFR 1910.4, and to Secretary of of the proceeding. Many counterpro proposals have been made as to toe lan guage of the warning as well as to toe products to be subject to the labeling requirements. Employers, In general, strongly contend that (1) finished prod also, have medical departments with some expertise in the diagnosis of abestos-related diseases, it seems more reasonable to permit them to utilize toe present programs and expertise, than to permit an employee to choose a private labor's Order No. 12-71 <36 F.R. 6754), Part 1910 of Title 29 of the Code of Fed eral Regulations Is amended as set forth below, (1) Section 1910.93 Is amended by re ucts which effectively entrap asbestos general practitioner. vising Table 0-3 to read as follows; fCDtHAL Rfdliru, VOL S7, HO. II0--WEDNESDAY, JUNE 7, 1*72 3ULES ANO REGULATIONS , ,910.93 AirconUmloanU. * to which my employee may be exposed (d) J*e .. : equipment-- shall not exceed two fibers, longer than (1) Compn-..',;^ tin;- posure limits Tiau Dvnt 5 micrometers, per cubic centimeter of prescribe*: ; paragraph (b) of this sec air, as determined by the method pre tion may not be achieved by the use of ButwUnw Upv>flf H|/V scribed in paragraph (el of this section. respirators or shift rotation of em (31 Celling concentration. No em ployees, except: *U|~- % urvrtftMlnfc. UUaiUlr ttplreblfi).... 2r lOm^lP- ployee shall be exposed at any time to airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers In excess of 10 fibers, longer than (1) During the time period necessary to install the engineering controls and to institute the work practices required Qunrtz (total dusl) C*Trjf^\Nluirtsca*liil*r!ull**t*d Hfrolhm* th* count or mam tormul** lor AmTdloiuqciLrrfutpioulIayhnclmroauiotUur*cl.stlcIro.ko-rI|unql*f.currnonlaumordrtHit*nhi.}gl.ih.n.ff.aoT.rt*.ut.lru.a.*l 5 micrometers, per cubic centimeter of by paragraph (e> of this section; 30 lOmn.'M* WO. air, as determined by the method pre scribed In paragraph (e) of this section. (cl Methods of compliance--(1) En gineering methodi. (1) JTnpineeriny con trol!. Engineering controls, such as, but mot limited to, Isolation, enclosure, ex haust ventilation, and dust collection, shall be used to meet the exposure limits prescribed In paragraph (b) of this section. (11)In work situations In which the methods prescribed In paragraph (c) of this section are either technically not feasible or feasible to an extent insuffi cient to reduce the airborne concentra tions of asbestos fibers below the limits prescribed by paragraph (b) of this section; or (ill) In emergencies. flillrnir* flrsthaii J'Tcrys- liilliur -"1" Mica.-,. ........................ "IrinmiOoeTpTLlt.tt.rttW.d..fc..p...m....r.i.i.T................ ~ ~ le THtaiiR>MIuyit~( nltcatupirfanlb?l.<.*...f.r.a.c..t.i.o..n. lc,-3 (baJrfr% SlUi)................. Jut inorf Ifoan V7 BlOr............. 30 30 H 16 ... aXmf/M* l0omt f/lP <U> Local exhaust ventilation, (a) Local exhaust ventilation and dust col lection systems shall be designed, con structed, Installed, and maintained in accordance with the American National Standard Fundamentals Governing the Design and Operation of Local Exhaust Systems, ANSI Z9.2-1971, which is in (iv) Where both respirators and per sonnel rogation are allowed by subdivi sions (1), (U), or (ill) of this subpara graph. and both are practicable, person nel rotation shall-be preferred and used. (2) Where a respirator Is permitted by subparagraph (I) of this paragraph. It shall be selected from among those ap fjT Jurrl or S'lilsrfuruircchtOmn_sl: \ Tutal ilust............... %8IOH-2 corporated by reference herein. 6106 (b) See S 1910.6 concerning the avail lirag/M* ability of ANSI Z9.2-1971. and the maintenance of a historic file In connec Note ronv'tston Itttors-- =mipcrX36.3 mpuilrliiJodnft*paprctlrecl.rce.pT cubic meltr tion therewith. The address of the Amer ican National Standards Institute Is given In 11910.100. Jf/jga p Millions of narticliv p*r cubic fool of air, based on eb1l3xi1Tc> lHeTtlhipnl?stpihrrIoinmr|wvsrun*unriomrtuofw!*piitbtlafeisrpudact^tpnaUoputriflteimiclcccalvrndbywIljentbSa.yUwllhfinrgioachmhts`fUoieatthcltdr*ertbIenojcDrhn(tnhettiecosmdf.osmrmpblaeuatlaaV, VAIj (111) Particular tools. KSX hand-op erated and power-operated tools which may produce or release asbestos fibers in excess of the exposure limits pre As d'tormincd b> the mernbranc 491 x phase contra* l magnificat Ion. pu-tli coiicetitniHon and percent filter method art P quart* tor the scribed In paragraph <b> of this such as. but not limited to. saws, section, scorers, apphcnrion of thi& limit are to be determined from (hr fraction passing a site-selector with lhe following cfwmct eristics: abrasive wheels, and drills, shall be pro vided with local exhaust ventilation sys tems in accordance with subdivision (11) ;i:iiinr dijir.rh-r iHinuh-iotliy sphere) I'-rcent pawfrtj kctoi of this subparagraph. (2) Work practices--(1) Wet methods. Insofar as practicable, asbestos shall be go handled, mixed, applied, removed, cut. : .1 36 .511 762066 scored, or otherwise worked in a wet state sufficient to prevent the emission 1U 0 of airborne fibers In excess of the ex posure limits prescribed In paragraph T|ir mr.t'itrements under this note refer lo the uae of an AEf If the respirable fraetion of eoaJ dusi tifirrmineil wlUt a MRE the figure eomapoodlng tutbai oCv.i Mg.'M* In the table tor coal dust la 6,6 (b) of this section, unless the usefulness of the product would be diminished thereby. 2. A new S 1910.93a Is added to Part 1910, reading as follows; (11) Particular products and opera tions. No asbestos cement, mortar, coat ing, grout, plaster, or similar material proved by the Bureau of Mines, Depart ment of the Interior, or the National In stitute for Occupational Safety and Health, Department of Health, Educa tion, and Welfare, und-r the provisions of 30 Clll Part 11 (37 TH. 6244. Mar. 25, 1972), and shall be used In accordance with subdivisions (1), (ID, (ill), and <lv) of this subparagraph. (1) Air purifying respirators, A reusa ble or single use air purifying respirator, or a respirator described In subdivision (11) or (ill) of this subparagraph, shall be used to reduce the concentrations of airborne asbestos fibers In the respirator below the exposure limits prescribed in paragraph (b) of this section, when the ceiling or the 8-hour time-weighted aver age airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers are reasonably expected to exceed no more than 10 times thos* limits, (ID Powered air purifying respirators. A full facepiece powered air purifying respirator, or a powered air purifying respirator, or a respirator described in subdivision (ill) of this subparagraph, shall be used to reduce the concentra tions of airborne asbestos fibers In the respirator below the exposure limits pre scribed in' paragraph (b> of this section, when the celling or the 8-hour time- 1910.93s A-bentos. containing asbestos shall be removed welghted average concentrations of (a) Definitions. For the purpose of from bags, cartons, or other containers asbestos fibers are reasonably expected this section. < 1) "Asbestos" includes In which they are shipped, without being to exceed 10 times, but not 100 times, chrysotite, amoslte, crocidollte, tremo- either wetted, or enclosed, or ventilated those limits. llte, anthophylllte, and actinollte. <2> "Asbestos fibers" means asbestos fibers longer than 5 micrometers. -(b) Permissible exposure to airborne so as to prevent effectively the release of airborne asbestos fibers In excess of the limits prescribed In paragraph (b) of this section. (Ill) Type "C" supptied-air respirators, continuous flow or pressure-demand class. A type *'C" continuous flow or pres sure-demand, supplied-air respirator concentrations of asbestos fibers--(1) (ill) Spraying, demolition, or removal. shall be used to reduce the concentra Standard elective July 7, 1972. The Employees engaged in the spraying ot tions of airborne asbestos fibers in the 8-hour time-weighted average airborne asbestos, the removal, or demolition of respirator below the exposure limits pre concentrations of asbestos fibers to pipes, structures, or equipment covered scribed ln paragraph (b) of this section, which any employee may be exposed or Insulated with asbestos, and In the when the celling or the 8-hour time- shall not exceed five fibers, longer than removal or demolition of asbestos In weighted average airborne concentra 5 micrometers, per cubic centimeter of sulation or coverings shall be provided tions of asbestos fibers are reasonably air, as determined by the method pre scribed in paragraph (e) of this section. (2) Standard effective July 1, 1976. The 8-hour time-weighted average air with respiratory equipment In accord ance with paragraph (d> (2) (ill) of thla section and with special clothing In ac cordance with paragraph (d) (3) of thla expected to exceed 100 times those limits. (iv) Establishment of a respirator pro gram. (a) The employer shall establish borne concentrations of asbestos fibers section. a respirator program In accordance with FtOUAl ItOISTH, VOL J7, NO, MO--WtONtSOAV, JUNI 7, 1973 R- 'NO REGULATIONS 11321 the ; ,ulremer.-i oi the American Na where .vbest-..- . -;rs axe released to be subpx. .spit shall conform to the re .a. Standards Practice# for Reap-;:, monitcred In st - a way a# to determine quirement# of 20" x 14" vertical format tor Protection, ANSI Z88,2-1969, wh,.:. whether every -r.ployee'* exposure to signs specified In 11910.145(d) (4). ar.-i Is incorporated by reference herein. \ asbestos fibers is below the limit* pre to this subdivision. The signs shall dir b. see 11910.6 concerning the avail* scribed In paragraph (b) of this sec play the following legend In the lower tXtaeh*_bne.iarl.ienmt.ywc.aea1io4thfWom..Aff TNnah*Sn1e.IhZAaisnJ8dttBJ.domar.vrae2'itncs-eIs9fA6iaoll9eeff and the main. A(inn rcnonnnnaeeciitAioHn ^tVhl e iAMmAeSr!icaknk . ' tion. If the limit# are exceeded, the em- ' apcaol.omyi pe1lrJlaa mnschjaeal-lpriomgmr--ae-m- d- iIIanteaalkyccournddaenrcteakwei1tVhal panel, with letter sizes and styles of s. visibility at least equal to that specified in this subdivision. National Standards Institute la given in 5 1910.100. (c> No employee shall be assigned to tasks requiring the use of respirators if, based upon his most recent examination, an examining physician determines that paragraph (c> of this section. (2> Personal monitoring--(1) Sam ples shall be collected from within the breathing zone of the employees, on membrane filters of 0.8 micrometer porossity mounted In an open-face filter legend Aihesto#'_____________ Dust Hazard Noiotion 1" Sans SertT. Gothic or Block. 54" San* Serif, a o t h lc or the employee will be unable to function holder. Samples shall be taken for the Block. normally wearing a respirator, or that the safety or health of the employee or other employees will be Impaired by hi* use of a respirator. Such employee shall be rotated to another Job or given the opportunity to transfer to a different po determination of the 8-hour timeweighted average airborne concentra tions and of the ceiling concentrations of asbestos fibers. (ii) Sampling frequency and patterns. After the initial determinations required Avoid Breathing Dust___ Wear Assigned Protective Equipment. Do Not Remain tn Area Unless Tour Work Re quires It. Breathing Asbestos Dust >4'" Gothic. >4" Gothic. '4" Gothic. 14 point Gothic. sition whose duties he is able to perform by subparagraph (1) of this paragraph, May Be Hazardous To with the same employer. In the same geo samples shall be of such frequency and Tour Health. graphical area and with the same senior pattern as to represent with reasonable ity, status, and rate of pay he had Just accuracy the levels of exposure of em- prior to such transfer, if such a different jployees. In no case shall the sampling be position Is available. -Jdone at Intervals greater than 8 months <3> Special clothing: The employer rtor employees whose exposure to asbestos shall provide, and require the use of, spe- Nmay reasonably be foreseen to exceed cial clothing, such as coveralls or similar Athe limits prescribed by paragraph (b) whole body clothing, head coverings, of this section. gloves, and foot coverings for any em (3) Environmental monitoring--<U ployee exposed to airborne concentra samples shall be collected from areas of tions of asbestos fibers, which exceed the a work environment which are represent ceiling level prescribed in paragraph lb)' ative of the airborne concentrations of of this section. asbestos fibers which may reach the Hi Change rooms: <i> At any fixed breathing zone of employees. Samples place of employment exposed to airborne shall be collected on a membrane filter concentrations of asbestos fibers In ex of 0.8 micrometer porosity mounted In cess of the exposure limits prescribed In an open-face filter holder. Samples shall paragraph (b) of this section, the em be taken for the determination of the 8- ployer shall provide change rooms for hour time-weighted average airborne employees working regularly at the place, concentrations and of the celling con iiii Clothes lockers: The employer centrations of asbestos fibers. shall provide two separate lockers or con (iii Santplmp frequency end patterns. tainers for each employee, so separated After the initial determinations required or isolated as to prevent contamination by subparagraph (1) of this paragraph, Spacing between, lines shall be at least equal to the height of the upper of any two lines. (2) Caution labels--(i> Labeling. Cau tion labels shall be affixed to all raw materials, mixtures, scrap, waste, debris, and other products containing asbestos fibers, or to their containers, except that no label Is required where asbestos fibers have been modified by a bonding agent, coating, binder, or other material so that during any reasonably foreseeable use. handling, storage, disposal, processing, or transportation, no airborne concentra tions of asbestos fibers in excess of the exposure limits prescribed In paragraph <b' of this section will be released. (ti) Label specifications. The caution labels required by subdivision (I) of this subparagraph shall be printed In letters of sufficient size and contrast ms to be readily visible and legible. The label shall state: Cavtiox of the employee's street clothes from his samples shall be of such frequency and work clothes. pattern as to represent with reasonable <iil' Laundering: (at Laundering of accuracy the levels of exposure of the Contains Asbestos Fibers Avoid Creating Dust asbestos contaminated clothing shall be employees. In no case shall sampling be done so as to prevent the release of air at intervals greater than 6 months for Breathing Asbestos Dust May Cause Serious Bodily Harm borne asbestos fibers in excess of the ex employees whose exposures to asbestos <h> Housekeeping--(1) Cleaning. All posure limits prescribed In paragraph <b> may reasonably be foreseen to exceed external surfaces In any place of employ of this section. the exposure limits prescribed In para ment shall be maintained free of accu Any employer who gives asbestos- graph (b) of this section. mulations of asbestos fibers if. with their ronUminated clothing to another person (4) Employee observation of monitor dispersion, there would be an excessive for laundering shall inform such person of the requirement In (a) of this subdi vision to effectively prevent the release of airborne asbestos fibers in excess of the exposure limits prescribed In para graph <b> of this section. (c> Contaminated clothing shall be transported in sealed impermeable bags, or other closed, impermeable containers,, and labeled In accordance with para ing. Affected employees, or their rep resentatives, shall be given a reasonable opportunity to observe any monitoring required by this paragraph and shall have access to the records thereof. <g> Coulion signs ond labels. (1) Cau tion signs. (i> Posting. Caution signs shall be provided and displayed at each location where airborne concentrations if asbestos fibers*may be in excess of the concentration. (2) Waste disposal. Asbestos waste, scrap, debris, bags, containers, equip ment, and asbestos-contaminated cloth ing. consigned for disposal, which may r produce in any reasonably foreseeable j use, handling, storage, processing, dis- I posal, or transportation airborne concen- "t, tratlons of asbestos fibers in excess of the P exposure limits prescribed id-paragraph V graph (g> of this section. exposure limits prescribed in paragraph (b) of this section shall be collected and K (e> Method of measurement. All de l(b) of this section. Signs shall be posted disposed of tn sealed Impermeable bags. 1 terminations of airborne concentrations at such a distance from such a location or other closed. Impermeable containers, of asbestos fibers shaU be made by the so that an employee may read the signs (1) Recordkeeping--(1) Exposure rec membrane filter method at-409-450 x fmagnification' (4 millimeter objective) with phase contrast Illumination. (fi Monitoring--<l) Initial deferminaiiems. Within 6 months of the publi and take necessary protective steps be fore entering the area marked by the signs. Signs shall be posted at all ap proaches to areas containing excessive concentrations of airborne asbestos fibers. ords. Every employer shall maintain rec ords of any personal or environmental monitoring required by this section. Rec ords shall be maintained for a period of at least 3 years and shall be made avail able upon request to the Assistant Secre cation of this section, every employer ftl) Sign specifications. The warning tary of Labor for Occupational Safety shall cause every place of employment signs required by subdivision (I) of this and Health, the Director of the National FEDEtAL MCISTEI, VOL 37, NO. 110--WEDNESDAY, JUNE 7. 147* mas RULES AND REGULATIONS Institute r.. Safety &r.S Records shall be retained by Mealth, anc l,\ representa- employers for at least 20 years. es of either. 2) Employee oect ,< Every employee i former employee .shall have reasonii-.i ? access to any record required to be tvu.nlalncd by subparagraph (1) of this paragraph, which indicates the em ployee's own exposure lo asbestos fibers. <31 Employee notification, Any em ployee found to have been exposed at any time to airborne concentrations of asbes tos fibers in excess of the limits pre scribed in paragraph <b> of this section shall be notified in writing of the expo sure as soon as practicable but not later than 5 days of the finding The employee shall also be timely notified of the cor- reciive action being taken. ij) Afedicol examinations-- '1' Gen eral. The employer shall provide or make (ii) Access. The contents of the rec ords of the medical examinations required by this paragraph shall be made available, for Inspection and copying, to the Assistant Secretary of Labor for Occupational Safety and Health, the Director of NIOSH, to authorized physi cians and medical consultants of either of them, and, upon the request of an em ployee or former employee, to his physi cian. Any physician who conducts a medical examination required by this paragraph shall furnish to the employer of the examined employee all the Infor mation specifically required by this paragraph, and any other medical in formation related to occupational ex posure to asbestos fibers. available at his cost, medical examina 3. A new 5 1910.19 is added to Subpart tions relative to exposure to asbestos re B of Part 1910, reading as follows: quired by this paragraph. <2i PrepUtcemenl. The employer shall 1910.19 Asbestos dust. provide or make available to each of his Section 1910.93a shall apply to the ex employees, within 30 calendar days fol posure of every employee to asbestos lowing his first employment in an occupation exposed to tJrborne con centrations ol asbestos fibers, a compre hensive mediral examination, which shall include, as a minimum, a chest roent genogram i posterior-anterior 14 x 17 Inches), a history to elicit symptom dust in every employment and place of employment covered by f 1910.12, f 1910.13. } 1910.14, ! 1910.15, or t 1910.16, in lieu of any different standard on ex posure to asbestos dust which would otherwise be applicable by virtue of any of those sections. atology of respiratory disease, and Effective date. Paragraph (b) (2) of pulmonary function tests to include I 1910.93a shall become effective July 1, forced vital capacity iFVCi and forced 1976. All other provisions of I! 1919.93a, expiratory volume at 1 second (FEV10). 1910.93, and 1910.19 shall become effec <3! Annual exam:nations. On or be tive July 7,1972. The current emergency fore January 31, 1973, and at least an nually thereafter, every employer shall provide, or make available, comprehen sive medical examinations to each of his employees engaged in occupations ex temporary standard remains in effect until July 7, 1972. (Secs. e. 8. 84 Stat. 1593, 1598; 29 U.S.C. 898, 657: 29 CFR 1910.4; Secretary of Labor'* Order No. 12-71, 36 FJt. B7M) ited to airborne concentrations of as bestos fibers. Such annual examination shall include, os a minimum, a chest Signed at Washington, D.C., this 2d day of June 1972. roentgenogram 'posterior-anterior 14 x 17 inchest, a history to elicit symptom O. C. Gutnthex, Assisianf Secretary of Labor, atology of respiratory disease, and pulmonary function tests to include ;FR Doc.72-8574 Piled 8-6-72:8:48 am) forced vital capacity 'FVC) and forced expiratory volume at 1 second (FEV.oK (4) Termination of employment. The employer shall provide, or make avail able, within 30 calendar days before or after the termination of employment of any employee engaged in an occupation exposed to airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers, a comprehensive medical examination which shall Include, as a minimum, a chest roentgenogram (pos terior-anterior 14 x 17 inches), a history to elicit symptomatology of respiratory disease, and pulmonary function tests to include forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume at I second i FEV,,). '5' Recent examinations. No medical examination is required of any em ployee. if adequate records show that the employee has been examined in ac cordance with this paragraph within the past 1-year period. iG> Medical records--H) Mainte nance. Employers of employees examined pursuant to this paragraph shall cause to be maintained complete and accurate records of all such medical examfna- REPORT NO. 83-M-3 FILE NO. 530-10902 UNION CARBIDE CORPORATION METALS DIVISION TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT - PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT TRIP TO: Elk City, Oklahoma - Little Rock, Ark. DATE: January 16-20, 1983 BY: F. L. Smith PURPOSE: Customer Service Dust Count 020Z2S Discussion ' .. Airborne asbestos emission samples were collected at two production facilities: 1. Western Drilling Rig #209 This is a natural gas well going to 26,000 ft. While drilling surface casing (^ 5500 ft.) "Supervisbestos" (distributed by Montello, Inc.) is used in conjunction with bentonite to provide viscosity in the drilling fluid. This operation may use between 600-800 bags of Supervisbestos. Airborne asbestos samples were collected from the Derrick Hand and three environmental locations: Persons Interviewed A. - Bud Shreeves - Drilling consultant, Leede Oil and Gas Company. B. - Gerald Garner and Ray Taylor - Mud engineers, X-Puet Mud Co. C. - Doug Goyer and Charlie Alexander - Montello, Inc. 2. Ameron -Enmar Finishes Division This is a RG-110 and RG-244 customer using our products in ZN-rich primers and coatings. Airborne asbestos samples taken from mixer operator and locations adjacent to the mixing equipment. This customer is handled by D&F Distributing, Dallas, Texas. Persons Interviewed A. Dick Byrd - Technical Director, Ameron Finishes Division. B. Ross Frank - V.P. , D&F Distributing, Dallas, Texas. /jl MUD REPORT Title : Vik\A ftlvA Sample Description__________________ 3\) R.\ UlQCt MV. gulVyCve- & A1QQ9W. 5.QOfl\ OCR \ / Vi 020523 Sssk \m\cr -v Softer \^bg5c\os, Avccfrw to IV . ac^^\>\Nfce.^_ ?MnWttv __________________ W^r^TrM^rv^j.. tjjn o\ iYl-^ sfc./<^\ arA \ O \o 3.0 *^a\ tmA \A WeiRht (lb/gal) 600 Reading 300 Reading Plastic Viscosity (cp) Yield Point, lb/100 sq ft Apparent Viscosity (cp) Initial Gel 10-Min Gel Beckman pH API Water Loss H.P.-H.T. Fluid Loss Cake Thickness (1/32's) Mud Alkalinity (Pm) P-Alkalinity (Pf) M-Alkalinity (Mf) Chloride, ppm Calcium, ppm Total Hardness (as CaCO^) Solids (2 by Vol) Oil (2 by Vol) MBT (tf/bbl) Remarks: 9.H q.o* 4,3 LO L3 aQ u * an aa WS.O _m4c.3\ 0 4L OS 9 4,) mo <*. ____ . 9. n 0.0 o.\ n.o <0.1 _ <0.1 <0.1 o.\ 0.1 0). 1 ^oonrs ttuno lUo 1,330 135 3'\co 3560 4 4 _M o _n 0 a------ L ___ L_ By:_ V^/13 020330 ^.vsoTfli Ccor^s - \)^e^srrv \n sx' -nil Vcxl \0 2* - .$53 3 s\ - -H\C) \3 sx - .030. "T"VA ~ U03 voo^cA V* .3 Wcc- 3y 150 \W ^oprXvb txweA oxer virV- c^pn oY '\V.e_ \/nfc5 lOesWtv QnW\f^ % oca OcxrvcV- ' \1)qh'A ^eiics> 020Jo t\iX\f\q 4CTG*\ \*X SN \5 <5M 3 SN MO Q^eA \3 3>N Q_Yk C^wdxTHS<M\T \0'Q0x -\0'30a. VO'.^Cfc ~ W- \3K \W\5a ~Vi'30P \(\ tceA\w U'-CC> ~ Vl'SOP Vi-SOP ~ O.'. QC>? a-, qop - *3'- qop cSV@. A'.COP "TcAcAs. 30 Q*s\ *A?> SV C_CL CSVC^CiX \cAfe) <ov'pW> 3vic\W ^v\ <& WOO MV - \ -Oo pi\ HnaY\ive^ 3'.CO VtV feccr\ V>\ Gt^UGiQrrcr ^.0 %\ Ml <5ec_/cjt MW A3 W Vu G&\s - TO pW ML T/L Ve^eO\ '^G^pfb G\vceroM ~T> eA oo" b. 5" , tXC. l-^~-\C>"(l*S M,of5\^\aco9P ' ^-nAv/Vr 3\,000 CT Unn (Vv b^CXt) S.3& SA\As HiVeaV^sejrA \) Vterav* Trs^^c^cr -v \ s\ Ac \00'v Vuw\e\ -V AO)x.CAe\ *i) Kl-Wc- oAA SopW'H'te, ^or AT- AA `=ccV^V VWe\ % ^ V WT Ia^v&t' \c nv=v\^jA\(\_ AO --TO. /^A VCa lxnD^\<br\ l/H/'SS EiVLCiV* ^ \\wsi U WcsV ^ririu U \o| <=\ocj Vo Won VD*"2 GVN v\e*ocjr) '_VurrvS> Go *5 Kv ^ovjarv R.\ Orv \Wj <S^'^W)CC&W'rv ts>\a % ^r) Vo V)e>\ : : cs> 5) 'x: Ho \o S^oTjOK Won \ty2- W Vo 9oW=vf\ ofoprox. . OfV WvON * QckxVV Ga^^ct ~ KvA Co ceA^A ^>oV> `GWotes ~ Cp- VV<x 4- . eft''-`-"`'i - ^ // 1- / Vsrr-2 *r-6 17 020334 / /^p, 1 ^ ft yOS7~ 9-<?J- - Jjryj A ^ __ __ ^ T ^ P.r- - j 7/^ r/<T7^) *~yY<tz/ --c?-!^ *--^5^-0 y c=^Y ^7 yCn-B^ft? $-cfl --2a<l_ Vs-y-StfZ - jry^ T'<T7ft /) . TVMTl^Ov^ ~ l/> f* ^Le,^ t Ccpy^^r^ ?7yn aWsl^Al . "v 52f\ r\\ IKCfy ^ ^c> -' A/ ^"7?, ^ ^^ fl*^ . ^AZ-^A^T^ ^Jit&ie-b 3 i; !| 9cs~^ 2-r- o Jp/ ^^6^ |! ^X'//W // rjr-e UNION CARBIDE CORPORATION METALS DiVISION UZ0Z35 February 16, 1983 Mr. Ken Campbell Mr. Doug Goyer Mr. Allen Johnson Montello, Inc. 6106 E. 32nd Place Tulsa, Oklahoma 74135 .1 .. Enclosed are the airborne asbestos emission results for Western Drilling Co. Rig #209. Also, as per your request I have forwarded samples C-l, K-32, B-48, K-43, B-64, K-37, and J-21 to Environmental Analysis Lab oratory in Richmond, California. These are the personal (Derrick Hand) samples. Many thanks for your efforts at this location. If there is any thing else you need, or if I may be of further help with the report, please do not hesitate to call. /jl Enclosure AIRBORNE ASBESTOS COUNTS For Western Drilling Rig #209 020536 Date Sampled: January 10, 1983 Date Reported: January 30, 1983 Samples Collected By: F. L. Smith Union Carbide Corp. Samples Analyzed By: F. I, Smith Union Carbide Corp. Reported By: F. L. Smith Union Carbide Corp. Union Carbide Corporation Metals Division Niagara Falls, New York Summary 020537 Airborne asbestos concentrations were measured by collecting personal and environmental samples during a typical work day at a natural gas drilling location in the Anadarko Basin of western Oklahoma. These concentrations were determined for a product known as "Supervisbestos", distributed by Montello, Inc., and were accomplished in accordance with OSHA regulation 1910.1001. Monitoring involved sampling at the drilling location before, during and after asbestos usage for the entire day shift. Time Weighted Averages (TWA) and Maximum Ceiling Values of asbestos emissions are summarized in Table I below: TABLE I Location Monitored Western Drilling Rig #209 Sample Description TWA Fiber/cc of Air Personal 0.3 (7.8)* Area-location #1 0.2 (7.8)* Area-location #2 0.2 (7.8)* Area-location #3 0.2 (7.8)* Maximum Ceiling Ft-ber/cc of Air 0.9 ** 0.8 ** 0.7 0.6 Note: * Indicates hours upon which TWA is based ** Indicates maximum ceiling value obtained during asbestos additions Introduction This field test was performed as part of an on-going monitoring program to determine airborne asbestos fiber emissions during the use of asbestos under actual conditions. This product is usually added to the fluid recirculation system (alone, or with other solids eg. - bentonite, etc.) to facilitate the lifting of cuttings and-other debti& associated with the drill bit action to the surface by providing increased viscosity to the fluid in the annulus between the borehole and drillpipe. In this operation, asbestos was added to a premix tank which contained suspended bentonite and asbestos, % . .These additions occupied approximately 45? of the work day.. Total asbestos '^cjf(^lA^dded to the systemII wWdasa 45 ubaagycs> vorr c2.,,15w0 libu.. nAil*l solid additions were ^ ^, ^ A^^l^Jccomplished in an enclosed area w---i-t-h ventilation provided by the suction at the hopper and partially opened doorways, Discussion Personal breathing zone (an area defined as a 300 mm radius about the face) and environmental (fixed locations near the work site) samples were collected and evaluated during the use of "Supervisbestos" while drilling a 20M surface borehole. Personal samples were collected from Derrick Hand who is a member of the drilling crew assigned to maintain solids in the drilling fluid system. Monitoring equipment was worn by this individual for the entire work day. Discussion cont'd 020538 Environmental samples were obtained from positions within the "mud house" at varying distances from the mud hopper. This monitoring equipment was also in operation for the entire work day. Weather conditions were approximately 25-30F with the wind swirl ing about the location @ 15-25 mph and occasional snow flurries. Remarks It can be noted that emission data varied significantly in th`e mud house depending on the room ventilation conditions as determined by opened or closed doorways. During the first 3.3 hours of the shift, 1350 lb. of "Supervisbestos" was added to the fluid recirculation system. At this time weather conditions were such that the main loading door ^n the west side - of the enclosure was closed, the north door was partially open and the east door was wide open. Emission levels were at 0.8 and 0.9 fibers/cc of air for the Derrick Hand within this time frame and 0.8 and 0.7 and 0.6 fiber/cc of air for environmental samples # 1, 2 and 3, respectively. After this period of time the loading door was opened to discard used bags, bring up new stock from the ground, etc. and left open. Also, the north door was opened fully and remained that way until the end of the day. Looking at the personal sample emission data graphically (Appendix I, Figure 1) the curve shows a sharp decline in fiber/cc of air for the remainder of the day with a moderate increase at the last addition of 650 lb. of "Supervisbestos" with the changing venti lation pattern within the mud house. Figures 2, 3 and 4 representing fiber/cc of air emissions at the environmental locations give a similar impression. A negative exhaust system to evacuate air within the mud house and an exhaust near the face of the hopper would contribute to reduce emissions. Sampling and dust counting are carried out in accordance with usha Keguiatiun 1910,1001, based on N10SH Analytical Method P'CAM 239 and OSHA methods; reference - Occupational Safety and Health Administration Methods, W. C. Dixon, pp 431, NBS special publication No. 506, U.S. Department of Comnerce, November 1976. *5 >m Battery-powered air pumps (M.S.A. type), calibrated to 2 liters per minute, are used to collect personal breathing zone and environmental samples on Minipore ^ membrane filters of 0.8 micron porosity. Fiber counting is performed on a Nikon O phase contrast microscope at 400X utilizing a Porton reticle for sizing and field definition. The counts reported are for all fibers having an aspect ratio >3 and a length ?Sv that are in the operator's judgement, chrysotile. In the event of doubt or the absence of further information, any fiber having the above physical dimensions is counted as chrysotile. COMMENTS -. The OSHA regulations permit a maximum limit of 2 fibers greater than 5 microns in length per cubic centimeter of air sampled on the basis of an 8-hour, time-weighted average (TWA). The formula.C,T, + C-T~ + C,,T_ describes the TWA where C= fiber count in fibers/cc -f--------2J1 and T* time. . 1 The regulations also stipulate a ceiling concentration of 10 fibers/cc greater than 5 microns which is not to be exceeded at any time. LIMITS AND CONDITIONS 1. In compiling this report. Union Carbide followed procedures which it be lieves to be accurate and reliable but there may be other methods for evaluating asbestos fiber emissions which may produce different results. 2. The air monitoring results reported herein are not necessarily represen tative of the results which may be found at different locations or under different operating conditions. 3. Any use of or reliance upon the data or other information contained herein by yourself or any other party shall be without any recourse to or liabil ity on the part of Union Carbide. 4. The breathing of asbestos dust may cause serious bodily harm and Union Car bide makes no warranty or guarantee that the results contained herein in dicate safe levels of exposure. It is the responsibility of any user of . asbestos or asbestos-containing product to ensure that safe handling pro cedures are employed and that applicable government regulations are com plied with. Appropriate literature and other information concerning as bestos and health or regulations are available upon request. 5. Regardless of the results of these tests you should consider the advisa bility of further air monitoring. TEST RESULTS The details of sample collection and resultant fiber counts are listed in the at tached Jtable(s). GENERAL OVERVIEW OF FLUID SYSTEM 020540 PHOT.; GRAPHS 020541 Photograph #1 - General view of western drilling rig #209 Photograph #2 - Mud housi premix and suction pit tank: and mud pumps. Photographs (cont'd) 020342 Photograph #3 - Operator adding "Supervisbestos" to mud hopper r? Photograph #4 - Operator continuing to add "Supervisbestos Photographs fcont'd) 020543 Photograph #5 - Operator during bag disposal near partially open loading door. screen. 020344 Sample No. C-l K-32 B-48 K-43 B-64 K-37 J-21 vr"*ARY OF FI3ER COUNTS Air Sample Time Minutes On : 7:55 a Off:10:00 a 125 On: 10:01 a Off: 10:35 a 34 Personal Samples Operation Description Personal sample - David Reeves. Derrick Hand. During normal checking of mud operations (screens, cyclones, pumps, etc.) and the addition of 40 bags Bentonite (4000 lbs.) to mud system. Personal sample - David Reeves. Addition of 12 bags (600 lbs.) Supervisbestos to mud system. ' " Chrysotlle Asbesto Fiber/Field Fiber/c 0.065 < 0.1 0.34 o.S On: 10:36 a Off: 11:17 a A] Personal sample - David Reeves. Addition of 15 bags (750 lbs.) Supervisbestos to mud system. 0.45 0.9 On: 11; 17 a 73 Personal sample - David Reeves. Off: 12:30 P Addition of 3 bags (150 lbs) Supervisbestos to mud system. 0.385 0.4 On: 12:31 P Off: 2:22 P 111 Personal sample - David Reeves. Addition of 40 bags bentonite (4000 lbs.) to mud system. 0.07 <..0.1 On; 2:23 P 57 Personal sample - David Reeves. Off: 3:20 P Addition of 13 bags Supervisbestos (650 lbs.) to mud system. 0.17 0.2 On: 3:21 P 29 Personal sample - David Reeves. Off: 3:50 P Normal duties associated with drilling operation. 0.08 0.2 TViA Chrysotile .1.21.1.9... .470 Fiber/cc of air ample No. SUMMARY OF FIBER COUNTS Air Sample Time Minutes Environmental Samples Location #1 ________ Operation Description 020545 Chrysotile Asbesto Fiber/Field Fiber/c A-21 K-33 B - 47 K-42 K-38 On: 8:00 a Off:10:00 a 120 On: 10:00 a Off: 11:20 a 80 On: 11:21 a " Off: 12:40 P 79 On: 12:41 P 101 Off: 2:22 P On: 2:23 P Off: 3:18 P 55 Environmental sample - location #1. 0.035 Located at south end of mud house 6' above floor and 10' from mud hopper. Addition of 40 bags bentonite. Environmental sample - location #1.f During addition of 27 bags Supervis- bestos. - 0.78 Environmental sample - location #1. During addition of 3 bags Supervis bestos. 0.12 Environmental sample - location #1. Addition of 40 bags bentonite. Environmental sample location #1. Addition of 13 bags Supervisbestos. 0.05 0.25 < 0.1 0.8 0.1 < 0.1 0.4 C-35 On: 3:19 P Off: 3:51 P 32 Environmental sample -location #1. normal activities. 0.035 0.1 TWA Chrysotile 98.695 467 Fiber/cc of air Sample Nn. K-34 SUMMARY OF FIBER COUNTS Air Sample I ime Minutes Environmental Samples Location 2 Operation Description Chrysotile Asbestc Fiber/Field Fi ber/c On: 8:00 a Off: 10:00 a 120 Environmental sample - location 2. Located at center of mud house, 6' above floor and 10' from mud hopper. Addition of 40 bags Bentonite. 0.04 < 0.1 K-39 On:10:00 a Off:11:21 a 81 Environmental sampel-location #2. ; 0.74 Addition of 27 bags Supervisbestos. 0.7 B-55 " On; 11:22 a - Off:12:40 P 78 Environmental sample - location #2. Addition of 3 bags Supervisbestos. 0.14 0.1 B-50 On:12; 41 P Off: 2:23 P 102 Environmental sample - location #2. Addition of 40 bags Bentonite. 0.035 < 0.1 K-51 On: 2:24 P 54 Environmental sample - location #2. 0.26 ' 0/4 Off: 3:18 P Addition of 13 bags Supervisbestos. C-41 On: 3:19 P 32 Environmental sample - location #2. 0.035 Off: 3:51 P Normal activities. 0.1 TWA Chrysotile 97,22 3 0.2 Fiber/cc of air 4-67 Sample No. Air Sample Time Minutes SlCt-'ABV OF FISER COUNTS Environmental Samples location #3 Operation Description 020547 Chrysotile Asbestc Fiber/Field Fiber/c K-50 On: 8:00 a Off: 10:00 a 120 B-62 On: 10:00 a . Off: 11:23 a 83 Environmental Sample - location #3. located at north end of mud house above asbestos storage area and 20! from mud hopper. Addition of 40 bags bentonite. Environmental Sample - location #3. Addition of 27 bags supervisbestos. ' 0.045 0.615 < 0.1 0.6 B - 66 On: 11 :24 a 77 Environmental Sample - location 3. Off: 12:41 p Addition of 3 bags supervisbestos. 0.135 0.1 8-61 On: 12:42 p 102 Off: 2:24 p Environmental Sample - location #3. 0.06 < 0.1 Addition of 40 bags bentonite. 3-60 K-47 On: 2:25 p 54 Environmental Sample - location #3. Off: 3:19 p Addition of 13 bags supervisbestos. On: 3:20 p 31 Environmental Sample - location #3. Off: 3:51 p Normal activities. 0.225 0.3 0.05 . 0.1 TUA Chrysotile 87,823 467 = 0.2 Fiber/cc of air 020548 APPENDIX I 10 X 10 TO M INCH J X H> INCHES C KEUFFEL * ESSEN CO. uukiii m t Figure 1 46 1320 OZtl 9fr * 03 U3563 * *l3Jjn]M ^VI S3HDNI 01 * l HDN H Ol 01 X 01 3*/f Fiber/cc of A ir KEUFFEL a ESSER CO Mmils* Z lo M o 3U V ? o /* </f 4 ffv flo CCMOo 10 Iu Z" aw Sm *ss Z* 4 p x5 <>b8 P?t____ oft____ of ffit ofy asi qM 0^0000 June 2, 1967 bn Lawrence J3un Oil Company ' ^*.0, Box 2880 Southland Center Pallas, Texas Bea*r.Mr. Lawrence 1 Presented below is a tabulation of Visbestos sales to Mud Companies, both'major and Independent. Visbestos sales to each customer in the 2* combined Oklahoma and Panhandle areas have also been included for . your information! Total sales to both major and independent Mud Service Companies during the reporting period was 61,552 sacks. Major Mud Company purchases are broken down as follows.* Barold----------- ............. 15,029 sacks 2,000 sacks 5,529 sacks I.M.C.................... ............. 11,355 sacks 245 aaoks 1,000 sacks Total Panhandle Area Oklahoma Total Panhandle Area Oklahoma Mllwhite......... . *........... Magcobar-------------............ 3,523 sacks 500 sacks 500 sacks 3,235 sacks 560 sacks 1,000 sacks Total Panhandle Area Oklahoma Total Panhandle Area Oklahoma During this same period of time the combined sales to independent Mud Companies was 28,405 sacks. Major Mud Companies 33,147 sacks Independent Mud Co. 28.405 aaoks Total 61,552 aacki 02000T Hr. Don Lawrence -2- June 2, 1967 Total sales to Independent Hud Companies In the Oklahoma and Panhandle area for the same reporting period was 424 sacks. This can be broken down as follows; Drilling Hud, Ino.--- 2,220 sacks Davis Hud Company------1,524 sacks Oil States ------------ 1,480 sacks United --------------- 1,200 sacks Tri-SSate--------------------- 600 sacks Titan -------------------------- . 340 sacks Atlas --- -------------- 60 sacks Total 7,424 saoks The Hajor and Independent Hud Service Company sales in the Oklahoma and Panhandle area for the same reporting period as given above are as follows; Baroid ------ 7,529 sacks 2,220 sackB Hageohar----------1,560 sacks Davis Mud----- 1,524 sacks Oil States---- 1,480 sacks I.H.C.--------- 1,245 sacks United--------- 1,200 sacks Milwhite -- 1,000 sacks Trl State--- 600 sacks Titan--------- 340 sacks Atlas ----- 60 sacks Visbestoa purchases in Vest and East Texas during this same reporting period by the four Major Hud Service Companies are as follows; Baroid I.H.C. Maxcobar Milwhite Vest Texas 6,750 East Texas 500 2,450 -0- 1,225 -0- 500 500 Mr. Don Lawrence 020002 June 2, 1967 In addition to these figures Texas Mud and Chemical has pur chased 1,400 sacks and Buckeye Supply Company of Midland, Texas (wholesaler) has purchased 4,525 sacks. Don, this gives you a comparison of the percentages of Yisbestos purchased by the different Mud Servloe Companies in the different areas. If additional lnfonnatlon Is desired please let us know. We certainly appreciate your continued assistance In the use and distribution of Vlsbestos. Sincerely, MONTELLO, INC. Harry M. Wyatt HKW/gdJ 020003 _____ __ . <Oj Oo o & ---3... ..... _4._ .............................._ 0,oo.oY-iS &-/.......... ....; __&Qj.oqo ..______ . ______ ______ f'Y 7-7 4/0,600 4*~r 7-7... 9--9. ^~/0. ... _ ....................... \. _ .................... ^0.d>ao 3; Yoo 3^000 "~7a <ZYoa . '. . . fj^>. Jj^S'tO . r== JPf/ yad _ . __ ____ /o^ JPfyGC.O //r................................ ... . . . . Jfyooo d% /f-2 /2-J# .............../fyCCO <7%90CJ& Jttpdco ___ /3^.6 oe <37Yea ^f,jzvd j*' /-7-66 __7Cy OC <J \ /'/fr4... --J?6,ooo/ To^ooo ^'7^6,6 - J?Oy OO \ .. J-/<7-^6_. -4- . .4b e.oo/ . . ,, 3~7-6&.... 0.00/. /COjOOO 4 ~/^r-66 ..Jb^ocd. . .. 7-7'66 3-77-76 736,00 d 30^00 0 //-/0'66 sby ooo /3 -3<?:6}^ &0j6QQ ^7^/ _ %Oy <70 0 020004 020005 \ *1 # . \ tdjb^ /Qi& (~^<J!&*CQ sj&d? /&7dL^O^^L.'Us /-Z&thJi? L 3-/0-6 ;................. .... . ^L-4. .. /-/-a _l yjrad.......... :.............. ...................... -7/6------ -------------- - ._ -. ........ ;.-- ---------- ---------- '?'/'/? ......: <?-f- 00 /-?-< //-/-/ ............ /?~3 ~<6j -... 1 /tSyOdO /S-f-64 _______ _ _____ tfy f<0 O </'0C> . ^s*0O - %SV0 --/too} fOO -- ' - -.-. . .................. ......... . d-j/f /frl -- jh /0,<5<3O <sn-*y o?S/<3&0 _- - . {.^ foe/"13' *)____ - . _. .. X jL ... ( /&?) //&/ - 4p&4y (^^AJ'K.JD -< - / ; / y- J?0s\ CO C o6,o'o0. -_> '/ - 6 6 //, jro . 46:.6>6____ 4/j <6so ? 7*^64...... 0 ^0,0 6.0 .<s?r/6lr66-- o. 4,7^0 6?-//-66 - ^Oy.OC 0 P-f-66 <Oj#0QO -5'"/ ^ ^S00s J -/W/ . .. s}ooo> y? --44' 66.. _,, <^,s52>0 /f-66 . /OyOOo/ /0 '46 ^000 ^~~/s''66. ... /Of #6 0 -'//- 66 /h<t>#d 7 O-sf-iJ-... ,, SOjOO 0/ ^/-^. . 4^ooo\ T'-'/y y6 7 ~'/o~6 6 ( ^/OOO f & 7-6?'7-66 7-^66 6f,4?5~0 . Py6P?J . g-4466 /Oy#6>0 S-Jtf-6 6 70 O /o~/-46 ,, /o-/?-66 /o -#o-46. 4.6 7/-4 6 #?Cj6od\ . JCyoQp ) AL_ /4 - #'-46 .... /4-44T-66 . UH :ysoJ.___ //-j?^6 ^0,00 0 ;/-/-66 /C/6CQ //- / 6 ' /0,00 o 020006 S%7oo ^6yOOO /to^y. ... _/r,OO0 ................... /%SVO ^ .. ^^2- ____................................................... Q<7SfAt* ^ es*f * QCLS^T TTC '2&7^p? S97 7? 00(P/Q^ 00020 5:< osS"5^j? q<ZP/ ^\\ OOQ'O/fr ^ ( Offffy 9f-0lf-rf/ 99-??- ?/ 9?-(?-?'/ 99-?/-?/ P Qo/P/9 fooofe X I (?(#& m f T fj Q I 7 J Ip' 4' (cv .- .? rr "f?-Z-ff y ' //-// ' <"/  m-* /-zSA-44 jl/zz-c/. y. *'v. f*^+-*r J?6y<0dd . Oy.OOC 020008 2/l*z/u/^ /<?, <?<?> J-fsjtJ - .... .^coo ) . Oo 2/Sdo 6-J-66 ^~z/ o / .,,<c2Z6Cj/OOgCoO -&/O0&) 7-;/-66- 7-22-66 7-27-06 9-7-69. _ 9-27-62 f-J-62 JjjJVO -^/ /-?_ . ...<2,00 0 /4?sz>._____________ ___________________ 9-7-69________________ 9-/2-6 & . ___ . . 1....................................................................................................... 0 `P-/0-42........................ ...... 9/7-6 2 . .: . f2^a 7j70 0 9'22-4 6 .. 9-27-69 /jSVO 72/700. /0-9-62 - ... - 9.-/7'U - /6-J7-62 . .0, ooo TsJ. uu- o.O y&s&o o /.&/OOQ /%S& 6t A&&6 //-/-/>2. ;.................... / ...._ //-<?/ /7-7-66 179/0-66 ............. _: . .. /2-7-i62~,...... ^ --------- 2-9-22 2-/2-2/ 72-/7-62 2CyOOT> 0_; 27,700 On-*J I ^o 0 o ...27,00 0 ^.SyOCO > w`*f1* /OOyCOO Sy 700^ ri 020009 7* f*P '. tSfafy&o- J?/cyjroo /?S ^/j^ao y4/y7&& S' 4^ /- .7 -C' /' 7-6 /r? ~~44 /r&-4 . -<0^ OOC o J&, CO o .&>C/O.oo . qjrcdJ <'/*/' 4 <3fy 0 c ''"& <f-/f-44 J-ss'-aA '/-/-<z<z _ A'A'AA 4-/A-46 '/-A/-.66 4-J/-66 V-JO'66 46? A%7ao\ A9jOoo | it\/?J0CO / ,./^0C6 l 3o/ ooo J . S'-S--66 6 -/~A A A-^~A A OOO . A0*s-oY$0 /CyOoOj J 7-/-4A. <7-/AA A 7-/5~-4A_ 7-Jf-tA f'/s'-AA S-/7-4A -*Sjt66 f-J7-6 ?-JF/- A A ^?-<A tycoc ^/SOO . ZOyCOO .0 b ft) Jytoooj jj-aa AC ~C & * O' 0 L ^<oa ^/OO /Oy OO 0 4P/S~OC 0^0010 O^L&i^rrU^ ... O^r-00 AsA'c^ky 40r~oD :l&uu <cz*otc/ /t4zcd A?a SZ& C% JA JOyOO0\ 6 ^oo J&A0C&. ?,4C0 -A` ..{<s ,< /' /'-?? .-.- *y??c*A4L ?o,c:~ / 'j/vi ^ </S0 020011 020012 SAND SPRINGS, OKLAHOMA * Days- 918 Cl 5-6641 Nights. 918 Rl 3-3105 VIS3EST0S A top grade chrysotile asbestos compound for increasing viscosity and drilling fluid carrying capacity. ' VISBESTOS CHRYSOTILE ASBESTOS COMPOUND FOR ALL DRILLING FLUID SYSTEMS'" I Mfg. & Lie. for Use uniter U. S. Pat No. 2,727,001 t 2,732^43 MONTELLO, INC. Tulsa, Oklahoma i 020013 V-ISBESTOS Visbestos is a top grade chrysotile asbestos compound mined in Coalinga, California and processed under rigid quality control specifically for use as a drilling mud additive. Visbestos, compatible with all drilling fluid systems, was designed primarily as a viscosity builder and is used successfully to increase the carrying capacity and suspending ability of drilling muds. Some of the first work with asbestos and drilling fluids was performed by Mr. David A. Rowe in the 1340's. Pa tents were assigned to a major oil company. Visbestos is covered under letters patent #2,727,001 and 2,732,343. These patents inclusively cover the use of chrysotile asbestos in drilling fluids, according to the opinion of very competent patent counsel. There are six types of asbestos. Five types are charged negatively and one type, chrysotile, is charged positive ly. We will only discuss chrysotile asbestos since it is the only one of the six types that exhibits the desir ed properties. Asbestos samples from Quebec, the East Coast, Arizona, Wyoming, California and ether locations have been tested in order to determine the very best product from which to produce Visbestos. There was a tremendous variation in the performance of these samples. Most samples failed on the first test, that of building viscosity. After consid ering all the test indexes only the top grade chrysotile asbestos material proved to be acceptable. What does Visbestos do? It builds viscosity and increases the carrying capacity of drilling fluid -- that is a fact! The increase in viscosity of a drilling fluid caused by the addition of asbestos depends or. the drilling fluid system, the concentration of asbestos and the amount of work that is done in mixing, (i.e. the amount of shear). As discussed above, the grade of asbestos also effects the viscosity yield. 1. 020014 For instance the same concentrations of a first and second grade asbestos were checked with the following results: Fann V G @ 600 Grade #1 82 Grade #2 47 This is very important -- do not become partial to a certain brand name that may look like "Visbestos" but does not perform like a top grade asbestos. Require performance runs to indicate which material is the best buy. Visbestos (asbestos) definitely has a place in the drilling in dustry and has proven its economy numerous times in many areas. Figure 1 - indicates the viscosity building characteristics of Visbestos in saturated salt water. The values shown are an av erage of laboratory test runs. Similar results are obtained when tested in fresh water. Figure 1 2. 020015 Visbestos (asbestos) also builds viscosity in oil emulsion mud. For instance Visbestos was tested using Kerosene @ 70 F with the following results: Fann V G 600 Kerosene 3 3% Visbestos Low 14 3% Visbestos High 24 Why does Visbestos (asbestos) react in this manner? A study of the data given in Figures 2 and 3 below gives us a good hint as to the reason for the viscosity building characteristics of as bestos . ' Figure"!; COMPARISON OF FIBRE DIAMETERS Type of Fibre Human Hair Wool Nylon Glass Asbestos (Chrysotile) Di'a. - Inches .00156 " .0008 to 0.0011 .0003 .00026 .000000706 to 0.00000118 Fieri: re--"-"-3' SURFACE AREA OF FIBRES Type of Fibre Nylon Cotton Wool Asbestos (Chrysotile) Surface Area by No 37TOU------ ----- ------------- 7,200 9,600 130,000 to 220,000 Please note the fibre diameter of asbestos compared to other fibres. Also note the extremely high surface area of asbestos compared to nylon, cotton and wool. The tremendous strength of the asbestos fibres (figure 4) reveals why the asbestos fibres are not destroyed by mixing and agitation of the drilling fluid system. 3. 020016 " ' Figure 4 'COMPARISON OF TENSILE STRENGTH Type of Material Wrought Trbh Carbon Steel Rock Wool Asbestos (Chrysotile) Strenqth - psi ^7000"~----- c-- 155.000 60,000 100.000 to 300,000 Laboratory tests and field applications proved that a top grade chrysotile asbestos (Visbestos) is compatible to all mud systems and can be used economically ir. the following systems. Brine Fresh Wa t C. T Emulsi on Mads Sample Mu is Spud M uds Wc rk 0ver Muds Some advantages of Visbestos are: *Lower sclide mud. ^Replaces or complements bentonite and attapulgite clays. ^Increases carrying capacity and sus pending ability of drilling fluids. ^Larger formation samples and cuttings are removed from well. A recent report from South Louisiana revealed that a major mud company was using asbestos in 80 - 85 % of the wells they are servicing. Outstanding results were reported when using 50 to 100 sacks of asbestos and some clay while drilling surface hole. 4. 020017 After this company started using asbestos the following advantages were noted. * Drilling time definitely decreased. * Cuttings were considerably larger. * Better gauge hole (no washing out while crushing or drilling up large, hand size rocks). ^Better penetration. ^Easier setting pipe. ' ^Better cementing jobs (less fill required). A study of figure 5 and figure 6 presents field evidence of the economy and advantages of Asbestos (Visbestos). Figure 5: These wells were drilled by the same contractor., same rig, and same operator. Well A was drilled to 11,700 feet with water, 6-percent oil ar.d emulsifier. At this depth a low visco sity sample mud with fluid less control was added. Well B was drilled to 11,700 feet with water, 6-percent oil and asbestos. At depth a fluid loss control agent was added. For recovery cf good samples, hold conditions required the introduction of asbes tos. Fluid properties were 6,5 ppg, viscosity 34 to 40 seconds. 5. 020019 Footage no. of Bits Rotating Hours Avg. ft./bit Avg. ft/hour Bit size Comparative Penetration Rates Well A Well B 2198 10 283 220 7.7 7 7/8" 2407 7 231 344 10.4 77 Figure 6: Comparison of three wells drilled by different con tractors but with comparable rigs. Well A was drilled with clear saturated brine water. Well B was drilled with saturated brine water with flocculant. Well C was drilled with saturated brine water and asbestos. A 32 second viscosity was maintained as samples were desired from 900 feet. figure 6 ROTATING HOURS 6. 020019 COMPARATIVE PENETRATION RATES Footage Number of bits Avg. ft./bit Avg. ft./hour Bit size Rotating hours Well A 4847 8 606 19.9 17*" 243 Well B 4733 10 473 19.6 17i" 241 Well C 4908 7 701 19.9 17 i" 2 47 In summary Asbestos has been economically and successfully used in: Fresh water muds Salt water muds (r.c Lew solids muds Emulsion muds n-u. 1 gelling) The following advantages were realized: * Ir.treased carrying capacity of mud. * Increased suspending ability of mud. * Stable at high temperature. (r.c increase m viscosity due to temperature) * Larger samples. * Synergistic effect on polymers and starch. * Inhibits flocculation. * getter penetration rates. (longer bit life). Be sure the grade you use will do the job. VIS5ESTCS IS THE BEST V IS3EST0S Availability and recommended treatment 1/IS8E5TGS is available through your mud service company If his stock is depleted, Montello, Inc. has back uo stocks in your area which can be obtained by calling tfontello's representative for your area or by calling Montello direct, VIS3ESTQ5 has been used in brine muds, fresh water muds, emulsion muds, samole muds and work over muds. The treat ment (#/38L) of VIS3EST0S depends uoan the drilling fluid system and the amount of work that is done on the VISBESTQ5 during mixing. The more slowly the material is mixed, the higher the shear and the tetter your results. formal concentrations of VlSBESTOS vary from G-; to 5# oer barrel. A good souc mud was obtained oy usins Gf/ErL of '1I5EE5T0S to 10f/S3L of Gel, Excellent sa~ole muds have been oreoared with as little as 2&/59.L of IS EG S ~GS, The exact concentration of VIS3EST05 deoends on the fluid sys tem, the amount of mixino and the desirso ",ud orooerties. Any mud enoineer familiar with asbestos will have no dif ficulty using \j I SEES TOS. The only difference is that you will get the same results with less material. VISSESTOS yields better in salt water than fresh water. VI55EST0S yields faster at the rig than comoetiiive pro ducts due to extra = h=^r during the manufacture of VIS3EST0S. You will notice the larger s i 2 e of VISEESTGS dags because of this. Thank you for considering the best VISBESTOS. P. O. BOX 1046 TECHNICAL REPQR T Ol'OO'^ n VIS 66-6 SAND 5PRINGS, OKLAHOMA Days. 918 Cl 5-6641 * Nights 918 Rl 3-3105 VISBE5TQS Problem: Quick viscosity and increased carrying capacity of mud requires to keep hole clean. Location: North Dakota Depth: 9,700 feet Drilling fluid: Salt water and attaoulgite Temperature: i\orma 1 for area Solution: A major oil company while drilling in North Dakota needed to build viscosity quickly and also to increase the cutting carrying capa city of the drilling fluid to help keep the hole clean. \j IS5E5TQS, (a high grade chrysotile asbestos comooundy, was added at oumo suction through m^o hooper to a concentration of approximately 3#/S5_. The VISSESTQS was added slowly allowing about 15 minutes per 50# bag for maximum shear. The desired viscosity was obtained in one round trie. Both the ooerator and mud service company were very pleased with the quick, economical re sults obtained using VISBESTOS. Their only complaint -- " we could have done the job with less LIS5E5T0S!II!!! fi5 \\\ * JjFk P. o BOX 1046 0200 ^ E CH`v I C AL "GPDET if J IS --3 SAND SPRINGS, OKLAHOMA Doys. 918 Cl 5-664! Nighis. 918 Rl 3-3)05 '.'I SMS 70S Precis^: Drilling 3, CCD feet of 17" surface hole. Location; 5outh Louisiana Depth: Surface to 3 , G G G feet. Temperature: Normal Situation; Considerable trouble has been ana is being experienc ed in tnis area ^en drilling sjrfaie hole. Difficulties rue e x Derienced in keeping hole clean. Cuttings are as big as a nan's fist. Tabulated below is a coanarisc' of two ;-rf`cs holes cut wit" di fferent tyres of u d -- 5 3 e t = ; t n - sire -a" r are;'. Attsouloite Cel ' -J C . I S E G S ~0E + Cel Iff vISEEE'GS tr W v u d cost 3 2,5 CC. C C 0 1 U 5 w0l9 trouble ell the way Geucs very' tad ,i er y bad cenent job Pluo bit nearly every tin c. connection was made ' ud cost Ei,:i:. No n0le trouble Debt g a ; e LiOOCj C ; ,`n- : " t 0 T Did not clug oit Conclusion: Due to poor carrying capacity of a 11 a mud difficulties were exoeriencec with crill cutti to botta'11. Cuerytine a conn action was mars tne cuttings settle to cotton and plug tit. Also it was necessary to hols clean after connection was nade whir" =nl - rgsd hold to poor es"ent i o t. would wa sn leaoin; i t ` ..SECSTCL nUj settling : 1 G pa' i r , drilling was i - n e - oi21e 1 y continuer .--""ter connection was " ^ c e . r^e Grilling con tractor saved -'?.ny hours whir" led to p a v i" g = both to oesr-tor anc oriliin: contractor. 'OVlsy^ iUo t I rs r\ w .'* ut- </ so a to 5 ?| S 3 A X < 9* p 3 Z s) -H m V0< r-- CO s 5- So 5r CO nr* or* O (5 *C P om c> CO s ss 32 v o 8w s A Sw 3 W uis FC/ 6/3 oV* CO 72 ISsi ? 9 ? 2S COsz vw n ''is Oo C333 Si pn KSJ) ow b" anc |S m oc w* 00 isMi oz iA 9* f.t S3 'LSs)ii 3a%ft* wUft>. cr C3 Vv---O>c rV3'Ol o CO VI --< o co H Co u.s use 3 o "Q0 2 0-4y <?T ip "CJO3i s IS ;z si-H m : r- Is: |-- iS. *o z ( A NJ _SsIgSJ?| CS"' Ao - ff* S3 USS3J W 6 c0a3. C $/ *osr*o" CaTs3 -< cs C3 Vvc<s/<>*4I* I o iVcnsI Oi/ 1C/O1 no 00 "H O 00 3 o z -H m i? 0_ 22 75 ^ A r <p X f 9- S X -< * ft* SJ a33 A Oo IO -N SI o b- oc as ers om IS"* <t as a2 C3 VS i/1 CmVOI "4 Sj Uis F01 3 vi ov U) ' rrjCOH 3 crv* o z >H 0 PP1 05 ' 50 r SsOj _0 o so A X 70 -< A oo < co i|*i-- > oO */*. o" CO X' 0 2 > ff _ 5 c/s -V<I cmVoI H O VISBESTOS CHRYSOTILE ASBESTOS COMPOUND FM AIL OKILLNG FLUID SYSTEMS Mfg. & lie. for use under U. $ Pat Mo. 2,727,001 t 2,732.343 MONTELLO, INC. Tulsa, Oklahoma U2U0i;5 CHRYSOTILE ASBESTOS COMPOUND FOR ALL DRILLING FLUID SYSTEMS Mfg. & Lie. for use under U. S. Pat No. 2.727401 2.732.343 MONTELLO, INC. 'Tulsa, Oklahoma VISBESTOS CHRYSOTILE ASBESTOS COMPOUND FOR ALL DRILLINS FLUID SYSTEMS Mfg. I be. for use tinder U, $. Pat Mo. 2,7274901 l 2,732443 MONTELLO, INC. Tulsa, Oklahoma VISBESTOS CHRYSOTILE ASBESTOS COMPOUND FOR ALL DRILLING FLUID SYSTEMS Mfi A Lie. for use under U. S. Pat No. 2,727401 t 2,732443 MONTELLO, INC. Ttrfsa, Oklahoma Asbestos in drill water 0200^7 helps cut drilling costs Capltan and Hl^'iland Drilling Companies have increased penetration rates in West Texas William C, Smith, Drilling Superintendent, Capitan and Highland Drilling Companies, Odessa, Texas 20-second summary Asbestos added to drill water has been found ef fective in retaining good water penetration rates along with recovery of good samples. The asbestos can be added to fresh or salt water directly through the mud hopper. The asbestos has been found com patible with all mud additives used in West Texas drilling operations. of Odessa,Capitan and highland drilling companies Texas, have achieved water penetration rates along with good samples by adding an asbestos material to the drill water (Figure 1). Asbestos, an inorganic material, increases the carrying capacity and suspending ability of drill water. It can be used in fresh, salt or a mixture of both with a mini mum of solids. Since it is chemically inert, it does not control water loss or cause water to gel. The materia! requires no new equipment at the rig for handling. It is added to the mud system through the mud hopper. To continue reducing drilling costs, it is essential that every means possible be used to increase rock bit pene tration rates. After analyzing each foot of hole to be drilled and applying optimum drilling technique, it is possible, in many cases, to lower the footage price. This can be done in cooperation with the operator by re ducing the amount of hole that is drilled with mud to re cover good samples. Since 1958 the West Texas drilling industry has been able to increase over-all penetration rates about 20 per cent. This has been done by using improved hydraulic programs, correct bit selection, more drill collar weight, and using clean water or brine as drilling fluid. Results of a recent McElroy Field study of wells drilled with a chemical mud from 1958 to 1960 compared with wells drilled in 1963 and 1964 with brine, or very low solid muds, showed the later wells had a 15-18 percent higher penetration rate. Clean water as a drilling fluid, of course, produces the fastest hole. Although water cannot always be used as a drilling fluid because of hole conditions, much footage drilled today with mud could be water drilled if good formation samples could be obtained. Since most wells are contracted on a footage basis to total depth, the upper, or faster drilled, part of the hole is where the contractor usually makes the most money. The top hole is almost always drilled with water, but the lower part of the hole is where the most improvement can be made in penetration rates. Too many times-- just because only a few hundred feet or at most a thousand feet are involved--a contractor does nothing about trying to improve the drilling fluid program. Capitan and Highland Drilling Companies had drilled some 9,300-foot wells in Ector County, Texas, and were FIG. I--Samples in this photograph on the right were taken while drilling with water, and the larger samples on the left were after adding asbestos to the water. FIG. 2--Funnel viscosity vs. various material requirements. FIG. 3--Comparison of three wells drilled by different con tractors but with comparable rigs. Well A was drilled with clear saturated brine water. Well B was drilled with saturated brine wafer with flocculaot. Well C was drilled with saturated brine water and asbestos. A 32-second viscosity was maintained as samples were desired from 900 feet. COMPARATIVE PENETRATION RATES Footage No. of bits Avg. ft./bit Avg. ft./hour Bit size Rotating hrs. WELL A 4,847 8 606 19.9 17/," 243 WELL B 4,733 10 473 19.6 17/*" 241 WELL C 4,908 7 701 19.9 17/," 247 ROTATING HOURS FIG. 4--These wells were drilled in the same field with com parable rigs but by different contractors. Well A drilled this interval with water, 6-pcrcent oil and emulsifier. Well B drilled this interval with water and asbestos to secure good samples. Fluid properties were 8.5 ppg, with a viscosity of 35-38 sec onds. COMPARATIVE PENETRATION RATES Footage No. of bits Rotating hrs. Avg. feet/bit Avg. feet/hour Bit size WELL A 2,649 8 194 331 13.6 8*4" WELL B 2,955 8 252 369 11.7 m" required to mud-up at 6,900 feet so the geologist could recover good samples. After study of the problem and discussions with mud and bit company engineers, it was decided that water could be used to safely drill to 8,500 feet. Drilling bids were recalculated assuming that from 6,900-7,900 feet the increase in penetration with water versus mud would be 90 percent, and that from 7,900 to 8,500 feet the increase would be 75 percent, not con sidering savings in bit cost. The operator then was offered a choice of price reductions on the bid of 15 cents per foot if the mud-up point was lowered to 7,900 feet and 20 cents per foot if lowered to 8,500 feet. This is a sav ings per well, to the operator, of $1,395 and $1,860, respectively. To the contractor, this meant an added profit of 5 to 10 cents per foot. To allow recovery of good samples while drilling with water, a new long fiber asbestos material was tested. Addition of this asbestos materiat to the drilling fluid was designed to allow good sample recovery and still maintain penetration rates near that of water. Capitan and Highland Drilling Companies added this asbestos material at 6,700 feet to the drilling fluid and achieved penetration rates about 95 percent of those expected with water, In many cases, the same funnel viscosity can be achieved with as little as 25 percent of the material requirements as when bentonite or attupulgite is used, Figure 2 indi cates the funnel viscosity versus material requirements. The asbestos material was found compatible with all FIG, 5--These wells were drilled by the same contractor, same rig, and same operator. Well A was drilled to 11,700 feet with water, 6-percent oil and emulsifier. At this depth a low viscos ity sample mud with fluid loss control was added. Well B was drilled to 11,700 feet with water, 6-percent oil and asbestos. At depth a fluid loss control agent was added. For recovery of good samples, hole conditions required the introduction of as bestos, Fluid properties were 8,5 ppg, viscosity 34-40 seconds. COMPARATIVE PENETRATION RATES Footage No. of Bits Rotating hrs. Avg, ft./bit Avg, ft./hour Bit size WELL A 2,198 10 283 220 7,7 7/s" WELL B 2,407 7 231 344 10.4 7/s" UZ0023 FIG. 6--These wells were drilled by the same contractor, same rig, same operator. Well A was drilled with bentonite sample mud, no water loss control. Well B was drilled with water and 6-8 percent oil. The increase on peneration over mud was about 27 percent for the interval shown. Well C was drilled with water and asbestos. The increase on peneration over mud was about 39 percent for the interval shown. Asbestos was added to obtain good samples. mud additives used in West Texas drilling operations. However, in lost circulation zones such as the San Andres, the asbestos material can be dangerous in wall sticking, if not used along with a water loss control agent. Figures 3, 4, and 5 indicate comparative penetration rates for water and brine versus water and brine with as bestos added. About the outhor William C. Smith is drilling superin tendent for Capiton and Highland Drill ing Companies in Odessa, Texas, He vias graduated, from Texas A & M Uni versity in 1SU5 with a B.S. degree in chemical engineering. Prior to joining Capitan and Highland Drilling Compan ies, he worked 1! years with Baroid Di vision of The National Lead Company. Smith is an active member of the API, A1ME and AAODC. Figure 6 compares three drilling rate charts of develop ment wells drilled in the same field in San Andrews County, Texas. This is a case where the operator needed samples for the interval. A bentonite sample mud with out water loss control was used in Well A. In an attempt to reduce cost, water and oil were substituted for mud in Well B. The drilling rate increased about 29 percent, but samples recovered were not satisfactory. In Well C, use of the asbestos material and water in creased the drilling rate about 37 percent and did pro duce good samples. The operator is continuing to use this drilling fluid program in development work. It is through research and development of specialized .techniques and continued cooperation of service com panies, contractors and operators that drilling prices can be kept in line. This article is based on a paper titled "Good Samples with Water Penetration Rates," presented at the Spring Meeting of the Southwestern District Meeting of API in Dallas, March 10-12, 1965. * 020030 SAND SPRINGS, OKLAHOMA Days. 918 Cl 5-6641 Nighls: 918 Rl 3-3105 VISBESTOS A top grade chrysotile viscosity and drilling asbestos compound for fluid carrying capacit increasi y. ng chrysotile > i N ASBESTOS s \ F eOMPOUNICv, fz-fO* ALL DRILLING* fLWD SYSTEMS ' 1 -' * j V` T ' . ' .r . ^ . ' - V;'1 v7- Mfg, t Uc.fm use under U. $. -If _ P,jat tNo. 2,72..7. ,001 l 2,732 ,340- * - MONTELLO, INC. ^ Tulsa, JOtdahoma 020031 :rS3ES70S Y13 b e s t c s is a mined ir. Co all quality centre additive. top grade Ocat", - 1 E c specific chrysotile asbes mi a and process lie for use ac a 0 rr, pound .der rigid 1 i r.g mud Visbestos, compatible with ail drilling flu was designed primarily as a viscosity build used successfully to increase the carrying suspending abilitv of drilling muds. 5VS t Si7;S t and is acity ana Some of the first werb with asbestis was performed by Mr. David A. P.owe i tents were assigned to a major oil c is covered under letters patent 42 These patents . inclusively cover me asbestos in drilling fluids, acccrdi cf verv cenoetent caient counsel. 9' e .ling fluids s. p5. . iscesfo; 2,732,543. ysot - i opinion oners are six ivies or asces negatively and one type, rhr ly. '.ye will only discuss rn is the only one cf she six i ed crccertiss. ti ve1u esi r- produce Visbestos the performance c the first test, t ermg all the tes asbestos material V/hat dees Visoest: the carrying capac The ir.ereas the additio "1cyv* i ^ r f'1 0 work that i o.s oisousse the viscosi i n v i s c c s 11 y c f of asbestos dep oratnr dene in mixing, above, the grai yield. T* -:/ - c. y or m " sied rh to t - or p ases ___ ,, n . u A. ;y i 020032 For instance the same concentrations of a first and second grade asbestos were checked with the following results: Fann V G 60j Grade #1 62 Grade #2 47 This is very important -- d: r.ot bee cite partial to a certain brand name that may look like "Visbestos" but does not perform like a top grade asbestos. Require performance runs to indicate which material is the best buy, Visbestos (asbestos) definitely has a place in the drilling in dustry and has proven its economy numerous times in many areas. Figure 1 - indirates the viscosity building characteristics of Visbestos in saturated salt water. The values shown are an av erage of laboratory test runs. Similar results are obtained when tested ir. fresh water. : - ua-1 tre 2. 020033 Visbestos (asbestos) also builds viscosity in oil em.ulsicn mud. For instance Visbestos was tested using Kerosene a 73 F with the following results: , Fann V G 600 Kerosene 3 3% Visbestos Low 14 Q O' \j > sbestos High 24 Why does Visbestos (asbestos) react in this manner? A study of the data given in Figures 2 and 3 below gives us a grid hint as to the reason for the viscosity building characteristics of as bestos . Figur.e 2 COMPARISON OF FI3HE FIAKZTFFS Type of Fibre Human Hair Wool Nylon Glass Asbestos (Chrysotile) Dia. - Inches rw\ . - -J -w ,iL-i ^C^ w ! w u -- 1f '-J v_1 Figure 3 SURFACE AREA OF Fir FES Type of Fibre Nylon Cotton Wool Asbestos (Chrysotile) S-- u-rf-sarce A.rea by Up N-r / - w 7 r ?~ nn^ to 223,000 Please note the fibre diameter of asbestos eonparc-d to other fibres. Also note the extremely high surface area of asrestcs compared to nylon, cotton and wool. The tremendous strength of the asbestos fibres (figure 4) reveals why the asbestos fibres are not destroyed by mixing and agitation of the drilling fluid system, 3. 020034 t 1TJT' COMPARISON OF TENSILE STRENGTH Cyme of Material V/rouoh't Iron-------Carbon Steel V "//CO 1 h3 C6 tc S (C^" r".r30 Strenqth - psi qr/ootP'-----------155.000 60,000 100.000 to 300,000 -- v ' -- ,P. rations proved that a top grade is compatible to all mud systems the follov/i no s vs terns. v- jy ^ c. ` _ Cl... o _ = , *__^ . . . C - S _ - 3 a: p, y - . e.T.-r : bentonite and :u_cc te apaoity and sus- per.dir.g ability of drilling fluids, inner ft mat tor. s ancles and cuttings are removed from. well. Z 5. S a evealed that a major mud y of the wells they are me cl a: : 50 to 10G sacks of :e hole. 020035 After this company started using asbestos the following advantages were noted. * Drilling time definitely decreased. * Cuttings were considerably larger. * Better gauge hole (no washing out while crushing or drilling up large, hand size recus ). *Better penetration. ^Easier setting pipe. *3etter cementing jobs (less fill required). A study of figure 5 and figure 6 presents field evidence of the economy and advantages of Asbestos (Visbestos). Figure 5: These wells were drilled by the same contractor, same rig, and same operator. Well A was drilled to 11,700 feet with water, 6-percent oil and emulsifier. At this depth a low visco sity sample mud with fluid less control was added. Well 3 was drilled to 11,700 feet with water, 5-percer.t oil and asbestos. At depth a fluid loss control agent was added. For recovery cf good samples, hold conditions required the introduction of asbes tos. Fluid properties were 3.5 ppg, vise:city 34 to 40 seconds. T* - v - OiJO/JCIti Footage no. of Bits Rotating Hours Avg. ft./bit Avg. ft/hour Bit size Comparative Penetration Pates Well A Well 219S 10 263 22C 1.1 1 l/'c" 2407 7 231 344 10 7 Figure 6: Comparison of t ti_ree we-i ln iifferent con- tractors but with ccmparabls rigs, illed with clear saturated brine ware r. Well with saturated brine water with flcccuiar. t. Well with saturated brine water and asbestos, A 32 sec r.d vis cost tv was maintained as samples were desired fr -C r OCtaj? Number of bits Avg. ft./bit Avg, ft./hour Bit size Betatino hours in s'. 91 020037 247 ised 020038 VIS3EST0S Availability and recommended treatment VISSESTQS is available through your mud service company If his stock is depleted, Montello, Inc. has back up stocks in your area which can be obtained by calling Montello's representative for your area or by calling Montello direct. VISBESTQS has been used in brine muds, fresh water muds, emulsion muds, samole muds and work over muds. The treat ment (#/BBL) of v/ISSESTOS depends coon the drilling fluid system and the amount of work that is bo^e on t'-e V15 BBS"05 during mixing. The more slowly the material is mixes, the higher the shear and the setter y c u r results. Mormal concentrations of ^ISBESTOS v?rv from 2-rr to 5# per barrel, A good souc mud was obtains; by using i^/EBL of VIS8EST0S to lGf,/59t of 3ei. Excelle"-; ==mo`le mu os -t'vs been oreoared with as little as of . I SETST0;. The exact concentration of VlSBiSTQS d e c e r c s on the fluid sys tem, the amount of mixino one the desires mud properties. Any mud engineer familiar with asbestos will hav = no dif ficulty using VI5BESTQS, The only ci" fere nee is that you will get the same results with less materi-l. VIS5EST0S yields better in salt water to an r:s;h : t e r. UI5BEST0S yields faster at the rig tv-n competitive nrodu*ts due to extra shear during the ^ ' a j f a cturs of . IS r - S J S , You will notice the larger size of vISBBSTCS oars os cause of this. Thank you for considering the best ---------------------- .'ISduSTQS. P. 0. BOX 1046 020033 TECHNICAL REPORT ft VIS 66-6 SAND SPRINGS, OKLAHOMA Doyi; 918 Cl 5-6641 Nights: 918 Rl 3-3105 VISEESTOS Problem; Quick viscosity end increased carryino cape city of mud repuireo to keep hole clean. Location: X1 o r t h Dakota Deoth: 9,TEC feet Drilling Fluid: Sait water and nttaoulgite Temperature: \or" = l for are- . Solution: A major oil co-mo any ati" i 1 s or il line in \;orth Dakota needed to build viscosity ouickly ano also to increase the cutting carrying cadu city of tns drilling fluid to neis keec me hole clean, DISEESTCS, ! _ compound), hoooer to a o de ;o rox i: c t0s : J " m mu. 1 V 0 rf/ Z The j ISrESTjS -.yas added sic-1 a 1io*inc aoout 15 minutes per bit? on.'. or '- <r,'i s "S - r , T~e desires v i s o o 5 i t > * i c r t a i " e d in one round trio. 5 o t n c n ? o o e r t:: " : ' u : service comp-were very please d .it'' t n e :: u i : <, aco no- i co 1 re sults obtained using ,-1 2 = E S '.t 5 . Their or-1 y co -cl a inn -- "..e could have -me the 020040 CH ; cAL REPORT f, ;I5 SS~3 SAND SPRINGS, OKLAHOMA Days: 918 Cl 5-6641 Nights. 918 R1 3-3105 ISMSTOS Prat Isa: Drillin; 2,CG Feet or 17" s'-r hole, Lcc~tior: South Louis i-?"3 Dsot-h: Su:r"?ce- co Z,iZZ feet. 7 e t o e r a 11 r s : \ o r~ a 1 situ'tion; .;- = i: = r ;:i3 troui.e a a s seen n a is : = mo exoenenc- sa in 5 ?. r = i "sn criliinc surf':: s n a 1 e . Difficulties sre ex 0 sci'ences 1' - <*; = = 01' n; 1 e c 1 e r-n . Cu 111 ncs r = ns c i c s5 g man' s 3C " 1 - Z. o' h n _ c 1 ~ 3 - tr nolas cut with cJ i f -- ` T0 c : c u if j e i - 0 I s trcucls Plus c i: . J :u, Cn. ' :io; 0 c ot i o- . Sver/tiTs c -- 0 :110 to - 0:: c~ int 0 1 - cit. 1--1 .-1 ' ; - ! ; - ' r. r * - * - - r- r-p - L ' 2 n `i, 5 L I C noulcite cel * i t h criil cuttinos settling was .t = cs tne cut t in _ ou 10 Also it was ns cess try to waasshh - a c 5 >." i l n = n I ?. r c s d hold 1 e a d i *; c ia t e 1 - r* *. r- *- --!* r : : n 1 l : not occur, 0 r i 11 i n c was i ti n e .'.as -^c=. _-,e dri Iliac con~ c -,--!! --1 = 0 r -o = ln 15 doth to ocsr^tor . ..0p21 * wy or ware s*.pfi&p- Ditto*n Ewiiry . 11 i n r>y: p.: ' d 30 ; .. nec * :.onpeci'ion cups to a poor ce- . j i i n r; 3 or c.. n - r,i- n. not ocar< drill' .'\c r connecton :;t.or saved .Tieny ,! to operator and a* :Sd. . i :y*\* .dsmmwt f; - P. 0. BOX 1046 SAND SPRINGS, OKLAHOMA V' - T* i ~ 02C^M.*il yMMraKIP" DoyifSX a 5-i k '*\ Nighti: 918 Rf 3-iibiU sto# 1# a too gradf CbtteotUl asbestos compound ;.n Coalinga, California and procaasad undsr rigid iY control specifically for us# aa a drilling nud sV tat,. ptifSIle billing fluid systems, sign#d primarily a* a viacoalty bulldar and ia successfully to increase the carrying caoacity and euaoendinj ability of drilling nude* ` . J-JL 'fT'.Tx;' v"; '> '"ff*SrK lots of the flu at- ftorfcs i&tftft adbattd* and drilling fluids T aatrormad by ffft bautd^ft* R&b# in the I940*s. Pa ints fcpr# CsslgoM td*V msM? PM coop any. Vlsbaatoa covered uhdCr letters pstdftt #2,727,001 and 2,732,343. T: iisa patents inclusively cflvsr tha usa of chrysotils pastas in drilli&fefluidtj according to tha opinion . ".w , ' 'Aiary coop aton*&eS||ilip8fc#ti 'era >rs six types of asbestos. Five typos are charged negativeLlyr iJnndc onea typ^ fhry8otlla( ia charged posltivs- ivJiL^tisijug^|anMta jnc iar'tha-'.SfTlV dnf' types thst exhibits the deair- >*$* prop art! aa. , ? A 3b* ftu* lias from Quebec, tha Cast Coast, Arizona, >yo*lng, Ifornla and othsr locations hava basn tested in ardor Istermine the vary bast product fro* which to rottuce iestos. Thera wsa a tremendous variation in he psrf< tones of these samples, float samples failed on ha test, that of building viscosity. After consld- the test Indexes only the top grade chrysotlle materiel proved to be acceptable. . ____ Vtabestos do? It builds viscosity end Increases carrying capacity of drilling fluid -- that is a fact! i T*>s lncrsese in viscosity of a drilling fluid caused by the addition of asbestos depends on the drilling fluid system, the concentration of asbestos and the amount of work that ia done in mixing, (i,e. the amount of shear). As discussed above, the grade of asbestos also effects the viscosity yield. .4 1. SAND SWINGS, OKLAHOMA*,- - T9 rirat and aaeond^, ratultai . Night* 918 V Mm .h . tQfitb>apOO partial to a cart tin brand kostoa* but doaa not perform Ilka a JtaQilff parfompftot rune to lndicatp mMoH Jp4 - J/v... r?3P*i#ca in tha drilling In* >ndty ^uoartN* tlaae In Many treat* -*4ir * TMw. loin a charaotarletlee of .,.w ,,, Valuta ahOMt erd~dnt ;**; & Taaulta art obtained M. . , Saturated Salt Water. 4 6 6 10 12 14 16; MATERIAL CONCENTRATION (IB/BBL) 2. IB 20 22 24 '.V*i ,V .-./ ^'rV'awbS ~i ; a >4 020046 Z* J*.i , ^ ,i ..- r*v 'ii - V ,*7. " NGS, OKLAHOMA? * ? Dari?911 NighUt 918 M 3-3105 ty In oil sus ............ Ksrossno 9 70f: li* tfiS ffttfediafiiiiAftr1' 2% Vlsbsstos -xwwmr r ,l0 *f 9+m**** U 3< Vlsbsstos High 2* *'#"** I^lfis'gives us a good hint as tNt vlsoeiit^ tullllng characteristics of as- TERS jt 0.0008 to 0.0011 0.0003 0.00028 f v- 1.000^0706 to 0.0000011 EMTX SURFACE AREA OF FIBRES Surfacs Arsa by N*j --t*-- 7(1200 9,600 130,000 to 220,000 $f^'"F3ass nots ths Tlbr diameter of asbaatos compared to other fibres. Also not* ths extremely high *> rfacs area of asbestos compared to nylon, cotton and wool. The tremendous strength of the asbestos 'f fibres (figured) reveals why ths asbestos fibrss are not destroyed by mixing and agitation of the drilling fluid system. ' - - : A -tO. MM 3. mi ''tower solid* mud. r+ Replace* or compliments bentonite and attapulglte clays* * Increases carrying capacity end sus pending ability or rilling riutda* * Larger formation samples and dotting* ara removed from wall* >rt from South Louisiana revealed thst a major mud using asbestos in 80 - B5 % of the walls they ara ^Vending results were reported when using 50 to 100 sacks of |fcj?Lr astnato* and some clay while drilling surface hole. J 4. & A >*MB 0200l|> ; > SAND SfiUNGS, OKLAHOMA / ; Dairy i( ft t* e* nr . - . " , fi ., Night.: PIS ;RI 3-3105 aebettfe the following otfvontagrMi v,; _ : tCm* * CwttiJtar"i#Ts considerably larger. M gauge hole (no washing out while ling drilling up large, hand At- ,* am ^dii) tiMf. g fllpt l in# jobs (leas fill required) field evidence of the os) t. i sane contractor, aana d to 11,700 feet with t this depth a low vlseo* > t#l was added. Well B wae ; ereant oil and aeboatos.:^: -^v .j e 'added, for recovery of>^#^': red the introduction of oebea-?* ^ , viscosity 34 to 40 seconds. TEXAS 50 . 10Q ROTATING HOURS F *, v "7 ( 300 j .<., V  JgL 1 SAND SPfiNGS, OOAMMA0& inft. Jf *.< v^s ^Nightc 91S II 5-3105' PCNCmioi MTU 88* Veil 8 4733 1 TJ;* .y* 10 473 ill* I7f" 243 m* 741 ball C 4908 7 701 If .ft 17j* 247 : >$& 3^4 5has b*en economically and successfully used '-.'*- . *-. Saji'.ssatai' QtXllng) '\ 'm , < :cnsir^i' Htdi ii-M / carrying capacity of ud. d,suspending ability ofjiud* t high t ap er aturi*,,. no increase in viscosity (Kid * temperature) * Larger aanplaa. * Synergistic afreet on polymers and starch. * Inhibits flocculation. i. * Batter penetration rataa. (longer bit life) ads you use will do the job. VIS8ST0S IS THE BEST mK ?..1 cJO ..f'-eat of. 17" surface hole.*. .; :. has and is being tiling surface . need in k eepi !&&&* ; ,..f| of two surface . of mud - same '- ^ ** w ' .m. ***? vi seyc* $ cJ0C.,QG plus .8 all the way bad .. percent Job ptozs'i'-/ every ." :v01> made Fiub cost #1,213.00 No hala trjjuble Good gauqfe. , Good cerienr job 'V.d -*r:t plug bet* "us* i>nt :7 to poor carr-j i.ng capacity off pulgite gai: ,ifd difficulties were experien- liith dr; J i cuttings settling to bottom. Every* ` r.'.rec ;.` ;n cas mads? Mu> cuttings would : u b-.- r.nC o'. ; u , Also it was nee- '..^3 ci&en 3*:ar connection oa9 on tjr*:.?... cod hole jasaing to a poor ca- y-V 3';S nH-d sett.' 'ng did not occur, drill y con;; r'.-. " avtsr connsccion Nj ur.iijno cin.v actor saved aany cn ABC-to savings both to operator and . :"1 r- a-;tc J.' \ . & i m v mi %Tir, ...-* . . ' ' V' "v"v Qvick viecociyj jjwvd increased carrying .:. . . C ' * ' i . m ., u - .^ te.Ci >y of nNufl'r'$<|uXred to keep hole i i.. ' ,41 :f+ iaifi*u * i1 A1**Mo `-flv ' * i ` "`.rf*' ' ` ^ S #H;V. ;\^!i\Sr'f3*:5>L^ JU.i" ' V V ' . ^QrT^ 0... i h : 9 (t ' ,. ' - ' W1- . f.x ivy s' ra.'t -Vr--...': v r: ' ol^r e'ra t--i.f', .?-V Sr jf%. ., . GbtJ&JjsS&v 'ft:. <' ik&femv'.ms iui 1 o v^fCOS it y quit cutting carrying caps** ,/iLicS io halp keep the hole * -- LOIS'S fi0F3nmrj - ,, ,f chrysotil^6sbestbs Jded at pump auction Mchr.'ugh mud rz concentration of approximately 3#/B8L. itSTOS was added sloaily alldwing about IB:1 per 50# bag for .maximum sheet. IhtMBosr.red viscosity was obtainad in pn3 round ' 36th the operator end nr;-: aervi.o: company' very pisna.rid with the qui eccr.itv:cal re tits obtained using V2S8E5T0S. ., T K a- % t* rtl */ *r 2 fna, ^ I f.-, ^ * ilxll'U .r. O X V . "-- n.;th less y ISBESTOS! ` I could have uune the *`v'"''J :'$V "*S ... i i&*% : 's ' Uf. ' " '" DISTRIBUTOR PRICff*lST>-: ' ' VISBESTOS ' Effective June 15, 1966 ^ -4m$ '' / . . .. ... )t1019' of TC-2^^'. i"jjjjg*h".' `nimum), F.0.5. "' \ k. ftk : ' W S. up. r-iini"gs, "WiV-SSf* . - # * 0.B. . ,.. . . ... . ff__... Okla.h.:.om.;a. /................... $7.2& ..per' lb.. . i'iA.'.r;};. >*''Vi , Issitofir 2%cash discount for payment in ten days; . Net cash in thirty days.; , ' v .* ' .... fc,~ .; <*>. \c; ., - . .... 'Ik r Freight will be paid by Montelloy Inc. and billed to mud service company along with the material for shipments from Coalinga, Calif, and Sand Springs, Oklahoma iAH Montello products are manufactured and licensed for use lunder appropriate patents. All royalties are included in our posted prices. yj n+\j ' J kJ f ODf>n??n Exposure Limits Current OSHA asbestos regulations establish per missible exposure limits (PEL) of 10 fibers/cc (f/cc) maximum ceiling count and 2 f/cc on an 8 hour time weighted average (TWA). A variety of special actions must be taken by employers whenever employees are reasonably expected to be exposed to fiber concentra tions in excess of the PEL. For many years Montello and Union Carbide Corporation, our supplier, have carried on a joint program of field monitoring, cover ing a wide variety of representative drillsite work places. The result is a large body of data in which there is no instance of exceeding the PEL. In fact, with only rare exceptions, fiber counts have been less than 10% of the PEL. Safely Requirements Based on this, we believe there is no reasonable expectation of exceeding the PEL when using Univis or Super Visbestos in drilling fluids. We therefore believe that the requirements on subsequent monitor ing, special clothing, change rooms, double lockers, laundering procedures and caution signs, do not apply to the drillsite workplace when using our products. Further, we believe monitoring performed upon repre sentative workplaces will adequately assure perform ance below the PEL. Field Monitoring Results To clarify the regulations on medical examinations, OSHA recently issued a compliance programming let ter, (CPL2-2.21 A). It states in part. "Medical exami nations -- will be required for any 7 to 8 hour time weighted average concentration of 0.1 fibers/cc, or for a greater concentration." All monitoring of Univis usage in the field has resulted in TWA counts below 0.1 f/cc. TWA counts for Super Visbestos are also consistently below 0.1 f/cc. Summary In summary, we believe that, with proper work practices and housekeeping, it is possible to use Univis and Super Visbestos in drilling fluid applications with out exceeding the OSHA PEL, or violating any of the asbestos regulations. Additional Information A detailed Field Monitoring Information Summary will be sent upon request. We will also furnish the current OSHA regulations, along with a review of the regulatory background. Also, The Asbestos Informa tion Association of North America has developed re commended work practices for the use of asbestos drilling mud additives. We will be glad to supply you with copies upon request, The conditions and use of the products set forth herein are beyond the control of Montello. For this reason any information, statements, recommendations or suggestions are made by Montello without warranty or guarantee, either express or implied. Also for this reason, Montello shall not be responsible for any failure to comply with any federal, state or local safety or environmental standard or regulation, which results from the use of its products. Printed in USA Montello, Inc. 6106 East 32 Place, Tulsa, Oklahoma 74135, Telephone (918) 665-1170, TWX 910-845-2396 6106 EAST 32ND PLACE TULSA, OKLAHOMA 74135 (918) 665-1170 t TWX 910-845-2396 Product Bulletin 10/80 0200G3 UNI V 1 S Universal Viscosifier {Wet-refined, Pelletized) Free Flowing, Low Dust Product HOW PACKAGED: Multi-wall paper sacks - 50 pounds each, FUNCTION: For hole cleaning in any aqueous drilling fluid. Builds quick yield with and without bentonite or attapulgite. Provides a "natural", inexpensive, low-solids drilling fluid for clear water drilling rates, EFFECT ON DRILLING FLUID PROPERTIES: * Increases carrying capacity. * Improves flow properties. * Used 50/50 with bentonite, synergism gives 3 to 5 times greater yield than dry ground asbestos. * Stabilizes high temperature gelation of bentonite. * Stabilizes salt flocculation of bentonite. * Synergizes with attapulgite for higher yield. * Controls progressive gels. WHERE USED: Drilling fluid: Hole interval: All aqueous and oil base drilling fluids. Surface to total depth. HOW USED: Add 1 to 3 Ibs./bbl. at mud hopper for quick yield and better cutting transport. To avoid fill-up during trips, sweep hole clean with 2 to 5 bags flushed through the hopper. Builds inexpensive workover or packer fluid. In low fluid loss mediums (generally 20-30 cc), UNIVIS may require additional time to yield. Accomplish this by aqueous pre-yie1ding, or bypassing shale shaker tem porarily. See other side . . . Product Bulletin 10/80 0200^4 ADVANTAGES: * Unique, wet-processing means less shear required at rig. * Provides desired yield with half the poundage of dry ground products. * 98% open fiber, compared with 50% for dry ground produc ts . * Hole cleaned with lower annular velocity, less wash out, less fill-up and less redrilling. (Means reduced rotating hours, bits used, mud cost and days on loca tion.) * Twice as effective and half as bulky as dry ground products. (Means 50% less drayage and 75% less stor age space required.) * Not affected by contamination, bacteria or temperature. (Used to over 600F.) * No formation damage, acid soluble. SPECIAL NOTE ON SAFE USE: An extensive field study has revealed that UNIVIS offers a 5 to 1 or better safety margin in comply ing with OSHA health hazard regulations. Based on this study, Montello believes there is no reasonable expectation of exceeding the legal expo sure limits when using UNIVIS. 0200G5 January 12, 1967 Superintendent I.M.C, Drilling Mud Company 1626 Barrow Houma, Louisiana Dear Sir: Your order for 1,000 sacks of Visbestos (your number 6DM103135) for delivery to Colley Switch, Louisiana has been shipped from Coalings on Car No. SP-21176i*. Thank you very much for your valued business. We appreciate this opportunity to serve you. Sincerely, M0NTELL0, INC. Harry M. Wyatt HMW/dlo January 12, 1967 Milchem, Inc. Milwhlte Mud Sales 6lh West Francis Pampa, Texas Gentlemen: Your order for 500 bags of Vlsbestos for delivery to Perryton, Texas haa been shipped from Coallnga on Car No. L&N 98766; delivering carrier will be Santa Fe. We will appreciate it if you will have your people re-level the load after they pull your 500 bags. This will prevent damage to the balance of the material at final destination. We certainly appreciate your business and your consideration of the above request. Sincerely, MONTELLO, INC. Harry M. Wyatt HMW/dlo 0200U7 January 12, 1967 Oil Base, Inc. 3625 S,W. Freeway Houston, Texas Attention: Mr. Arnold Joyce Dear Mr. Joyce: Your order number 1318 for 500 bags of asbestos, designated as OBI packer fluid additive, has been shipped from Coalinga, California to Galena Park on Car Number IC-24560. Ihank you very much for your order. We appreciate this opportunity to serve you. Sincerely, KONTELLO, INC. Harry M Wyatt HMW/dlo 0200li8 January 12, 1$67 Mr. J. D, Sullivan P.0. Box 135 New Iberia, Louisiana Dear J.D.: 2.000 sacks of Visbestos has been shipped from Coalings, California on railroad Car Number SP211764, Ibis car is scheduled as follows: 1,000 sacks to our warehouse in New Iberia, Louisiana for stopover partial unloading, with the remaining 1.000 sackB going on to I.M.C. at Houma, Louisiana. When the above car number arrives in New Iberia, please unload 1,000 sacks in our warehouse and re level the load to prevent damage, Hope to see you soon. Sincerely, MONTELLO, INC. Harry M. Wyatt HMW/dlo 020009 January 5, 1967 Colonel Grubb Brine Service ft Chemical Company F.O. Box 755 Lake Charles, Louisiana Bear Colonel Grubb: As requested by your Mr, Schwartz, we are sending you under separate cover today the following: 1, Twelve "Visbestos" reports 2, Twelve "World Oil" reprints 3, One Montello Product Information booklet Thank you very much for your fine business. We oertainly appreciate your use of our products. I am looking forward to meeting you the next time I am in Lake Charles. Sincerely, KOKTELLO, INC. Harry M, Wyatt HMW/dlo CCj Mr. Schwartz - Houston 020070 January 5* 19^7 Mr, Dick Stubbs Barold Division National Lead Company P.0. Box 1675 Houston, Texas Dear Diok: Attached is a complete price list that you requested during my recent visit with you in Houston. Please note that the separate price lists on Pheno Seal, Visbestos and Super Lube Flow also Include the freight classifi cations, which were Inadvertently left off of the composite price list. Sincerely, MQNTELLO, INC. Harry M. Wyatt HMW/dlo Ends. 020071. January 5, 1967 Hr. J. D. McCarter Gary-Nees Lumber Company Box 714 Gainesville, Texas Dear J.D.i Sometimes, for some reason, things just do not work out the way they are supposed to. There is no one that feels worse than we do because they did not get results out of the Vlsbestos or Super Lube Flow, We certainly do appreciate the work and trouble you have gone to in trying to get results in the application of these two products, J.D., as I promised in the beginning, your company will not get stuck with this material. We are having the samples of mud that you gave us checked to determine the concentration of Visbestos. We are also checking the Vlsbestos samples that we picked up at the rig. Please let us know how much Visbestos was used on this application and we will credit your account for the same amount. Also, when you send us the "count" let us know how you want this credit handled, cash or otherwise. We have enclosed, for your information, four Super Lube Flow reports and two Vlsbestos reports for your files. These reports outline the kind of results we are experiencing on other similar applications. I am sure we will get results as good as these in your area eventually. Thanks again for the wonderful cooperation you are giving us. I am looking forward to spending a day or two with you in the near future. Sincerely, MONTELLO, INC. . Harry M Wyatt HMW/dlo Ends,(6) 020072 January 5, 1967 Mr. Charlie Reeves 1250 Eddie Street Eunice, Louisiana Re: Your letter 1-2-67 Extra sacks Dear Charlie: We are sending Rock Supply today from Sand Springs the following extra Pheno Seal empty bags: 25 Fine; 15 Medium; 10 Coarse. The extra Rock Seal bags will be shipped to Rock Supply with their next order. We are waiting for delivery on 500 open mouth Vlsbestos bags and as soon as they are received In Tulsa we will ship same to Rock Supply direct. Sincerely, MONTELLO, INC. Harry M Wyatt HMW/dlo CC; Mr. Charlie Norman 02007-3 December 27, 1966 Mr, Calvin Ortego Louisiana Mud Company P.0, Box 1023 Houma, Louisiana Dear Mr, Ortego: Unclosed is our Invoice #2085 oovering the 500 b&gB of Visbestos shipped to you as well as the 200 bags of Visbestos picked up at our New Iberia Warehouse on 11-21-66 (Ticket No. M-2427). The 200 bags were picked up by you as a loan against your order for the 500 fe&g split earload. We will be happy to accept the 200 bags at our New Iberia Ware house if you wish to return it. We will issue you a oredlt memorandum as soon as the tioket for the return is received from our warehouseman. Thank you for your orders. We will look forward to serving you again soon. Sincerely, MONTELLO, INC. Kenneth N. Campbell KNC/dlo Enel.(1) 020074 December 27, 1966 Mr. Bill Chafin 1710 Evergreen Pampa, Texas Dear Bills Around the first of October 1966, prior to the time you started representing us in the panhandle area. Baker k Taylor received delivery on 500 sacks of Visbestos. They thought it was consigned, even though we never consign; but, never-the-less, on this first case we went along with them. We have Just received payment on this 500 sacks of Visbestos, which might indicate they have used most or all of this material, Therefore, I would suggest that you call on Roy Bulls, Baker k Taylor Drilling Company, Spearman, Texas, You might have another 500 or 1,000 sack order of Blsbestos, If my schedule holds up I plan on being in the Amarillo area on Wednesday, January 4th, Will give you a rig& ahead of time to confirm this date. Sincerely, MONTELLO, INC. Harry M. Wyatt HMW/dlo 020075 December 27, 1$66 Mr. Grant Gould Baker & Taylor Drilling Co. P.0. Box 27^8 Amarillo, Texas Dear Grant: We are sending you today, under separate cover, a small sample of Super Grind Pheno Seal. If my schedule holds up, I plan to be in Amarillo Wednesday, January 4th. I will check with you ahead of time to see if we can make connections. Thank you very much for the check covering the 500 sacks of Viabestos. I trust this means you have used most of this material. We certainly appreciate your assistance In developing the use of Gilsonlte and Vlsbestos in your area. Sincerely, MONTELLO, INC. Harry M. Wyatt HMW/dlo 020076 December 20, 1966 Mr. A. K. Schwartz Brine Service 1 Chemical Company Room 802 3400 Montrose Building Houston, Texas Dear Mr, Schwartz: Your order for 500 bags of Visbestos for delivery to Lake Charles will be shipped today from Coalings on Car No. IC 25^10, Delivering carrier will be Southern Pacific. We will appreciate It If you will have your people re level the load after they pull the 500 bags. This will prevent damage of the balance of the material at final destination. As mentioned earlier this week, Harry intends to be In Houston about the 28th. He will contact you by tele phone for an appointment while he is there. Please accept our best wishes for a Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year. Will look forward to serving you again soon, Sincerely, HONTELLO, INC. Kenneth N. Campbell KNC/dlo CC: Mr. Charlie Reeves 020077 December 20, 1966 Hr, J. D. Sullivan P.O. Box 135 New Iberia, Louisiana 70560 J Dear J.D,1 We have ordered a car of Vlsbestos from Coalings today. It Is being shipped on Car No. IC 25-410. We have scheduled the New Iberia warehouse as the final destination. When the oar arrives It will have 500 to 600 bags for unloading at our warehouse. We will need an accurate count on the actual number unloaded, the number of bags broken, and a railroad damage report form on the breakage. Please accept our best wishes for a Kerry Christmas and a Happy New Tear. Sincerely, H0NTELL0, INC. Kenneth N. Campbell KNC/dlo CC* Nr. Charlie Reeves ^ (nil O^on^fci December 20, 1966 Mr. Oeorge Locker Buckeye, Inc, P.0. Box 5564 Midland, Texas Dear Oeorge: Your order for 1,000 bags of Visbestos will be shipped today from Coallnga on Car No. IC 25410, Delivering carrier will be T ft P. In order to avoid unnecessary damage at the final destination, we will appreciate it if you will have the load releveled after taking off your 1,000 bags. Best wishes for a Kerry Christmas and a Happy New Year. We will look forward to hearing from you again soon. Sincerely, MONTELLO, INC. Kenneth N. Campbell SNC/dlo CCj Mr. Prank Dawkins / iC v / /r 020079 November 30, i960 Mr, George Locker Bresident Buckeye, Inc. P. 0. Box 5564 Midland, Texas Dear George: We understand that your company acts as a baslo soarce of mat erials for a number of Independent service companies. We under stand further that you offer a number of services to these com panies including credit, warehousing, delivery, etc. This quali fies your company as distributor with respect to your customers in the West Texas area. The purpose of this letter is to Inform you that, on the basis of the above, we have established a distributor discoutt for Buckeye. It must be understood that continuation of this discoutt depends in large measure upon the cooperation and marketing assistance given by Buckeye. This discount will apply to all Visbestos pur chases by your company for a period of one year from this date. The amount will be $10.00 per ton, which will be deducted from the face of each invoice. The minimum order acceptable under this arrangement is 1,000 bags. If this meets with your approval, please sign below as indicated aad return one copy for our files. Sincerely, Approved: MONTELLO INC. BUCKEYE, INC. Kenneth N. Campbell President George Locker Presldjaat U 020080 November 2$, i960 fp> y (T) \ I Mr. Jim Edison Sun Oil Company ?. 0. Box 2792 Odessa, Texas Dear Kr. Edison: Following is a list of Visbestos sales for your area, by company. froai July 1, 1966 until today: Barold IKC Hageobar (Permian) Buckeye, Inc. 262,500 60,000 57,500 76,250 dent nud companies) Texas Mud and Chemical 22,500 The sales terapo of Visbestos has steadily increased since its introduction in late runner. Barold is by far the most progres sive in purchasing and promoting of Visbestos in the Permian Basin area. Barold Is also the leader in the Oklahoma area. They have been extremely cooperative in furnishing technical inforraation on field applications of this product. Ve are pleased with the performance of Visbestos. Recent reports received In our office indicate that Visbestos yields faster and is more unifora in its performance than other type asbestos mater ials available in your area. The test runs by your laboratory in Beaumont, Texas to select the best grade Chrysotile Asbestos Fiber have been invaluable in providing the best and most economical material to the drilling Industry. Thanks very much for your acceptance and assistance in promoting Visbestos to its rightful place as a drilling mud additive. Sincerely, MONTSLDO, INC. Harry M. Vyatt 00* V. E. Pierce Don Lawrence,-** ' T. 3. Carreas /Z*- - . / j. y>^ ^ l 3 v J-4-CU4 020081 l vwy \\/. *xr > . ^;yi 4r'- vl-l Cv*>"?fL`^? . ^ ;.so> Va k .A. HAT -T. iV\ Vi*i!\ . ; -si of vitfUrstsc' :r** J-u..- ;, l .'.- : for /*>tr sjs:*, ^ , <lj"v <*lX 5s * rrwf. '-*8 . <S. i /y'' '. 0, ;- -atf ' ; t x : r^-.v:x? r: , "vP:A*0 . .*..* h.I-ip pf v%fc i>* 5 w <=*>.: #i -; ; ta t.-.oro `--ex V-i". i. iw r.'*;r. T'*: is fc/ rmr u* roet l -\ *.*.: jsrotftfti.v* of Vli^jwi i:i Vas *'?viXi, U>uis !*.;& &r*. ;*C **#, vurgr s*ax*sr*t5 v* i. fur1-: #1:1%, t*c~ir-ic*i i *- fen-aX'. y, v? ftt`X : u**fi $f ftfciic*'x* - i- at* or/ puv***^ *: t*. of ts.; 'v-r->t .rtX. .<?;-;ru- r^cfiTt:. i -. our /*!-;# tor '*<'*' i$ ao/ ir. 1U5 U**i ot-,*r ;a ~*- **a,; iaMc iT> jrowr arc* . ^4? t*#% rur# tv Uae I ^. si j**w**o--t W '*e* sra-'U? fi&ar a* or 1 'vai jaV* t ; f-sr*.,/> J ;?< t*x ^vjsx, *-... *>**. o-4v" tcAi w*t*ri*I T.:-v8 . l*'w- & v-j-r;.' ^*5*. for /our Ao<vr'Wi*-* r ... es*i 3t^ : 7i*?*3*t*3 to 1 *.* uk><s M & drXiii:*. .^2 I't&fTxl,?, , . *V- - ;4*rr/ H, *y*vt a e J*o^ -taitaft ^tr fp y QJ November 3, 1966 Mr. W. 8, Kirkland Barold Division hBiional Lead Company P. 0. Box 1675 Houston, Texas -- 77001 Dear 'JUoodyj Rafersncs your letter dated October 28, 1966 regarding the freight rate on our Visbestos material. Your traffic people refer to rail item 8065 of TC 2 which shows a rate of 11,17 par CuJT on 100,000 lbs. carload of asbestos shorts. If your traffic section will check item 1225 of TC 2, they will find that a rate of SI.00 per CWT applies on minimum 120,000 lbs. carload. This sate applies to 100,000 lbs. asbestos when loaded to full viibls capacity. It is under this last clause that we are ship* ping Vlebestos as all cars are loaded to full visible capacity. Please let us know if any further information is required. Sincerely, fflONTCLLO INC. Kenneth N. Campbell KNC/pg criteria for a recommended standard . . .020J83 020084 criteria for a recommended standard .,.. OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE TO ASBESTOS U.S, Department of Health, Education, and Welfare Public Health Service Heolth Services and Mental Heolth Administration National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health 1972 For fl&ie by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. GOTemment Printing Office, Washington, D.C. '20402 020085 HSM 72-10267 Second Printing 020086 PREFACE The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 emphasizes the need for standards to protect the health of workers exposed to an ever increasing number of potential hazards at their workplace. To provide relevant data from which valid criteria and effective standards can be deduced, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health has projected a formal system of research, with priorities determined on the basis of specified indices. It is intended to present successive reports as research and epidemiologic studies are completed and sampling and analytic methods are developed. Criteria and standards will be reviewed periodically to ensure continuing protection of the worker. I am pleased to acknowledge the contributions to this first report on asbestos by members of my staff, and the valuable constructive comments by the Review Consultants on Asbestos. A list of these contri butors and reviewers appears on pages ill and iv. The contributions of others are also acknowledged: Dohrman H. Byers* Bureau of Occupational Safety and Health Cincinnati, Ohio Glen W. Sutton* Bureau of Occupational Safety and Health Cincinnati, Ohio Andrew D. Hosey* Bureau of Occupational Safety and Health Cincinnati, Ohio Richard E. Kinser Bureau of Occupational Safety and Health ** Cincinnati, Ohio Bobby J. Gunter, Ph.D.*, Bureau of Occupational Safety and Health ** Cincinnati, Ohio John L. Holtz Bureau of Occupational Safety and Health ** Cincinnati, Ohio 020087 Roger A. Nelson*** Bureau of Occupational Safety and Health Cincinnati, Ohio Edward J. Baler Occupational Health Program Pennsylvania Department of Health Paul Gross, M.D. Graduate School of Public Health University of Pittsburgh John C, Lumsden North Carolina State Board of Health Morris Kleinfeld, M.D. New York State Department of Health Irving J, Selikoff, M.D. Mount Sinai School of Medicine City University of New York Douglas H. K. Lee, M.D. National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences Marcus fT. Key, M.D. Director, National restitute for Occupational Safety and Health *former staff **now National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health 020088 REVIEW COMMITTEE NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH Howard E, Ayer Assistant Director, Division of Field Studies and Clinical Investigations John V. Crable Acting Chief, Laboratory of Physical and Chemical Analysis Bobby F. Craft, Ph.D. Acting Director, Division of Technical Services Lewis J. Cralley, Ph.D. Office of the Associate Director, Cincinnati Operations Lorice Ede, J.D, Office of Research & Standards Development Edward J. Fairchild, Ph.D. Acting Associate Director, NIOSH Cincinnati Operations William M, Johnson, M.D. Associate Director, Division of Field Studies and Clinical Investigations111 Jeremiah R. Lynch Acting Deputy Director, Division of Laboratories and Criteria Development Raymond T, Moore, M.D, Associate Director, NIOSH Washington Operations Charles H. Powell, Sc.D. Assistant Director, NIOSH for Research and Standards Development Warren L. Smith, M.D. Division of Field Studies and Clinical Investigations Herbert E. Stokinger, Ph.D. Division of Laboratories and Criteria Development Joseph K. Wagoner, S.D. Hyg. Director, Division of Field Studies and Clinical Inves tigations 111 NIQSH REVIEW CONSULTANTS ON ASBESTOS W. Clark Cooper, M.D. Professor in Residence Occupational Health Division of Environmental Health Sciences University of California School of Public Health Berkeley, California Duncan A. Holaday Research Professor Mount Sinai School of Medicine City University of New York New York, New York George W. Wright, M.D. Head, Department of Medical Research St. Lukes Hospital Cleveland, Ohio 020089 iv 0200JJ0 CRITERIA DOCUMENT: RECOMMENDATIONS FOR AN OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE STANDARD FOR ASBESTOS PREFACE Table of Contents REVIEW COMMITTEES I RECOMMENDATIONS FOR AN ASBESTOS STANDARD Section 1 - Environmental Section 2 - Medical Section 3 - Labeling Section A - Personal Protective Equipment and Clothing Section 5 - Apprlsal of Employees of Hazards from Asbestos Section 6 - Work Practices Section 7 - Monitoring & Recordkeeping Requirements II INTRODUCTION CII BIOLOGIC EFFECTS OF EXPOSURE Extent of Exposure Early Historical Reports Epidemiological Studies Animal Toxicity Correlation of Exposure and Effect IV ENVIRONMENTAL DATA V DEVELOPMENT OF STANDARD Basis for Previous Standards U. S. Bnergency Standard Basie for Recommended Standard Summary VI COMPATIBILITY WITH EMISSION STANDARDS VII REFERENCES VIII APPENDIX I - Air Sampling Method IX APPENDIX II - Numerical Hazard Rating System X APPENDIX III - Material Safety Data Sheet oeooui I. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR AN ASBESTOS STANDARD The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) recommends that worker exposure to asbestos dust in the workplace be controlled by requiring compliance with the following sections. Control of worker exposure to the limits stated will prevent asbestosis and more adequately guard against asbestos-induced neoplasms. The standard is amenable to techniques that are valid, reproducible, and available to industry and governmental agencies. It will be subject to review and will be revised as necessary. Section 1 - Environmental (work place air) (a) Concentration Occupational exposure to airborne asbestos dust shall be controlled so that no worker shall be exposed to more than 2.0 asbestos fibers per cubic centimeter (cc) of air based on a count of fibers greater than 5 micrometers (>5 jm) in length ((determined by the mem brane filter method at 400-450X magnification (4 millimeter objective) phase contrast Illumination, as described in Appendix I)), determined as a time-weighted average (TWA) exposure for an 8-hour work day, and no peak concentration of asbestos to which workers are exposed shall exceed 10.0 fibers/cc^Sjm as determined by a minimum sampling time of fifteen minutes. (b) Sampling Procedures for sampling, calibration of equipment, and analysis of asbestos samples shall be as provided in Appendix I. (c) It is recommended that this Section I become effective two years after promulgation as a standard, and that until the date of 020092 publication, the present emergency standard for exposure to asbestos dust (29 CFR 1910,93a) shall be in effect. This period is believed necessary to permit installation of necessary engineering controls. 1-2 Section 2 - Medical 020033 Medical surveillance is required, except where a variance from the medical requirements of this proposed standard have been granted, for all workers who are exposed to asbestos as part of their work environment, For purposcs of this requirement the term "exposed to,asbestos" will be Interpreted as referring to time-weighted average exposures above 1 fiber/ cc or peak exposures above 5 flbers/cc. The major objective of such surveillance will be to ensure proper medical management of individuals who show evidence of reaction to past dust exposures, either due to excessive exposures or unusual susceptibility. Medical management may range from recommendations as to job placement, improved work practices, cessation of smoking, to specific therapy for asbestos-related disease or its com* plications. Medical surveillance cannot be a guide to adequacy of current controls when environmental data and medical examinations only cover recent work experience because of the prolonged latent period required for the development of asbestosis and neoplasms. Required components of a medical surveillance program include periodic measurements of pulmonary function (forced vital capacity (FVC)), and forced expiratory volume for one second (FEV^J, and periodic chest roentgenograms (postero-anterior 14 x 17 inches). Additional medical requirement components include a history to describe smoking habits and details on past exposures to asbestos and other dusts and to determine presence or absence of pulmonary, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal symptoms, and a physical examination, with special attention to pulmonary rales, clubbing of fingers, and other signs related to cardiopulmonary systems. 1-3 Chest roentgenograms and pulmonary function tests will be performed at the employer's expense, at least every 2 years on all employees exposed to asbestos. These tests will be made annually to individuals, (1) who have a history of 10 or more years of employment involving exposure to asbestos or, (2) who show roentgenographic findings (such as small opacities, pleural plaques, pleural thickening, pleural cal cification) which suggest or indicate pneumoconiosis or other reactions to asbestos, or (3) who have changes in pulmonary function which Indicate restrictive or obstructive lung disease. Preplacement medical examinations and medical examinations on the termination of employment of asbestos exposed workers are also required. 1-4 r i 020095 Section 3 - Labeling (a) A warning label for asbeatos as shown in Figure 1 shall be used. (b) Numerical designations indicate the following: (i) A* Health Hazard (color code, blue). Inhalation may cause asbestosis, pleural or peritoneal mesothelioma, or lung cancer. (ii) 0" Fire Hazard (color code, red). Asbestos is non-flammable and has negligible vapor pressure, volatility, flash point, and explosive limits, (c) The details of the numerical hazard rating system are found in Appendix II. 1-5 ASBESTOS HARMFUL: May Cause Delayed Lung Injury (Asbestosls, Lung Cancer), DO NOT BREATHE DUST Use only with adequate ventilation and approved respiratory protective devices. 0^0007 Section 4 - Personal Protective Equipment and Clothing This section shall apply whenever a variance from the standard set in Section I is granted under provisions of the Occupational Safety and Health Act.* Use ole respirators can be decided on the basis of timeweighted average or peak concentration. When the limits of exposure to asbestos dust prescribed in paragraph (a) of Section 1 cannot be met by limiting the concentration of asbestos dust in the work environment, an employer must utilize as provided in subsections (a) and (b) of this Section a program of respiratory protection and furnishing of protective clothing to effect the required protection of every worker exposed. (a) Respiratory Protection (i) For the purpose of determining the class of respirator to be used, the employer shall measure the atmospheric concentration of airborne asbestos in the workplace when the initial application for variance is made and thereafter whenever process, worksite, climate or control changes occur which are likely to affect the asbestos concentration. The employer shall test for respirator fit and/or make asbestos measurements within the respiratory inlet covering to insure that no worker is being exposed to asbestos in excess of the standard either because of improper respirator selection or fit. (ii) As noted above, the use of respirators and protective clothing can be decided on the basis of either time-weighted average or peak concentrations. For determining usage or compliance, the peak concentration of 10 fibers/cc is preferable. *Variance procedures will not be required for emergency and occasional short-term exposures in excess of the environmental standard. However, the use of respirator equipment as indicated in this Section (4) will be required under conditions In excess of the standard. 1-7 020038 (iii) For an atmosphere containing not more than 10 fibers/cc greater than 5 pm in length over an 8-hour average or mote than 50 fibers/cc over any 15 minute period, a reusable or single use filter-type air-purifying respirator, operating with a negative pressure during tho inhalation phase of breathing, approved under the provisions of 30 CFR 1A (Bureau of Mines Schedule 21B) or valveless respirators providing equivalent protection shall be used. (iv) For an atmosphere containing not more f;han 100 fibers/cc greater than 5 jim in length over an 8-hour average or more than 500 fibers/cc over any 15 minute period, a powered air-purifying positive-pressure res pirator approved under the provisions of 30 CFR 14, (Bureau of Mines Schedule 21B) shall be used. (v) For an atmosphere containing more than 100 fibers/cc greater than 5 pm in length over an 8-hour average or over 500 fibers/cc for any period in excess of 15 minutes, a type C positive-pressure supplied air respirator approved under the provisions of 30 CFR 12 (Bureau of Mines Schedule 19B) shall be used. (vi) The employer shall establish a respirator program in accordance with the requirements of the American National Standard for Respiratory Protection Z88.2--1969, (b) Protective Clothing (i) The employer shall provide fiach employee subject to exposure in a variance area with coveralls or similar full body pro tective clothing and hat, which shall be worn during the working hours in areas where there is exposure to asbestos dust. 7.-8 L u-suuuy (ii) The employer shall provide for maintenance and laundering of the soiled protective clothing, which shall be stored, transported and disposed of in sealed non-reusahle containers marked "Asbestos-Con taminated Clothing" in easy-to-read letters. (Ill) Protective clothing shall be vacuumed before removal. Clothes shall not be cleaned by blowing duet from the clothing or shaking, (iv) If laundering is to be done by a private contractor, the employer shall inform Che contractor of the potentially harmful effects of exposure to asbestos dust and of safe practices required in the laundering of the asbestos-soiled work clothes. (v) Resin-impregnated paper or similar protective clothing can be substituted for fabric type of clothing. (vi) It is recommended that in highly contaminated operations (such as insulation and textiles) provisions be made for separate change rooms. 1-9 020100 Section 5 - Apprlsal of Employees of Hazards from Asbestos Each employee exposed to asbestos shall be apprised of all hazards, relevant symptoms, and proper conditions and precautions concerning use or exposure. Each exposed worker shall be informed of the information which is applicable to a specific product or material containing 5X or more asbestos (see Appendix III for details of information required). The information shall be kept on file and readily accessible to the worker at all places of employment where asbestos materials are manu factured or used in unit processes and operations. It is recommended, but not required, that this information be provided for asbestos pro cesses and operations where the asbestos content, is less than 52. Information as specified in Appendix III shall be recorded on U. S. Department of Labor Form 0SHA-20, "Material Safety Data Sheet", (see page X-3 and X-4), or a similar form approved by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, U. S. Department of Labor, 1-10 L Section 6 - Work Practices 020101 (a) Asbestos cement, mortar, coatings, grout, and plaster shall be mixed in closed bags or other containers. (b) Asbestos waste and scrap shall be collected and disposed of in sealed bags or other containers, (c) All cleanup of asbestos dust shall be performed by vacuum cleaners or wet cleaning methods. No dry sweeping shall be performed. I II 1-11 020102 Section 7 - Monitoring and Recordkeeping Requirements Employers will be required* to maintein records of environmental exposure to asbestos based upon the following environmental sampling and recordkeeping schedule. Personal exposure samples will be collected at least annually by specific maximum-risk work operations from a number of employees. The first sampling period will be completed within 180 days of the date of this standard. These selected samples will be collected and evaluated as both time-weighted and peak concentration values. The personal sampling regime shall be on a quarterly basis for maximum-risk work areas under the following conditions; (a) The environmental levels are in excess of the standard. (b) There are other conditions existing that necessitate the requesting of a variance from the Department of Labor. Records of the type of respiratory protection in use during the quarterly sampling schedule must also be maintained. Quarterly sampling, monitoring and recordkeeping will be required only until environmental levels comply with the standard, Except where a variance for monitoring and recordkeeping has been granted. 1-12 020103 II. INTRODUCTION This report presents the criteria and the standard based thereon which were prepared to meet the need for preventing occupational diseases arising from exposure to asbestos dust. The necessary relevant data are made available for use by the Secretary, Department of Health, Education, and Welfare in accordance with the provision of the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 requiring the development of criteria by "The Secretary, Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.,,on the basis of such research, demonstrations, and experiments and any other information available to him...to effectuate the purposes of this Act."..., by providing medical criteria which will assure insofar as practicable that no employee will suffer diminished health, functional capacity, or life expectancy as a result of his work experience'1,,. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), after a review of data and consultations with others, formalized a system for the development of criteria upon which standards can be established to protect the health of workers from exposure to hazardous chemical and physical agents. It should be pointed out that any recommended criteria for a standard should enable management and labor to develop better engineering controls and more healthful work practices and should not be used as a final goal. These criteria for a standard for asbestos dust are the first of the criteria developed by NIOSH. The criteria and standard speak only to the processing, manufacture, and use of asbestos products as applicable under the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970. II-l 020104 The occupational safety and health aspects of the mining and milling of asbestos ores are covered by provisions of the Federal Metal and Nonmetallie Mine Safety Act (30 US.C. 725 et seq.) under which provisions the Bureau of Mines has promulgated applicable regulations. Relevant data, however, bearing on the safety and health hazards from exposure to asbestos dust in the mining and milling of ores were considered in this document. These criteria were developed to assure that the standard based thereon would, (1) protect against asbestosis and asbestos-induced neoplasms, (2) be amenable to techniques that are valid, reproducible, and available to industry and official agencies, and (3) be attainable with existing technology. The recommended standard is designed primarily to prevent asbestosis. For other diseases associated with asbestos, there is insufficient information to establish a standard to prevent such diseases including asbestos-induced neoplasms by any all-inclusive limit other than one of zero. Nevertheless, a safety factor has been included in arriving at the concentration level that will reduce the total body burden and should more adequately guard against neoplasms. Asbestos has been mined, milled, processed, and used for many years, and as a result, a number of workers have experienced significant accumulative exposure to asbestos dust over a working lifetime. It has been recognized that biological monitoring (by periodic chest roentgenograms) and removal from further exposure after Initiation of fibrosis, calcification or neoplasia will not absolutely prevent II-2 020105 further progression of asbestosis or the clinical development of neoplasms. Therefore, it is absolutely essential that a low level of concentration be set to preclude the initiation of diseases resulting from exposure to asbestos. And of necessity, any prolonged delay in the establishment of the standard may require a more stringent standard in the future to assure the reduced total body burden of employees which is necessary to protect their safety and health. 020106 III, BIOLOGIC EFFECTS OF EXPOSURE TO ASBESTOS Asbestos is a generic term that applies to a number of naturally occurring, hydrated mineral silicates Incombustible in air and separable Into filaments. The most widely used In Industry in the United States is chrysotile (3MgO.2SiO2.2H2O), a fibrous form of serpentine. Other types Include amosite (FeMgjSiOj); crocidolite (NaFe(SI03)2.FeSi03'H20); tremolite (Ca2Mg5SIg022(0H)2)l anthophyllite (MgFe)jSigC^t011)2^> and actlnollte (Ca0.3(MgFe)0.4SI02). Extent of Exposure Almost one million tons per year of asbestos are used in the United States. In 1965, approximately 74 percent of the asbestos produced was used in the construction industry (532,300 tons) while 26 percent was used in non-con6truction industries (187,400 tons). Approximately 92 percent of the half million tons used In the construction industry is firmly bonded, i.e., the asbestos is "locked in" in such products aa floor tiles, asbestos cements, and roofing felts and shingles; while the remaining 8 percent is friable or in powder form present in insula- 1 tion materials, asbestos cement powders, and acoustical products. As expected, these latter materials generate more airborne fibers than the firmly bonded products. The 187,400 tons of asbestos used in non construction industries in 1965 were utilized in such products as textiles, friction material including brake linings, and clutch facings, paper, paints, plastics, roof coatings, floor tiles, and miscellaneous other products. Mining and milling of asbestos in the United States is a small industry, employing fewer than a thousand workers. The health and safety III-l 020107 aspects of mining and milling operations are not covered under the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970. The construction Industry has, in recent years, applied asbestos insulation materials by spraying, a method of application that generates more airborne asbestos fibers than older conventional methods. This technique at present utilizes only a small percentage of the total asbestos produced and its use is decreasing. There are approximately 40,000 field insulation workers in the United States who are exposed to asbestos dust. The activities of these workers cause secondary exposures to an estimated three to five 2 million other building construction and shipyard workers. Since the dust exposure to the individual worker is extremely variable and the number of asbestos workers at any one location is small, the primary and secondary asbestos dust exposures to all workers have never been satisfactorily estimated. An estimated 50,000 workers are involved in the manufacture of asbestos-containing products. This figure does not include secondary manufacture of products which contain asbestos, such as electrical or thermal insulation, or products which include previously manufactured components containing asbestos. The following information, furnished by the Pennsylvania Division of Occupational Health, shows the number and variety of plants using asbestos in which potential exposures can occur. These figures are based on a survey of a total of 18,439 manufacturing plants in that 1II-2 020108 State as of August 22, 1969, and represents about 1.4 percent of all manufacturing operations In Pennsylvania. Service facilities such as garages are not included. No. of Plants Insulation, including cutting, drilling, and tape manufacture Manufacturing and processing Brakes and friction Cement, clay Miscellaneous* 75 16 10 18 146 *Gaskets Signs Safety equipment Laminated material Paint and roofing materials Shipbuilding and shipbreaking Impregnating resin and urethane Textile Undercoating material Ironing board covers Flooring TOTAL ______ 265 XII-3 Early Historical Reports The widespread use of asbestos fibers did not begin until the 2 last quarter of the nineteenth century. With the increasing use of asbestos materials and increasing reports of asbestos related disease there developed concern over the role of these minerals as factors in human disease. Differentiation of the type of asbestos fiber was not made in most studies related to occupational exposure. In the United States the exposures of greatest concern usually involve more than one type of fiber, although chrysotile predominates. To refine our knowledge of the biological actions of asbestos, it is imperative that the character of the exposure as to concentration, size, and type of fiber be known. At present, data of this complexity are scanty or often non-existent with respect to human exposure. The first record of a case of asbestosis was reported in England by Montague Murray In 1906.^ The first complete description of asbestosis and of the ''curious bodies" seen in lung tissue appeared in 1927 when Cooke^ reported on a case of asbestosis and McDonald^ reported on the same and another case. Each author gave reasons for believing that these "curious bodies" originate from asbestos fibers that reach the lungs. Many of the people exposed to asbestos dust develop the disease "asbestosis" if the dust concentration is high or the duration of their exposure is long. This has been documented by the following studies: Merewether and Price, 19 30; Fulton ^t_ _al* , 1935; and Dreessen e_t jal. , 1938. In 1918, Hoffman^ reported that it was the practice of III-4 020110 American and Canadian insurance companies not to insure asbestos workers due to the assumed health-injurious conditions of that industry. Q In 1917, Pancoast, Miller and Landis reported on X-ray appearances of pneumoconiosis in 15 individuals exposed to asbestos. 9 Mills' publication in 1930 was the first report on a case of asbestos is published in the United States, and in that same year, Lynch and Smith^ reported on "asbestosis" bodies* found in the sputum of asbestos workers. In Merewether's review of asbestosisemphasis was placed on the relation of asbestosis to dusty working conditions. The clinical aspects of asbestosis are well documented. Gloyne 12 discussed the pathology of asbestosis and methods for diagnosing asbestos.bodies and asbestosis. Selikoff and Hammond analyzed 1,975 autopsies In three large New York City hospitals and found asbestos bodies in 942 (47.7%). Broadly considered, 40 percent of housewives, 50 percent of "white collar" males, and 50 percent of "blue collar" males showed asbestos bodies; but males who had a history of shipyard or construction work had higher incidence of asbestos bodies, i.e., 90 of 129 cases or 70 percent. Sellkoff's observations also suggest that asbestos bodies were as frequently present 38 years ago as now. Although a large percentage of the lungs of adult urban dwellers may be found to contain ferruginous bodies (depending on the method of examination), the significance of this is as yet unknown. ^'Ferruginous bodies" is a more descriptive term. This and other aspects of the biologic effects of asbestos are well documented in the Annals of the New York Academy of Science. III-5 020111 The core fibers have not been systematically identified to indicate how many are asbestos bodies, and there are little data bearing on possible health effects associated with the low concentrations of fibers found in ambient air. An abnormality, occurring with unusually greater frequency in populations exposed to inhalation of asbestos fiber, is that of localized thickening, or plaques, of the pleura with or without calcification of the plaques. The role of the asbestos fiber in this manifestation is not clear. The medical aspects of exposure to asbestos and the development of the occupational disease, asbestosis, are characterized by: (1) A pattern of roentgenographic changes consistent with diffuse interstitial fibrosis of variable degree and, at times, pleural changes of fibrosis and calcification. (2) Clinical changes including fine rales and finger clubbing. These may be present or absent in any individual case. (3) Physiological changes consistent with a lung disorder. (4) A known history of occupational exposure to airborne asbestos dust. In general, a considerable time lapse between inhalation of the dust and appearance of changes as determined by X-ray. The several clinical abnormalities listed above appear to occur with unusual frequency In those environments where airborne asbestos fibers, often in association with other substances, exist. One of these abnormalities, a diffuse chronic inflammation and scarring III-6 1 020112 of the lung, is the one recognized early in this century and referred to as "asbestosls," Epidemiological Studies Harries^ in 1968 suggested that first impressions would lead one to believe that only workers continuously exposed to asbestos are at risk cf developing asbestosis, however, a number of trades experiencing intense intermittent exposures are also suspect. These other trades involve work with asbestos insulation in confined spaces onboard ship. Work in these trades has been accepted by the Pneumoconiosis Panel of the United Kingdom as associated with asbestosis. Selikoff, however, in a study of 232 former insulation plant employees reported positive X-ray findings among individuals having had known exposures to asbestos as short as one day (Table XXVII). In the late 1940's a frequency of bronchogenic cancer greater than that expected on the basis of the general male population was manifest among persons who worked in the manufacture of asbestos products.^ This excess of bronchogenic cancer was also demonstrated among a group of workers in the United States exposed to airborne asbestos fibers in the installation of Insulation. 17 * 18 Among 632 asbestos insulation Installers observed from 1943 to 1967 there were 99 excess deaths (above that expected on the basis of the U. S. white male population) for three types of malignancies-- bronchogenic (63) , gastrointestinal (26) and all other sites combined (10), Elmes and Simpson recently reported findings of similar magnitude among men employed as insulators and pipe coverers in Belfast. Nevhouse 20 found an excess of lung cancer III-7 020113 in a study of over 4,500 male workers employed at an asbestos factory making both textile and insulation materials. This excess of lung cancer was demonstrated among those workers with jobs which entailed heavy exposure irrespective of the duration of employment. More recent observations by Selikoff in the United States indicate a lung cancer risk for workers exposed to amosite asbestos in (:he production of insulation material.21 The possibility that the carcinogenic role of asbestos is solely that of a cocarcinogen has been suggested by Wright. This suggestion stems from the observation by Selikoff and associates^ that iimong 370 asbestos insulators, exposure to asbestos dust does not greatly increase the risk of bronchogenic cancer in the absence of regular cigarette smoking. More recent observations among this same group of workers,^2 however, demonstrate that this interpretation is largely a function of sample size as one lung cancer death vs, 0.02 expected was observed among non-smokers as contrasted with 27 vs. 2.83 expected among cigarette smokers. Moreover, Decoufle^ demonstrated that the excess of lung cancer mortality among several subgroups of retired asbestos workers could not be explained by cigarette smoking alone. Concerning mesothelioma, 80 percent of the cases studied in South Africa and the United Kingdom have been shown to have an occupational or para-occupational association with asbestos fibers. In the United States, Selikoff and co-workers have reported the occurrence of 14 deaths from mesotheliomas among 532 asbestos insulation workers studied in retrospect from 1943 to 1968 compared to no deaths which III-8 020114 would be expected in the same number of similar individuals in the general population, 17 * 18 Information is insufficient at this time to set an exposure standard (other than zero) which would assure prevention of mesothelioma in all workers, as the disease may occur following a very limited exposure 20-30 years earlier. An increased rate of occurrence of mesothelioma of the pleura or peritoneum was reported in some populations in 1959 and in subsequent years. The possibility that asbestos may play a role in this dis tribution has been raised. Investigations of the distribution of mesothelioma in populations occupationally exposed to asbestos Indicate a strong relationship between exposure to asbestos fiber and the presence of mesothelioma. ^25 Neoplasms, such as mesothelioma, may occur without radiological evidence of asbestosis at exposure levels lower than those required for prevention of radiologically evident asbestosis. This may be of particular importance when consideration is given to short-term, high levels of exposure, and may result in the development of meso thelioma before or after completion of a normal span of work either in or out of the asbestos industry. This Is illustrated by several case studies, including two cases of malignant mesothelioma, one a "family" and the other a "neighborhood" case. 26 In another "family" case, a woman washed the overalls of her three daughters at home; all three daughters worked for an asbestos company with possible heavy exposures to asbestos. III-9 020115 The time lapse between onset of exposure and mesothelioma in 344 deaths among asbestos insulation workers was studied. Meso thelioma developed after a longer lapse of time from onset of exposure to asbestos than was the case in the development of asbestosis (Table XXVIII). IS Knox27 reported 4 cases of mesothelioma in men and women with less than 10 years exposure, one with only seven months exposure, with the latent time for the development of the mesothelioma from 23 to 53 years. D. L. Cran 28 indicated that mesothelioma did occur in cases of asbestosis, but that in most cases of mesothelioma that he had seen, the occurrence of asbestosis was not found. He postulated that the difference being the long periods of exposure required to produce asbestosis, while mesothelioma could occur long after a short intensive exposure. The 27 cases of mesothelioma in children under 19 years of age indicates the latent time period for development of mesothelioma may be shorter than first estimated.^ Fifteen cases'^ of pleural mesothelioma associated with occupational exposure were reported in Australia. The relationship between the mesothelioma development and asbestos was based upon occupational histories and finding of asbestos bodies in the tissue. In some of these cases, the relationship to occupational exposure could not be developed with any degree of certainty, but included patients whose exposure was as short as six months. No patient was regarded clinically or radiologically as suffering from asbestosis; one person had pleural plaques that were radiologically visible. III-10 020116 Stumphius,^1 between 1962 and 1968, found 25 cases of mesothelioma on Walcheren Island. Of these cases, 22 had been employed in the shipyard trades. Stumphius noted that the shipyard employed about 3000 men. This would result in a rate of mesothelioma of approximately 100 per 100,000 males per year. He also noted that the rate for Dutch provinces with heavy industry is 1.0 per 100,000 per year.In the same study, examination of sputum from 277 shipyard workers showed that 60% had ! asbestos bodies. The frequency varied from 39% of those with no obvious exposure to 100% among those with slight but definite asbestos exposure. McEwen found that the Incidence of mesothelioma in Scotland was similar to that found in other parts of the United Kingdom and confirmed the association between the development of the tumor and occupational exposure to asbestos. In 1968 Stumphius and Meyerconcluded that asbestos exposure may lead to asbestosis, to carcinoma of the lungs and digestive tract, and to mesothelioma. They further stated that there may be no indication of definite exposure to asbestos. It must be pointed out that a clear picture of the relationship between the type of asbestos and the production of asbestosis, neoplasms, and mesotheliomas is not defined in the exposures reported. In many cases mixed exposures have occurred; e.g., the cases from the Naval dockyards in Great Britain where exposures have occurred in unknown amounts to crocldolite and amosite. III-ll 020117 Animal Toxicity Experimental Animal Studies. Experimental exposure of animals to asbestos has been in progress for more than 40 years. During this time, a precise experimental animal model, from which could be derived dose-response relationships that could be used in estimating the appropriate value for a work place air standard has not.yet been reported. The rate of development of asbestotic pulmonary fibrosis and of induction of pleural mesotheliomas is so slow that the animals die before onset of the condition. Accordingly, to develop either condition, experimenters have had to use inordinately high exposure levels or abnormal modes of administration or both, thus nullifying the animal model. The classical demonstrations of diffuse pulmonary fibrosis in guinea pigs with accompanying asbestos bodies by Gardner and Cummings^ and by Vorwald ejt al.^ became possible only by using fiber levels of from 1,400 to 5,000/cc (39 million to 138 million fibers/cubic foot) ; and the uniform production of mesotheliomas in rats by Wagner and Berry^ was attained only after administering the asbestos by intra pleural injection at the extraordinarily high dose of 20 mg. Stanton et al. 37 were unable, even when aided by chemical means, to induce neoplasms of any type in a tumor-susceptible strain of rats at low dosages of asbestos (type unspecified) ; but Gross e_t al. 38 did produce in rats malignant pulmonary tumors of several types from exposure at very high doses (ca. 22,000 fibers/cc 86 mg/m^) of chrysotile asbestos that had been hammermilled to an increase in cobalt of 145%; nickel, 82%; and chromium, 34%. III-12 020118 Differences In animal responses to "harsh" and "soft" chrysotile asbestos were seen by Smith _et al.^9; granulomatous and fibrous pleural adhesions were thicker, and pleural mesotheliomas appeared more rapidly in response to harsh chrysotile. (Harsh chrysotile was characterized as appearing in thicker bundles and was hydrophobic whereas the soft chrysotile was hydrophilic). There are no experimental animal dose-response data that can be used in estimating a work place air standard for asbestos. . Contributions to Occupational Exposure Standards from Animal Studies. Of possible value in estimating occupational exposure limits are data regarding the relative disease-producing potency of the various forms and types of asbestos. Wagner^ found in the three species exposed (guinea pigs, rabbits, and monkeys) that amosite produced more marked interstitial fibrosis than chrysotile and the lesions occurred earlier. No statement on relative potency of crocidolite could be made because of the impure nature of the test specimen. On the other hand, amosite was found by the same investigatorJ to be about one-half as potent in the production of mesotheliomas In rats as chrysotile and crocidolite, if numbers and rate of production are used as indicators. An incidental finding was no evidence for difference in effect between natural and oil-extracted forms of crocidolite, a subject considered as a possible factor in the induction of asbestos cancers.^ Naturally Occurring Effects in Lower Animals. No evidence appears to exist that domestic or wild animals can provide criteria for standards, III-13 020119 or for controlling asbestos emissions, although a few confirmatory reports have been made that asbestosis can occur in such animals, Webster'L has demonstrated fibrosis with associated asbestos bodies and fibers in wild rodents in South Africa, in one of a troop of baboons, and in two donkeys that had either worked in, or lived around, crocidolite mines or mills. And Schuster^ reported pulmonary asbestosis, without asbestos bodies, in a dog that had lived for about 10 years in a London asbestos factory as a rat catcher. The magnitude or the type of exposure was not reported in any instance. Factors Influencing Pathogenesis-- Experimental Animal. Experimental animal studies have been informative in elucidating the factors that modify or explain the biologic action of asbestos. At least six factors have been investigated: (1) fiber length and bundle size; (2) cytotoxicity; (3) red cell hemolytic activity; (4) asbestos hydrocarbons; (5) morphologic changes; and (6) trace metals in asbestos. (1) Fiber length and bundle size. The relation between length of fibers and of fibers to motes (nonfibrous particles) and asbestos induced disease has been one of continuing experimental inquiry. Gardner and Cummings^ and Gardner^ found that longer fibers appeared to have a greater fibrogenic effect, although fibrosis developed in animals exposed to dusts which were composed of but one to 1,5 percent fibers, The high exposure concentration of 100 mppcf (ca. 3,600 fibers/cc) makes any decision on the relative potency of fibers vs. motes virtually impossible; however, when animals were exposed to short-fiber asbestos dust, although the type and rate of tissue reaction III-14 020120 were essentially the same, the extent of involvement was very much less than that of longer fibers. Inasmuch as exposure concentrations in these comparable studies were about the same, the conclusion can reasonably be made that longer fibers are more fibrogenic, but that the motes are not without fibrogenic potential. In experiments with rabbits, King, Clegg, and Rae^ using Rhodesian ' chrysotile fibers averaging 2.5 pm and 15 pm in length, concluded that the shorter fibers produced generalized interstitial fibrosis, whereas the longer fibers produced nodular lesions. This finding was not confirmed by one of the investigators (King) in another animal species.^ Later repetition of the investigations, with "fine" chrysotile and amosite (85% and 82.6% respectively, less than 1 pm in length) by Wagner^ yielded definite fibrosis with both dusts, thus confirming the original work of Gardner that short fibers or motes have fibrogenic potential. This experimental work has significance for industrial air standards in indicating the need to support additional research on the "greater than 5 pm in length" specific requirement and the more general relation of fiber length to cancer induction, which has never been determined experimentally. (2) Cytotoxicity. Both chrysotile and crocidolite were found to be markedly toxic to guinea pig macrophages iii vitro.^ The fibrous fraction showed a high, and the particulate, a moderate toxicity, thus providing evidence in conformity with the relative biologic potencies of fibrous and nonfibrous forms found !Pn _in vivo studies. III-15 020121 (3) Hemolytic Activity. In a similar effort to discover the initial stages of biologic activity of asbestos, and in particular to account for the iron-staining character of asbestos bodies, the hemolytic action of four asbestos types was determined. Whereas chrysotile proved to be potently hemolytic, crocidolite, amosite and anthophyllite were either completely inactive or only weakly.^ No attempt was made, however, to correlate the greater hemolytic activity of chrysotile with the ironstaining intensity of its asbestos bodies relative to those from other asbestos forms. (4) Asbestos Hydrocarbons. As chrysotile proved to be most adsorptive of iron, so was it most adsorptive of benzpyrene; compared with 100% adsorption for chrysotile, crocidolite and amosite absorbed from solution 40% and 10% respectively.^ Qn this basis, chrysotile should prove the most potent cocarcinogen of the three forms if its action is mediated through exogenous benzpyrene. This has not been demonstrated as yet in humans. A 10% desorption from chrysotile by serum in three days was demonstrated,1^ a condition considered an essential first step in hydrocarbon carcinogenesis. (5) Morphologic Changes. Electron microscopy of animal tissues has greatly enlarged understanding of the processes that occur following contact of pulmonary cells with asbestos. Examination by light, phase, and electron microscopy by Suzuki and Churg^ of subcellular tissue of hamsters intratracheally exposed to chrysotile revealed the successive steps that occurred in the cytoplasm of certain pulmonary cells. Particularly informative for the mode of chrysotile action was the description of the formation and the ultrastructure of the asbestos 111-16 020122 body, and the indication that instilled fibers tend to split longitudinally with time. The suggestion that chrysotile breaks up into short fragments on the evidence that the majority of the fibers found in the alveoli were less than one-sixth the injected length, one and two years later, is open to the alternative interpretation that, inasmuch as longer particles are more readily phagocytosed, what is actually observed is the residual, smaller, nonphagocytosed chrysotile.^ Thus, despite the detailed, in-depth information furnished by electron microscopy, no body of knowledge yet exists that permits the assigning of relative risk factors to fibers of differing lengths. In respect to asbestos bodies, it should be noted that "ferruginous bodies" produced in guinea pigs in response to other fibrous material, fine fibrous glass and ceramic aluminum silicate were identical in fine structure to that of asbestos bodies,^ thus rendering firm diagnostic decisions difficult in cases of multiexposures to different fibrogenlc fibers in the electron and light microscopic range. (6) Trace Metals. Harington and Roe^ and later Cralley et al,^ reported large amounts of nickel, chromium, manganese, and iron are intimately associated with certain forms of chrysotile. On the possibility that trace metals may be associated with the induction of asbestos, cancer studies in animals were performed^ which supported the hypothesis that, In the induction of asbestos cancers, trace metals play an active cocarcinogenic role along with the exogenously derived carcinogen benzpyrene, while asbestos plays a passive role as a metal carrier. Correlation of Exposure and Effect Available Information on the relationship of asbestos exposure and the risk, of asbestosis and/or bronchogenic carcinoma is somewhat 111-17 020123 extensive, indicating a strong association between the diseases and such exposure under a variety of conditions^>15,22,28 an<j evidence of dose-response relationship. Enterline and associates-^ have recently demonstrated convincing evidence for an exposure-response relationship between asbestos as measured in terras of million parts per cubic foot years (mppcfyr), and the risk of malignant and non-malignant respiratory disease, Specifically, the risk of respiratory cancer increases from 166,7 (standardized mortality ratio) at minimal exposures to 555,6, at accumulative exposures in excess of 750 mppcfyr (Table XXX). Knox _et al.^^ suggested that in one asbestos plant where environmental levels varied between 1 and 8 particles/cc^ 5 in length, the risk to bronchial carcinoma may have been largely eliminated, but that insufficient data were available to estimate the extent of the risk that may remain, The different textile operations were fiberizing, carding, spinning, weaving, and plastering. When environmental samples collected by operation in 1961 and 1966 were summed, the averages were between 4 to 6 flbers/cc. Operational averages were from a low of 2.5 fibers/cc in weaving to a high of 6.5 fibers/cc in carding. In 1968, Balzer and Cooper^ reported asbestosis among insulation workers exposed at levels not exceeding the time-weighted average of 5 rappcf, McDonald et al,^ reported in May 1971, on 129 primary thoracic neoplasms in the workers employed in Quebec chrysotile asbestos mines and mills out of a total of 9304 former employees; five of these cases were mesothelioma. The authors concluded that the additional data III-18 0i20124 supports evidence of other studies that even heavy exposure to asbestos in mining and milling carries only modest risk of contracting lung cancer and less still of contracting malignant mesothelioma. McDonald et al. suggest that any increased risk of respiratory cancer or pneumoconiosis at a dust-index below 200 would not be detectable and would still be in doubt below 400. At a dust index of 200 an employee could work for 40 years at a dust concentration of 5 mppcf. The author assumes that the fiber content of the dust is about 10% and he states that this is equivalent to about 12 flbers/cc. Wright^ pointed out that others have noted the striking differences in the health experiences of workers in mines and mills as compared to other workers, specifically in comparison to insulation operations, but that he felt the question was still unresolved. In contrast to populations exposed to mixed environments, those engaged in the mining and milling of asbestos fibers showed no augmented frequency of 2 bronchogenic cancer. Selikoff,^ however, indicated that McDonald's "heavily exposed" group had 5 times as much lung cancer as the "lightly exposed" workers. Furthermore, lung cancer among insulation workers was found to be about 7 times greater than expected compared to the general non-exposed population.A non-exposed group was not reported by McDonald. D Although it has been suggested that the risks associated with asbestos exposure may be less in mining than in industrial operations, additional study will be necessary to confirm if such is true, based upon the comparison made by Selikoff.^ III-19 02012S Consideration must be given to McDonald's analysis of levels of exposure of 12 fibers/cc. At this level, he assumes that some degree of asbestosis may occur. The mathematical assumption made to arrive at this environmental level leaves a great deal to question, even without attempting to relate this information to the asbestos industry in general. Two primary considerations lack the evidence necessary to make general comparisons of these data with other reported work: the assumption as stated by McDonald^ that the fiber content of the dust is 10%, and the method used to convert from mppcf to fibers/cc is not explained in the paper. 58 Murphy e_t al. found that asbestosis was 11 times more common among pipe coverers in new ship construction than among a control group. The asbestosis was first found after 13 years of exposure or about 60 mppcf years. The prevalence was 38% after 20 years. The asbestosis was defined by the presence of at least three of the following signs: (1) basular rales in two or more sites, (2) clubbing of the fingers, (3) a vital capacity of less than 80% of the predicted, and (4) roentgenography consistent with moderately advanced, or advanced asbestosis, and (5) dyspnea 6n climbing one flight of stairs. The environmental level was based upon samples collected in an impinger and all the results were time-weighted average exposures and these were averaged over several different operations. The highest average concentration was with hand-saw cutting at 10,0 mppcf and the lowest average was 0\8 mppcf when mixing mud. The average of all operations was 5.2 mppcf. One-hundred and one workers were 111-20 -- | 020126 in the exposed group with 94 used as controls matched for age, duration of employment and smoking habits. Both amosite and chrysotile were used In these operations while crocidolite was not. Murphy states that in his study no asbestosis was found for men exposed to 60 mppcf-years while 20% of those exposed for 75 to 100 mppcf-years were considered to have asbestosis. Consideration must be given to averaging the timeweighted average values of the environmental samples over what seem to be several different sampling locations or operations. Were workers who were classified as suffering from asbestosis exposed in the hand-saw cutting, or mixing mud, or both, and for what time interval? Answer to this question would have a major effect upon the relationship between the development of asbestosis and environmental levels, and the relation of these impinger counts to fibers/cc. In a recent unpublished paper, Williams, Baier, and Thomas compiled data from the Pennsylvania Department of Health files on exposure levels at various textile processing operations in two plants. The data included dust: concentrations from 1930 through 1967 in one plant and from 1948 through 1968 in the second plant. Even though controlled exposures were for the most part below 5 mppcf and in many cases below the 1968 ACGIH Notice of Intended Change to 2 mppcf, 64 cases of asbestosis were reported from these two asbestos textile plants. The authors conclude that: "If asbestosis is to be prevented, airborne asbestos dust must be stringently controlled in the working environment. From these data a TLV of 3 mppcf would provide inadequate protection and the proposed 2 mppcf may not be substantiated." III-21 020127 Thus, considerable evidence exists indicating that the prevention or reduction of the occurrence of asbestosis among workers requires that the concentration of asbestos fibers to which they are exposed be reduced. There is at this time, however, only scant correlation of epidemiological data with environmental exposure data upon which a definitive standard can be established. Champion reported two cases of malignant mesothelioma in two men, 31 and 32 years old, following exposure to asbestos. In the first case, the only documented exposure of the patient was from his father, who at 68 years of age, had severe asbestosis following employment as a pipe lagger in Scotland. In this case, no special precautions were taken to protect the children from contact with the father's work clothing, which was washed at home. The man smoked about 20 cigarettes per day for sixteen years and had a brief history of breathlessness and other signs which could have been related to asbestos exposure. The second case involved a patient who had moved to Asbestos, Quebec, where he lived for the next 23 years. This patient had worked for 10 years as an asbestos prospector and had worked for a short period in open-pit mining. Seven years before his death in 1968, he moved away from the area and became a salesman In a department store. The patient smoked 20 to 30 cigarettes per day for 14 years. In this case, it was believed that he was exposed only to chrysotile and primarily In mining operations. Champion's two cases seem to support earlier data of family cases^ with reasonably short and/or low levels of exposure. 111-22 Y 0^0128 <19 Murphy ej: al." presented data concerning two cases of workers exposed to asbestos. One case on biopsy confirmed mesothelioma and the other case had extensive pleural calcification. Both workers had frequently sanded asphalt and vinyl tile floors prior to installation of new floor covering. A technique to simulate normal work practice was developed and levels of 1.2 and 1.3 fibers/cc^5 ^jm in length resulted. The authors noted that under other work conditions these values may be higher. In the case involving mesothelioma, the worker was 44 years old and had no other history of occupational exposure to asbestos, although he had worked in a shipyard in a "non-dusty" gyroscope repair area from 1945-1947. The repair area would practically have to be considered a clean room operation in view of the precision involved in gyroscopic instrument repairs. He had smoked one package of cigarettes a day between the ages of 17 and 30 and had worked from 1948-1967 as a floor tile installer. The second case involved a 61-year-old worker who had been a floor tile installer for the last 30 years and had smoked one pack of cigarettes per day for the last 45 years. This second patient had no history of other asbestos exposure different from the first; however, some question may be raised of a possible neighborhood exposure even if it only concerned going to work. The possibility of such exposure must be considered in view of the neighborhood case noted by Selikoff,^ Table XXIX, The possibility of the development of asbestos-related diseases in floor tile installation must be considered, and special attention must be given to this operation when considering the low levels of III-23 exposure that may be related to these two cases. If even in actual practice, levels were found to be 10 times those found by the investigators, it would substantiate the low levels of exposure recommended in this standard. The time interval for sanding as compared to tile installation must be small, and, if this is true, then, in fact, any level found would be very low if based on a time-weighted average exposure. This increases the weight of consideration that must be given to this possibly exposed occupational group and the relationship of these low exposures to asbestos to the development of disease. Consideration must also be given related to the effect that may have resulted from exposure to other material in the floor tile. The level of, and effect of such material as asphalt and any decomposition products from sanding must be considered. Isolated clinical case reports are difficult to Interpret in terms of dose-time response relationship and can only be used to indicate other possible problem areas and to highlight what may prove to be practicable areas for further study. III-24 IV. ENVIRONMENTAL DATA 020130 The use of asbestos has changed with the addition of new products and with changes in the industrial processes. These changes and a growing awareness of the health effects from exposure of the worker to asbestos have resulted in a changing work environment within the asbestos industry. The lack of environmental data for previous years and the changes in technology used to collect samples, now and in the past, have resulted in the availability of comparable environmental data for only the last few years. Thus, the scant data and the long latent period for the development of bronchogenic cancer and mesothelioma do not permit the establishment of the dose-response relationship at this time. However, as has been indicated, the development of the diseases has been proven in workers exposed to asbestos and environmental data does exist for the last several years. Table XXV shows the average concentration of asbestos fibers to which a number of insulation workers were exposed in 1969. The results Bhown are not time-weighted averages, but are averages of concentrations found for individual exposures during the time samples were collected (usually 15, 30, or 60 minutes). Although the average concentrations are reasonably low, with the exception of spraying, individual exposures varied from 0 to 100 fibers/cc. The latter occurred during a '60-minute period while a workman sprayed asbestos fiber on a turbine. McClure^ summarized results of a preliminary survey conducted by the U. S, Department of Labor during the period July, 1969, to January, 1970, at nine private shipyards as follows; 37 of 74 samples IV-1 020131 collected during various operations of preparing and applying insulation were above 2 fibers/cc (502) and 19 of 74 were about 12 fibera/cc (26Z). These were not tine-weighted average exposures, but represented average fiber concentrations during the sampling period. Furthermore, none of these samples represented workers' exposures while tearing out old insulation and lagging--an operation that has been previously found to produce more dust than the application of the insulation. A summary of some of the environmental data collected by NIOSH is presented in Table I through XII. The environmental data presented In this document represent only that collected in the last few years and reported in fibers/ccb5 >nn as counted by phase contrast light microscopy. As pointed out by Ayer t al.^l, "it is obviously Impossible to give any single ratio that would accurately represent all processes at all times In each plant," As a result, little correlation, if any, can be made between early data (collected with an implnger where settled particles were counted) with current data (collected with a personal sampler and counted under a microscope equipped with a 16 m 10X objective). These data represent only the levels found during the time the samples were actually being taken. The sampling times were usually between 15 minutes to one hour, and should not be considered as timeweighted average exposures even though credence could be given to this approach due to the large number of samples collected. Levels of exposure in the manufacture of asbestos are given in Table I through XXI. In a total of 7 asbestos cement pipe plants, a range of individual samples was from 13.4 in coupling finishing, to levels too low to count in pipe forming, curing, pipe finishing, IV-2 T 020 * 'i *-> coupling finishing, packing and miscellaneous operations (Table I), It should also be noted in Table I that when consideration is given to feasibility of engineering control, in coupling finishing, the individual highest sample was 13,A and the lowest and second lowest samples were zero. Warehousing and mixing (6,3 fibers/cc>5 jaa) and packing (6,1 fibers/cc>5 ^jm) were the highest means by operation (Table II), and the lows were both O.A fibers/cc>5 jjm. These data Indicate the possibility of controlling these operations to belcv the proposed standards. These vide ranges of individual samples and means by operations were also shown in asbestos friction plants (Tables III and IV), cement shingle, millboard, and gasket operations (Tables V and VI), insulation (Tables IX and X), and from asbestos paper, packing and asphalt products (Tables VII and VIII). In textile operations, while the individual low and second lowest concentrations were, in all cases, below 1.0 fiber/cc (except fiber preparation, 1.4 fibere/cc), the means by operations exceeded 2,0 fibers/cc in fiber preparation (7.4 fibers/cc), carding (6,1 fibers/cc), spinning (3.7 fibers/cc), and twisting (3,2 fibers/cc). In the second lowest group, all operations except finishing exceeded 2.0 fibers/cc. These values, when considered with the highest means and highest individual samples (143.9 fibers/cc in carding and 123.2 in weaving), indicate that present methods of control practiced in the textile Industry are not adequate for the standard proposed. This is probably true in insulation operations as well. Even though levels were belcw the level of 2.0 fibers/cc>5 the individual samples and operational means were high. 1V-3 ' &****-' c 020133 The Individual sample high (Table IX) was 208,4 in finishing and 188.9 fibers/cc in mixing. Table XXV shows that in at least one insulation plant, 100 percent of all samples taken were less than or equal to 2 fibers/cc>5 ,um, and In one other, all but the mixing operations met the 5 fibers/cc>5 value. In textiles, under present operating conditions, none of the plants met the 2 fibers/ cc>5 jim criteria (Table XXV). This does not imply that industry could not meet the proposed standard of a time-weighted average exposure of 2,0 fibers/cc>5 jrm, but only that it is not meeting it at the present in the insulation and textile plants, and it probably could meet the standard if given time to clean-up the plant operations. Secular treads Indicate that there is a wide variation between a few samples taken over large intervals of time. The evaluation of these trends, if indeed they are trends, would be open to question, however, it does point out that much can be done in the Improvement of plant operations. It is not reasonable to associate these differences with changes in field sampling methods, counting techniques, or locations of sampling devices when similar treads are not apparent In cement pipe (Table XV), friction (Table XVI), or shingle, millboard and gasket operations (Table XVII). Variation In trends la insulation and textile plants (Tables XIX to XXI) indicate stable plants in some areas and not in others. The comparatively low values In textiles is somewhat surprising. At most of the operations in the well-controlled plants, it Is possible to meet Che proposed standard with only small changes in engineering practices (Table XII). This is also true to a lesser degree IV-4 020134 in friction operations (Table XXIII), and shingle, millboard, and gasket operations (Table XXIV), and true in only a few operations in textiles and Insulation operations (Tables XXV-XXVI). It must be noted that in asbestos plants having the same operations, some have been able to meet the proposed standard, while others have exhibited environmental values at higher levels, which suggests the need for engineering control - not the lack of engineering |ea3ibility to meet the standard. It will not be easy to control exposure in the insulation and textile industries, where higher levels of asbestosls, lung cancer, and mesothelioma are known to occur. There is a high priority requirement to protect the workers in these industries to assure that excessive asbestosls, lung cancer, and mesothelioma will not continue and, at the same time, give the worker the type of protection that is required at once. Table XXXI gives an indication of the dramatic reduction in time-weighted average exposures that could be accomplished if peak or celling exposures were eliminated. In this case, reducing the peaks in insulation operations to the celling of 10 fibers/cc reduced the time-weighted average to near 2 fibers/cc. IV-5 V. DEVELOPMENT OF STANDARD 0^0135 Various criteria have been used for categorizing the dustiness of the environment. Recent developments have made it clear that a method utilizing the capture and direct estimation of fibers of asbestos should be utilized for environmental measurement of exposure to asbestos. In the past, in the United States, asbestos fibers were measured by the impinger method which included counting particles as well as asbestos fibers. The question still exists as to whether or not different varieties of asbestos fibers may have varying biological effects. This will not be answered until more definitive information is available on the specific etiological agent(s) and mechanisms of injury involved. The consumption of asbestos in this country is overwhelmingly in the form of chrysotile. Where other forms of asbestos are used, such as crocidolite and amosite, they are often mixed with chrysotile and are encountered alone, mainly in research and specialty situations. It would be extremely difficult on the basis of current information on biological effects and industrial practices to establish and administer separate standards for different types of asbestos. The question also arises on the validity of basing standards on the number of respirable fibers in the air greater than 5 micrometers in length. It is fully realized that the fiber-size spectrum of respirable asbestos fibers in any particular industrial environment will range from that of bundles of fibrils in the upper respirable size to those of the individual fibrils in the sub-micron size. The type and grade of fibers, nature of processing, and controls in existence will greatly V-l 020136 influence Che fiber-size spectrum (fiber length and diameter) in any- given environment. The problem is further complicated by the lack of definitive information on the biologic response to fibers of different sizes. It is known, however, that the longer fibers show a dose-response relation to asbestosls, and may have a different behavior and degree of response than the shorter size fibers which may, in the lower and sub micron range, tend to resemble more the physical behavior of non-fibrous respirable particulates. Since it would not be feasible to have a standard on the total respirable fibers which would necessitate the routine use of expensive and time-consuming techniques including electron microscopy, an index of exposure must be selected which, as nearly as possible, relates to the predominant biologic activity and dose-response of the size spectrum of fibers most commonly encountered. It is assumed for the present that the factor of safety associated with the standard will allow for differences in the size spectrum of respirable fibers that may be encountered. The British, in evaluating respirable chrysotile fiber exposures in relation to the ongoing epidemiologic studies in the textile industry and for the basis of a standard for chrysotile, established as an index of 62 exposure, fibers greater than 5 micrometers in length. A substantial amount of information on the biologic effects of asbestos has, and is, being obtained using this parameter of exposure measurement. A review of the research in Britain, with concurrence on the rationale involved, made it prudent that we use the same definition of index-of-exposure on which to base criteria for standards. These criteria should be re-evaluated when, (1) more definitive information on the biologic response of asbestos including the agent(s) and dose-response data on different lengths of fiber is V.-2 020137 available, (2) the spectrum of fiber lengths encountered in industry by types of asbestos and operations is ascertained, and (3) more precise epidemiologic data are developed. To prevent fibrosis and excessive rates of neoplasia, such as meso thelioma, respiratory cancer, and gastrointestinal cancer, a standard for asbestos dust should be based on a concept of dose-response that includes not only the factor of fiber count times years of exposure but also that for total asbestos dust fibers retained over a number of years. Thus, the effect after several decades of a one-time acute dose of limited duration which overwhelms the clearing mechanism, and is retained in the lungs, may be as harmful as the cumulative effect of lower daily doses of exposure over many years of work. 7-3 tt&'S 020138 Basis for Previous Standards The first standard for controlling exposure to asbestos dust was 63 recommended by Dreesaen ejt al. in 1938 following a study of 541 employees in four asbestos textile plants where massive exposures occurred. A tentative limit for asbestos dust in the textile industry of 5 million particles per cubic foot (mppcf), determined by the impinger technique, was recommended. They found numerous well-marked cases of pneumoconiosis where concentrations exceeded 5 mppcf, but only three doubtful cases where concentrations were under 5 mppcf. However, only five persons had been exposed for more than 10 years to concentrations from 0.0 to 4,9 mppcf. None of the 39 persons exposed to concentrations below 2,5 mppcf showed evidence of asbestosis; but only six of these had been employed more than five years. The study by Dreessen _et al, had unavoidable limitations such as the fact that 333 of the 541 employees studied had worked less than five years in these textile mills, only 66 were employed as long as 10 years, and only 2 for more than 20 years. Furthermore, the average age of these asbestos textile workers was 32.1 years and only one of the four plants studied had been in operation for more than 15 years. Thus, the first standard established was based upon limited data. The authors recognized the limitations and stated that ... "5 mppcf may be regarded tentatively as the threshold value for asbestos-dust exposure until better data are available." The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygientists' (ACGIH) Threshold Limit Value (TLV) for asbestos dust was 5 mppcf Y-4 020139 from 1946 to 1970. This limit was based on the study by Dreessen et _al. and subsequent investigations by others. In 1968 and 1969, ACGIH published notices of intended changes to lower the TLV to 12 fibers/ml>5 jim in length or 2 mppcf and they published in 1970 and 1971 a 81ill lower limit of 5 fibers/ml>5 ^ in length as a notice of proposed intended change. The conversion of data from mppcf to fibers/ml in all asbestos operations can only be done with considerable risk to the validity of the results. Lynch et sl.^ pointed out in 1970 the need for such conversion data and that the data reported in 1965^* of the 12 fiber/ml equivalent to 2 mppcf relationship was obtained In textile mills and should not be applied to other product areas. Estimates of risk of disease in other product areas should be based on fiber counts since this method yields a more direct estimate of airborne asbestos concentration. In 1968, the Committee on Hygienic Standards of the British Occupa tional Hygiene Society (BOHS) after reviewing medical evidence, results of studies made by the asbestos industry In the United Kingdom, and epidemiological data from the United States, published Hygienic Standards 62 for Chrysotile Asbestos Dust. It stated: "1. As long as there is any airborne chrysotile dust in the work environment there may be some small risk to health. Nevertheless, it should be realized that exposure up to certain limits can be tolerated for a lifetime without incurring undue risks. "2. The committee believes that a proper and reasonable objective would be to reduce the risk of contracting asbestosis to 1 percent of those who have a lifetime's exposure to the dust. By 'asbestosis' V-5 r*w 020140 this committee means the earliest demonstrable effects on the lungs due to asbestos. "It is probable that the risk of being affected to the extent of having such early clinical signs will be less than 1 percent for an accumulated exposure of 100 fiber years per cm3 or 2 fibers/cm3 33 for 50 years, 4 fibers per cm for 25 years or 10 fibers per cm for 10 years. "3. It is recommended that exposures which lie In certain ranges of dustiness be designated by categories according to the following scheme: DUST CATEGORY CONCENTRATION AVERAGED OVER 3 MONTHS (FIBERS/cnT) Negligible Low Medium High 0-0.4 0.5-1.9 2,0-10.0 Over 10.0 "4. The levels are expressed In terms of the number of fibers 3 per cm greater than 5 ^jum in length as determined with the standard membrane filter method. Any other method can be used provided it is accompanied by appropriate evidence relating its results to those which would have been obtained with the standard membrane filter method. "5. When it is necessary to work intermittently in a 'high dust' area an approved mask should be worn, provided that the concentration 3 is no more than 50 fibers per cm a higher standard of respiratory protection should be provided such as a pressure-fed breathing apparatus. V-6 02014 "Additional Recommendations "1. It is recommended that where practicable an up-to-date employ ment record card be kept of every person which indicates, every calendar quarter, the category or categories in which he or she has been employed and in which he or she is recommended to work. "2. All employees exposed to risk should be medically examined before employment. Periodic examinations should be made thereafter, annually. "Notes: "These hygienic standards are subject to review in the light of new evidence and improved methods of measurement. "The standards are, in our opinion, the best that can be drawn from the existing data. These data are scanty and based on factory experience of continuous exposure during working hours. Due caution should be exercised in applying these standards to other patterns of exposure. As far as possible the dust exposures have been estimated conservatively and, in particular, in the period 1933-1950 the average hours of work were substantially greater than 40 per week. "It is hoped to supplement the existing data in due course, when the standards will, if necessary, be modified. These standards will be formally reviewed in three years."* In an unpublished paper, Williams, Baler, and Thomas compiled data from the Pennsylvania Department of Health files on exposure levels at *As of 1/6/72 their standards as effective in Kay 1970 had not been revised. Per telephone conversation with Dr. S. Holmes, Secretary to the Asbestosis Research Council. V-7 020142 various textile processing operations In two plants. Their data included dust concentrations from 1930 through 1967 in one plant and from 1948 through 1968 in the second plant, Even though controlled exposures were, for the most part, below 5 mppcf and in many cases below the 1968 ACGIH Notice of Intended Change to 2 mppcf, 64 cases of asbestosis were reported from these two asbestos textile plants. The authors conclude that: "If asbestosis Is to he prevented, airborne asbestos dust must be stringently controlled in the working environment. From these data a TLV of 3 mppcf would provide inadequate protection and the proposed 2 mppcf may not be substantiated." Gee and Bouhuys,^ in December, 1971, pointed out that on the basis of "reasonable probability," decisions must be made to control exposure to asbestos rather than from a precise definition of dose-response relation ship, and "the present threshold limit value for asbestos should be lowered far below some recent proposal." V-8 020143 U. S. Emergency Standard The present emergency standard for exposure to asbestos dust (29 CFR 1910.93a) published In the Federal Register, Vol, 36, No. 234, page 23207, December 7, 1971) is as follows: "The 8-hour time-weighted average airborne concentration of asbestos dust to which employees are exposed shall not exceed 5 fibers per milliliter greater than 5 microns in length, as determined by the membrane filter method at 400-450X magnification (4 millimeter objective) phase contrast illumination. Concentrations above 5 fibers per milliliter but, not to exceed 10 fibers per milliliter, may be permitted up to a total of 15 minutes in an hour for up to 5 hours in an 8-hour day." The 1971 ACGIH tentative threshold limit value is 5 fibers/ml y 5 ^m in length. Both are higher than the British standard of 2 fibers/cc by at least a factor of 1.5 times. V-9 Basis for Recommended Standard 020144 The number of studies that have collected both environmental and medical data and with a significant number of exposed workers is not sufficient to establish a meaningful standard based upon firm scientific data. The requirement to protect the worker exposed to asbestos is defined in a number of studies outlined in this document. The general recognition of the increasing number of cases of asbestosis, bronchogenic cancer, and mesothelioma indicates the urgent need to develop a standard at the present time, NIOSH recognizes that these data are fragmentary and, as a result, a safety factor must be included in any standard considered. On this basis the research that did include both environmental and medical data, or where a standard or limit had been proposed, was given a careful and detailed study to determine its particular contribution to the development of a national standard. 66 The development of a standard for asbestos dust in Great Britain and the evaluation made by the British Occupational Hygiene Society 62,66 (BOHS) Sub-committee on Hygiene Standards for Asbestos, which considered data to reduce the risk of asbestosis, was given great weight in the development of this asbestos standard. The BOHS fitted the data available to a dose-response curve and the conclusion was drawn that an accumulated exposure of 100 fiber-years/cm^ would reduce early clinical signs to less than 1Z. This would be 2 fibers/cm for 50 years of 3 67 , exposure or 4 fibers/cni for 25 years. According to Roach, "The British Occupational Hygiene Society Standards Sub-committee on Asbestos expressed the view that a proper and reasonable objective would be to reduce exposures to below this level and thereby reduce the risk of ''-10 T 020145 contracting asbestosis to less than 1% of those who have a lifetime exposure to the dust. For such workers, who may possibly work for 50 years, the long-term average concentration to which they are exposed would need to be less than 2 fibers/cm , For others, who will be exposed to asbestos dust in air for shorter periods, the long-term average concentration need not be so low, as long as their exposure will amount to less than 100 fiber-years/cm^." It la recognized that the British standard Is based upon data not as precise as desired, but it does offer a mechanism for com parison with the ACGIH TLV and after three years of use no change has been recommended. The British standard was primarily based upon a study of 290 men employed for 10 years or longer between 1933-1966 in an asbestos textile mill. The environmental dust concentrations to which different workers had been exposed were estimated to have varied from 1 to 27 fibers/cm . The risk-exposure relationships were developed based upon basal rales and X-ray changes. In this study, basal rales were considered the key symptom since all workers exhibiting X-ray changes also exhibited basal rales. . In reviewing the values on the basis of the 100 fiber-years/cm proposed by the British Hygiene Standards Committee, the following I comparisons can be made between the British Standard and the Emergency 0, S. Standard. Each standard is normalized to 100 fiber-years to account for differences in the working lifetime of the average asbestos worker. The Emergency U. S. Standard is based upon the ACGIH TLV which, in turn, _ 68 is based upon an exposure time of 30 years to 5 fibers/ml/ 5 um in length , V-ll 020146 3 and the British, 50 years of exposure at 2 fibers/cm > 5 mo In length. In summary: British_______________ U. S. Emergency ACGIH Fiberyrs/cc 2 fibera/cc 100 5 fibers/ml 150 The validity of this type of comparison has already been questioned in this document, i.e., the "K" factor used to change ACGIH impinger . 61,64 data to fiber counts. However, on this basis, data suggest that the ACGIH value is higher than the British value. In addition to consideration of the British data, the comparison of British and ACGIH data suggests that the 30-year exposure value for a U. S, Standard ahould be about 3 fibers/cc 5 pm in length in order to assure that less than II of the workers exposed are at risk of developing the earliest clinical signs of asbestosis. However, additional consideration must be given to the concepts of carcinogenesis as they relate to the determination of a standard for asbestos exposure. Afly carcinogen (initiator) must be assumed, until otherwise proven, to have discrete, dose-dependent, irreversible and additive effects to cells that are transmissible to the cell progeny. Thus, initiation of malignancy following single small exposures to asbestos Is possible, but of a low probability. With frequent or chronic exposure and a low dose-rate, the probability of Initiation of malignancy is Increased. Yet, even under optimal conditions of cell proliferation (In the presence of promotors) these malignant V-12 transformations do not lead to instantaneous cancer, but remain 020147 insidious for a number of years (latent). In protracted exposure, some of the total accumulated exposure is "wasted" (or irrelevant) as far as the initiator of cancer is con cerned. Exposures In excess of the minimal initiation dose con ceivably may shorten the latent period to some extent by substituting for other contributing factors that would have eventually been effectual in converting the latent tumor into a frank malignancy. Analytic methods used in the epidemiology of asbestos-induced cancers are unable to discriminate between the initiating dose and subsequent (wasted) exposure. Consideration must also be given to the concept that an inverse relationship exists between dose-rate and the latent period. As the dose-rate becomes progressively lower, the latent period may approach or exceed the life span of exposed Individuals. Adherence to these concepts would argue toward reducing asbestos exposure substantially below those levels currently demonstrated to be associated with the disease. Such a course of action is consistent with the Surgeon General's ad hoc Committee on Evaluation of Low Levels of Environmental Chemical Carcinogens statement that, "for carcinogenic agents, a safe level for man cannot be established by application of our present knowledge." Work practices :Ln Industries should be encouraged to develop work practice Standards by the consensus method so that the lowest feasible environmental levels can be obtained. The following work practice standards are included in the emergency standard for asbestos and are included in the recommended standard: V-13 020148 (a) Asbestos cement, mortar, coatings, grout, and plaster shall be mixed in closed bags or other containers. (b) Asbestos waste and scrap shall be collected and disposed of In sealed bags or other containers. (c) All cleanup of asbestos dust shall be performed by vacuum cleaners or by wet cleaning methods. No dry sweeping shall be performed. The need in industry for a proper precautionary label for asbestos and for other hazardous materials associated with the mining, production, and use of chemical compounds has existed for a number of years. The development of a labeling system for use as an occupational hazard warning system overlaps into so many other labeling areas, e.g., transportation of chemicals, fire fighting, use by the military, etc., that it would be necessary either to develop a separate system for use in relation to occupational exposures only, or to combine all the present systems into one. The addition of one more labeling system compounds the multi labeling requirement presently imposed on industry and creates one more labeling system the worker must recognize. Combining all systems into one requires the coordination of many governmental, professional, trade, manufacturing, and international and local organizations. Time required to accomplish this task is prohibitive in relation to the requirement for the immediate development of an occupational health standard for asbestos. As a result, NIOSH recommends as an interim system the adoption, with modification, of the system for the Identi fication of the Fire Hazards of Materials of the National Fire Pro tection Association and the Guide to Precautionary Labeling of V-14 Hazardous Chemicals of the Manufacturing Chemists Association. 020149 It ia recognized that this system may not be the moBt appropriate system and may require additional development to permit the worker, himself, to use it to identify the hazards to which he ia exposed and to learn the necessary precautions to assure him safe working conditions. (See Appendix II for the details and modification of the labeling system). Summary of the Basis for the Recommended Standard 020150 The recommendation for an environmental standard for asbestos is based upon health considerations and limited engineering feasibility data. The overriding considerations are the health effects. Evidence indicates that past and current standards for fiber concentrations in the working places where asbestos fibers occur, though undoubtedly contributing to reduction of the severity and frequency of asbestosis, have not provided complete protection from exposure to asbestos, necessitating development of a new standard. . Consideration was given to previous reports and studies, recent data, and the present "state-of-the-art." It is recognized that additional data would be desirable to support an asbestos standard, but because of immediate need for worker protection, it is necessary to make a recommendation based on available studies and data. The following constraints in applicability of research data were considered in the development of the recommendations: (a) Few epidemiological studies or clinical reports with supporting environmental data are available in the exposure range that must be considered, (b) Environmental data on practically all studies were collected only over the l3t few years and/or they were collected by other techniques and expressed in terms other than fibers/cc, (c) The environmental samples were expressly collected in many cases for control purposes rather than for research and, as a result, meaningful evaluations cannot be made, . V-16 ' riHUanat ^ >'IOTr.racfaik-EataS^ 0^0151 (d) There is a lack of data Co define with any degree of precision the threshold of development of neoplasms resulting from exposure to asbestos and the relationship of the latent period between exposure and development of neoplasms. The standard recommended in this document is similar to the standard adopted by Her Majesty's Factory Inspectorate in 1969^ (still in effect as of December 29, 1971), and more stringent than the recent V. S. Emergency Standard. It Is felt to be feasible technologically for the control of the exposure to the worker and effective biologically for protection of the worker against asbestos-induced diseases. Considerations of carcinogenesis indicated the need for a measure of prudence. As a result of this rationale, a factor was added to reduce the time-weighted average exposure to 2.0 flbers/cc>5 um. A ceiling value of 10.0 fibers/cc> 5 um that was not to be exceeded was included to reduce the possibility of the short-term heavy exposures to asbestos that have been reported to cause mesothelioma. In addition, this should reduce the likelihood of diseases (malignant and non-malignant) resulting from exposures in excess of 30 years or with very long latent periods. V-17 I 020152 VI. COMPATIBILITY WITH EMISSION STANDARDS The proposed national emission standard for asbestos was published in the Federal Register, Vol, 36, No. 235, pages 2342-2343 (40 CFR 61,20 61,24) by the Environmental Protection Agency. The emission standard will be applicable to asbestos mines, mills; building structures, or facilities within which manufacturing or fabricating operations Involving the use of commercial asbestos; buildings or structures which have been or will be constructed or modified using asbestos insulation products; roadway facilities which would be surfaced or resurfaced using asbestos tailings. The standards, are based upon Information derived from many sources, including health effect levels, meteorology, technical analysis of control capability, and consideration of economic impact. The overriding considerations are health effects. These standards are based upon specific operations and physical conditions and are limited in general to emissions to the atmosphere. 1, Emissions shall not exceed those which would be emitted from operations if proper engineering control had been Installed (i.e, fabric filter, cyclone gas cleaning devices). 2. Visible emissions of particulate 3, Spraying of asbestos 4. Use of asbestos for surfacing or resurfacing of roads. The use of procedural standards and visible emissions as the basis for evaluation for compliance with the standard are designed to minimize emission to the atmosphere, EPA determined that there VI-1 020153 la do suitable technique for sampling and analysis of asbestos In ambient sir or emission gases. This determination vas made as only limited Information had been developed from measuring fibers In community air. The use of high volume samplers for collection of samples and counting by light microscopic techniques similar to Industrial hygiene methods has shovn only small numbers of fibers in urban areas.^ It was felt that these values were low when compared to occupational health experience and values to few too use with confidence.j As a result there Is no direct comparison possible between the proposed national emission standards for asbestos and the recommended criteria for occupational exposure except to say that the levels of exposure to the general public on a 24-hour day, 7 days a week, basis would be lower, as would be expected, than occupational staadarda baaed on on 8-hour day, 40-hour work week. The Illinois Pollution Control Board on November 30, 1971^ published a notice of proposed final draft of emission standards for asbestos that can be more easily related to the recommended occupational standard than those proposed by EPA. Illinois includes a provision that, "After June 30, 1972, a factory, plant or enterprise which engages in the processing or manufacturing of any asbestos-containing product shall discharge no visible emission of particulate matter from such manufacturing or processing Into the ambient air and shall emit no concentrations of asbestos fiber in excess of 2 fibers per cubic centimeter of air," VI-2 020154 The method of counting the asbestos fibers is that proposed by Edwards _et al. 71 and similar to the technique proposed in Appendix I of this report. This proposed Illinois standard places a ceiling value of 2 fibers/cc on emissions from processing on manufacturing of asbestos containing products. In the explanation of the revision of the proposed Illinois regulation they state: "IV. Part V, controlling manufacturing sources, is changed to require an emission standard of 2 fibers per cubic centimeter and no visible emissions. While some testimony Indicated the difficulty In measuring compliance with a numerical emission standard, overall the evidence establishes both the need (protection against the great proportion of invisible fiber) and the ease of measurement of such a criterion. A "no visible emission" standard has been added to the numerical standard to simplify enforcement against exceptionally dirty emission sources. A grace period, until June 30, 1972, has been added to permit acquisition of the necessary control equipment to attain the emission standard." This air quality standard is, as it should be, more restrictive that an occupational standard due to differences In exposure time. This proposed occupational standard would seem to be compatible with the proposed emission standard and each should complement the other in the control of asbestos exposure. i VI-3 VII. REFERENCES 020155 1. Hendry, N, V, The Geology, Occurrences, and Major Uses of Asbestos. Ann, N, V, Acad. Sci., Vol, 132, Art. 1, pp. 1-766-1965. 2. Wright, G. D, Asbestos and Health in 1969, Am. Rev, Reap. Die., Vol, 11, pp. 467-479, 1969. 3. Asbestos position paper, DHEW, USPHS, BOSH, 1969. 4. . Report of the Departmental Committee on Compensation for Industrial Diseases. C. D. 3495, 3496. HMSO, 1970. 5. Cooke, W. E, Pulmonary Aabeatosis. Brit. Med., Vol. 2, pp. 1024-1025, 1927. 6. McDonald, S. Histology of Pulmonary Asbestosls. Brit. Med, J,, Vol. 2, pp, 1025-1026, 1927. 7. Hoffman, P. L. Mortality from Respiratory Diseases In Dusty Trades (Inorganic Dust). Bull, u. S,, Bur, Labor Statistics, No, 231, pp, 176--180, 1918, 8. Pancoast, H, K., T. G, Miller, and H. R, M. Landis. A Roentgenologic Study of the Effects of Dust Inhalation Upon the Lungs, Trans, Assoc. Aa. Physic., Vol. 32, pp. 97-108, 1917. 9. Mills, R. G. Pulmonary Asbestosls; Report of a Case. Minnesota Med., Vol. 13, pp. 495-499, 1930. 10. Lynch, K. M., and V, A. Smith. Asbestosls Bodies in Sputum and Lung, J. Am. Med. Assoc., Vol. 95, pp. 659-661, 1930, 11. Merevether, E, R. A. A Memorandum on Asbestosls. Tubercle, Vol. 15, pp, 69-81, 109-118, 152-159; 1933-34. 12. Gloyne, S. R. The Morbid Anatomy and Histology of Asbestosls. Tubercle, Vol. 14, pp. 445-451, 493-497, 550-558; 1932-33. 13. Sellkoff, I, J., and C. E. Hanaond. Asbestos Bodies In the New York City Population in Two Periods of Time, Internet, Conf. of Pneumoconiosis, Johannesburg, pp. 47-53 (April-May), 1969. 14. Harries, H. M. Asbestos Hatards In Naval Dockyards, Ann. Occup. Hyg,, Vol. 11, pp. 135-145, 1968. 15. Sellkoff, I. J. Mount Sinai School of Medicine, City University of Nev York, personal communication, 1971. 16. Doll, R. Mortality from Lung Cancer In Asbestos Workers. Brit. J, Ind. Med., Vol. 12, p. 81, 1955. VII-1 020156 17. Selikoff, I. J.( E. C. Hammond, and J, Churg. Asbestos Exposure, Smoking and Neoplasia. J, Am. Med, Assoc., Vol. 204, p. 106, 1968. 18. Selikoff, I. J., J. Churg, and E. C. Hammond. Asbestos Exposure and Neoplasia. J. Am. Med. Assoc., Vol. 188, p. 22, 1964. 19. Elmes, P, C., and J. J. C. Simp9on. Insulation Workers in Belfast 3. Mortality 1940-66. Brit. J. Ind. Med., Vol 28, pp. 226-236, 1971. 20. Newhouse, M. L. A Study of the Mortality of Workers in Asbestos Factory. Brit. J. Ind. Med., Vol. 26, pp. 294-301, 1969. 21. Selikoff, I. J. Mortality Experience of Amosite Asbestos Factory . Workers. Presented at IV International Conference on Pneumoconiosis (ILO), Bucharest, 1971. 22. Selikoff, I. J., E. C. Hammond, and J. Churg. Mortality Experience of Asbestos Insulation Workers. Pro. Internat. Conf. Pneumoconiosis, Department of Mines, Republic of South Africa, pp. 97-103, 1969. 23. Decoufle, P. Mortality Patterns of a Group of Retired Asbestos Workers. Doctoral Thesis, University of Pittsburgh, 1970, 24. Knox, J. F,, R. S. Doll, and I. D. Hill. Cohort Analysis of Changes in Incidence of Bronchial Carcinoma in a Textile Asbestos Factory. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., Vol. 132, Art. 1, pp. 526-535, 1965. 25. Mancuso, T. F., and A. E. El-Attar. Carcinogenic Risk and Duration of Employment Among Asbestos Workers. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on the Biological Effects of Asbestos, 1968. 26. Champion, P. Two Cases of Malignant Mesothelioma after Exposure to Asbestos. Amer. Rev. Resp. Dis., Vol. 103, pp. 821-826, 1971. 27. Knox, J. F., S. Homes, R. Doll, and I. D. Hill. Mortality from Lung Cancer and Other Causes Among Workers in an Asbestos Textile Factory. Brit. J. Ind. Med., Vol. 25, pp. 293-303, 1968. 28. Cran, D, L. Discussion of Paper, "Asbestos Hazards in Naval Dockyards" Harries, H. M. Ann. Occup. Hyg., Vol. 11, p. 144, 1968. 29. Grundy, G. W. National Cancer Institute, Washington, D.C., personal communication. 30. Milne, J. Fifteen Cases of Pleural Mesothelioma Associated with Occupational Exposure to Asbestos in Victoria. Med. J. Aust., Vol. 2, pp. 669-673, 1969. VII-2 020157 31. Stumphius, J. Epidemiology of Mesothelioma on Walcheren Island. Brit. J. Ind. Med., Vol. 28, PP. 59-66, 1971. 32. McEwen, J., A. Finlayson, A. Malr, and A. A. M. Gibson. Mesothelioma in Scotland. Brit. Med. J., Vol. 4, pp, 575-578, 1970. 33. Stumphius, J,, and P. B. Meyer. Asbestos Bodies and Mesothelioma. Ann. Occup. Hyg., Vol. 11, pp. 283-293, 1968. 34. Gardner, L, U., and D. E. Cummings. Studies on Experimental Pneumokoniosis VI Inhalation of Asbestos Dust. J. Ind. Hyg., Vol. 13, pp, 65-81, 97-114, 1931. 35. Vorwald, A. J., T. M. Durkan, and P. C, Pratt. Experimental Studies of Asbestos. A. M. A. Arch. Ind. Hyg. Occup. Med,, Vol. 3, pp. 1-43, 1951. 36. Wagner, J. C., and G. Berry. Mesotheliomas in Rats Following Inoculation with Asbestos. Brit. J. Cancer, Vol. 23, pp. 567-581, 1969. 37. Stanton, M, F,, R. Blackwell, and E. Miller. Experimental Pulmonary Carcinogenesis with Asbestos. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J., Vol. 30, pp. 236-244, 1969. 38. Gross, P., R. T. P. deTreville, and M. N. Haller. Experimental Asbestos is-- The Development of Lung Cancer in Rats with Pulmonary Deposits of Chrysotile Asbestos Dust. Arch. Envir. Hlth., Vol. 15, pp. 343-355, 1967. 39. Smith, W. E. et al. Comparison of Biologic Responses to Harsh and Soft Chrysotile Asbestos, Submitted to Arch. Envir. Hlth. for publication. 40. Wagner, J. C. Asbestosis in Experimental Animals. Brit. J. Ind. Med., Vol. 20, pp. 1-12, 1963. 41. Harington, J. S,, and F. J. C. Roe. Studies of Carcinogenesis of Asbestos Fibers and Their Natural Oils. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., Vol. 132, Art. 1, pp. 439-450, 1965. 42. Webster, I. Asbestosis in Non-experimental Animals in S. Africa. Nature, Vol. 197, p. 506, 1963. 43. Schuster, N. H. Pulmonary Asbestosis in a Dog. J. Path. Bact. Vol. 34, pp. 751-757, 1931. 44. Gardner, L. U. Chrysotile Asbestos as an Indicator of Subtile Differences in Animal Tissues. Am. Rev, Tuberc., Vol. 45, pp 762-766, 1941. VII-3 020158 45. King. E. J. , J. W. Clegg, and V. M. Rae, The Effect of Asbestos, and of Asbestos and Aluminum on the Lungs of Rabbits. Thorax, Vol. 1, pp. 188-197, 1945. 46. Smith, J. M., I, D. P, Wooton, and E. J. King. Experimental Asbestosis in Rats. The Effect of Particle Size and of Added Alumina. Thorax, Vol. 6, pp, 122-136, 1951. 47. Parrazi, E., B. Pernis, G. C. Secchi, and E. C. Vigliani. Studies on "in vitro" Cytotoxicity of Asbestos Dusts. Med. Lav., Vol. 59, pp. 561-576, 1968. 48. Secchi, G. S., and A, Rezzonico. Hemolytic Activity of Asbestos Dusts. Med. Lav., Vol. 59, pp. 1-5, 1968. 49. Suzuki, Y. and J. Churg. Structure and Development of the Asbestos Body. Arch. Path., Vol. 55, pp. 79-91, 1969. 50. Stokinger, H. E. Lobar Deposition and Retention of Inhaled Insoluble Particulates. Arch. Ind. Hyg. Occup, Med., Vol. 4, pp. 346-353, 1951. 51. Davis, J. M. G., P. Gross, and R. T. P. deTreville. "Ferruginous Bodies" in Guinea Pigs. Arch. Path., Vol. 89, pp. 364-373, 1970. 52. Cralley, L. J., R. G. Keenan, and J, R. Lynch. Exposures to Metals in the Manufacture of Asbestos Textile Products. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J., Vol. 28, pp. 452-461, 1967. 53. Dixon, J. R., D. B. Lowe, D. E. Richards, L. J. Cralley, and H. E. Stokinger. Role of Trace Metals in Chemical Carcinogenesis: Asbestos Cancers. Cancer Res., Vol. 30, pp. 1068-1074, 1970, 54. Enterline, P., P. Decoufle, and V. Henderson. A Study of the Dose-Response Relationship Between Asbestos Dust and Lung Cancer. Unpublished Manuscript. 55. Balzer, J. L., and W. C. Cooper, The Work Environment of Insulating Workers. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J., Vol. 29, pp. 22-227, 1968. 56. McDonald, J. C., C. E. Rossiter, G. Eyssen, and A. D, McDonald. Mortality in the Chrysotile Producing Industry of Quebec: A Progress Report Presented at IV International Conference on Pneumoconiosis (ILO), Bucharest, 1971. 57. Wright, G. W. Saint Luke's Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio, personal communication, 1970. 58. Murphy, R. L. H., G. C. Ferris, Jr., W. A. Burgess, J. Worcester, and E. A. Gaensler. Effects of Low Concentrations of Asbestos, N. Eng. J. Med., Vol. 285, pp. 1271-1278, 1971. V1I-4 tStstBumsss^s 020159 59. Murphy, R. L., B. W. Levine, F. J. AlBazzaz, J. J. Lynch, and W. A. Burgess. Floor Tile Installation as a Source of Asbestos Exposure. Am. Rev. Resp. Dis., Vol. 104, pp. 576-580, 1971. 60. McClure, Bureau of Labor Standards, U. S. Department of Labor, personal communication, 1970, 61. Ayer, H. E., J. R. Lynch, and J. H. Fanney. A Comparison of Impinger and Membrane Filter Techniques for Evaluating Air Samples in Asbestos Plants. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., Vol. 132, pp, 274-287, 1965. 62. Lane, R. E. et al. Hygiene Standard for Chrysotile Asbestos Dust. Ann. Occup. Hyg., Vol. 11, pp. 47-49, 1968. 63. Dreessen, W. C., J, M. Dallavalle, J. 1. Edwards, J. W. Miller, and R. R. Sayers. A Study of Asbestosis In the Asbestos Textile Industry. Public Health Bulletin No. 241, 1938. 64. Lynch, J. R., H. E, Ayer, and D. L. Johnson. The Interrelationship of Selected Asbestos Exposure Indices. Am. Ind, Hyg. Assoc. J. , Vol. 12, pp. 598-604, 1970. 65. Gee, B., and A. Bouhuys. Action on Asbestos-- Editorial. New England J. Med., Vol. 285, pp. 1317-1318, 1971, 66. _________ . Standard for Asbestos Dust Concentration for Use with the Asbestos Regulations, 1969. Department of Employment and Productivity Her Majesty's Factory Inspectorate. Technical Note 13, 1970. 67. Roach, S. A. Hygiene Standards for Asbestos. Ann. Occup. Hyg., Vol. 13, pp. 7-15, 1970, 68. ________ . Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values for Substances in the Work Room Air, ACGIH, 3rd Edition, 1971. 69. _________ Asbestos-- The Need for and Feasibility of Air Pollution Controls. Nat. Acad. Sci., Washington, D, C., 1971. 70. . Notice of Proposed Final Draft: Asbestos Regulations. Illinois Pollution Control Board, 1971, 71. Edwards, G. H., and J, R. Lynch. The Method Used by the Public Health Service for Enumeration of Asbestos Dust on Membrane Filters. Arm- Occup. Hyg., Vol. 11, pp. 1-6, 1968. 72. Lynch, J. R., H. E. Ayer, and D. L. Johnson. The Measurement of Exposure to Airborne Mineral Fibers, Presented at the Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. Conf., Denver, 1969. VI I-5 020160 73. Ayer, H. E. , and J. R. Lynch. Motes and Fibers in the Air of Asbestos Processing Plants and Hygienic Criteria for Airborne Asbestos. Proceedings of an International Symposium Organized by the British Occupational Hygiene Society, pp. 511-522, 1965. 74. Lynch, J. R., and H. E. Ayer. Measurement of Asbestos Exposure. J. Occup. Med., Vol. 10, pp. 21-24, 1968. 75. Lynch, J. R. and H. E. Ayer. Measurement of Dust Exposure in the Asbestos Textile Industry. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. , Vol. 27, pp. 431-437, 1966. 76. Keenan, R. G., and J. R. Lynch. Techniques for the Detection, Identification and Analysis of Fibers. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J., Vol. 31, pp. 587-597, 1970. V1I-6 VIII. APPENDIX I 020161 Air Sampling Methods 63 In the study of asbestosis conducted by Dreessen ejt al, midget impinger count data were used as an estimate of dust exposure, All of the dust particles seen, both grains and fibers, were counted since too few fibers were seen to give an accurate measurement. The resulting count concentration was a measure of overall dust levels rather than a specific measurement of the asbestos concentration, This method was satisfactory at that time since exposures were massive and the control measures installed to reduce overall dust levels also reduced the asbestos dust levels. As dust levels were reduced, It became necessary to measure the biologically appropriate attribute of the dust cloud. At equal levels of overall dustiness, the concentration of asbestos could vary considerably from textile manufacture (75-852) to insulation (5-152). Furthermore, if the limit were lowered below the 5 mppcf used previously and dust counts taken by the impinger technique, it would be necessary to consider the effect of background dust, which could be as high as 1 mppcf. A number of methods for measurement of asbestos dust concentrations have been used in the NIOSH epidemiological study of the asbestos product industry.^^*75,76 Base(j on these data, the preferred index of asbestos exposure ia the concentration of fibers longer than 5 counted on membrane filters at 430X with phase contrast illumination, This index is utilised in the method adopted as the standard field sampling method by the Public Health Service, VIII-1 0201G2 Fibers longer than 5 jim in length are counted in preference to counting all fibers seen in order to minimize obeerver/mlcroscope resolving power variability. Furthermore, the British define a "fibre" as a particle, "of length between 5 pm and 100 pm and having a length-to-breadth ratio of at least 3:1, observed by transmitted light by means of a microscope 62 at a magnification of approximately 500X." Although the British have refrained from standardizing on a single method of measurement, recent measurements have been performed by a method essentially Identical to the fiber-count method described in detail below, and the British hygiene standards for use with their 62 asbestos regulations are stated in these terms. Principles of Sampling A dust sampling procedure must be designed so that samples of actual dust concentrations are collected accurately and consistently. The results of the analysis of these samples will reflect, realistically , the concentrations of duet at the place and time of sampling. In order to collect a sample representative of airborne dust, which is likely to enter the subject's respiratory system, it is necessary to position a collection apparatus near the nose and mouth of the subject or in his "breathing zone"- The concentration of dust in the air to which a worker is exposed will vary, depending upon the nature of the operation and upon the type of work performed by the operator and the position of the operator relative to the source of the dust. The amount of dust inhaled by a worker can vary daily, seasonally, and with the weather. In order to obtain representative samples of workers' exposures, it is necessary to collect samples under varying conditions of weather, on different VIII-2 days, and at different times during a shift. 1G3 The percentage of working time spent on different tasks will affect the concentration of dust the worker Inhales since the different tasks usually result in exposure to different concentrations. The percentage can be determined from work schedules and by observation of work routines. The daily average weighted exposure can be determined by using the following formula: (Hours X cone, task A) + (Hours I cone, task B) + etc. 8 H&ufcs (or actual hours worked) The concentration of any air contaminant resulting from an industrial operation also varies with time. Therefore, a longer sampling time will better approximate the actual average. With the following recommended sampling procedure, it is possible to collect samples at the workers' breathing tones for periods from 4 to 8 hours, thus permitting the evaluation of average exposures for a half or full 8-hour shift--a desirable and recommended procedure. Furthermore, dust exposures of a more normal work pattern result from the use of personal samplers. In evaluating daily exposures, samples should be collected as near as possible to workers' breathing tones. Collecting Sample The method recommended in this report for taking samples and counting fibers is based on a modification of the membrane filter method described by Edwards and Lynch. ^ The sample should be collected on a 37-millimeter Millipore type AA* filter mounted in an open-face filter holder, The holder should be fastened to the worker's lapel and air drawn through the filter by means of a battery-powered personal sampler pump similar to those approved by NIOSH under the provisions of 30 CFR 74, The filters are contained in plastic filter holders and are supported on pads which also aid in controlling the distribution of air through the filter. To yield a more uniform sample deposit, the filter-holder face-caps should be removed. Sampling flow rates from 1.0 liter per minute (1pm) up to the maximum flow rate of the personal sampler pump (usually not over 2.S 1pm) and sampling time from 15 minutes to eight hours are acceptable provided the following restraints are considered: (a) In order to obtain an accurate estimate of the number of fibers the statistical error resulting from the random distribution of the fibers must be kept to an acceptably low level. Since fiber counts follow a Poisson distribu tion, a count of 100 fibers in a sample would have a standard deviation of 100 or 10 fibers or + 10%. Thus the 95% confidence limits would be approximately 2 standard deviations or + 20%. Since the 37 mm filter has an effec2 tive collecting area of 855 mm and the projected field 2 area of the Porton reticle is 0.005 mm , each field rep resents 1/171000 of the sample. Based on this ratio the following number of fields must be counted to measure the various limits in various sampling times: *Mention of commercial products does not constitute endorsement by the Public Health Service or U. S, Department of Health, Education and Welfare. VIII-4 020165 Sampling Time Minutes 10 15 30 90 90 240 240 480 Plow Rate 1pm 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 Number of Fields for 100 Fibers 0,2 fibers/ml 2.0 fibere/ml 10 flbers/ml 4350 2860 1430 1000 500 260 180 180 435 286 143 100 50 26 18 18 91 58 29 20 10 7 4 4 (b) Do not count a field containing over 20 fibers because in addition to the fibers being counted, there are also present a number of grains, which interfere with the accuracy of the count. Based on these restraints, i.e., number of fields to be counted and maximum number of fibers per field, acceptable sampling parameters for the various limits are underlined in the above table. The following conclusions may be drawn from this analysis: (1) The short-term limit should be for a period of at least 15 minutes and preferably 30 minutes. (2) The 2.0 fiber/cc limit may be evaluated over periods of from 90 to 480 minutes. As many fields as required to yield at least 100 fibers should be counted. In general the minimum number of fields should be 20 and the maximum 100. Mounting Sample The mounting medium used in this method is prepared by dissolving 0.05 g of membrane filter per ml of 1:1 solution of dimethyl phthalate VII1-5 0201G6 and diethyl oxalate. The Index of refraction of the medium thus prepared is ND - 1.47. To prepare a sample for microscopic examination, a drop of the mounting medium is placed on a freshly cleaned, standard (25 mm X 75 mm), microscopic slide, A wedge-shaped piece with arc length of about 1 cm is excised from the filter with a scalpel and forceps and placed dust-side-up on the drop of mounting solution. A No. 1-1/2 coverslip, carefully cleaned with lens tissue, is placed over the filter wedge. Slight pressure on the coverslip achieves contact between it and the mounting medium. The sample may be examined as soon as the mount is transparent. The optical homogeneity of the resulting mount is nearly perfect, with only a slight background granularity under phase contrast, which disappears within one day. The sample should be counted within two days after mounting. Evaluation The filter samples mounted in the manner previously described are evaluated in terms of the concentration of asbestos fibers greater than 5 }im in length. A microscope equipped with phase-contrast optics and a 4-mra "high-dry" achromatic objective is suitable for this deter mination, 10X eyepieces, one of which contains a Porton or other suitable reticle at the level of the field-limiting diaphragm, should be used. The left half of the Porton reticle field serves to define the counting area of the field. Twenty fields located at random on the sample are counted and total asbestos fibers longer than 5 _>jm are recorded. Any particle having an aspect ratio of three or greater is considered a fiber. VIII-6 t 0X0107 The following formulae are used to determine the number of fibers/ml: (1) Filter area (nan2) Field area (mm2) -K (2) Average net count X K * fibers/ml Air volume sampled (ml) For example, assume the following: area of the filter used was 855 mm2. counting area of one field under the Porton reticle was 0.005 mm2; average net count per field of 20 fields was 10 fibers; and sample was collected at 2 liters per minute for 90 minutes: Then: 855mm2 - 171,000 (K) 0.005 mm2 10 fibers x 171,000 * 9.5 fibers/ml 2,000 ml/min x 90 min Calibration of Personal Sampler The accuracy of an analysis can be no greater than the accuracy of the volume of air which is measured. Therefore, the accurate calibration of a sampling device is essential to the correct interpretation of an instru ment's indication. The frequency of calibration is somewhat dependent on the use, care, and handling to which the pump is subjected. Pumps should be calibrated if they have been subjected to misuse or if they have just been repaired or received from a manufacturer. If hard usage is given the instrument, more frequent calibration may be necessary. Ordinarily, pumps should be calibrated in the laboratory both before they are used in the field and after they have been used to collect a large number of field samples. The accuracy of calibration is dependent on the type of instrument used as a reference. The choice of calibra tion instrument will depend largely upon where the calibration is to be performed. For laboratory testing, a 1-liter burette or wet-test meter should be used. In the field, a rotameter is the most convenient VIII-7 O^UIGQ instrument used. The actual set-up will be the same for all of these instruments. The calibration instrument will be connected in sequence to the filter unit which will be followed by the personal sampler pump. In this way, the calibration instrument will be at atmospheric pressure. Connections between units can be made using the same type of tubing used in the personal sampling unit. Each pump must be calibrated separately for each type of filter used, if, for example, it has been decided to use a filter with a different pore size. The burette should be set up so that the flow is toward the narrow end of the unit. Care must be exercised in the assembly procedure to insure adequate seals at the joints and that the length of connecting tubing be kept at a minimum. Calibration should be done under the same conditions of pressure, temperature and density as will be encountered. The rotameter should be used only in the field as a check if the diaphragm or piston pumps are not equipped with pulsation dampeners. The pulsating flow resulting from these type pumps causes the rotameter to give results which are not as accurate as that obtained with a burette or wet-test meter. Calibration can be accomplished with any of the other standard calibrating instruments, such as spirometer, Marriott's bottle, or drygas meter. The burette and wet-test meter were selected because of their accuracy, availability, and ease of operation. VII1-8 IX. APPENDIX II NUMERICAL HAZARD RATING SYSTEM The numerical hazard ratings given to products for each category of hazard shall be in accordance with the following criteria. Figure 2 graphically illustrates the hazard identification system. Health hazards shall be rated as follows: The health hazard rating of a material shall be determined by evaluating the potential for exposure and the relative toxicity of the most toxic ingredient of a compound or mixture. For this evaluation, the following relative toxicity criteria* for absorbed or exposure dose will be used: Commonly Used Term LDjq Simple Oral Dose Rats mg/kg Inhalation 4-hr. Vapor Exposure, Rats Mortality of 2/6 to 4/6 ppm LD^q - Skin Rabbits mg/kg Extremely toxic Highly toxic Moderately toxic 1 1.1 to 50 50.1 to 500 10 11 to 100 101 to 1000 5 5.1 to 43 44 to 340 Slightly toxic or practically non-toxic 501 to 15,000 1,001 to 100,000 350 to 22,600 Relatively harmless 15,000 100,000 22,600 Degree 4: Extremely Hazardous. Materials, which on very short exposure, can cause death or major permanent injury, even though prompt medical treatment were given, Including those which are too dangerous to be approached without specialized *(Reference: A.I.H.A. Quarterly, Vol, 15, No, 2, June 1954. "Safe Handling Procedures for Compounds Developed by the Petro Chemical Industry," p. 141.) IX-1 protective equipment, such as self-contained breathing apparatus or a hose mash with blower, and impervious clothing, This rating includes: (a) Carcinogens (b) Materials capable of producing sensitization (c) Extremely toxic materials which can penetrate ordinary protective clothing. (d) Extremely hazardous materials, when under normal conditions give off gases that are extremely toxic or corrosive through inhalation or by contact with or absorption through any body surface. Degree 3: Highly Hazardous, Materials which on short exposure can cause serious temporary or residual injury, even though prompt medical treatment were given, including those requiring protection from all bodily contact. This rating includes: (a) Materials giving off highly toxic combustion products (b) Materials giving off highly toxic gases or vapors, under normal conditions (c) Materials corrosive to living tissue or highly toxic by skin absorption Degree 2: Hazardous. Materials which on continued exposure can cause temporary incapa citation or possible residual injury unless prompt medical treatment la given. This rating includes; (a) Materials giving off moderately toxic combustion products (b) Materials which either under normal conditions or under fire conditions give off moderately toxic vapors lacking warning properties. Degree 1; Slightly hazardous. Materials, which on exposure at normal conditions, would cause irritation but only minor residual injury even if no treatment is given. IX-2 This rating includes; (a) Materials vhich under fire conditions give off slightly toxic or irritating combustion products (b) Materials vhich on the skin could cause irritation without destruction of tissue Degree 0; Harmless. - Materials which on exposure by akin contact, inhalation, or ingestion are relatively harmless or which under fire conditions offer no hazard beyond that of ordinary combustible materials. Flammability hazards shall be rated as follows: Degree 4. Materials which will rapidly or completely vaporize at atmospheric pressure and normal ambient temperature or which are readily dispersed in air, and which will burn readily. This degree should include: Gaseous materials: Cryogenic materials; any liquid or gaseous material which is a liquid while under pressure and having a flash point below 73? (22.8C) and having a boiling point below 100F (37.8*0). (Class 1A flammable liquids.) Materials which on account of their physical form or environmental conditions can form explosive mixtures with air and which are readily dispersed in air, such as dusts of combustible solids and mists of flammable or combustible liquid droplets. Degree 3. Liquids and solids that can be ignited under almost all ambient temperature conditions. Materials in this degree produce hazardous IX-3 020172 atmospheres with air under almost all ambient temperatures, are readily Ignited under almost all conditions. This degree should Include: Liquids having a flash point below 73F (22.8C) and having a boiling point at or above 100F (37,8C) and those liquids having a flash point at or above 73F (22.8C) and below 1008F (37,8C), (Class 18 and Class 1C flammable liquids) ; Solid materials in the form of coarse dusts which may burn rapidly but which generally do not form explosive atmosphere with air; Solid materials in a fibrous or shredded form which may burn rapidly and create flash fire hazards, such as cotton, sisal and hemp; Solids which burn with extreme rapidity usually by reason of self-contained oxygen (e.g., dry nitrocellulose); Materials which ignite spontaneously when exposed to air. Degree 2. Materials that must be moderately heated or exposed to relatively high ambient temperatures before ignition can occur. Materials in this degree would not under normal conditions form hazardous atmospheres with air, but under high ambient temperatures or under moderate heating may release vapor in sufficient quantities to produce hazardous atmospheres with air. This degree should Include: Liquids having a flash point about 100F, but not exceeding 200F; solids and semisolids which readily give off flamnable vapors. Degree i. Materials that must be preheated before ignition can occur. Materials in this degree require considerable preheating, under all ambient temperature conditions, before ignition and combustion can occur. IX-4 This degree should include: 020173 Materials which will burn in air when exposed to a temperature of 1500*F for a period of five minutes or less; Liquids, solids and semisolids having a flash point above 200F; this degree includes most ordinary combustible materials. Degree 0, Materials that will not burn. This degree should include any material which will not burn in air when exposed to a temperature of 1500F for a period of five minutes. Reactivity hazards shall be rated as follows: Degree A, Materials which are readily capable of detonation or of explosive decomposition or explosive reaction at normal temperatures and pressures. This degree should Include materials which are sentitive to mechanical or localized thermal shock at normal temperatures and pressures. Degree 3 Materials which are capable of detonation or of explosive decomposition or explosive reaction but which require a strong initiating source or which must be heated under confinement before initiation. This degree should include materials which are sensitive to thermal or mechanical shock at elevated temperatures and pressures or which react explosively with water without requiring heat or confinement. Degree 2. Materials which are normally unstable and readily undergo violent chemical change but do not detonate. This degree should include materials which can undergo chemical change with rapid release of energy at normal IX-5 r fOk. -It.' 020174 temperatures and pressures or which can undergo violent chemical change at elevated temperatures and pressures. It should also include those materials which may react violently with water or which may form poten tially explosive mixtures with water. Degree 1. Materials which are normally stable, but which may react with water with some release of energy but not violently, Degree 0, Materials which are normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and which are not reactive with water. Specific hazards: Oxidizing Material. A substance as chlorate, permanganate, peroxide, or a nitrate that yields oxygen to support combustion or which reacts readily to oxidize fuels or other combustible materials. Corrosive Material. Acids, alkali or other material that will cause severe damage to living tissue or to other material it contacts. Water Reactivity Hazard (Use No Watfer). Any material that may be a hazard because of its specific reactivity with water. IX- rxi s'pq.trqiuu ipj.u *StitAfJorn11 'Ihijptj.xcl 'SiirjiTnxI 'iiutnourjjs A`q p-.Hjtktt: oq ip'qa "iiTum/A puu {oqut.-tn oqx oiaifloi pun oiqinu A'qpuo.t qoj i',r. uoiiucoi pun o?,[s tpns jo piq fcucndo oq H'Jqs uotjyttiqiuoo Gmu.io.w hlYi pno loqiu.Cs aqj jo cuojHUOUtjci t'O ESI yr G9I 901 [I S'JOil onin avouoa omtAV poll >pltt sy'txiD jo ioo .f.'Aotioj si; 'jOC-aLG-ailJ J 0Kll-`oTIcWy oqj opuqs in tpqnui Aqcp:-}i.Too.vJ jp;qs po plot pin s.xopo oqx- `OAoqu uau.'ic; o-tn c.'Uiji'jcit.i-qsop KkOi `on VddN JOj )'dUJ.ioj aopo . xofSKfmia cimv ucrioo -'nils |)3ica'( }| o;:::)Hun iliyO'i:;>; 1 | Ji;iA ilU.iUJp -loui |Cv4 ptio ;|J04S OlfiU'J|C-f> *cij on*> -- U3J.V/A s;i MQ0----------XmCU (00 XIV------------- ! 10'! IV fj O'/--------------- AKO------ n:'.r 7 v| OlJiUlS 4ior;o ujnii jou |)!M Jj002 3'inv J,jOCd M0IJ3 JoOpI ^otag J0-t *la8 luiog j QUVZVH 3UIJ s?0]!ujo|| o soopjoioii *Hll^!lS t snopjoZDH 2 cnopjnzoy /|tl6|H $ncprj;o4 q)u)0J|*3 v Q1JVZV1! SIIT/3H liofji.'Ojjjjinpf p.u.'xujl '[ o.in.`!l,;{ 020176 X. APPENDIX III MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET The following items of information which are applicable to a specific product or material containing 5X or more of asbestos shall be provided in the appropriate section of the Material Safety Data Sheet or approved form. If a specific item of information ie inapplicable (i.e. flash point) Initials "n.a." not applicable should be inserted, (i) The product designation in the upper left hand corner of both front and back to facilitate filing and retrieval. Print in upper case letters in as large print possible, (11) Section I. Name and Source (A) The name, address and telephone number of the manufacturer or supplier of the product. (B) The trade name and synonyms for a mixture of chemicals, a basic structural material, or for a process material; and the trade name and synonyms, chemical name and synonyms, chemical family, and formula for a single chemical. (iii) Section II. Hazardous Ingredients. (A) Chemical or widely recognized common name of all hazardous ingredients. (B) The approximate percentage by weight or volume (indicate basis) which each hazardous ingredient of the mixture bears to the whole mixture. This may be indicated as a range of maximum amount, i.e., 10-20X V; 10X max. W. X-l 020177 (C) Basis for toxicity for each hazardous material such as established OSHA standard (TLV), in appropriate unite and/or LD^j, showing amount and mode of exposure and species or LC^q showing concentration and species. (iv) Section III. Physical Data (A) Physical properties of the total product including boiling point and melting point in degrees Fahrenheit; vapor pressure, in millimeters of mercury, vapor density of gas or vapor (air - 1), solubility in water, in parts per hundred parts of water by weight; specific gravity (water 1); percent volatile, Indicate if by weight or volume, at 70 Fahrenheit; evap oration rate for liquids (Indicate whether butyl acetate or ether 1); and appearance and odor. (v) Section IV. Fire and Explosion Hazard Data. (A) Fire and explosion hazard data about a single chemical or a mixture of chemicals. Including flash point, in degrees Fahrenheit; flammable limits. In percent by volume in air; suitable extinguishing media or agents; special fire fighting procedures; and unusual fire and explosion hazard information. (vl) Section V. Health Hazard Data. (A) Toxic level for total compound or mixture, relevant symptoms of exposure, skin and eye irritation properties, principle routes of absorption, effects of chronic (long-term) exposure and emergency and first aid procedures. (vii) Section VI. Reactivity Data. (A) Chemical stability, incompatibility, hazardous decomposition products, and hazardous polymerization. (viii) Section VII. Spill or Leak Procedures. (A) Detailed procedures to be followed with emphasis on precautions to be taken In cleaning up and safe disposal of materials leaked or spilled. This Includes proper labeling and disposal of containers containing residues, X-2 contaminated absorbante, etc. 020178 (ix) Section VIII. Special Protection Information. (A) Requirements for personal protective equipment, such as respirators, eye protection and protective clothing, and ventilation such as local ex haust (at site of product use or application), general, or other special types. (x) Section IX. Special Precautions. (A) Any other general precautionary information such as personal protective equipment for exposure to the thermal decomposition products listed In Section VI, and to particulates formed by abrading a dry coating, such as by a power sanding disc. (xl) The signature of the responsible person filling out the data sheet, his address, and the date on which It is filled out. (xil) The NPPA 70AM numerical hazard ratings as defined In section (c) (5) following. The entry shall be made Immediately to the right of the heading "Material Safety Data Sheet" at the top of the page and within a diamond symbol preprinted on the forms. X-3 PRODUCT DESIGNATION MATERIAL SAFETY DATASHEET Form Approved Budget Bureau No. Approval Expires Form No. OSHA 020X79 SECTION I MANUFACTURER'S NAME SOURCE AND NOMENCLATURE EMERGENCY TELEPHONE NO. ADDRESS (Number, Street, City, State, ZIP Code) TRADE NAME AND SYNONYMS CHEMICAL FAMILY CHEMICAL NAME AND SYNONYMS FORMULA BASIC MATERIAL SECTION II HAZARDOUS INGREDIENTS APPROXIMATE OR MAXIMUM % WT. OR VOL. ESTABLISHED OSHA STANDARD ^50 ORAL PERCUT. LC50 SPECIES CONC. BOILING POINT SECTION III PHYSICAL DATA F. VAPOR PRESSURE mm Hg. MELTING POINT F. VAPOR DENSITY (Air=l) SPECIFIC GRAVITY (HgO=l) EVAPORATION RATE ( SOLUBILITY IN WATER Pts/100 pts Hg0 VOLATILE l) % Vol. % Wt. APPEARANCE AND ODOR FLASH POINT METHOD USED SECTION IV , FIRE AND EXPLOSION HAZARD DATA FLAMMABLE (EXPLOSIVE) LIMITS UPPER LOWER 1 EXTINGUISHING MEDIA SPECIAL FIRE FIGHTING PROCEDURES UNUSUAL FIRE AND EXPLOSION HAZARDS X-4 4 PRODUCT DESIGNATION 020180 TOXIC LEVEL PRINCIPLE ROUTES OF ABSORBTION RELEVANT SYMPTOMS OF EXPOSURE EFFECTS OF CHRONIC EXPOSURE EMERGENCY AND FIRST AID PROCEDURES SECTION V HEALTH HAZARD DATA CARCINOGENIC SKIN AND EYE IRRITATION SECTION VI CONDITIONS CONTRIBUTING TO INSTABILITY CONDITIONS CONTRIBUTING TO HAZARDOUS POLYMERIZATION INCOMPATABILITY (Materials to Avoid) HAZARDOUS DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS REACTIVITY DATA SECTION VII. SPILL OR LEAK PROCEDURES STEPS TO BE TAKEN IN CASE MATERIAL IS RELEASED OR SPILLED WASTE DISPOSAL METHOD _ SECTION VIII SPECIAL PROTECTION INFORMATION __ VENTILATION REQUIREMENTS LOCAL EXHAUST PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (Specify Types) EYE _ MECHANICAL (General) GLOVES _ SPECIAL RESPIRATOR _ OTHER PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT _ PRECAUTIONS TO BE TAKEN IN HANDLING AND STORAGE OTHER PRECAUTIONS SECTION IX SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS Signature Address Date X-5 i OPERATION Uarahoualng 6 Mixing Pipe Forming Curing Pipe Finishing Coupling Finishing Epoxy Packing Mt<cclltnMu HIGHEST INDIVIDUAL SAMPLE 7.0 3.7 2.6 A.6 13.4 4.7 6.1 1.7 SAMPLE SIZE FROM WHICH INDIVIDUAL SAMPLE DRAWN 2 6 3 10 7 1 1 9 TABLE I CEMENT PIPE PLANTS NUMBER OF PLANTS - J INDIVIDUAL SAMPLES BY OPERATION AND SAMPLE SIZE PLANT SECOND HIGHEST INDIVIDUAL SAMPLE Sample size PROM WHICH INDIVIDUAL SAMPLE DRAWN PLANT SECOND LOWEST INDIVIDUAL SAMPLE 0 5.6 0 3.4 0 2.1 z 4.0 z 10.5 N 2.1 Q 2.5 Z 1.4 2 0 0,2 3 N 0.1 15 BB 0.1 5 0 0.0 7 Z 0.0 6 BB 0.3 7 Z 0.1 9 p 0.1 SAMPLE SIZE FROM WHICH BLAHT INDIVIDUAL SAMPLE DRAWN LOWEST INDIVIDUAL SAMPLE SAMPLE SIZE FROM WHICH INDIVIDUAL SAMPLE DRAWN PLANT 3 P 0.2 6 0 0.0 4 <3 6 AA 4 z 0.0 6 p 6 H 0.0 10 1 16 P 0.0 21 AA 5 Z 0.2 6 BB . 13 AA 0.0 13 AA 9 P 0.0 9 Z I ! i ; i ; | 1 1 ~ All ><[ilu expressed as fibers >Jn/cc counted by the standard Method recoamended In this document. {Latest Available HIOSH Data Collected during the Yearn 1969 through 1970). c (2 O o OPERATION Warehousing & Mixing Pipe Forming Curing Pipe Finishing Coupling Finishing Epoxy Packing Miscellaneous TABLE II ASBESTOS CEMENT PIPE PLANTS NUMBER OP PLANTS - 7 MEANS BY OPERATION AND SAMPLE SIZE ( ) HIGHEST PLANT SECOND HIGHEST PLANT SECOND LOWEST PLANT 6.3 (2) 2.2 (3) 2.0 (3) 1.7 (10) 5.3 (7) 4.7 (1) 6.1 (1) 0.5 (9) 0 N 0 Z z N Q Z 2.7 (4) 1.8 (4) 0.9 (15) 1.3 (5) 3.8 (4) 1.1 (6) 1.1 (7) 0.5 (6) N Z BB Q 0 BB Z BB 0.7 (5) 0.5 (6) 0.4 (4) 0.6 (9) 0.6 (21) 0.6 (6) 0.7 (6) 0.4 (9) AA AA Z AA AA P BB P LOWEST PLANT 0.4 (3) 0.3 (4) 0.3 (6) 0.5 (6) 0.5 (16) 0.3 (1) 0.4 (13) 0.2 (3) P P P N P AA AA Q I - All samples expressed as ftbers>5u/cc counted by the standard method recommended In this document. (Latest Available NIOSH Data collected during the years 1969 through 1970). OPERATION TABLE III HIGHEST INDIVIDUAL SAMPLE ASBESTOS FRICTION NUMBER OF PLANTS - 5 INDIVIDUAL SAMPLES BY OPERATION AND SAMPLE SIZE SAMPLE SIZE FROM WHICH INDIVIDUAL SAMPLE DRAWN PLANT SECOND HIGHEST INDIVIDUAL SAMPLE SAMPLE SIZE FROM WHICH INDIVIDUAL SAMPLE DRAWN PLANT SECOND LOWEST INDIVID. SAMPLE SAMPLE SIZE FR0H WHICH INDIVIDUAL SAMPLE DRAWN PLANT LOWEST INDIVIDUAL SAMPLE SAMPLE SIZE FROH WHICH INDIVIDUAL SAMPLE DRAWN PLANT Mixing, Coating 4 Extruding 32.4 16 S 18.4 16 Forming 16.2 3 U 9.2 4 Hot Pressing Baking 7.3 5 S 6.0 5 7.4 5 s 7.3 5 Grinding 6 Sanding 20.5 8 T 16.6 16 Cutting 4 Drilling 14.4 22 s 14.4 22 Bonding 4 Riveting 8.7 4 H l.S 4 Inspection 6 packing 11.1 4 s 9.9 13 Mlacellentous 6.4 9 H 6.4 9 S 0.1 S 0.3 S 0.2 S 0.5 S 0.1 S 0.4 H 0.2 U 0.1 H 0.1 7 6 7 2 10 12 1 13 5 M 0.1 H 0.1 H 0.1 M 0.1 H 0.1 H 0.1 T 0.1 H 0.1 T 0.1 7M 6H 7H 2H 10 H 7M 1M 13 n 9H 1 - All samples expressed as fibers >5/cc counted by the standard method recommended In this document. (Latest available NIOSH Data collected during the years 1968 through 1971), 020183 02018 OPERATION Mixing, Coating & Extruding Forming Hot Pressing Baking Grinding & Sanding Cutting & Drilling Bonding & Riveting Inspection & Packing Miscellaneous TABLE IV ASBESTOS FRICTION PLANTS NUMBER OF PLANTS - 5 MEANS BY OPERATION WITH SAMPLE SIZE ( ) HIGHEST PLANT 2nd HIGHEST PLANT 2nd LOWEST PLANT LOWEST PLANT 11.0 (16) 6.0 (3) 4.9 (5) 5.4 (5) 6.3 (4) 14.4 (1) 2.8 (4) 5.1 (4) 2.2 (9) S U S S u u H S H 5.3 (2) 3.6 (4) 1.5 (2) 3.7 (1) 5.2 (16) 7.7 (22) H S U U S S 3.7 (3) 1.4 (1) U M 4.3 (2) 0.5 (2) 1.4 (4) 0.6 (2) 2.7 (7) 0.9 (7) 0.2 (1) 1.0 (4) 0.8 (3) U T M M M T T M U 1.9 (7) 0.5 (6) 0.7 (7) 0.4 (2) 1.1 (10) 0.6 (7) 0.1 (1) 0.9 (7) 0.5 (5) M H H H H M M T T 1 - All samples expressed as fibers >5m/cc counted by the standard method recommended in this document. (Latest available NIOSH data collected during the years 1968 through 1971). OPERATION TABLE V ASBESTOS CEMENT SHINGLE, MILL BOARD AND GASKET NUMBER OF PLANTS - 3 INDIVIDUAL SAMPLES BY OPERATION AND SAMPLE SIZE HIGHEST INDIVIDUAL SAMPLE SAMPLE SIZE FROM WHICH INDIVIDUAL SAMPLE PLANT DRAWN SECOND HIGHEST INDIVIDUAL SAMPLE .SAMPLE SIZE FROM WHICH INDIVIDUAL SAMPLE DRAWN PLANT SECOND LOWEST INDIVID. SAMPLE 5AMPLE SIZE FROM WHICH INDIVIDUAL SAMPLE DRAWN Warehousing Mixing Foruing Curing Finishing Packing Miscellaneous 1.4 16.6 6.4 2.5 5.4 3.8 1.4 3 R 0.4 15 R 9.5 18 R 3.7 2 R 1.6 17 R 4.4 4 R 1.1 2 W 1.2 3 R 0.2 3 6 W 0.5 6 3 V 0.1 18 2 V 0.4 1 17 R 0.1 7 2 w 0.2 2 4 R 0.9 2 PLANT LOWEST INDIVID. SAMPLE SAMPLE SIZE FROM WHICH INDIVIDUAL SAMPLE DRAWN PLANT R 0.1 V 0. 3 R 0.0 W 0.2 V 0.1 w 0.1 y 0.6 1 15 18 2 7 4 4 V R R R W R R 1 - All samples expressed as f lbersTt Ju/cc counted bp the standard method recommended In this document. (Latest available NIOSH data collected during the years 1966 through 1970). fc c 185 020186 OPERATION WarehousIng Mixing Forming Curing Finishing Packing Miscellaneous TABLE VI 'ASBESTOS CEMENT SHINGLE, MILLBOARD AND GASKET NUMBER OF PLANTS = 3 MEANS BY OPERATION AND SAMPLE SIZE ( ) -HIGHEST 2nd PLANT HIGHEST PLANT `2nd LOWEST PLANT LOWEST PLANT 0.7 (3) 4.4 (6) 2.6 (3) 1.5 (2) 1.9 (17) 1.2 (4) 1.2 (2) R W 3.8 (15) W 1.3 (18) V 1.4 (2) R 1.5 (2) R 0.7 (2) W 1.0 (A) R R R W W R 0.1 (1) 1.8 (1) 0.9 (6) 0.4 (1) 1.0 (7) 0.5 (2) 0.9 (1) V V V w V V V 1 - All samples expressed as fibers >5fifee counted by the standard method recommended in this document. (Latest available NIOSH data collected during the years 1966 through 1970). PRODUCT AREA TABLE VII ASBESTOS PAPER, PACKING, AND ASPHALT PRODUCTS INDIVIDUAL SAMPLES BY OPERATIONS AND SAMPLE SIZE* INDIVIDUAL HIGH OPERATION INDIVIDUAL LOW OPERATION Asbestos Paper 10.9 Asbestos Mixing 0.0 Wood Mixing Paper Making Asbestos Packing 18.9 Weaving 0.1 Braiding Mixing & Calender Forming Cutting & Trimming Asbestos Asphalt Products 16.3 Dry Mixing 0.0 * IN THESE THREE ASBESTOS PRODUCT AREAS, INSUFFICIENT DATA PREVENTS TABULATING ENVIRONMENTAL LEVELS INTO HIGHEST AND LOWEST INDIVIDUAL SAMPLE CATEGORIES BY OPERATION. BASED ON A SMALL NUMBER OF PLANTS FOR EACH PRODUCT AREA, ONLY THE HIGH, LOW FOR INDIVIDUAL SAMPLES WERE DETERMINED. 1 - All samples expressed as fibers ?5p/cc counted by the standard method reconimended In this document. (Latest available NIOSH data collected during the years 1966 through 1970). Dry Mixing Wet Mixing Forming Finishing Inspection 6 Packing 30 TT) C\J o PRODUCT AREA TABLE VIII ASBESTOS PAPER, PACKING AND ASPHALT PRODUCTS HIGH MEAN MEANS BY OPERATIONS AND SAMPLE SIZE* OPERATION LOW MEAN OPERATION Asbestos Paper Asbestos Packing Asbestos Asphalt Produc ts 3.4 13.6 2.4 Asbestos Mixing Weaving Dry Mixing 0.7 Miscellaneous 0.2 Mixing & Calender 0.2 Forming Finishing *IN THESE THREE ASBESTOS PRODUCT AREAS, INSUFFICIENT DATA PREVENTS TABULATING ENVIRONMENTAL LEVELS INTO HIGHESTS, LOWEST MEAN CATEGORIES BY OPERATION. BASED ON A SMALL NUMBER OF PLANTS FOR EACH PRODUCT AREA, ONLY THE HIGH MEAN AND LOW MEAN WERE DETERMINED. 1 ~ All samples expressed as fibers >^u/cc counted by the standard method recommended in this document. (Latest available NIOSH data collected during the years 1966 through 1970). OPERATION Mixing Forming Curing Flnlahlng Inspection t Packing Miscellaneous TABLE IX ASBESTOS INSULATION PLANTS NUMBER OF PLANTS - 5 INDIVIDUAL SAMPLES BY OPERATION AND SAMPLE SIZE HIGHEST INDIVIDUAL SAMPLE .SAMPLE SIZE FROM WHICH INDIVIDUAL SAMPLE DRAWN PLANT SECOND HIGHEST INDIVIDUAL SAMPLE SAMPLE SIZE FROH WHICH INDIVIDUAL PLANT SAMPLE DRAWN SECOND LOWEST INDIVID. SAMPLE SAMPLE SIZE FROM WHICH INDIVIDUAL SAMPLE DRAWN PLANT LOWEST INDIVID. SAMPLE SAMPLE SIZE FROM WHICH INDIVIDUAL SAMPLE DRAWN PLAN 188.9 134.4 23.5 208.4 92.3 42.3 11 39 5 . 26 15 24 X 169.7 X 111.2 X 19.9 X 97.3 X 73.6 X 37.5 11 X 0.4 3 39 X 0.0 10 5 X 1.5 1 26 X 0.1 4 15 X 0.1 11 24 X 0.1 4 DD 0.2 R 0.0 DD 0.1 CC 0.1 R 0.0 CC 0.1 7 10 1 11 11 4 R R CC R CC CC 1 - All samples expressed an fibers >5ji/ce counted by the standard method recoae nded In this document. (Latent available NIOSH data collected during the yearn 1966 through 1971). G8T0Z0 o o rW ^ TABLE X rj o ASBESTOS INSULATION PLANTS NUMBER OF PLANTS - 5 MEANS BY OPERATION AND SAMPLE SIZE ( ) OPERATION HIGHEST PLANT Mixing Forming Curing Finishing Inspection & Packing Mis cellaneous 74.4 (ID 50.6 (39) 14.4 (5) 39.5 (26) 22.8 (15) 16.6 (24) X X X X X X 2nd HIGHEST PLANT 46.3 (7) 25.2 (32) Y Y 15.0 (17) 11.0 (19) 2.7 (5) Y Y Y 2nd LOWEST PLANT 4.1 (7) 0.7 (10) 1.5 (1) 1.0 (ID 0.5 (1) 2.6 (4) R R DD R R DD LOWEST PLANT 1.7 (2) 0.2 (7) 0.1 (1) 0.9 (4) 0.3 (ID (4) CC CC CC CC CC CC 1 - All samples expressed as fibers >Ijp/cc counted by the standard method recomnended In this document. (Latest available NIOSH data collected during the years 1966 through 1971). TABLE XI LATEST SURVEY RESULTS ASBESTOS TEXTILE NUHBER OF PLANTS - 8 INDIVIDUAL SAMPLES BY OPERATION AND THE SAMPLE SIZE INDIVIDUAL SAMPLE HAS TAKEN FROM FIBERS/cc 5a OPERATION Fiber Preparation Carding Spinning Twisting Winding Weaving Rope, Hick, Braid & Cord Finlehlng Mlacellaneoua HIGHEST INDIVIDUAL SAMPLE 120.3 143.9 40.9 31.1 18.4 123.2 11.0 5.6 37.0 SAMPLE SIZE FROM WHICH INDIVIDUAL SAMPLE DRAWN PLANT 12 B 30 B 36 K 7K 24 B 57 B 3D 3G 2A SECOND HIGHEST INDIVID. SAMPLE 40.9 72.2 28.7 25.3 17.9 38.5 10.3 3.8 22.7 SAMPLE SIZE FROM WHICH INDIVIDUAL SAMPLE DRAWN PLANT 4A 30 B 43 B 8K 40 K 25 A 3D 28 B 2A SECOND LOWEST INDIVID. SAMPLE SAMPLE SIZE FROM WHICH INDIVIDUAL SAMPLE DRAWN PLANT LOWEST INDIVID. SAMPLE SAHPLE SIZE FROM WHICH INDIVIDUAL SAHPLE DRAWN 1.4 9 K 0.4 9 0.7 22 K 0.4 40 1.0 36 K 0.4 43 0.5 8 K 0.2 8 0.1 40 K 0.0 40 0.1 50 K 0.1 50 0.1 4 K 0.1 3 0.2 28 B 0.1 28 0.1 45 K 0.1 45 PLANT K J B G K K D B K tgto^ o ZGTOZT) OPERATION Fiber Preparation Carding Spinning TwiBting Winding Weaving Rope, Wick, Braid & Cord Miscellaneous Finishing TABLE XII LATEST SURVEY RESULTS ASBESTOS TEXTILE PLANTS NUMBER OF PLANTS - 8 MEANS BY OPERATION WITH SAMPLE SIZE ( ) FIBERS/CC >5u HIGHEST PLANT SECOND HIGHEST PLANT SECOND LOWEST PLANT 22.3 (4) A 20.3 (12) B 27.3 (10) A 26.4 (30) B 12.5 (36) K 10.9 (11) A 14.5 (7) A 10.7 (19) B 9.7 (12) A 5.9 (24) B 12.4 (25) A 10.0 (16) J 7.1 (3) D 3.5 (2) J 29.9 (2) A 9.7 (2) G 2.5 (3) G 1.8 (2) C 7.6 (9) 7.1 (22) 5.8 (11) 4.8 (4) 2.8 (10) 2.5 (11) 2.6 (4) 2.5 (4) 1.3 (28) K K. C C J C A J B LOWEST PLANT 7.4 (5) 6.1 (14) 3.7 (2) 3.2 (8) 2.0 (5) 1.1 (3) 1.3 (4) 0.2 (2) 0.1 (5) J G J G G E K E E 0^0103 TABLE XIII ASBESTOS CONCENTRATION***BY OPERATION FOR INSULATION WORKERS Marine Con struction Repair No. of Samples Actual Arithemetic Means Recalculated Mean*** Previous Time-Weighted Average*** Recalculated Time-Weighted Average*** Prefabrication Application Mixing General Tear Out Finishing Light and Heavy Industrial Construction Prefabrication Application Mixing General Tear Out Finishing 7 25 19 18 14 19 23 36 17 19 10 16 30.4 6.2 21.2 0.6 31.5 0.3 10.1 3.1 4.7 1.6 12.8 0.9 8.7 ) 2.6 ) 6.4 ) 0.6 8.3 ) 0.3 ) ) ) ) 9.2 ) ) ) 1.8 6.6 ) 2.4 ) 2.9 ) 1,1 ) 7.1 ) 0.9 ) ) ) 4,2 ) ) ) ) 2.2 * Fibers/ml>5p in length ** Summarized from data (4) *** Personal communication, March 1970 from Balzer & Cooper 020104 TABLE XIV ASBESTOS CONCENTRATION BY OPERATION*, 1969 Average asbestos fiber levels Work practice 01 Asbestos cement 02 Asbestos cement 03 Asbestos cement #4 Asbestos cement Cutting calcium sili cate, block, pipe 01 Environmental conditions Personal Samples Fibers/ml Fibers/ml Area Samples Distance from Source High ceiling room, Louvre venting 2.4 .45 2' Low ceiling room. Poor ventilation 2.6 " " Access tunnel 6.1 - - Power house. Low Ceiling, poor ventilation Table and hand saws, in power house - open 3.9 1.2 2.5 3-5' Cutting calcium sili cate, block & pipe #2 Same - in industrial building. Good ventilation. 4,1 -" Cutting calcium sili cate block & pipe Apartment house boiler room. No ventilation. Work 3"--18" from breathing zone. 11.5 '' Cutting calcium silicate block 4 pipe 04 Limited ventilation 9.4 1.6 3-4T Spraying insulation Turbines in power plant very high ceiling, good ventilation. 47.7 19.5 3' 28.0 6' Fibers/ml >5y in length Notes: 1. Conditions usually variable: Cement mixed dry - applied wet; rapid changes in local ventilation; composition of material may vary; number of men on job niay vary. 2. Average of counts (excluding spray insulation): 5 fibers/ml = 64.52; 5-12 fibers/ml 25.52; 712 fibers/ml * 10.02. 3. Information prepared by Reitze, Nicholson, and Holaday. TABLE XV ASBESTOS PLANT Z - CEMENT PIPE PERSONAL SAMPLES - SECULAR TRENDS MEANS BY OPERATION AND SAMPLE SIZE OPERATION MEAN 1967 No. OF SAMPLES MEAN 1971 NO. OF SAMPLES Warehousing & Mixing Pipe Forming Curing Pipe Finishing Coupling Finishing Epoxy Packing Mlscellaneoua 6.2 2.1 1.3 5.0 12.8 2.6 1.7 4 15 8 6 9 2 6 2.3 1.8 0.4 1.7 5.3 0.9 1.1 0.5 2 4 4 10 7 5 7 9 SCTOZO 1 -- All samples expressed as fibers ^^i/cc by the standard method recommended In this document. 2 - Information prepared from NIOSH data. & a TABLE XVI ASBESTOS PLANT S - FRICTION PERSONAL SAMPLES - SECULAR TRENDS MEANS BY OPERATION WITH SAMPLE SIZE OPERATION Mixing, Coating & Extruding Forming Hot Pressing Baking Grinding & Sanding Cutting & Drilling Bonding & Riveting 1966 NO. OF MEAN SAMPLES 7.5 24 5.7 7 13.1 15 9.1 1 10.8 34 11.0 31 1969 NO. OF MEAN SAMPLES 8.0 6 0.5 3 1.8 3 2.6 4 4.7 10 2.8 8 Inspection & Packing Miscellaneous Friction 9.6 21 6.7 6 1.9 5 1.8 10 1971 NO. OF MEAN SAMPLES 11.0 16 3.6 4 4.9 5 5.4 5 5.2 16 7.7 22 5.1 4 1 - All samples expressed as fibers >5 ju] cc by the Standard Method reconmended in this document 2 - Information prepared from NIOSH data. OPERATION Warehousing Mixing Forming Curing Finishing Packing Miscellaneous TABLE XVII ASBESTOS CEMENT SHINGLE, MILLBOARD AND GASKET PERSONAL SAMPLES - SECULAR TRENDS MEANS BY OPERATION AND SAMPLE SIZE PLANT W 1967 NO. OF MEAN SAMPLES 1970 NO. OF MEAN SAMPLES 8.9 4 8.3 14 4.4 6 1.8 36 2.6 3 0.4 1 4.3 35 1.5 7 2.5 22 2.3 13 0.7 2 1.2 2 1 -- All samples expressed as fibers >5 jujcc by the Standard Method recommended in this document. 2 - Information prepared from NIOSH data. c k* ^ M <3 y m ^ 0 0 8l TABLE XVIII ASBESTOS, INSULATION PLANT X PERSONAL SAMPLES - SECULAR TRENDS THERMAL PIPE MEANS BY OPERATION WITH SAMPLE SIZE 1967 NO. OF OPERATIONMEAN SAMPLESMEAN Mixing Forming 163.0 33.3 5 18 Curing 2.5 1 Finishing 44.6 3 Inspection & Packing 16.7 7 Miscellaneous Office Worker 1970 NO. OF SAMPLES 36.2 25.7 3 3 31.0 1 34.8 4 17.9 3 13.8 2 1971 NO. OF MEAN SAMPLES 74.4 50.6 14.4 11 39 5 39.5 26 22.8 15 16.6 24 1 - All samples expressed as fibers y5jujcc by the Standard Method recommended in this document 2 - Information prepared from NIOSH data. OPERATION Mixing Forming Curing Finishing Inspection & Packing Miscellaneous TABLE XIX ASBESTOS, INSULATION PLANT Y PERSONAL SAMPLES - SECULAR TRENDS THERMAL PIPE MEANS BY OPERATION WITH SAMPLE SIZE 1967r NO. OF MEAN SAMPLES 1970 NO. OF MEAN SAMPLES 107.0 3 27.7 2 98.9 12 24.1 13 32.2 13.3 4 2 16.8 13.0 21.0 2 8 14 1971 NO. OF MEAN SAMPLES 46.3 7 25.2 32 15.0 11.0 2.7 17 19 5 1 - All samples expressed as fibers >5 joJcc by the Standard Method recommended in this document. 2 - Information prepared from NIOSH data. 6 GT0 Z0 020200 TABLE XX ASBESTOS TEXTILE PLANT A PERSONAL SAMPLES - SECULAR TRENDS MEANS BY OPERATION WITH SAMPLE SIZE 1964 1966 1970 NO. OF NO. OF NO. OF I OPERATION MEAN SAMPLES MEAN SAMPLES MEAN SAMPLES | Fiber preparation 13.6 6 9.6 4 22.3 4 H Carding 14.5 4 52.2 7 27.3 10 Spinning 11.8 2 15.3 9 10.9 11 Twisting 5.4 7 9.2 8 14.5 7 Winding 9.5 5 13.8 4 9.7 12 Weaving 5.6 11 17.7 15 12.4 25 Rope, Wick, Braid & Cord 0.2 6 6.9 2 2.6 4 Finishing 5.7 2 7.5 1 29.9 2 Mis cellaneous 1 - All samples expressed as fibers ^5 /u/cc by the Standard Method recommended in this document 2 - Information prepared from N10SH data. OPERATION Fiber preparation Carding Spinning Twisting Winding Weaving Rope, Wick, Braid & Cord Miscellaneous TABLE XXI ASBESTOS TEXTILE PLANT J PERSONAL SAMPLES - SECULAR TRENDS MEANS BY OPERATION WITH SAMPLE SIZE 1965 NO. OF MEAN SAMPLES 6.4 7 8.1 17 7.9 14 7.3 20 1967 NO. OF MEAN SAMPLES 15.7 5 12.6 11 27.4 11 17.7 9 3.4 3 5.6 47 6.8 12 1971 NO. OF MEAN SAMPLES 7.4 5 7.8 40 3.7 2 6.9 35 2.8 10 10.0 16 3.5 2 2.5 4 1 - All samples expressed as fibers >5 jjJ cc by the Standard Method recommended in this document 2 - Information prepared from NIOSH data. 0 fC cfj N O o o I TABLE nil ASBESTOS CEWHT PIPE PERCENT OP SAMPLES LESS THAN OR EQUAL TO 2 FIBERS/CC, 5 FIBERS/CC AMD. 10 FIBERS/CC LODGER THAN Su IB LENGTH, BT. PI-AMT AND OPERATION ( ) - NO. OF SAMPLES REPRESENTS FIBERS LONGER TEAM Su ! PLANT N PLANT 0 PLANT F PLANT Q PLANT Z PLANT AA PLANT BB OPERATION IJ IS M0 Z_2 Z_5 110 I_2 I_5 Z_10 X_2 Z_5 110 Z_2 Z_5 M0 I_2 X_5 110 Z_2 X_5 X_10 i Warehousing A Mixing 25 100 100 0 0 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 50 100 100 100 100 100 80 100 100 (4) (2) (3) (4) (2) (5) (5) Pipe Foralng 33 100 100 (3) 33 100 100 (6) 100 100 (4) 100 100 100 100 (2) 75 100 100 (4) 100 100 100 (6) 100 100 100 (10) Curing 100 100 100 (3) 67 100 100 (3) 100 100 (6> 100 100 100 100 (1) 100 c 100 (4) 100 100 100 100 (5) 93 100 IOO (15) Pipe Finishing 100 100 100 (6) 100 100 100 (4) 100 100 100 (6) so 100 100 (5) 70 100 100 (10) 100 100 100 (9) 100 100 100 (9) Coupling Finishing 100 100 100 w 25 50 100 (4) 100 100 100 (16) 80 100 100 (5) 43 57 (7) 71 100 100 100 (21) 90 100 100 (10) Epoxy Packing 0 100 100 (1) 100 100 100 (4) 100 100 100 (1) 100 100 100 (1) 100 100 100 (6) --- --- 0 0 100 (1) 100 100 100 (5) 86 100 100 (7) 100 100 100 (1) 100 100 100 (13) S3 100 100 (6) 100 ioo 100 (6) Ml see1laneous Not Applicable --- -- - 100 100 100 (9) 100 100 100 (3) 100 100 100 (9) 100 100 100 (8) 100 100 100 (6) OPERATION PLANT H Z<5 *10 Mixing, Coating & Extruding 0 50 (2) 100 Forming 100 100 (6) 100 Hot Pressing 100 100 (7) 100 Baking 100 100 (2) 100 Grinding & Sanding 90 100 100 (10) Cutting & Drilling 50 75 (12) 83 Bonding & Riveting 75 75 (4) 100 Inspecting & Packing 54 69 100 (13) Miscellaneous 67 78 (9) 100 - Not applicable TABLE XXIII ASBESTOS FRICTION PLANTS PERCENT OF SAMPLES LESS THAN OR EQUAL TO 2 FIBERS/CC, 5 FIBERS/CC. AND 10 FIBERS/CC LONGER THAN Su BY PLANT AND OPERATION ( ) - NUMBER OF SAMPLES PLANT M X<2 Z<5 Z<10 PLANT S 2^5 X^IO PLANT T X<2 2<5 2 <10 71 86 (7) 100 13 19 (16) 44 --- -- - 75 75 (4) 100 100 100 100 (2) 50 100 (4) 100 0 40 (5) 100 --- 100 100 (2) 100 0 40 (5) 100 100 100 100 (2) 57 86 (7) 100 13 56 (16) 94 88 88 (8) 88 100 100 (7) 100 5 32 (22) 64 86 100 100 (7) 100 100 (1) 100 - - - 100 100 100 (1) 100 100 (4) 100 100 (1) 100 100 50 50 (4) 75 86 100 100 (7) - - - 100 100 100 (5) PLANT U X<5 Z^LO 0 50 (2) 100 67 67 67 (3) 100 100 100 (2) 0 100 100 (1) 0 25 100 (4) 00 (1) 0 -- - 0 67 100 (3) 100 100 100 (3) 020204 TABLE XXIV ASBESTOS CEMENT SHINGLE, MILLBOARD AND GASKET PERCENT OF SAMPLES LESS THAN OR EQUAL TO 2 FIBERS/CC, 5 FIBERS/CC, AND 10 FIBER5/CC LONGER THAN BY PLANT AND OPERATION ( ) - NUMBER OF SAMPLES OPERATION PLANT R 3C<2 Z45 I<10 Warehousing 100 100 100 (3) Mixing 53 67 93 (15) Forming 83 94 100 (18) Curing 50 100 100 (2) Finishing 71 94 100 (17) Packing 75 100 100 (4) Miscellaneous 100 100 100 (4) - Not Applicable PLANT u t<2 Z<5 z<10 100 100 100 (1) 67 100 100 (3) 100 100 100 (6) 100 100 100 (2) 86 100 100 (7) 100 100 100 (2) 100 100 100 (1) PLANT W ^2 xco --- 50 67 100 (6) 33 100 100 (3) 100 100 100 (1) 71 100 100 (7) 100 100 100 (2) 100 100 100 (2) TABLE XXV ASBESTOS INSULATION PLANTS PERCENT OF SAMPLES LESS THAN OR EQUAL TO 2 FIBERS/CC, 5 FIBERS/CC, AND 10 FIBERS/CC LONGER THAN BY PLANT AND OPERATION { ) - NUMBER OF SAMPLES Z<10 PLANT X Z<2 X<5 *<10 PLANT Y r*2 Z<10 PLANT CC 2<2 X<5 xao 86 0 0 18 00 0 100 100 100 (ID (7) (2) 100 0 0 15 0 9 13 100 100 100 (39) (32) (7) - 0 0 40 -- - 100 100 100 (5) (1) 100 B 12 15 6 6 29 100 100 100 (26) (17) <4) 100 13 27 40 (15) 0 16 63 <19) 100 100 100 (ID - 21 46 54 40 100 100 100 100 100 (24) (5) (4) PLANT DD Xc.2 2 <5 z_ao 67 67 (3) 100 100 (5) 100 100 (1) 40 100 (5) 67 100 100 LOO 63 100 (8) 50 100 (4) 100 100 020 o o N O TABLE XXVI ASBESTOS TEXTILE PLANTS PERCENT OF SAMPLES LESS THAN OR EQUAL TO 2 FIBERS/CC, 5 FIBERS/CC, AND 10 FIBERS/CC LONGER THAN 5u BY PLANT AND OPERATION ( ) - HUMBER OF SAMPLES OPERATION PLANT A X_2 X_5 2_10 Fiber Preparation 00 (4) 25 Carding 00 (10) 10 Spinning 09 (ID 36 Twitting 00 (7) 29 Winding B 33 (12) 50 Waavlng 4 16 (25) 44 Ropa, Wick, braid l Cord SO 75 (4) 100 H1 ac 1 Laneoua 00 (2) 0 Flnlahing -- - Hot IfpllubU PLANT B X_2 ZJ X_10 0 17 (12) 58 07 (30) 40 5 26 (43) 77 0 11 (19) 58 25 54 (24) 83 16 SB (57) 86 40 100 (5) 100 33 67 (3) 100 82 100 100 (28) PLANT C X_2 X_5 X_10 0 0 33 (3) 0 0 75 (4) 0 36 91 (11) 0 75 100 (4) 0 60 100 (5) 36 100 100 (11) -- - -- - 50 100 U> 100 PLANT D I_2 I_5 X_iO 00 (3) 33 20 40 60 (10) 0 13 44 (16) 13 50 (B) 75 43 71 86 (7) 8 33 88 (24) 33 33 (3) 0 50 (6) -- 33 83 - PLANT E I_2 15 X_10 -- - --- -- - --- -- - 67 100 100 (3) -- 100 100 100 (2) 100 100 100 (5) PLANT C I_2 X_5 X_10 00 (2) 50 14 57 (14) 71 0 33 (6) 38 75 (B) 100 100 60 100 (5) 100 8 50 100 (12) PLANT J X_2 X_5 110 20 40 (5) 80 13 38 (40) 80 0 100 (2) 100 6 26 (35) 89 40 90 100 (10) 0 25 (16) 56 -- - 0 100 100 (2) 0 50 (3) 50 50 100 100 (4) 67 67 100 - (2) - - PLANT l X_2 X_5 x_io 22 44 (9) 67 23 36 (22) 77 3 14 (36) 42 25 38 (B) 50 40 53 (40) 78 26 76 (50) 96 75 100 (4) 100 80 91 100 (45) 61 100 (B> 94 | III, IHHHHI VI ill llTrtirr'ftT*"r------ 020207 TABLE XXVII Duration of employment and known exposure to Asbestos and the development of X-ray findings of Asbestosis in 232 employees of an Asbestos Insulation Factory, employed sometime in 1941 1945 and examined in 1969-1970. X-RAY ASBESTOSIS DURATION OF + EMPLOYMENT TOTAL 0 1+ 2+ 1 DAY OR 7 3 0 4 0 LESS 1-7 DAYS 13 4 3 51 1 - 4 WKS 1 - 3 MOS 3 - 6 MOS 6 - 12 MOS 15 35 35 31 5 6 8 5 3 61 5 23 1 3 19 5 3 15 5 1 - 2 YRS 2 - 5 YRS 5-14 YRS 48 36 12 232 7 3 1 5 25 8 8 16 6 0 54 ALL EMPLOYEES INCLUDED. EXPOSURES VARIED FROM "NONE" (OFFICE) THROUGH THAT OF MANAGEMENT, ENGINEERING AND SHIPPING TO THAT OF PRODUCTION EMPLOYEES. 1 - Personal Communication Dr Irving Se likoff, January, 1971. 34 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 3 2 TABLE XXVIII Lapsed period from onset of exposure in 344 deaths among employees of an asbestos insulation factory, employed at some time in 1941-1945 and followed to 1970. Years from Onset Cause of Death 0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25+ TOTAL Lung cancer 0 3 8 14 16 18 * 59 Mesothelioma 00 0 0 2 2 ss 4 G. I. cancer Asbestos is All other cancer 1 0 1 1 2 3 6 1 9 3 8 7 4 3= 18 85 24 6 5 ts 31 All other causes TOTAL 26 28 28 37 30 54 52 84 42 30 = 208 78 63 m 344 1 - Personal communication Dr Irving Selikoff, January, 1971 TABLE XXIX SUMMARY OF 4 CASE HISTORIES OF EXPOSURE TO ASBESTOS AND SUBSEQUENT DEVELOPMENT OF MESOTHELIOMA OiiO.109 Race Sex nr.,TatlonaI History i;:jjfore asbestos exposure Asbestos exposure Duration of exposure Type of Work W M None Unknown Engineer WW FM W F Student None 6 weeks Pipe Insulation 3 years Neighborhood exposure None Unknown - at least several yrs Family exposure After asbestos exposure Unknown Housewife Bookkeeper-flooi manager Housewife Type of asbestos Chrysotileamositecrocidolite Chrysotileamosite Chrysotileamosite Amosite Respirator protection None None NA NA Mesothelioma History Age at death 74 41 30 52 Site Histological diagnosis Peritoneal & Pleural Blphasic Right Pleural (Biphasic) epi thelial h fibrous Pleural Biphasic Pleomorphic Left Pleural Lapsed period since exposure Duration of illness 25 years 13 weeks 21 years 5 weeks 19 years 1 year Unknown 2 years Concurrent asbestosis Pleural Calcifica tion Grade I by X-Ray None Smoking history 0 40 20 NA Duration of smoking history (years) 24 5 years Stopped in 1965 1 - Personal communication Dr. Irving Se likoff - January, 1971. o + > o0k * TABLE XXX o Observed and Expected Deaths Through December 31, 1969 by Cause and Dust Exposure Score, for 291 Males who Worked Primarily In Non-Asbestos Production and Maintenance Service Jobs and for 1464 Males who Worked Primarily in Asbestos Production and Maintenance-Service Jobs and Retired During 1941-1967, Showing Standardized Mortality Ratios (SMR's) Accumulative exposure to asbestos in million parts per cubic foot years (mppcfyr) Cause of Death and Internationa! Limited Exposure List Number Obs. Exp. SMR < 125 Obs. Exp. SMR 125-250 Obs. Exp. SMR 250-500 Obs. Exp. SMR All Causes 114 129.9 87.8 365 344.8 105.8 162 139.8 115.9 184 156.7 117.4* All Cancer (140-205) Digestive System (150-159) Lung, Bronchus, Trachea 6 Pleura (162-163) 22 22.3 98.6 74 56.3 131.4* 23 23.6 97.4 52 26.4 197.1* 9 8.2 109.8 27 21.9 123.3 5 8.9 56.2 19 10.0 190.0* 8 4.8 166.7 18 10.7 168.2 11 4.9 224.5* 16 5.4 296.3* All Other Cancer 5 9.3 53.8 29 23.7 122.4 7 9.8 71.4 17 11.0 90.9 Cerebral Vascular Lesions (330-334) 15 14.8 101.4 31 41.4 74.3 14 16.2 86.4 15 18.2 82.4 All Heart Disease (400-443) Coronary Heart Disease (420) 46 60.8 75.6 168 161.2 104.2 72 65.5 109.9 75 73.3 102.3 39 48.9 80.1 129 124.8 103.4 59 52.2 113.0 55 57.8 95.2 All Other Heart Disease 7 12.1 57.8 39 36.4 107.1 13 13.3 97.7 20 15.5 129.0 Diseases of the Respiratory 10 7.7 129.9 26 19.0 162.5* 11 80 137.5 17 8.9 191.0* System (470-527) Pneumoconiosis & Pulmo 5 838 nary Fibrosis (523-525) All Other Causes 22 24.5 89.8 66 66.6 99.1 42 26.5 158.5* 25 29.9 83.6 * SMR significantly different from 100 at 5% level. Source: A Study of the Dose-Response Relationship Between Asbestos Dust and Lung Cancer by Philip Enterline, Pierre DeCoufle and Vivian Henderson (Unpublished Manuscript) " V- TABLE XXX (continued) Cause of Death and International 500-750 List Number Obs. Exp. SMR >750 Obs . Exp. SMR Obs. All Causes 77 50.2 153.4* 34 26.2 129.8 All Cancer (140-205) Digestive System (150-159) Lung, Bronchus, Trachea & Pleura (162-163) 18 8.7 206.9* 9 6 3.3 181.8 2 9 1.8 500.0* 5 4.5 200.0 1.7 117.6 0.9 555.6 All Other Cancer 3 3.6 83.3 2 1.9 105.3 Cerebral Vascular Lesions (330-334) 5 5.6 89.3 3 3,0 100.0 All Heart Disease (400-443) Coronary Heart Disease (420) 36 23.5 153.2* 11 24 13.8 127.6 8 12.3 9.9 89.4 80.8 All Other Heart Disease 12 4.7 255.3* 3 2.4 125.0 Diseases of the Respiratory System (470-527) Pneumoconiosis 4 Pulmo nary Fibrosis (523,525) 11 2.8 392.8* 0 85 1.5 600.0* All Other Causes 7 9.6 72.9 2 4.9 40.8 Exp., SMR - ............. .... Obs. Exp. SMR 1 : *SMR significantly different from 100 at 51 level A unmniTininiBaHEtifn-- vsi-isi/joi /yr/y - w 020212 Mud Service Company Price List EFFECTIVE ON SHIPMENTS AFTER UQ-r- u----- h$--- , 1979 /if Listed inside are carload and field warehouse prices for our more active products. A brief description of Montello products is given on the back page. For complete information on any of these products, or for the answer to any related question, please call our 24 hour Tulsa number -- 918+ las'- P.0. BOX 130, SAND SPRINGS. OKLAHOMA 74063/(918)--245-6661/TWX 910-840-3007 mwi isjstukj TWX <?!D - g<AS- 3394 24 HOUR TELEPHONE 918+445"- 11 70 'TuLsc', OK 71J13S U ',.C-/6*4 ?s**__/bi *4 Product Name ffcn ic. A/lArc. Le Biotrol Free HoIS HME Energizer rfofi /-Sc, Mon Ex Mon Hib Pheno Seal Call grades) Superdril Super Lube Flow Super Visbestos n-i- ______________________________________ foam "RraJfe ___ A/CO Her SL* u, r.s i. Unit Description SO* tag 5 gal. can 5 gal. can 5 gal. can 50* 50# case (2* pkgs.) 5 gal. can 4G* bag 50# bag 50# bag 50# bag (shrink filmed) S Co*i S asl Co/t iftL drum 3t +*( Suggested Minimum boo 1 & up 1 & up 1 & up tmOO 1 & up 1 & up 1 & up 750 SOO 800 1,200 Sec l a Ue ) + &> A * Up i **,* Famm* yh**' ///?} 'PrimAt S'-fsA /T-fU, -i Yttfra So'?CtHA* yui.. X/. ifJLxaJxL .fijr L^lcZf.71 iLtl/**/** - A* ' j r 3|i? 1 3t\& 1 : jfs' 1' /Eg Jrft : Afi ^ 3^ i X-H1 ij iei gs'i \Z*i2j "it/jJ fVAAA-/Kt# J * JJ+cul&tJ !j - ja* 1 2. Brief descriptions of Montelio products are giver!\ - ZbuftAA 1 || | on products not listed above, please cal! our 24 hour number in Tulsa, collect -- 9X8 + 245-6661, Also call this number for any other information, including: . o::o-?i3 */*. ~| (JihW ^t/n / 7S 7U7 dUUL* IZ 17 7/ /# , 6yx>^ cJLu*Ll /# ik* LLi/uc Jaw jCAjr^A rT; fit sJzf jJfel 11 fi-j ST* 33 p `jjpi a si j . '- 4as 73* ++ /S- /3c AS* Jr 1ST tI H 3? av tfi Ac f* X- // C? /0 /* , JL * Ap AS 0.7* ajl /* t aJ if ** 33 /f 33 y j j ____ nt_ e- 33 r -------------r~ 33^ s^f 33-y I ~~r 1 A3C 4J A7f /3o <? AS* A 3c 4f AS* A3c f* ; y3- /3o"*3 yJ+= A3 A* AO a** A* yf A6 sm -241 /+ yi 3* 0- | a.*9r yc A> 1 /f <* 3'* /i SB a.* AC 3= A/,* Ail* 2?P 1 /J- At* 7J* S7* AS* a *9 Ab AS AfSS, /its y 7 gj / jp# X/ tf / 1 /X Af! Av A/ AT /a AA fs y ^ | aa\V / * ! | //^ y1-* | | aa\<? | /iS AS /p A^A AC ere ^ T V=" a 7- f9 A /*> & y /2>- y ao.& s& ya-e *: ff y<?y += Act zf tf1 VS 77 c y<U {p in 73 Sc is // Af 1: ?7 & P7 wnse. JU/T:DD-jUj4 Vernal, Utah 801 + 789-1696 V* Jf * AA'O AOS -- i j I I ir ! tv - OAT - ?/i"+ 3X3- Vert -V-+CS4- JSJ/ --Export and CIF quotations. --Detailed product information. --Nearest field Representative. Ft-/ --Assistance in arranging warehouse pick ups. --Information on pool or split carloads. 3X ft- ^>*f /o % % Williston, North Dakota 701+572-2855 Lake Charles, Louisiana 318 + or 433-8547 ~l$vrns FLa-tt of . -Acs' -A- A>oS- C8<AS' OATLsiu**, 0;-/y, Of XofA A3S - 4<vj U-AAburTo ns Of 9/f A AS 3gfJ- 3. The conditions and use of the products set forth herein are beyond the con trol of Montelio. For this reason any information, statements, recommendations or suggestions are made by Montelio without warranty or guarantee, either ex press or implied- Also for this reason, Montelio shall not be responsible for any failure to comply with any federal, state or local safety or environmental standard or regulation, which results from the use of its Droducts. New Iberia, Louisiana Charlie Reeves 318 + 457-2612 Sand Springs, Oklahoma 918+245-6661 In addition to these locations, Montelio products are available from most Wyo Ben Products Company warehouses throughout Canada. j ,,,,i Mm - s/fl SV So*1baq IDF fLo Ppam '~P>r*Fc - 43 'Lbs - Si-Lbs 4&1&S 4&-1 bs /Ut,; 60* 7 * 'Ps Sv sx> SIF '"BtoTfoL 35. r ?ioo V.ST3 C*,t fi^ IfiCrt. ' l/,J9 tsJ bc C*i**1*a * /.ss Cur J 3.0 / Cu/T - .3.^ CuT ' 3- Hr tuF ' <%r ~ y. o cuX ' 4S-Ib can 7?>u //J L 0 i fwT 020214 020215 Brief product descriptions are listed below. Please call our Tulsa number (918 + 245-6661), collect, for complete details on any of these fine Montello products. ACRIPOL ATTA GEL BIOTROL FiLTROL CL-1 (Refined) =OAM BRAKE -REE HOLE HME ENERGIZER HOLEMAKER FLOC /ON DET /ON EX AON FOAM /ON HIB /ON LUBE ZONOIL CONCENTRATE HENO SEAL 5UPERDRIL SUPER LUBE FLOW >UPER VISBESTOS Readily soluble liquid sodium polyacrylate for easy addition to drilling fluids, in building filtration control without excessive viscosity increase. A premium grade attapulgite clay, used primarily to build vis cosity in salt water muds. Economical, easily handled, non-selective biocide for all aqueous environments, including drilling fluids. A very effective, liquid preservative with low mammalian toxicity. Pregelatinized corn starch for economical filtration control in salt contaminated drilling fluids, Improved organic polymer for building low solids, non-dispersed drilling fluids, regardless of contamination. Specially formulated liquid drilling fluid defoamer, primarily for non-dispersed aqueous systems. Additive for oil in building spotting fluid to free stuck pipe. Selective, non-ionic surface active agent for building homogeneous drilling fluids, especially with Superdril and Super Lube Flow. Selective, non-ionic, powdered flocculant for maintaining low solids in fresh or salt water drilling fluids. Biodegradable drilling detergent for improved water base drill ing fluid lubricity and reduced drag. Powdered copolymer clay extender and flocculant. Non-ionic surface-active agent formulated for use in oil field brines and fresh water. An excellent foamer, even in heavy brines, and is used in gas wells and air drilling for this reason, ' Specially formulated film-forming amine corrosion inhibitor for use in high and low pH systems. Non-foaming drilling fluid lubricant for overall friction reduction, regardless of contaminants. Much more efficient than diesel or crude oil. A liquid concentrate designed as the primary additive for the formulation of oil base drilling fluids (no water); invert oil emul sion drilling fluids; and completion fluids. High strength, inert plastic chips for superior bridging, to control lost circulation in all drilling fluids. (Three grades) Modified gilsonite for hole stabilization primarily in dispersed drilling fluids. Pure, non-toxic, pulverized gilsonite for controlling sloughing shale. Presheared, wet-refined, condensed asbestos for quick yield and viscosity in all drilling fluids. monteBo ' o. SOX 130, SAND SPRINGS, OKLAHOMA 74063 020216 6106 EAST 32ND PLACE TULSA, OKLAHOMA 74135 (918) 665-1170 / TWX 910*645-2396 Product Unit Description MUD SERVICE COMPANY PRICE LIST CARLOAD LOTS EFFECTIVE MAY 1, I960 ' r-'- Suggested Minimum F.O.B. Point Unit Price BIOTROL - Liquid biocide 5 gal can 1 & up Sand Springs, OK 62.25 FOAM BRAKE - liquid defoamer 5 gal can 1 & up Sand Springs, OK 32.75 HME ENERGIZER - selective surfactant 5 gal can 1 & up Sand Springs, OK 32.75 MONTELLO DETERGENT - drilling detergent MON EX - powdered bentonite extender 5 gal can 50# case/ {2# bags) 1 & up 1 & up Sand Springs, OK Sand Springs, OK 11.05 ... 125.00 MON HIB - corrosion inhibitor 5 gal can 1 & up Sand Springs, OK 51.90 MON PAC - anionic cellulosic polymer 50# bag 600 1 & up 1 S> up 1 Si up Kobe, Japan Oakland, CA Houston, TX Denver, CO 74.75 82.65 83.00 83.00 MON PAC ULTRA LO - extremely low viscosity Mon Pac 50# bag 600 1 Si up 1 & up Kobe, Japan Oakland, CA Houston, TX 80.25 88.15 88,50 PHENO SEAL - for lost circu lation 40# bag 750 Sand Springs, OK 8.75 SUPERDRIL - treated gilsonite 50# bag 800 Craig, CO 14.75 SUPER LUBE FLOW - powdered gilsonite 50# bag 800 Craig, CO 12.50 SUPER VISBESTOS - viscosifier 50# bag, Loose 1200 Pallet, Wrapped King City, CA general INFORMATION 1. Term* of \a\t io approved accounts are Net JO dajri; ?- per month added to past due accounts. Prices subject to change without notice. All prices ire In U.S. dollars, and include patent royalties where applicable. 2. Descriptions gf 'kjntdlo products are given on the beck page. For prices on products oot listed above, please call our 24-hour number In Tulsa, collect 918+665*1170, Also cell this number for any other Informa tion, Including: -C*port and C1F quotations. -Information on pool or spilt carloads, Detailed product information, -Nearest field Representative. Assistance In arranging warehouse pick ups. See reverse side for product descriptions and field warehouse locations,______ __ 8.35 8,75 020217 The following is a list of Montello's proprietary products, with brief descriptions. In addition to the products listed, Montello can supply a full range of standard drilling fluid additives. For complete product information or assistance on any related question, call or write our Tulsa office, collect, day or night. BIOT ROL Fl-l FOAM BRAKE FREE HOLE KHt ENERGIZER KOU*AKfi FLOC MONTELLO DETERGENT HOK EK NON H1B Economical, easily handled, non-selective biocide for ill aqueous environments, ineluding drilling fluids, A very effective liquid preservative with low naihallan to1city. A natural organic polymer with a high encapvuiJtmg affinity for shales, Produces minimum viscosity. For use In InMbltive, low solids, non'dispersed systems. Specially formulated liquid drilling fluid defoamer, primarily for low solids, nondispersed polymer systems. Additive for oil In building spotting fluid to free stud pipe. Selective, non-ionic surface active agent for building homogenous drilling fluids, especially with Superdril and Super Lube Flow. Selective, non-ionic powdered floccwlant for maintaining low solids in fresh or salt water drilling fluids, B1odegrad*ble drilling detergent for 1mproved water base drilling fluid lubricity and reduced drag. Powdered copolymer clay extender and floe* cut ant, Specially formulated film forming amine Corrosion Inhibitor for use In high and Ipv pH systems. MOH LUGE Non-foaming drilling fluid EP lubricant for overall friction reduction, regardless of contaminants. HOHOIL CONCENTRATE A liquid concentrate designed as the pnmary additive for the formulation of pil base drilling fluids (no waierh invert oil emulsion drilling fluidsj and com;letlon fluids. HON PAC High molecular weight, polyanionic cellulosld polymer for filtration and viscosity control in contaminated drilling fluid , yUwii. MON PAC ULTRA LO Cellulosic polymer for filtration control with minimum increase in viscosity. OIT-S Liquid, non-catalyzed, long lift oxygen scavenger. PHENO SEAL High strength, inert plastic chips for su perior bridging, to control lost circuittlon In all drilling fluids. (Three grades! SLU Liquid extreme pressure hole slicking agent, Non-fluorescent, non-corrosive, biodegradable. non-petroleum base. SUPERDRIi Modified gilfonite for hole stabilization, primarily in dispersed drilling fluids. SUPER LUBE FLOW Pure, non*toiic, pulverized gilsonite for controlling sloughing shale. Also for building viscosity and improving filtration control in Oil base systems, SUPER VISBESTOS Presheared, wet-refined, condensed asbestos for quick yield and viscosity in all drilling fluids. Twenty-four hour numbers are listed below for Montello field warehouses. Call for street address or pick up information. Casper, WY - 307+234-3493 Ada, OK 405+436-2521 Williston, ND - 701+572-2855 Elk City, OK 405+225-6845 Lake Charles, LA Night New Iberia, LA Night - 318+433-8547 Oklahoma City, OK - 318+457-2612 Tulsa, OK - 318+364-5519 - 318+457-2612 Corpus Christi, TX 405+232-6893 918+665-1170 512+888-6593 Odessa , TX - 915+333-4081 In addition to these locations, Montello products are available from most Wyo-Ben Products Company warehouses throughout Canada. If any difficulty is encountered, call our twenty-four hour number collect inTulsa, 918+665-1170. . 6106 EAST 32ND PLACE TULSA, OKLAHOMA 74135 (918) 665-1170 / TWX 910-S4S-23S6 020218 MUD SERVICE COMPANY PRICE LIST ROCKY MOUNTAIN WAREHOUSES EFFECTIVE MAY 1, I960 Product Un i t Description (No Minimum - No Returns) Casper, WY Williston , ND BIOTROL - liquid biocide 5 gal can 69.25 69.25 HME ENERGIZER - selective surfactant 5 gal can 38.25 40.25 1 MON EX - powdered bentonite extender MON PAC - anionic cellulosic polymer 50# case/ (2# bags) 50# bag 130.00 104.25 130.00 106.75 1 PHENO SEAL - for lost circulation 40# bag 11.50 11.50 SUPERDRIL - treated gilsonite 50# bag 17.10 18.10 SUPER LUBE FLOW - powdered gilsonite 50# bag 15.10 16.10 SUPER VISBESTOS - viscosifier 50# bag 12.45 12.45 GENERAL INFORMATION Twenty-four hour numbers are listed below for the Rocky Mountain warehouses. Call for street address or pick up information. . Casper, WY - 307+234-3493 Willi ston, ND - 701 + 5 72 -2855 i. Term* of sale lo approved Accounts are Net 10 days, 21 per month added to past due Accounts. Prices subject to change without notice, All prices ere in u.S. colter*, mo include petent royalties where applicable. 2. Description* of KonteUo products ere given on the back page. For prices on products not Usteo above, please cal) our 24-hour number tn Tulsa, colled 913*665-1)70. Also cell this htynber for any other infonrwtlon, including: -Etport end CIF quotetlons, -Information on pool or split cirloeds, -Detailed product information, -Nearest field Representative. -Assistance In arranging warehouse pick ups, f $ reverse side for product descriptions [and field warehouse locations. OS20219 The following is a list of Montello's proprietary products, with brief descriptions. In addition to the products listed, Montello can supply a full range of standard drilling fluid additives. For complete product information or assistance on any related question, call or write our Tulsa office, collect, day or night. BIOTftOL FL-1 FOAM BRAKE FREE HOLE HHE ENERG12IA HOtEMJUER F10C HONTEuO DETERGENT HON EK HON HIE Economical. easily handled, non-selectiv* biocide fzr all aqueovs erwirpnnents, In cluding S' tiling fluids. A very effective liquid preservative with lowiurulisn toilcity. A natural organic polymer with i high en capsulating affinity for shales, Produces minimum viscosity. For use In inhibltive, low solids, non-dispensed system. Specially formulated liquid drilling fluid defoamer, primarily for low solids, nondispersed polymer systems. Additive for oil in building spotting fluid to free Stuck pipe. Selective, non-ionic surface active agent for building homogenous drilling fluids, especially with Superdril and Super Lube Flo., Selective, non-ionic powdered flocculant for maintaining low solids in fresh or tali water drilling fluids'. Biodegradable drilling detergent for 1mproved water base drilling fluid lubricity and reduced drag. Powdered copolymer clay eitender and floeculani. Specially formulated film forming amine corrosion inhibitor for use in high and low pH systems. HON LUCE Non-fo*ming drilling fluid iP lubricant for Over*!) friction reduction, regard- )*$} Of contaminants. HONOR CONCENTRATE A liquid concentrate designed as the pn. Nr/ Additive for the formulation of oil base drilling fluids (no water); invert Oil emulsion drilling fluids; *nd comple tion fluids. Wit PAC High molecular weight, polyanionic cellglosic polymer for filtration and viscosity control In contaminated drilling fluid systems. HON PAC ultra to DXT-S PHENC 5CAL Cellgloslc polymer for filtration control with minimum increase in viscosity. Liquid* non-catalyred, long 1ife Oiygen scavenger. High strength, Inert plastic Chips for su perior bridging, to control lost circula tion in ill drilling fluids. (Three grades) Sill Liquid extreme pressure hole slicking agent. Non-fluorescent, non-corrosive, biodegrade non-petroleum base. superdril Modified gllsonite for holt ttabiliiation, primarily In dispersed drilling fluids. SUPER LUBE Floy Pur*, non-to*1e, pulverized gilsomte for con trolling sloughing shale. Also for building viscosity and Improving filtration control in oil base systems. SUPER VISBEST0S Presheared, wet-refined, condensed rsbesios for Quick yield and viscosity in all drilling fluids, I Twenty-four hour numbers are listed below for Montello field ware houses. Call for street address or pick up information. Casper, WY - 307+234-3493 Ada, OK - 405+436-2521 Wi11iston, ND - 701+572-2855 Elk City, OK - 405+225-6845 Lake Charles, LA Night New Iberia, LA Night - 318+433-8547 Oklahoma City, OK - 405+232-6893 - 318+457-2612 Tulsa, OK - 918+665-1170 - 318+364-5519 - 318+457-2612 Corpus Christi, TX - 512+888-6593 Odessa, TX - 915+333-4081 In addition to these locations, Montello products are available from most Wyo-Ben Products Company warehouses throughout Canada. If any difficulty is encountered, call our twenty-four hour number collect in Tulsa, 918+665-1170. 8106 EAST 32 ND PLACE TULSA, OKLAHOMA 74135 (918) 665-1170 I TWX 010-845-2396 020220 MUD SERVICE COMPANY PRICE LIST SOUTH LOUISIANA WAREHOUSES EFFECTIVE MAY 1, I960 Product Uni t Description (No Minimum - No Returns) Lake Charles New Iberia HME ENERGIZER - selective surfactant 5 gal can 38.25 38.25 MON EX - powdered bentonite extender 50# case/ (2# bags) 130.00 130.00 MON PAC - anionic cellulosic polymer 50# bag 95.05 MON PAC ULTRA LO - extremely low viscosity Mon Pac PHENO SEAL - for lost circulation SUPERDRIL - treated gilsonite 50# bag 40# bag 50# bag 103.15 11.50 - 18.10 __________ | 11.50 18.10 SUPER LUBE FLOW - powdered gilsonite 50# bag 16.10 16.10 SUPER VISBESTOS - viscosifier 50* bag 12.45 GENERAL INFORMATION Twenty-four hour numbers are listed below for the South Louisiana warehouses. Call for street address or pick up information. Lake Charles, LA Night 318+433 8547 318+457-2612 New Iberia, LA Night 318+364-5519 318+457-2612 I 1. Ftrms of stlt to dpprnved iccounts *r, Net 70 d*ys; ?t per month edded to pest due sccpunts. Prlcet suPJtct to chtnge mthout notice. All prices ire In u.S, dollirs, end include petent ro^eltles nere eppllceple. 1. Descriptions of nonteUo products ere given on the peck ptgt. For prices on products not listed edovt, pleese cell our !*-hour numt*r In Tglse, collect 918*665-1170. Also cell this number Tor thy other inform,, tton, Including: -Cxport end C1F quotitldns. -Informetlon on pool or split cerloeds. OeUlled product InFonsitton. -Neerest field Representetlve. Asslstmce In ernnglng uerehc.se pick ups. Set reverse side for product descriptions end Held wrehouse locetlons._____________ 020221 The following is a list of Montello's proprietary products, with brief descriptions. In addition to the products listed, Montello can supply a full range of standard drilling fluid additives. For complete product information or assistance on any related question, call or write our Tulsa office, collect, day or night. BJOTROl fL-1 FOAM BRAKE FREE HOtC NM[ ENERGIZER HOUMAtER FlOC MONTELLO OETEff&ENT MON ZX MON KIB EcohOflilc*!, handled, non-sel ec ti vp biocide for ill iqueous environments, in cluding drilling fluid*. A very effective liquid preservative with low mamalim to*'- city. A natural organic polymer with * high tn* cipsvliting iffinity for shiles. Produces minimum viscosity. For use in inhibitive, low solids, non-dispersed systems, Specially formulated liquid drilling fluid defoimer, priirurily for low solids, non- dispersed polymer systems. Additive for oil In building spotting fluid to free stuck pipe. Selective, non-ionic surface active agent for building homogenous drilling fluids, especially with Superdril *nd Super tube Flow. Selective, non-ionic powdered flocculant for euinuining low solids in fresh or salt water drilling fluids. Biodegradable drilling detergent for 1mproved water base drilling fluid lubricity and reduced drag. Powdered copolymer clay calender nd flocculant. Specially forrojlited film forming amine corrosion inhibitor for use in high and low pH Systems. HON lUfi! Non-foaming drilling fluid EP lubricant for Overall friction reduction, regard less of contaminants. HONOR CONCENTRATE A liquid concentrate designed as the pn. *wry additive for the formulation of oil base drilling fluids (no water}, invert oil emulsion drilling fluids, and cocdr* tton fluids, MOD PAE High molecular weight, polyinioric ctMulosic polymer for filtration and viscosity control In contaminated drilling fluid systems, MON PAC ultra 10 CeltuloSlc polymer for filtration control with minimum increase in viscosity. OIY-S Liquid, non-catalyjed, long life oiygen scavenger. PKENO SEAL High strength, Inert plastic chips for >y. perior bridging, to control lost circula tion in all drilling fluids. (Three grades) SLIX Liquid eurene pressure hole slicking agent, Non-fluorescent, non-corrosive, tnodegracable non-petroleum base. SUPERDRR Modified gllsonitc for hole stibilin t ion, prin^rily in dispersed drilling fluids. SUPER LUBE flow Pure, nofi-tovlc, pulverized gilsonite for con. trolling sloughing shale, Also for building viscosity and improving filtration control in Oil base systems. SUPER VI SBC. ST OS Presheared, wet-refined, condensed asbestos for quick, yield and viscosity In all prilling fluids. Twenty-four hour numbers are listed below for Montello field ware houses. Call for street address or pick up information. Casper, WY - 307+234-3493 Ada , OK - 405+436-2521 Williston, N D - 701+572-2855 Elk City, OK - 405+225-6845 Lake Charles, LA Night New Iberia, LA Night - 318+433-8547 Oklahoma City, OK - 405+232-6893 - 318+457-2612 Tulsa, OK 918+665-1170 - 318+364-5519 - 318+457-2612 Corpus Christi , TX - 512+888-6593 Odessa, TX - 915+333-4081 In addition to these locations, Montello products are available from most Wyo-8en Products Company warehouses throughout Canada. If any difficulty is encountered, call our twenty-four hour number collect in Tulsa, 918+665-1170. 6106 EAST 32ND PLACE TULSA, OKLAHOMA 74135 (918) 665-1170 / TWX 910-845-2396 020222 MUD SERVICE COMPANY PRICE LIST SOUTH TEXAS WAREHOUSE EFFECTIVE MAY 1, 1980 Product Un i t Description (No Minimum - No Returns) Corpus Christi BIQTROL - liquid biocide 5 gal can 69.25 HME ENERGIZER - selective surfactant MON EX - powdered bentonite extender 5 gal can 50# case/ (2# bags) 38.25 130.00 i PHENO SEAL - for lost circulation 40# bag 11.50 SUPERORIL - treated gilsonite 50# bag 18.10 SUPER LUBE FLOW - powdered gi1sonite 50# bag 16.10 SUPER VISBESTOS - viscosifier 50# bag 12.45 GENERAL INFORMATION Twenty-four hour number is listed below for the South Texas warehouse. Call for street address or pick up information. Corpus Christi - 512+838-6593 1. Terns of sale to approved accounts are Net JO aa/s; per month added to past due accounts. Prices subject to change without notice. AM prices are in U-$. dollars, and include patent royalties where applicable. 2. Descriptions of MonteMp products are given on the back page, for prices on products not luted above, please call our ?4-hPur number !r Tulsa, collect 918+66S-J)70- Also call this number for any other informa tion, Including: -Export and GIF quotations. -Information on pool or split carloads. -Detailed product Infonrution. -Nearest field Representative. Assistance in arranging *arehouse pick ups. See reverse side for product descriptions and field warehouse locations,_____________ 0201:23 The following is a list of Montello's proprietary products, with brief descriptions. In addition to the products listed, Montello can supply a full range of standard drilling fluid additives. For complete product information or assistance on any related question, call or write our Tulsa office, collect, day or night. BJ0TR01 U-l FOAM BRAKE mi hole HM[ nKG]2E# holemaker floc montello DtTEHGENT MON El *Ch HIB Economical, easily hailed, nor-selectivr biocide for *11 aqueous environmnts, in cluding drilling fluids, A very effective liquid preservative with lo* iMJMlian toil- City, A natural organic polymer with a high en capsulating affinity for shales. Produces minimum viscosity. For use in inhibitive, Tow solids, non-dispersed systems. Specially formulated liquid drilling fluid defoamer, prinurily for low solids, nondispersed polymer systems. Additive for oil in building spotting fluid to free stuck pipe. Selective, non-ionic surface active agent for building homogenous drilling fluids, especially with 5uprdril and Super Lube Flow. Selective, non-ionic powdered flpccvlant for maintaining low solids in fresh or salt water drilling fluids. Biodegradable drilling detergent for 1mproved Biter bile drillTn9 fluid lubricity and reduced drag. Powdered copolymer clay extender and floecgltr.l. Specially formulated film forming amine Corrosion inhibitor for use in high and low pH systems. MON LUBE Non-fOiring drilling fluid EP lubMtanl for overall friction reduction, regard less of contaminants, MONO a concentrate A liquid concentrate designed as the pm. nary additive for the formulation of oil base drilling fluids (no water), invert Oil enwlsion drilling fluids; and co^pletfon fluids. MON PAC High molecular weight, pelyaniQMc cellulosic polymer for filtration and viscci'l/ control wi contaminated drilling fluid Systems. MON PAC ULTRA LO on-s Cellulosic polymer for filtration control with minimum increase in viscosity. Liquid, non-catalyJ*d* long life oj9fr. scavenger. PHENC SEAL su* High strength, inert plastic chips for su perior bridging, to control lost circula tion in all drilling fluids, (Three grades) Liquid extreme pre$sure hole slicking age*t. Non-fluorescent, non-corrosive, biodegradable non-petroleum base. SUPRDIl Modified gilsonite for hole stabilization, prifftfrl]/ in dispersed drilling fluids. SUPER LUBE FLO Pure, non-totc, puWerued gilton'te for con trolling sloughing shale. Also for bu'ldmg viscosity and improving filtration control in oil base systems. SUPER VISBESTOS Presheared, wet-refined, condensed asbestos fdr Quick yield and viscosity in all drilling fluids. Twenty-four hour numbers are listed below for Montello field ware houses. Call for street address or pick up information. Casper, WY 307+234-3493 Ada, OK 405+436-2521 W i 111 s t o n , N D 701+572-2855 Elk City, OK 405+225-6845 Lake Charles, LA Night New Iberia, LA Night 318+433-8547 318+457-2612 318+364-5519 318+457-2612 Oklahoma City, OK Tulsa, OK ' Corpus Christi, TX 405+232-6893 918+665-1170 512+888-6593 Odessa , TX 915+333-4081 In addition to these locations, Montello products are available from most Wyo-Ben Products Company warehouses throughout Canada. If any difficulty is encountered, call our twenty-four hour number collect in Tulsa, 918+665-1170. 6106 EAST 32ND PLACE TULSA, OKLAHOMA 74135 (918) 665-1170 / TWX 910-645-2396 MUD SERVICE COMPANY PRICE LIST WEST TEXAS WAREHOUSE EFFECTIVE MAY 1, 1980 Produ c t Uni t Desc ription (No Minimum - No Returns) Odessa BIOTROL - liquid biocide 5 ga1 can 69.25 HME ENERGIZER - selective surfactant 5 gal can 38.25 MON EX - powdered bentonite extender 50# case/ (2# bags) 130.00 MON PAC - anionic cellulosic polymer MON PAC ULTRA LO - extremely low viscosity Mon Pac 50# bag 50# bag 98.50 . .. 108.50 PHENO SEAL - for lost circulation 40# bag 11.50 SUPERDRIL - treated gilsonite 50# bag 18.10 SUPER LUBE FLOW - powdered gi1sonite 50# bag 16.10 SUPER VISBESTOS - viscosifier 50# bag 12.45 GENERAL INFORMATION Twenty-four hour number is listed below for the West Texas warehouse. Call for street address or pick up information. Odessa, TX - 915+333-4081 1. T<f'ui df sale to apprQeO accounts are Net 30 fla/s, per month added to past Owe accounts, Prices subject to cnange ithout notice. AM prices are In u,,$, dollars, anc include patent royalties *i:ere applicable. ?. Descriptions of McmteMo products are given on the bact page, for prices on products not listed above, please call our 2^-hour number In Tulsa, collect 9|8*66$-11?Q, Also call this nuroer for any other Informa tion, including; -Uport and Clf quotations. -Information on pool or split carloads. -Detailed product Information. -Nearest field Representatlve. -Assistance In arranging warehouse pick ups. ' See reverse side for product descript Ions and field warehouse locations.____________ 01^0225 The following is a list of Montello's proprietary products, with brief descriptions. In addition to the products listed, Montello can supply a full range of standard drilling fluid additives. For complete product information or assistance on any related question, call or write our Tulsa office, collect, day or night. BIOTftOL FL-l FOAM BRAKE fREE MOlf ENERG1JER HOI ERASER HOC MOUTELLD detergent HON tl MCh HIB Economical, easily handled, non-seledivt biocide for 11 aqueous envi r0rvr*nts, in cluding drilling fluids. A very effective liquid preservative with low mamalian toilcity. A natural organic polymer with a high en capsulating affinity for shales. Produces minimum viscosity. For use in tnhibltlve, low solids, non-dispersed system.!. Specially fomulated liquid drilling fluid defoamer, primarily for low solids, nondispersed polymer systems. Additive for oil in building spotting fluid to free stuck pipe. Selective, non-ionic surface active agent for building homogenous drilling fluids, especially with 5uperdri1 and Super Lube Flow. Selective, non-ionic powdered floccultnl for maintaining low solids in fresh or salt water drilling fluids. Biodegradable drilling detergent for 1mproved water base drilling fluid lubricity and reduced drag. Powdered copolymer clay eitender and floecultnt. Specially fomtrlated film forming amine corrosion inhibitor for use In high and low pH systems. HON LUBE hONOJL CONCEN1RA HOU PAC MCH PAt ULTRA 10 OIY-S PHENO SEAL 5LU SUPERDRIL SUPER IUBC FLOW SUPER yisbestqs Non-foamlng- dr 1111*9 fluid P lubricant for overall friction reduction, regardlost of contaminants. A liquid concentrate designed as the pri. Mr/ additive for the formulation of oil base drilling fluids [no water?; invert oil muHlon drilling fluids, end comple tion fluids. High molecular weight, polyanionic cellulo$1c polyner for filtration end viscosity control In contaminated drilling fluid systems. Celluloslc polymer for filtration control with minimum increese in viscosity. Liquid, non-catalyzed, long lift oiygen scavenger. High strength. Inert plastic chips for su perior bridging, to control lost circula tion In ell drilling fluids. (Three grades? Liquid extreme pressure hole sliding agent. Hon-fluorescent, non-corrosive, biodegradable non-petroleum best. Modified gllsonlte for hole stabilisation, primarily In dispersed drilling fluids. Pur*, non-to*1c, pulveriied gilsomte for con trolling sloughing shale. Also for building viscosity and improving filtration control in oil base systems. Presheered, vet-refined, condensed asbestos for quiet yield end viscosity in |U drilling fluids. Twenty-four hour numbers are listed below for Montello field ware houses. Call for street address or pick up information. Casper, WY 307+234-3493 Ada, OK - 405+436-2521 Willis ton, ND 701+572-2855 Elk City, OK - 405+225-6845 Lake Charles, LA Night New Iberia, LA Night 318+433-8547 318+457-2612 318+364-5519 318+457-2612 Oklahoma City, OK Tulsa, OK Corpus Christi, TX 405+232-6893 918+665-1170 512+888-6593 Odessa, TX 915+333-4081 In addition to these locations, Montello products are available from most Wyo-Ben Products Company warehouses throughout Canada. If any difficulty is encountered, call our twenty-four hour number collect in Tulsa, 918+665-1170. 6106 EAST 32ND PLACE TULSA, OKLAHOMA 74135 (918) 665-1170 / TWX 910-845-2396 020226 MUD SERVICE COMPANY PRICE LIST OKLAHOMA WAREHOUSES EFFECTIVE MAY 1, 1980 Product Unit Description (No Minimum - No Returns) Elk City Ada BIOTROL - liquid biocide 5 gal can 69.25 69.25 HME ENERGIZER - selective surfactant 5 gal can 33.25 33.25 MON EX - powdered bentonite extender MON PAC - anionic cellulosic polymer 50# case/ (2# bags) 50# bag 130.00 95.05 130.00 95.05 ! MON PAC ULTRA LO - extremely low viscosity Mon Pac 50# bag 103.15 103.15 PHENO SEAL - for lost circulation SUPERDRIL - treated gilsonite SUPER LUBE FLOW - powdered gilsonite 40# bag 50# bag 50# bag 11.50 13.10 16.10 11.50 18.10 16.10 I i SUPER VISBESTOS - viscosifier 50p bag 12.45 12.45 GENERAL INFORMATION Twenty-four hour numbers are listed below for the Oklahoma warehouses. for street address or pick up information. Ada, OK - 405+436-2521 Elk City, OK - 405+225-6845 Call .1 Terrs of tali to approved accounts are Net 30 days; 21 per month added to past due accounts, Pr'tes Subject to cringe without notice, All prices are in U.S. dollars, and include patent royalties where applicable. z. Descriptions cf Hontello products are given on the back page. For prices on products not listed above, please call our 2<*hour number in Tulsa, collect 918*665^1170, Also call this matter for any other informa tion, Including: -Export and CIF quotations. -Infonutlon on pool or split carloads, 'Detailed product Infonutlon, 'Nearest field Representative. -Assistance In arranging warehouse pick ups, iee reverse side for"product descriptions and field warehouse locations, 020227 The following is a list of Mon tell o's proprietary products, with brief descriptions. In addition to the products listed, Hontello can supply a full range of standard drilling fluid additives. For complete product information or assistance on any related question, call or write our Tulsa office, collect, day or night. filOTftOL Fi*l fOAW BRAKE FREE HOLE KH[ ENERGIZER HOt[MAKER FlOC HONTELLO OETEftGthT HON it HOK HiB Economic*!, risily handled, non*sf bipgidt for all aqueous environments, In cluding drilling fluids, A very effective liquid preservative with Iqw owiiil Ian toni city. A natural organic polymer with a high en capsulating affinity for shales. Produces minimum viscosity. For use In inhibltive, low solids, non-dispersed systems. Specially formulated liquid drilling fluid defoamer, primarily for ton solids, nondtipersed polymer systems. Additive for oil In building spotting fluid to free stuck pipe. Selective, non-ionic surface active agent for building homogenous drilling fluids, especially with Superdril and Super Lube flow. Selective, non-ionic powdered flocculant for maintaining low solids in fresh or salt weter drilling fluids. Biodegradable drilling detergent for 1mproved -iter base drilling fluid lubricity and reduced drag. Powdered copolymer clay eitender and floecylant, Specially fortrvlated film forming amine corrosion inhibitor for use In high and low pH systems, HON OISE Hon-foa- ng drilling fluid Ep lubmcart for overall friction reduction, reg^+dless of contaminants, HONOR CONCENTRATE A liquid concentrate designed as the mary additive for the formulation of oil base drilling fluids (no water',;, invert oil emulsion drilling fluids; and comple tion fluids. High molecular weight, polyanionic c?UulOilc polymer for filtration and viscosity control in contaminated drilling fluid systems, HON PAC ULTRA IQ Cellulosic polymer for filtration control with minimum Increase in viscosity. liquid, non-catalyzed, long life oaygen scavenger. PHENO SEAL High strength, inert plastic chips for su perior bridging, to control lost circula tion In all drilling fluids. (Three grades) 5L1X Liquid entree* pressure hole slicking agent, fton-fluerescent, hon*corrpsive, biooejraoable non-petroleum base. SUPERDRIL Modified glHonite for hole stabilization, primarily In dispersed drilling fluids, SUPER LUBE FLOW Pure, non-toiic, pulverized gilsonite for con trolling sloughing Shale. Also for building vlseosity and improving filtration control in oil base systems, SUPER VISBESTOS Presheared, wet-refined, condensed asbestos for quick yield and viscosity in all drilling fluids. Twenty-four hour numbers are listed below for Montello field ware houses. Call for street address or pick up information. Casper, WY - 307+234-3493 Ada, OK - 405+436-2521 Williston, ND - 701+572-2855 Elk City, OK - 405+225-6845 Lake Charles, LA Night New Iberia, LA Night 1i O - 318+433-8547 Oklahoma City, 405+232-6893 - 318+457-2612 Tulsa, OK 918+665-1170 - 318+364-5519 - 318+457-2612 Corpus Christi , TX - 512+888-6593 Odessa, TX - 915+333-4081 In addition to these locations, Montello products are available from most Wyo-Ben Products Company warehouses throughout Canada. If any difficulty is encountered, call our twenty-four hour number collect in Tulsa, 918+665-1170, 6106 EAST 32ND PLACE TULSA, OKLAHOMA 74135 (916) 665-1170 / TWX 910-645-2396 Product Unit Description 020228 CANADIAN MUD SERVICE COMPANY PRICE LIST CARLOAD LOTS EFFECTIVE MAY 1, 1980 Suggested Minimum F.O.B. Point Unit Price US OLRS BIOTROL - liquid biocide 5 gal can 1 & up Sand Springs, OK 62.25 FOAM BRAKE - liquid defoamer 5 gal can 1 & up Sand Springs, OK 32.75 HME ENERGIZER - selective surfactant 5 gal can 1 & up Sand Springs, OK 32,75 MON COSE - pure CMC Lo Vis 25 kilo bag 800 Vancouver, BC 70.93 MONTELLO DETERGENT - drilling detergent 5 gal can 1 & up Sand Springs, OK 11.05 MON EX - powdered bentonite extender 50# case/ (2# bags) 1 & up Sand Springs, OK 125.00 MON HIB - corrosion inhibitor 5 gal can i it up Sand Springs, OK 51.90 MON PAC - anionic cellulosic polymer 25 kilo bag 800 Vancouver, BC 82.92 PHENO SEAL - for lost circu lation 40# bag 750 Sand Springs, OK 8.75 SUPERDRIL - treated gilsonite 50# bag 800 Craig, CO 14.75 SUPER LUBE FLOW - powdered gi1sonite 50# bag 800 Craig, CO 12.50 SUPER VISBESTOS - viscosifier 50# bag, Loose 1200 Pallet, Wrapped King City, CA 8.35 8.75 General information 1. Ttrns of silt to Approved Account) tre Het JO dtyt; Z% per month Added to pest due Accounts. Prices subject to chenge without notice. All prices ire In U.S. dollars, end Include pAtent royalties where applicable. 2. Descriptions of Hontello products ire given on the back page. For prices on products not listed Above, pleise C*U our ZJ-hour number In TuU, collect 91B+66S-1170. Also call this number for Any other Inform* tlen, Including: -Eiport end CIF quotations, * Inform lion on pool or split carloads, Detailed product Information. -Nearest field Representative, - Assistance In arranging warehouse pick ups. See reverse sfcft for product descriptions And field warehouse locations,____________ 020229 The following is a list of Montello's proprietary products, with brief descriptions. In addition to the products listed, Montello can supply a full range of standard drilling fluid additives. For complete product information or assistance on any related question, call or write our Tulsa office, collect, day or night. BIOTROL FL-1 FQAN B(UX FREE KOLE HKE ENERGIZER HOLCMACfR FIOC MONTELLO DETERGENT MON El MON H1B Economical, easily handled, hon-jelective biocide for *11 *queou5 environments, In cluding drilling fluids. A very effective liquid preservative with low iwmiliin tcxlcity. A natural organic po1/r<r with * high en capsulating ifflnity for sMles. Produces snlaujm viscosity, for use In inhibltive, low solids, non-dlspersed systems. Specially formulated liquid drilling fluid defoimer, primarily for low solids, nondispersed polymer systems. Additive for oil in building spotting fluid to free stuck pipe. Selective, non-ionic surface active agent for building homogenous drilling fluids, especially with Superdril and Super Lube Flow. Selective, non-ionic powdered fltxculant for maintaining low solids In fresh pr wit Mltr drilling fluid,. Biodegradable drilling detergent for 1mproved water base drilling fluid lubricity nd reduerd dr,;. Powdered copolymer cliy e*tender md floecultftt. Specially formulated film forming amine corrosion Inhibitor for use In high and low pH systems. MON lobe Non-foaming drilling fluid IV lubricant for overall friction reduction, regard less Of contaminant!. NONOIL CQHCENTWTE A liquid concentrate designed is the priNr) additive for the formulation of oil best drilling fluids (no water). Invert oil enuliion drilling fluids; md comple tion fluids. NON PAC High molecular weight, polyanionic ctilutesfc polymer for filtration and viscosity control In contaminated drilling fluid Systems. NON PAC ULTRA LO OXf-S Cellolotlc polymer for filtration control with minimum increase In vlscosityp Liquid, non-cital/zed, long life oaygen scavenger, RHENO SEAL High strength, inert plastic chips for su perior bridging, to control lost circula tion in *11 drilling fluids. (Three grides) GUI Liquid extreme pressure hole slicking agent, Hon-fluorescent, non-corrosive, biodegradable, non-petrolem* base. SUPEADAIt Modified gllsonfte for hole stabilization, primarily In dispersed drilling fluids. SURER LUBE FLOW Pure, non-toik, pulverized gllsonite for con trolling Sloughing Shale. Also for building viscosity md improving f 111r*tIon control in ell best systems. SUPER . Y1SBEST0S Presheared, wet-refined, condensed asbestos for Quiet yield ind viscosity in all drilling fluids. Twenty-four hour numbers are listed below for Montello field ware houses. Call for street address or pick up information. Casper, WY - 307+234-3493 Ada, OK 405+436-2521 Williston, ND - 701+572-2855 Elk City, OK 405+225-6845 Lake Charles, LA Night New Iberia, LA Night - 318+433-8547 Oklahoma City, OK - 318+457-2612 Tulsa, OK - 318+364-5519 - 318+457-2612 Corpus Christi, TX 405+232-6893 918+665-1170 512+888-6593 Odessa, TX - 915+333-4081 In addition to these locations, Montello products are available from most Wyo-Ben Products Company warehouses throughout Canada. If any difficulty is encountered, call our twenty-four hour number collect in Tulsa, 918+665-1170. 6106 EAST 32NO PLACE TULSA. OKLAHOMA 74136 (918) 665-1170 / TWX 910-645-2396 0^0230 MUD SERVICE COMPANY PRICE LIST ROCKY MOUNTAIN WAREHOUSES EFFECTIVE DECEMBER I, 1979 Product BIOTROL - liquid biocide HME ENERGIZER - selective surfactant MON EX - powdered bentonite extende r MON PAC - anionic cellulosic polymer PHENO SEAL - for lost circulation SUPERDRIL - treated gilsonite SUPER LUBE FLOW - powdered gi1sonite SUPER VISBESTOS - viscosifier Un i t Description 5 gal can 5 gal can (No Minimum - No Returns) Casper, WY Williston , ND 67.75 67.75 33,85 35.85 50# case/ (2# bags) 50# bag 40# bag ' j ! 1 130,00 104.25 10. 10 130,00 106.75 10. 10 50# bag 50# bag 17.10 15,10 18.10 16.10 , 50# bag 11.85 11,85 GENERAL INFORMATION Twenty-four hour numbers are listed below for the Rocky Mountain warehouses. Call for street address or pick up information. Casper, WY - 307+234-3493 Williston, ND - 701 + 572-2855 1, Terms of aale to approved account* are Net JO day*, 1^' Per month added to paat due account*, ' Price* subject to crinnge without notice. All price* are In U.S. dollar*, and Include patenr royaltlc* where applicable. I. Description* of Nentello product* *re giver on the bach page, for price* on produce* not listed above, pleate call our 14-hour number In Tul*a, collect 918*645*1110, Also call this number for any other Information, Including -Eaport and CU quotations. -Information on pool or split carloads. -Detailed product information, -Neareat field Representative, -Aaalatance in arranging warehouae pick ups. See reverse aide for product descriptions and field warehouae locations. 020231 The following is a list of Montello's proprietary products, with brief descriptions. In addition to the products listed, Montello can supply a full range of standard drilling fluid additives. For complete product information or assistance on any related question, call or write our Tulsa office, collect, day or night. ItQTICX. Df FLOC fl-1 F0 KMC fBEE HOLE WE ENERGIZER holovues FLOC HON OET K* El HON Mil H LUBE fconoulcil, Mill}' handlrd, non-seleetive biocide for ill aqueous envlronmentt, In Acluding drilling fluids. very effective 11 Quid penervitlv* with low ramaliin toil- c Uf, Selective* non-ionic, liquid flocculant for fit/ addition to fresh or lilt water drilling fluids, In fwlnul/jjnp Tow solids. A natural organic polymer Kith i high en capsulating affinity for shales. Pro*'.."ft viscosity* for vlt In Inhibit' *e, low solids, non-dlspersed systems. Specially formulated liquid drilling fluid deformer, primarily for low solid), non-dlspersed polymer system*. Additive for oil In building inciting fluid to free stuck pipe. Selective, non-Ionic surface active agent for building homogeneous drilling fluids, especially with Superdrll and Super tube Flow. Selective, non-lonlc powdered floceglint for mlfitilfllng low solids tn fresh or silt water drilling fluids. biodegradable drilling detergent for 1i*proved water bwe drilling fluid lubricity and reduced drag. Powdered copol/wer clay extender and flocculant. Specially fonr^lated fl! forcing arsine corrosion Inhibitor for use In high and low pH systems. Non-foewlrg drilling fluid EP lubricant for oerall friction reduction, regard less of contaminants. WOhOlL CONCENTRATE HOH tU pch nz ultra lo OIT-S pheno he ho PHEHO SEAL RELEASE Sill SOOIW IICHROHATE (LIQUID) SUFERDH1L SUPER lim FLOW SUPEP VI5PEST0S A liquid concentrate designed ai the primary additive for the formulation of oil base drilling fluids (no water}; Invert oil emulsion drilling fluids; and completion fluids. rttlfCulirHigh wight, poTjiantgnlc c!Moi1c pol/r*r for Ftltratfon rlicoilty toolrol In conlimlntlcd drilling fluid f/tttnt. Celluloslc polymer for filtration control with InlKKiia Increase In viscosity. Liquid, non-citilyted, long lift oiygen scavenger. * bjlmcnl blrni of the Kit *frctWe bridging ind Idling mLirl.U for control of Lett Clrculitlpn. High itrcngtlL, Inort pUttlc chlfti for inperlor bridging, to control lost circulation In all drilling fluid!. (Thro* gradoi) A differential pressure surfactant fom*1jted to reduce differential sticking forces, drag and torque on drill pipe. Liquid litre** pressure hole sticking agent. NoA-fluorticcnt, non-corrosive, biodegradable, non-pfiroleu* base. Liquid fans of sodium bichromate used for corrosion Inhibition and to rejuvenate organic dispersants. Modified gllsonlte for Sole itabl11talion, primarily In dispersed drilling fluids. Pure, nen-toilc. pulverized gllsonlie for con trolling sloughing shale, Also for building viscosity and Improving fl1tratton control In oil base system). Presheared, wet-ref1ned* condensed asbestos for quick yield and viscosity In all drilling fluids. Twenty-four hour numbers are listed below for Montello field warehouses. Call for street address or pick up information. Casper, WY - 307+234-3493 Ada, OK - 915+333-4081 Williston, ND - 701+572-2855 Elk City, OK - 405+225-6845 Lake Charles, LA Night New Iberia, LA Night - 318+433-8547 Oklahoma City, OK - 318+457-2612 Tulsa, OK - 318+364-5519 - 318+457-2612 Corpus Christi --1X 4 405+232-6893 918+665-1170 512+888-6593 Odessa, TX - 915+333-4081 In addition to these locations, Montello products are available from most Wyo Ben Products Company warehouses throughout Canada. If any difficulty is encountered, call our twenty-four hour number collect in Tulsa, 918+665-1170. 6106 EAST 32ND PLACE TULSA, OKLAHOMA 74135 (918) 665-1170 / TWX 910-845-2396 020232 HUD SERVICE COMPANY PRICE LIST SOUTH LOUISIANA WAREHOUSES EFFECTIVE DECEMBER 1, 1979 Product HME ENERGIZER - selective surfactant MON COSE - pure CMC lo vis MON EX - powdered bentonite extender MON PAC - anionic cellulosic polymer MON PAC ULTRA LO - extremely low viscosity Mon Pac PHENO SEAL - for lost circulation SUPERDRIL - treated gilsonite SUPER LUBE FLOW - powdered gilsonite SUPER VISBESTOS - viscosifier Unit Desc ription 5 gal can 50# bag 50# case/ (2# bags) 50# bag 50# bag 40# bag 50# bag 50# bag 50# bag (No Minimum - No Returns) Lake Charles New Iberia 33.85 33.85 77.70 130.00 130.00 89.70 97.50 10.10 10. 10 18. 10 16.10 18. 10 16.10 11.85 11.85 GENERAL INFORMATION Twenty-four hour numbers are listed below for the South Louisiana warehouses. Call for street address or pick up information. Lake Charles, LA Night New Iberia, LA Night 318 + 4 3 3-85^7 328+457-2612 318+364-5519 318+457-2612 1, Terms of sale to approved account* are Net 30 day*; IS* per nch added to past due accounts. Prices subject to change without notice. All prices are In U.S. dollar*, and Include patent royalties where applicable, 2. Descriptions of Hontello products are given on the back page, for prices on products not listed above, plesse call our 2k-hour number In Tulsa, collect 918*065-1130- Alao call this number for any other Information, including: -Export and CIP quotation#, -Information on pool or split carloads. -Detailed product information, -Nearest field Representative. Assistance in arranging warehouse pick ups. 1See reverie tide for produce description# end field warehouse locations. . OXOZ'l'i The following is a list of Montello's proprietary products, with brief descriptions. In addition to the products listed, Montello can supply a full range of standard drilling fluid additives. For complete product information or assistance on any related question, call or write our Tulsa office, collect, day or night. or noc n-t F0W1 ILHE Ffit [ HOLE WE ENERGIZER HOlPWUA FLOC * on HO* El HON HIB mi LUBE Economical, easily handled, non-selectlve biocide for all aqueous enrlro/wnts, In cluding drilling fluid!. A very effective liquid perservitlve with low mamallm toil city. ' Selective, non-ionic, liquid nocculini for easy addition to Fresh or salt water drilling fluids, in maintaining low solids A natural organic polymer with a high en capsulating affinity for shales. Produces tnlmu* viscosity, for use In Inhibltlve, low solids, non-dlspersed system. Specially formulated liquid drilling fluid oe'ermer, primarily for low solid!, non-dlspersed polymer system*. Additive for Oil In building spotting fluid to free stget pipe. Selective, non-ionic surface active agent for building homogeneous drilling fluids, especially with Superdrll and Super tube f Iw. Selective, non-ionic powdered flocculant for maintaining low solids in fresh or sH water drilling fluids. biodegradable drilling detergent for Im proved water baje drilling fluid lubricity and reduced drag. Powdered copolymer clay extender and flocculant. Specially formulated film forming amine corrosion inhibitor for us# In high and low pH Systems. Non-foaming drilling fluid tf lubricant for overall friction reduction, rrgardless of contaminants. HQNOTl CONCENTRATE A liquid concentrate designed ) the primary additive hr thf formulation Of oil bm drilling fluids {no water); Invert oil emjlslen drilling fluid*; and ctvnpletlcm fluids, HON PAC Nigh molecular weight, polyanlonic celluloid pot/mei* for filtration and viscosity control 1ft contaminated drilling fluid system!, HON PAC ULTRA LO Celluloslc polymer for filtration control with inirv.i Increase In viscosity, OIT-S liquid, non-catilyied* long Ilf* oiygtn scavenger, PHENO SlENO A balanced blend of the most effective bridging and lealIng materials for control of lest circulation, PKENO SEAL High strength, fnert plastic chip* for superior bridging, to control lost circulation la all drilling fluldt. {Three grades} RELEASE A differential pressure surfactant formated to reduce differential sticking forces, drag and torque on drill pipe. 5L11 Liquid extreme pressure hole illcMng agent. Non-fluorescent, non-corrosive, biodegradable, non-petroleum base, S001UN BICHROMATE {LIQUID) Liquid form of sodium bichromate uied for corrosion Inhibition and to rejuvenate organic dispersants. SUPERORIL Kodlfled gllionlt* for hole Habit t Jitlon, prlfiarliy In dispersed drilling fluids, SUPER LUBE flOtf Pure, non-to*1c, pulverOed gMionlte for controlling sloughing shale. Alio for building viscosity and Improving filtration control In oil bait systems. SUPER V1SBEST0S fresheared, wet-refined.condtnted asbestos for quiet yield and viscosity 1ft all drilling fluids. Twenty-four hour numbers are listed below for Montello field warehouses. Call for street address or pick up information. Casper, WY - 307+234-3493 Ada, OK - 915+333-4081 Wi11is ton , ND - 701+572-2855 Elk City, OK - 405+225-6845 Lake Charles, LA Night New Iberia, LA Night Odessa, TX . - 318+433-8547 Oklahoma City, OK - - 318+457-2612 Tulsa, OK - - 318+364-5519 - 318+457-2612 Corpus Christi, TX r - 915+333-4081 405+232-6893 918+665-1170 512+888-6593 In addition to these locations, Montello products are available from most Wyo Ben Products Company warehouses throughout Canada. If any difficulty is encountered, call our twenty-four hour number collect in Tulsa, 918+665-1170. 6106 EAST 32ND PLACE TULSA. OKLAHOMA 74135 (916) 665-1170 / TWX 9 1 0-645-2396 030234 MUD SERVICE COMPANY PRICE LIST WEST TEXAS WAREHOUSE EFFECTIVE DECEMBER 1, 1979 Product BIOTROL - liquid biocide Unit Description 1. . ! 5 gal can (No Minimum - No Returns) Odessa ' 67.75 HME ENERGIZER - selective surfactant ! 5 gal can j , 33.85 MON COSE - pure CMC 1o vis MON EX - powdered bentonite extender 1 50# bag i ! 50* case/ j (2^ bags) 88.50 130.00 MON PAC - anionic cellulosic polymer 50* bag 98.50 MON PAC ULTRA LO - extremely low viscosity Mon Pac PHENO SEAL - for lost circulation SUPERDRIL - treated gilsonite SUPER LUBE FLOW - powdered gilsonite SUPER VIS6EST0S * viscosifier 50* bag 108.50 ... _______ _______________________ 40# bag | 10,10 ______ii ... ............. ............t____________________________________ 50* bag 18.10 50s bag 16.10 50* bag 11.85 GENERAL INFORMATION Twenty-four hour number is listed below for the West Texas warehouse. Call for street address or pick up information. Odessa, TX - 915+333-4081 1. Terns of ile to approved account* are Net 30 day*. lb* per month added t* peat due account*. Trices subject zo chant,* without notice, All price* are in U.5. dollars, and include patent royalties where applicable, *. Descriptions of Hcncello products are given on the back page. Fcr price* on product* not listed above, please call cur ?i*-hour ntrrber In Tulsa, colLect 918*665-1110, Also call this number for any other infern* tion, including* -Export and CIF quotation*, - Infor oution on pool or spilt carloads. -Detailed product information, -Nearest field Representative. -Assistance In arranging warehouse pick ups. 5e, reverse ,idr for product decrlptLom [ nd field warehouse loe,clone. The following is a list of Montello's proprietary products, with brief descriptions, In addition to the products listed, Montello can supply a full range of standard drilling fluid additives. For complete product information or assistance on any related question, call or write our Tulsa office, collect, day or night. inn not w noc ru-i FDA* BKJIEI ERCC HDli WE ENERGI2E* NOLEKHtfR FlQC xon on MOh El Nik LUBE Economical, Hilly handled, nor-selective biocide for ill aqueous trivlron-Tnit, In citing drilling fluids. A very effective liquid ptrtenriilvt ulth low wmallan toil- city, ' Selective, non-lonie, liquid flocculint for easy Addition to fresh or silt water drilling fluids. In ttafnialnlng lev solids, A wtur*l organic polymer with a high en capsulating affinity for shales. Produces Inlmjrt viscosity. For use In IrtMbltlvi, low solids, non-dJjprned systems. Specially formulated liquid drilling fluid deformer, primarily for low solids, non-disoersed polymer systMs, Additive for ell In building spotting fluid to free stuck pip*. Selective, non,Ionic surface active agent for building homogeneous drilling fluids, especially with Superdril and Super tube Flow, Selective, npn-lonic powdered flocculant for Mlniilnlng low solids In fresh qr Salt water drilling fluids. biodegradable drilling detergent for Im proved water base drilling fluid lubricity and reduced drag. Foddered copolymer clay extender and flocculant. Specially formulated fit* forming aolne corrosion Inhibitor for use In high and low pH systems, Non-foaming drilling fluid EP lubricant for overall friction reduction, regard less of contaminants. HOHOIl CONCENTRATE MO PAC HON tkt ULTW LO otr-s pkeho blend PKfHO SUL RELEASE SLII SOOIUM (ICKRCKME (LIQUID) SUPERDRIL super lube FLOW SUPER visecsios A liquid concentrate designed as the primary additive for the foliation of oil base drilling fluids (no water); invert oil emulsion drilling fluids; and completion fluids. High molecular weight, pelyiMonlc celluleslc polymer for filtration and viscosity control In contaminated drilling fluid iyite*s. Cellulosle polymer for filtration control with Irttfun Increase In viscosity. Liquid, non-citalyted, lorg life oiygtn scavenger. A balanced blend of the rest effective bridging and scaling materials for control of lost circulation. High strength, Inert plastic chips for superior bridging, to control lost circulation In all drilling fluids, (Three grades) A differential pressure surfactant formulated to reduce dlffarent-lal sticking forces, drag and torque on drill pipe. Liquid titrue pressure Hole illcklng agent, Hpn-flvorescent, non-corros1ve. feiqdegrj-able, non-petroleum base. Liquid form of sodium blchrcwrjte used for corrosion Inhibition and to rejuvenate organic dispersants. Modified gllsoniie for Sole stabtl1 re11 on, primarily In dispersed drilling fluids, Pure, non-toilc. pulverljed gllsonlte for con trolling sloughing shale. Also for building viscosity *ntf Improving filtration control In ell base systems. Preshejred, wet-refined, condensed aibeiloi for quick yield and viscosity in all drilling fluids. Twenty-four hour numbers are listed below for Montello field warehouses Call for street address or pick up information . Casper, WY - 307+234-3493 Ada, OK - 915+333-4081 Williston, ND - 701+572-2855 Elk City, OK - 405+225-6845 Lake Charles, LA Night New I beria, LA Night - 318+433-8547 Oklahoma City, OK * - 318+457-2612 Tulsa, OK - - 318+364-5519 - 318+457-2612 Corpus Christ!, TX - 405+232-6893 918+665-1170 512+888-6593 Odessa , TX - 915+333-4081 In addition to these locations, Montello products are available from most Wyo Ben Products Company warehouses throughout Canada. If any difficulty is encountered, call our twenty-four hour number collect, in Tulsa, 918+665-1170. 6106 EAST 32ND PLACE TULSA, OKLAHOMA 74135 (918) 665-1170 / TWX 910-04 5-2396 02023C MUD SERVICE COMPANY PRICE LIST SOUTH TEXAS WAREHOUSE EFFECTIVE DECEMBER 1, 1979 Product BIOTRQL - liquid biocide HME ENERGIZER - selective surfactant MON EX - powdered bentonite extender PHENO SEAL - for lost circulation SUPERDRIL - treated gilsonite SUPER LUBE FLOW - powdered gilsonite SUPER VISBESTOS - viscosifier Un i t Description 5 gal can 5 gal can (No Minimum - No Returns) Corpus Christi 67.75 33.85 50# case/ (2# bags) 40# bag 130.00 10.10 50# bag 50# bag 18. 10 16.10 50# bag 11.85 GENERAL INFORMATION Twenty-four hour number is listed below for the South Texas warehouse, Call for street address or pick up information. Corpus Christi - 512+888-6593 1, Terms of sale to approved accounts are Net 30 day#, 1^7, per month added to past due account!. Prices subject to change without notice. All prices are in U.S. dollars, and Include patent royalties where applicable. 2. Description! of Montello product* are given on the back page. For price* on product* not Listed above, please call our 24-hour number in Tula*, collect 918+665-1170, Also call thi* number for any other information, including: -Export and CIF quotation#, -Information on pool or iplit carload*, -Detailed product information. -Nearest field Representative, Aaeiatanee In arranging warehouse pick up*. See revert* aide for product deacrlptiom and field warehouse locations. 020237 The following is a list of Montello's proprietary products, with brief descriptions. In addition to the products listed, Montello can supply a full range of standard drilling fluid additives. For complete product information or assistance on any related question, call or write our Tulsa office, collect, day or night. rorfioc of not n-i ro lutt mcE hou C enec:ze HOlPutfR FIX moh on u HC* Hit W*l IUSE Ccono-ilcal, easily handled, non-selecllve biocide for *11 aqueous envIrorwAti, in cluding drilling fluids. A very effective liquid perservatlv* with 1 ew vcimaltin toilc 1 ly. Selective, non-ionic, liquid n>:cu1jnt for easy Addition to freih or salt water drilling fluids, In maintaining 1c* solids. A natural organic polymer with high en capsulating affinity for shales. Product* intfhsi viscosity, For use In InhlbUlve, low solids, non-dlipersed systems. Specially forv^littd liquid drilling fluid deforner, primarily for low solids, non'd 1 spersed poljnmer systems. Additive for oil In building spotting fluid to free stuck pipe. Selective, non-lcnfc Surface active agent for building homogeneous drilling fluids, especially *lth Superdrll and Super Lube Flew. Selective, non-tonic powdered flocculant for maintaining low solids In fresh or salt water drilling fluids, Biodegradable drilling detergent for 1*provrd water but drilling fluid lubricity and reduced drag. Powdered copolyner clay extender and fl osculant. Specially fenvlaled film forwlng anlne corrosion inhibitor for use In high and low pH systems. Non-foaming drilling fluid tt lubricant for overall friction reduction, regard less of contaminants - ' MONO 11 CONCENTRATE HO* PA HON FAC ULTRA 10 OH-S P^IWO tlEHD PHEW SUL BEL USE Sill SOOWH I1CHB0MATE {LIQUID] SUPtRDRlL SUP# LUKE FLOW SUPER VISBESTOS A liquid concentrate designed as th* primary additive for the foliation of oil base drilling fluids (no water); invert oil emulsion drilling fluids; and completion fluids, High fclecular weight, pol/mlonlc cellyleslc polymer for filtration and viscosity control in contaminated drilling fluid systems. Cellglcslc polymer fpr filtration control with Inlaijh increase in viscosity. liquid, non-catalyied, long life oxygen scavenge. A balanced blend of the most effective bridging and sealing materials for control of lost circulation. High strength. Inert plastic chip* for superior bridging, to control lost circulation In all drilling fluids. (Three grades) A differential pressure surfactant formulated to reduce differential sticking forces, drag and torque on drill pipe. liquid extreme pressure hole illcking agent, hgn-fluorescent, non-corrosive, biodegradable, non-petroleum base. Liquid form of sodium bichromate used for Corrosion Inhibition and to rejuvenate organic dispersants. Hodlfled gllsontle for hole stabi11 retlon, primarily In dispersed drilling fluids. Pure, non-toxic, pulverised glltcnlte for con trolling sloughing shale, Also for building viscosity and improving Filtration control In oil base systems. Presheared, wet-refined, condensed asbestos for quick yl*ld and viscosity In all drilling fluids. Twenty-four hour numbers are listed below for Montello field warehouses. Call for street address or pick up information. Casper, WY - 307+234-3493 Ada, OK - 915+333-4081 Williston, ND Lake Charles, LA Night New Iberia, LA Night - 701+572-2855 Elk City, OK - . 318+433-8547 Oklahoma City, OK - 318+457-2612 Tulsa, OK - - 318+364-5519 - 318+457-2612 Corpus Christi, TX - 405+225-6845 405+232-6893 918+665-1170 512+888-6593 Odessa, TX - 915+333-4081 In addition to these locations, Montello products are avaiTable from most Wyo Ben Products Company warehouses throughout Canada. If any difficulty is encountered, call our twenty-four hour number collect, in Tulsa, 918+665-1170. PRODUCT DATE T^SL ^/tihv JU/t) Ac. C*tf ... 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Ca/r) Crffo\ 7/? 1/ r7atf*<Z ^===! iSUAiwl /Vm>V *7o'/V 7<>7/ > J * .. *&(.} CS9U& GfH e>o& Zero OUT 'So 3n to /SO Zc so &r &o 340 ?c */t> sc 2 BALANCE ilC<f h ID //J/O A^BO //SO /Oef~Ti 920 76S~ 43s~ T-fS 2 77 (9Z- / en> <aC !*?X- / -gj=. V/2- va 1 ,,/S&. P. . /..cap... ,./.OL2* / (-0 /* JSP _ / ^j A/ST- 2-0 2- 6sv 071V/> ZiO- 2V7,,/71=_Zi^. 020218 ; DATE 1--------------y ^7n.f 7v- DESCRIPTION it-v/ ' ^.>-7'. 6 // 7-J,:.. 7- ''-71.... V' ,' vj5%7^ ' C4Sr<*\ 7- o f$*KjL--^. _ L Sr-h-ii- 'r$Yh(U ''/$'"?} jzhxJL s5 5io cr-rV/ _ C *h 9) Cff/V) /w; c/^<L ..... r'Wz-a'i ^//-7>- \35?4 f 5 ' ^/7V ; rtth* Jmc y K^yL^J fwn cvaei : fyfafjX ^Jh&z.________ sos^ ^hlix ,-4Wi_ S (?(,') ! /t7'/lv ^ ~ (ft-Sl) IN (7? OUT r ^. BALANCE ?J*H ^.r i Sc ^i'j- .... f3.\- ^---- /<*c? ! tr/S 7/S /O-c &. /S' J7J yo /th? &> "11---- 3xo 1 jsa So 1 A3o S?P47 | yj'a i srr -----------1---~e~~\ 1 1 i f T~ " | -- punnnrT'^J-c-tyi^-L* (- 020249 jfS5A&/.. 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(l/>-//-7/ I^ i <-' r^ ftp /s~/$/ - Kt^s /fi 7</4 4- ///, Msld Mfifi (4f?S^ X. o^t- <L> ,<7isie ( *Lrf/) X^s--*--L4 5/jf f /m) s /S*r f 4/7 6) <5-/ bo 1Sr4/\ //th. <L> S/b/V4/7x4) 3'b! /4sis) A<L S7 4>4 4*/p?<!) . d)X-7L <*5'7 6 f 4s4/) f' //>f/w. f /A/s 3 l /T Hn IxL PP. fS/it -fuK 4*6^44%*//> IQ/4 /Js f<CXD- MPls/st 9 f-/l f) /) JJM %. * /.pjr'fl4It//- fssrp'VP7)i*U) JdL \ fMMi s' 441 t/'dJ . 4'3/-5i '^/LcJ<l4s^s sxx7 (iu si) /A -3 ' V/ 7\uJUJUr*j 3X4* ( 4776/ \ S dO^U S/43 147 7 4J jiIisl. /<Z'/4-H /x-<zf-H ( 47 7J-J jlsUuW 't*77t<J77?X ^-flcSiisU^ 35X7! 147 7fi / 7u__ 3f4*nt h* "i.* --Zv-hi-jh-1---y' J/fiC ------=----- JJ'KC. 1/ J/ht 5~ Jmt sw*.3*n si it?7 vjTik/f <53^ sdbto (hi?? 4-wfd') CWt') W> 0^7) 7b<h% (vm) >/ih-* (^7) 9/tfyi 7JL 4^iju //Kt, I*7i a/iKl, syfclfi* //k,u S3 9L ifr O" sirs, CMiit/ CM/rJ (V73jl1 ^V7^x) iHts)............ OUT BALANCE / /ird /a> 44 /r& AS/) / <n MS ---- </ / T O' . U7J Sn Sc 9 3 /rv /rz /<r? / t-7 //SO /M> is sdr <21. _4c 46 7o /M_ _ // c 7o a? so ?r / ~ti /n ^ro fS%C .17,70. /7*0 jLtSeo Ht* J/P?-- ItlQ... U2SL /XXJ~ //AJ~ ft* STRAIGHT BILL OF LADING-SHORT FORM- originai-not negotiable 020250 11 TfcxUXi _________ (Noma ol RECEIVED. u bject 10 ih* :lqiiii.coi>e"i ond For.ffT ,n e#f*t' or. ih# dc'e <?l ih# Hue a* fh 11 Bill ol Lading, Al__King City (Welby), Co. > " ^ 7__ iFrom /k. 2c*/- 7t//~>/7 Calidila CORPORATION Shipper's No. <=> v' * fh* e'aoff 1+U'bt* W- foe>J ,,ttp< Ot rer`,'>| rorf>iB <T Icobol, gi uninowr' wkfj, loAligoi^. |id ft lf,ltirpr*<l b*lo*. wki(h ,C>d If.'ifi 'lb* wprri (p,rV Sting undo',food INrpvfkJvi If,,, <0'...D'> I*- * , w, (Noll b# >wbi o.1 'a o'f PIVQi.e- .0 Iflllll'ft- ol ^ P'0fl**r J"d*' ieo'di'1 *g^t*l ** iB"* b rtt nwl flat* of *T loid 4*l!ngliaO if on it, 10U*V rfhinrHI If dl!0' *0 One**' 1,1'it en At 'ov>* hi mid dot'.no If J Oil tn ,nf of lo.d piopfr Orf ot1 ff ', fl*( Vlulgi -n DooifW V' o.(t1 till of I 0<t. I>g 9Z**<o* ,* 'e#4i fl > d 'Mf lo ioil.no'-a". end at to *b OO 'S *1 onv tint Uoforn t rOigtil C<D,,|lka*ion .n <KI on W fill ho. oof, * rf <r , ^ |0>4 p'fftrty, itint iti>; if tbit O 0 -0,1 o' a "ril pkf ,l,ippr.,l o' V m if| r *e bt ptitf"ad Keito-vf*' ftpl<fblt nglg. igim' ibi til*olio., -o, 'O' 'I *fii $tt.pp ',* ob, tiW Wilt, oil 't| lo-rfi, end Ifiidt',", of If* f b,H lid n) taodri.e'ii s'* k> lb. ogrr.H'. bv *h ''' I r, ,f orripTtd If hmiH hit ali gn, * an >ha betl IturiiT |*l Igrf, in it,* ilaoifkation O' b'M oknli wt-iir*, dll tCPisa'Ie'.f', fl H>i, ih.r M"1 end *S.* IS id *tm, fnd Consigned to .. Customer's .Order No. Destination______ State County Route Delivering Carrier Cor or Vehicle Initio Is. No. Seal No, twkagil 9 co IGrtd dj Packag*. Dm.IpHon J AHi(W*. Sp*fial Moris, and EscopHo ASBESTOS SHORTS OR WASTE. CONSISTING OF MATERIAL TESTING NOT MORE THAN O-O-B-8. MATERIAL CERTIFIED to test NOT MORE than Q-O-S-B. (Rail) SBEST05 SHORTS OR WASTE, TESTING NOT OVER O-O-B-8. (Truck) * Weight (Slfb. So Cotf*<Hon; CJbh of let# //yeo Mr Chfd Cohimri SubiCC* 10 Station 7 ol (ond'I.OF" ol gpol, cobl* b>ll of lod.ng. ,1 ihii ihipm*-1 i to be dpliveved to Ibe (on>>gne -'dSou1 j'erov'i* 00 rh* COniignOF, th* com.gnor 1K0H '.gn lh* lollowmg itolaraent TH* corn*/ iSoil of -rob* d<>iT#*T of ih.j $h,omr.' witSov.' t>o>w'entoll'i.ghio"d all oihef lolvi cSotge: 6 7</o I5ignc<ur* 0* Cff^i'Rnor if cftorg*t or* >a be jlomo Hera lobePfepO'd w'-if o' 9/<- *t>}- z77? 'U dt4,. R*<etved ^ -- - ---- lo ODpI? in pf #00v rr,#"I ot tr,* Cborge^ or IK# properly described Ke'on rr Ag#ni or CojbHr REQUEST FOR APPLICATION OF FREEWElGHT Of PALLET PROVISIONS IN ACCORDANCE WITH GOVERNING TARIFFS COVERING THIS SHIPMENT (Th# itgnoiu'e K**f ockrowlfogei 0"i. ha 0<^Ovnl prepaid C/> C> 2 pALLETfZED GROSS WEIGHT,, . ______________ CBS Charges Advanced wEiGHl OP PALLETS__________ _____________________ LBS THC DESCRIPTION AND WEIGHT INDICATED ON THIS BIU OF LADING ARE CORRECT. SUBJECT TO VERIFICATION BY THE TRANS CONTI, NENTAL FREIGHT BUREAU ACCORDING TO AGREEMENT A S3fr3. FREIGHT CHARGES APPLY On_ _____________________ LBS. THIS PALLETIZED SHIPMENT HAS BEEN GlUEO AS A UNIT TO FACILITATE LOADING AND UNLOADING UNDER NO CIRCUMSTANCES aRE BAGS OR CaRTOnS TO 6 REMOVEO FROM PALLETS. SUCH ACTION MAY SUBJECT CARRIER TO POSSIBLE CLAIM AT DESTINATION _______ _ t TH# Ffcr# bK*i w*#d Ior tht* shiprnenl conform to Jfc* ipoeTRcoKone t*l forth tn tho ho mohor'i c*HirKt Bsoroon, ond ail other roowi^omento of Rule 41 of K*0 Uniform freight CtoMfaohon. f Thit o e certify thot th* obov# grtielo* ore property do*cribod by cwmo and oro jxxktd and martod and or* in proper condition lor Ironiportelion, occerding to *H* regutoHent prexribod by the Internet* Commtn;* Commitsion ond th* rernmendonf of Ceo* Gword. _ i die Ihipmonl movot b#ho*n two port# by o eorrior by enter, fh* Inn r*qgtr*i thot lh* b<H at lodwg shall slot# whether it it carrier'v or shipper'i weight. ,, f Shipper1* imprirrf in tiu of tlempi note pert of bill d teding opprovod by the lnt#rjtge Comm*ne Commeiron. No*#-Where th# rale i dependent on rolve, *hipp*n are required to slot* *poeRically in writing the agreed ar declared valve of the property. The agreed or declared valoe of Ihe property it hereby ipecrficflfV tooted by the inipper to be not eectedlng NOTE TO CARRIER BILL PREPAID CHARGES TO: Calidila CORPORATION Permanenf postoffice address of shipper DISTRIBUTION DEPT. - 1 CC {JOB 1 M Shipper Per. P. O. Box K King City, Ca, 93930 . Agent. STRAIGHT BILL OF LADING-SHORT FORM- originaunot negotiable 020251 itC^D. 7/24 Freight Sales 'a 'Hr o' CO"'f and ipi'Hi . #Wet' on Phf do'* sf 'ho >u># pi +hn B'U ol Lading, M_______ King City [Welby), Co.3-11____________________ 19 85 From Calidila CORPORATION Corner's No. Shipper's No. 1 1 030803 H>| p'ovrS 931 9 4 119bf'p* r. egpe*ni >*t 5'^' **)!>' as hO**d (Cfi* "'l 9tJ .o^di^'p* I (jnti h el piyle^i ,-A -oa- eiei bed (prsi^fird O*^ dfihned ei ind'NUd faflen atial* )ed ;dr, * lh| *pr J toprif bd |l^od <hpew^ev' '0lh<s 0 oei prsoM pr (p'fp oher >e pos<"ii'ah oi Hi| p'Opil,'( jfrfb *hp (pehp.i 99*41* 'd *'< *9 'll pioal plrwe ol dilirtrp o' Mid dffheohoe J >h *ppl| gbbveisr 'o d>l .4' +* pnolbip 'g>m9* pe `hi *ovV *C lij'd df Itar* I -b *'Ufl|l| ej'nd n 'a rPI* (*'*' id 911 B* pep pi <e-rf P'90''r im' all 0` O'* jei'n' a1 UP d 'e^f d* i'.->o'ier I'd n <l ! pO>') g| ony limi nll'tllo1! oil x to* d lAd p'M4"y Ihp1 vp | ' mI l( b| Pi'lpMrfd Vri.^r it0(| bd wbi*>1 'e o1' 'f t ">l 3'di nd'n>*i jl fc n 60--'< 'In Sirp.jh > (. pd lod.nq !# (orh I . U"r*d' C..?f*' C<0> .>* *d*" 0e *** rfol* **- tot >1 >fi< o o <ed 01 O 'd' i*. tmf> a* ? n f*>* Me*~-9>le --sfc ti-'tr- clci 91*0' tf* *aiH d ibpi i* a **^o' .ninf ihpo^p'l 1 1 -1Sbigt tdflrf'l-O'i r **9 . rh I < '! *j* ** n d'f K/pifi* d^'Pbdsg b* 'bp Itsb o"'!t*rr' a.* 9P(I alr l*> t*i w* did tpd^p3"% jwPap'rd Ip* t*'<TM4lt O'd bn jf'N o*d hiiF b I (d 'od'-fl |W tuit'efl '*vl 9' `ha bj. I *hd - red SI1 'o'lt* n *4 l lorr-'f'-: :' < a >o'.K -h* > gpvarnt >h Irenipp p'a'-aip ih-% ihipen r -Hi iprf >r rpn, Consigned 10Montello Inc., c/o Agri Empresa Destinotion-0d6SS3 State__________ Texas Customer's Order No Coynly U 406 Roule . Delivering Carrier Cor or Vehicle Initiols N. Kind at Po<fcog 0*friptioA at Arfi<f#s, Spaciol Mg/-ki. ond 6*e*pti A58ESTOS SHOPTS OR WASTE CONSISTING Of material testing not more than o-O-S-b material CERTiF.ED TO TEST NOT MORE than 0-0-8-8 (Soil! w.i(M /Svb. to Correction 840 baa: (21 pal'( SMOBTSxKrwKKp: testing not over o-o-e-a .Truck; 43,260 lbs No. Seal No. Cleti or Rota Cfaocb Column SuC ech '0 Se::.in " ;cna>' * -j : t3Cl<* & l' -of tod>".$ ' <n-i in.;-*- t st * f 6 ic ,h ::-i rte *e .: Or tOf.i 5-C '.'"S Th.f oHowir'^ -te * ' iRe co-t-*1 --C 1 t"0 3* -e `h>s a1 sa , -v "9 5Oii *+h*e g*i.. ;*0'3*'( Weight of pallets PHONE: 9T5_53-4777 FOR DELIVERY INSTRUCTIONS. 777 lbs 44 ,037 lbs 5,3-; .0 3,k ;-0;n 0`t : 3`:o : sinrr -*'if *: C,e :,*5C TO BE PREPAID s*'* -e3 S. c ocrf. "-r : w 3es: re3 'tz<- BILL PREPAID FREIGHT TO: Montello Inc, fPERCOuvE'SSi*O^S in **pC0,C-'COA:;-itO4NN{.EOWf :f!SnFGgOwVEEiCRHNfINOGf tabifps CCVE^NC- 'htS ShicmEN' * e 3* lh4 - *> ; m *` - , e 5 6106 E, 32nd Place Tulsa, OK 74135 PftllE^'ED OfiCSc vvf 0H'-, __________________ iB5 Crarap* :;<a-<4{ THE DESCRIPTION AND WEIGHT INCHOATED ON THIS Bill O* LADING ARE CORRECT. SUBJECT TO VERIFICATION BY THE TRANS-CONTI* NENTAl FREIGHT BUREAU ACCORDING TO AGREEMENT A 5362 vp.o"' Oe it c ':_______ ______________________ [ES i * E Or*' Cha-CjES A CD 1 v o*s tBS *{r:,9aSi'V;'-i..'R.at'p/4lsTalE'E.b.'[iN:ZSIECCC:-a5S"jA;C&nEmG BaAcGArS:jH0CdNo.$rUvsCnaEflSnDTaSOGCvnvi^'uSGF1lC-0' :iBSJCNdARDREREvrb,f0R'/Ns-!:TC.- t .A WAT a LS' NA- O'. [ r Tho libf* btl U4*rf ^or thit thrp- j m#nl conlorm t tptrificdl'O'v tsl j forth in th# b(* mokor'l *rtilkol* ! fhorvoft. ond oil th*r r# ui n H pi tl/l* 41 I |h Uniform Freight Clon*- I ficotion, ______ i ftit V'O Tortiff^oi obovo arlitlot on pr0flrly dcrib*c! by now* OtaJ r pocld ond morb*J and an in prop** (ordilien lor tranipw^liOT oefordinj t th 'tguloHoni pr#Hrb*d bv H>* Intariiot* Csmmirti Commimen arj th* tamnnndant I Codli Cvord. * K l+iiprmnt b*t**n K*o prt by o eorf'*' by *ol*' 1* ^taiuirpy that tb* bill f Id>n9 iholl jlota *htfc*r il ii ca*'i*f'l ay ihipptfr't *>gkt $Kippr'l .mprini fn ljv at tomp; o1 a part at bill at lading opprav*d by *>* IntarUota Comrntrt* Cornmnsion NfrU-Wk*!'* rf># roU t dpr>d-<> on volv. ibipppri or* rquird <o I'ol* Ipwrlicelly 'n witing tb* grd or doflond volu# f H* pnpfr+y Tb ogn*d or dtclond *elu* d * proporty i b*roby tpotilicolly |otad by <h* rhippor I b* nl Brooding NOTE TO CARRIER sin prepaid charges -o- CC 306 v ?s Ulontello, Inc. 0202Z2 6106 EAST 32nd PLACE TULSA, OKLAHOMA 74135 PHONE {9T8) 665-1170 {24 HRS) - TWX 910-645-2396 PURCHASE ORDER N? 4486 THI* NUMSER MUST APPEAR ON IN VOKES. S/l. SUNOUS CASES PACKINO UITS AND CORRESPONDENCE r Ca 1 id r 1 a Corporation P. 0. Box K King City, CA 93930 LJ Chip i6-- Montello, Inc. c/o Agrl Empresa, Odessa, Texas 3/7/85 PA72 WANT*;. 3/11/85 Net 30 King City, CA 7/24/ freight Sales - ppd. 915+563-4777 840 bags Super Visbestos pallet/wrapped 5.75 $4830.00 21.00/ton __ 441 ._0 0 $5271.00 Verbal: Judy to Linda Grogan CONFIRMATION - DO NOT DUPLICATE o xyBY AUTHORIZED SMJHATuRE STRAIGHT BILL OF LADING -SHORT FORM- ORIGINAUNOT NEGOTIABLE 020253 ][ Arrow Trucking; LNgm* of CoM<ii RECEIVED. lwbi*CT >q 'Kt dquilicqlion) gnd igr-FTi in or ihv dpi* o* ih* itv* a1 rhl B'll 0* Lo^-ng, kt King City (Welby), Cg. 2-41 19_85___ From Calidiia CORPORATION Corritr'j No. Shipper'* Np. 1 1 0201 03 ^fu' biil Whbu i app4'*n pi-owl 'ir Ye'tg1 it end te*d4<- pi *1 ** -i - ^ n4oJ nJ gfil.ned i cdur'ud Wfl- VK nd loi'ifi l^a ue-d Nt.| > HO-'-1 e', # no- <'*0'0'0- -- <#%>* *1 <k| p'O0~, unde- 4* lo-VH4' *y*n W Id-'e V pli pi d*<-v-Y O' ml ge-i'.-w'ugr. i *<- >11 'uu"* deK*r >p enpFher I -1 eg-eed os >e **i W ** r 'if i< Mol *r oil * r *1 'atA * 4n` * or- tr-4 a, l< #orl> poA pi pf sow --'e'eitK* u> oil at l"i l p - 0<1f -*Y <*>o< >p'y Waal1 ho subs H' VJ pJItVf l> mg pod p* A 6o">*P* V' *9*>< l'f` / ,f< l(fA | o UsJuO> * '1^ CWs I duc'c-- .n - >k dale h*. (>l if Ail o * -*J > -oil oOS1 shtpmo-l wr J" orfu m*'p& p iff dshii .s 0 si^p< tor-t1 aliipior-i Uipp'' bfiibi (fH.list 4ii Sr I *>ob p" *bf lini>oid 1 d*is sflfd I)'!1 d lading inlv4>'1] *hh A* bi I Aw- oe* %*- lp-4. in ** (Lon .1* o'.a' g< IpiiN K<k gart'il As VOi-ipunol.ga of *f (MdWusm O.r > + ,*, oj oorflc fe r *. -F.ppf jsd i`ip<ttf Tp Vmiff mxj Fii o<(,9-n bo r-9 v"dt'i<tod HvpV|bioi'' '*' *n 'Pu* >b tod dliline **( `o bo itoHor-sod *0 oppr^ob1^ Otw [pi 1 u rlos lhpm*n' pud hi nd <* -- > fd Consigned to Oestinotion Montello Inc., c/o Agri Empresa Odessa store_________ Texas Cuslomf's Ofdr No. County ^65 Route . Delivering Courier Cor or Vehicle Iniliols Cnd aJ Nxkog*. t)*tdriptien l Artielal. Special Mari*. end fxceptiqr* ASBESTOS SHORTS OR WASTE. CONSISTING OF MATERIAL TESTING NOT MORE THAN 0-0-6-8 material certified to test not more than o-o-a e (RotM - W(fM t5vb- bp Correction) 840 bag 'ASBESTOS SHORTS JPJf?T9fl63B TESTING NOT OVER 0-0-B.8 ,'Truct (21 pall ;ts)__________________________________________________ 43.260 lbs No, Seol No. Ckti or loM Cho<* Column Subi#(l to Sf<1'0n 7 of Cc^d'1 ons -5* as: (obi* b'ti ol 'oding .1 'hinipmpni t <c. :r d*'-Tf*0 !o `>lt CpTsugnfe uiihoul TPyir Oh 'hp <orsigr*qi. 'H* <onsignO' i'i" s J" Ihp lollov, inq vllp*#ri( Ihp <prrP' ibiflll ro' -rak '' 'hij lhtpmgM wilKo^l poa*T,*i| 3^ g-j oil plhf> low^u I <> Cm gn Weight of pallets NOTE: FREIGHT RATE 1308 MILES AT $1.05/MILE. jn!z-ibi 44.037 lb: iS-gnp'^'* s' Ib-"S 5''0' >'*iiomIt pChorgii 'oonbr p'C'pboe,cig>CO-d ' IP TO BE PREFAID to ra apo'v S,f>. p'*po'ti#^* b' tti*proo*'tr due bid *c'ta BILL PREPAID FREIGHT TO: Montello Inc. 6106 E. 32nd Place Tulsa, OK 74135 Agpni 0' CosHi* > SEOuET PQ* appliCaiiON OF FftEE wGiGh1 Oc pa lie T PROV:SONS IN aCCOSDANCE WITH COVERNINC IAPlFFJ COVFR^C- this Shipment PAllE'iZED CSOSS wE'CHT. WEIGH- Of PauETS_________ IBS ____________________ IBS iH* pmpgo' prgpeid QCkrpwIpqg* C^otgn Adf^rcrd J. THE DESCRIPTION AN0 WEIGHT INDICATED ON THtS BILL OF LADING AtE COIKCT, SUBJCC1 TO VE*tflCADON IY THE TtANS. CONTINENTAt M6IGHT BUREAU ACCORDING TO AGREEMENT A 5362 FRElG**' charges APPLY on_ ____________________ LBS this PAueri;eo shipment h^s been glued as a unit jo FaCu'aT! loading and unloading unDI* NO CIRCUMSTANCES AffE BAGS OP Ca^ONS TO BE REMOVED FROM PALLflS SUCH ACTION wav SUBJFCI CARRIER TO POSS-BlE CLAIM aI DESTinatjOn ______ _ t Dig fibrt ka*i gid for Ikn *Aip mmni eetrierm bp tfi* p>fcojoni Hi fqrth in Ifi* bv nwkvr'i (trtitieat* lh*rQft, and all o*gr rqui>'*m*nk gJ lul* 4) *1 Uniform pFoipAl Cloihtfkotion THil k fo tfrafy #iof ft* obgyg pr*ifl#i Of propirkf d*Krib*d by ** Aid Of* pochod On? morkod and or* In propor gpndHipn For 1ron*p^lolipn, according lo >S* 'ogubhon* p#gc'ib*d by InM'iierb* Cg#nmgrt Comr*>i*Fion and tb canwandonl el Cooii Guard. . 1$ a* ghipmgM movft b*rw*n *me porh by o cerrior by m*)*' +* `on t*QV>rm *hot 1b* b.lt <d lodmg holI il ii e*rri*r g or ihippgr'l waigbl. .. t Jhip^or'c imprml in 1i*w F ibomp; nol a pari ci Ml <i fading approved by fba Inbrilol* C"wwg CommoHon. No* - Whrp tti* rolo i d*p*nd*f an vaN*. tbipp#n er* rtqui/wd >0 1of* ipOC^Halty in p'Aing ** aprtod br drlard valw* ot th* propar+y. TS* gtrood or dotlarod rolg* of ft>* proporty it baraby ipocrlicolfy ifatad by * ib^por H> tw nr wcding NOTE TO CARRIER BILL PREPAID CHARGES TO: cc m 1 m UONTELLO, INC. tOB EAST 32nd PLACE TULSA. OKLAHOMA 7413? mONE S8S-1170 (N HRS) TWX H<4S-23e Calidria Corporation F. 0. Box K King City, CA 93930 SHI* TQ L J Montello C/0 Agr1-EmpreBa, Odessa, Texas QUANTITY . DESCRIPTION 840 Bags Super Visbeetos Pallet/Wrapped 020254 PURCHASE ORDER K2 4465 THIS NUMBER MUST APPEAR ON IN VOICES. B-'L, BUNDLES. CASES PACK ING LISTS ANO CORRESPONDENCE 1/30/85 o*n wanted _2/4/85_ Net 30 jCiogjCity - Prepaid 915+563-4777 PRICE AMOUNT 5.75 4830.00 21.00/ ton 441.00 5212.00 Verbal Petri to Linda CONFIRMATION - DO SOT DUPLICATE Freight Rate: 1308 miles g 1.05 mile FOAM IS504 RECENl FOAMS BULM*WR NJ 0003V BY . v AUTHlfelZEi SIGNATUPE' / STRAIGHT BILL OF LADING -SHORT FORM - ORIGINAL-NOT NEGOTIABLE li MCI of CElVfD, lub|t(l To fh# dtff l i/ifQfictnt end (Qfifrs <n Ofl fh** dot# of th* tsjuw of lbi Bi'l O* loci'll At King City (W*fby), Co. 12-11 19 Q4 From Calidila CORPORATION Corner's Nn _ Shipper's No. .11^21 QQ1 ^0^*55 br'e* u gppC'enl yap# a'd- rfp< 4< ' lW> -r-b mrd < anddm* *J J #4-tkj;pi viIfwp , mn'l*4 IfeniigrpiJ. mrd #*|l>n*4 Ol Wettf aVK got* * WO'i *r-6r-\la<r4 Hersc, g he*' Ail Be','W +0'"H| *'y V igr^itralien a* 0f At prtgtni At r*Morl' t(itr< to (d| >t <ti moat p(VI d rf*l,.try gf u V AOViQr* if >h >tv<r tAt<*ft lg Jetrt <t pnolAt' r At itaSt Ig |p^ ri'-*ti W" 9 tnvtwoHy f'ttd gt i *evh la*'*** d IT wr f.f d tg.J e-eptr*, e>t- *tl tup g*^Lf< d vorf r*vt 'e Aas'inotion o-d < ' *V perty * si* r *"" tf g> v>* d vdnJ e'^VrV 'A' **`r TB'vM* e b+ p*rle,nutj krtv^f *t**tl Af <nhfrr> W <' At if ai i>J d At U"rlt ** D*ntil ItreigM I * d it* IgtA Min Itnifirti C^iiilirC.gr * tN*<' gt At J<1 h#r 44! I A>l n i|it ti r^il gA- iVipint ' *t !l' * #* tgglrg^lr -ndip* 141'H. rig* til*Win* A..t l*ii >ig a dti i0` ' itng^t^ SKiW*' Htlttr <,g<-*i(>fi #10* hf 4 l*ffl Igi tiA all Ai Ar*i*i end r erttfStio-w gtAg bit* d Minf *1 cn t or At bad At'igt |l t** . 4,1 (igMilttlit" ' A'A *** #a.rny At A gttpt4ti.pt gl Ai, ihpmpni gp^ At iid Igini piW l*(*4tie"l * fct>gti tfiifj A Ay #i ef*<p0r gd ltpl^ Ifp V/tfit*# aitrf kit >l>piil Consigned *o -- Destination Montello Inc., c/o Agri Empresa Odessa StaleTexas Cujlomer's ______.Order No_________4440 County Route . Delivering Cornier Car or Vehicle Initials Mo. Focibf*t Kind <d boefcag*. DowripKon a# Ar+idi*i. Sp*ciol Morhi, and E<#pHom ASBESTOS SHORTS OR WASTE, CONSISTING OF MATERIAL TESTING NOT more THAN 0-0 8 8. 0 0 8 0MATERIA! CERTIFIED'O TEST NOT MORE THAN IRaill 840 8bag; ASBESTOS SHORTS OR WASTE, TESTING NOT OVER D O B (Truck] 21 call? ts) * W#tghl (Sub. fa Corroctipnt 43.260 lbs Seol No. No. 0001939 Cblf or tol* Check Colymn Sub|0 l Stl<OP' ? of lOF'd.lrOF'y of ope'' teifcie b>H Ol lading. ! th 11 shipment .i r0 fc# de re d fo the terns.gn*e '.'thou* >e<0v'Se on ih# tonngnor the tons.gnor vho11 sqn th# following slo'ernein' If** lOt'nr i^oH "Oi make d 't`y of lhil sKicF^ent w.iboui P0rrl*rii pi Ire-ghi <jn(j all other lOwfy! 'Gorges PHONE: 915-563-4777 Weieht of Dallets 777 lbs. 44.037 lbs 'S>gno'w'# of Cdt'Mgnor |l ehorgek O'* ro b# P'r&Q-d w' ktorpo h#' To bf fi(gU,d " TO BE PREPAID ***"1'o ooc.lv n ptECfl ejT 'm :^o'get O'* K# prop# ' N d#\<' b#d I'ftO'* BILL PRE PAID FREIGHT TO: Montello Inc. 6106 E. 32nd Place Tulsa, OK 74135 60R UEST FQR APPuC^'tO/ OF F?EwGHt OF 7PROVISIONS IN ACCORDANCE with GOVERNING Ta.ftlFcS COVERING H<S SHIPMENT PAllEUZeO GROSS wEtGHf _ ____________________ IBS Ag#m or CoiHi* ilb# i-gnaiuff her# o<kncrw*#05#\ o" fh* amownf o'tPO'd Chpigei Advoncid WEIGHT OF PAtlfTS -- ________________ IBS IKE DESCRIPTION AND WEIGHT INDICATED ON THIS 8ILI OF LADING ARE CORRECT, SUBJECT TO VERIFICATION BY THE TRANS I CO NTT NENTAl FREIGHT BUREAU ACCORDING To AGREEMENT A 5362 PREiGhi CHARGES apPit rM _ irs THIS PauEIiZED shipment has BEEN GtUED *S a UNif IO 5FACflltATF tOAOiNG anD JNiO*DnG L'NDfU vO CiRCumSTanCE ARE BAGS OR Cartons'QBE REMOVED rstoM paueis such achon MA- subject carrier !o PQSS'SlE ClAim a' DS! nation _________________ ;_________ ( The f4nT* <j**d for thu iHip- m#rit cofHpfTP to rfi# tp#<iTkaKo(w i#f larth in iht bo# mabor'i (ertilkalf fSr#on, and pH at+i*v p#qgir#rnne of vl 4T el H>b Unilo/m Freight Cfonl- fkehon. .. t Thi rt to c*rt#v lhdt tfc* obev# prholot or# pre#*'hf d^Kfibod by wmo ond are pock#d Ond mqrbod ond or# in pr*p#r (OR^ifion hr Irdnip^rteHon. QoriJiRt* be A* /Oflulohon* pr#*cr*>*d by H*o IhTorita*# Cerorntn# Cotnm*jioA and fh# eommondotif o* Cooit Oirord. _, 4 ,. *11 Ih* hjpm*nl mpyH b#tw##n hup po^ by 0 rn#r by w#t*f, Ih* law r^uir* thol th* bilr 0* lading khafl itoN wn*th*r il *1 carriar't of lhtpp*r't w#*flhl. ,, t 5hipp#F'i i-mpon! in U*v of ilaiwp; nol o porl of bill e4 lodin Operpv*d by Ih* Intortlota Comm#*T* Commanon No**-Wh#r Ih* rat# ii d*p#d*nt on val*, *hrpp*r ar rgipir*d <0 loH SpOeffifOlly in writing fh* Ogr*d *r d*clor*d mpTm* of Ih# proo*Hy Tb# gr*#d or d*lar*d voly* of Ih# prop*Hy i# hif*by p*cHicollv lp|#d by *h* ihipp*r to b* not *c#*drng NOTE TO CARRIER 6ftL FRERAID CHARGES TO: Calidila CORPORATION Permafe^f posloffice oddress of shipper DISTRIBUTION DEPT, - I CC: 008/1M ly\ ^ In--)t\si Orfirfy^' WO Per X? clfy, Co, PI O. Box K King 93930 Ageni. <&i isowmio. me. 9m EAST 32nd PlACC TULSA. 0KLAM0L4A Wt* PHONE (313) 65-1170 {14 KFtSJ - TWX P1&44S-2& j Calldrla Corporation P. 0. Box K King City, CA 93930 mip to See below quantity 1680 bags Super Yisbestos n DESCRIPTION j Pallet/wrapped 1st Stop: Brasher Mud Company Midland, Texas Phone: 915+697-2727 440 bags - 11 pallets Final: lew part Drilling 2266 Industrial Abilene, Texas Phone: 915+698-8121 400 bags -10 pallets Montello c/o Agrt Bnpresa ^ Odessa, Texas Phone: 915+563-4777 / 840 bags - 21 pallets j 020256 PURCHASE ORDER m 4440 THIS NUMBER MUST APPEAR ON IN VOICES. B-L BUNDLES, CASES PACK ING LISTS AND CORRESPONDENCE DATE Decerfcer 6, 1984 DATE WANTED By 12/11/84 TERMS Het 30 r0B King City, CA $JHtP VIA NCI - prepaid PflICE AMOUNT 5.75 19660.00 21.00/ton 882.00 110542.00 / ) Wv t y -"7 bJ A0 > Verbal Ju<y to Linda ' CONFIRMATION ONLY-DOO HOT DUPLICATE rOPM <64 OEtjCh/T fO^WS BEUMAWn n ^ 0W]i -BY S'? y. ____________ AUTHORED &)GNATunt STRAIGHT BILL OF LADING -SHORT FORM- ORIGINAL-NOT NEGOTIABLE li RECEIVED. iwb|c' <o (h* MCI of Cor*'**] and lO'iffj >n on th do'fl of fb* .slu# of dsn g-.'l of (admg At King City (Walby), Co,12-3_____________iq 84 prom Calidila CORPORATION Carrier's No______ ___________ _ Shipper's No, 1 2Q3QA 020257 (*# (w`<V -f op port"' fW mop' #> ^ U fwLtyfv aink-avp- At'ltd 4ltl.nl Him c >*' Bl "? poitf O' peX'-MVO" jl At ya^#'*y w'd- A* tf tti A '< to -*t iiiwol pl^t *1 (Lr -' v a ion) iti'itgl lt b m at *b rA'^ <o" 't' d oM pt *) pf tptl ft if^ vr *11 at Bxy of H'd >!> <p do if**eiioA o^d o' 'a 01 ptp >imy i 'tiwH I a ^ Aa la' *n qtd pi Hm Un^iv - Dvnn iW Slr*pyhl i"tl pt to* IpA 11 I ^ Utrlp t f **,gkl ClonJ^pl.^p t yHyi1 on At dfllv hy^ tdvylis* or HI' *1 d 4>.y .t a male.' >p" * i KipmtK Jhipya ` A*' ftp if'U.n Aal Ky q lyp.lipi *iA oil * Wrmt ard igtditipti <J * m id h-l1 d lading mrWii>f A*>a *" Ay k wo1 itl I*r4- . h| (OjihIpi < |"dAy xt orr V + -*fe> og> rrr1 b> At tkiypygnd p> cyp'td Igt kiptal and k't at |ignt "d^o'td ba'gt kk ltd It" yi !tf< raid itf"t> b+.-Vyj itpy-itogd ApaypLgui it pf n 'yw'a elkfitMi ip 'o gtoAqr' tO'i'Of pi Ay 'ptlt 'a tad dt\' >u rt'Bt) .I alt p any tl tod P'9tt'lt Htal vtaiy iy%tr Ip br pa-JoiT,ad vtu'^dy >1 `Ait 1 0 tail pt 'd-1 wok* [k pixy-i at I1 i* >Af OPfVnb't tn ylo, ty,,,, <l0, p' b(1ll "ttk fqtt'ti ifit Itpxtpxirtq 1 iqr al A>t |k,p^yt' pnd Ay tod kmi gd Conjrgned lo . De slination___ Montello Inc., c/o Reeves Oilfield Services Eunice _______________ __ slo>e Louisiana Customer's -Order No. _____ ^430 ,, County. Roufe . Delivering Carrier Ho. Poctog* t find of PtKlog*. D*vcriplien ol ArticWi, Special Mor4i. and Eic*pKo"3 asbestos SHORTS or waste, CONSISTING of MATERIA! TESTING NQTmORC THAN 0 0-6-S MA1ER1AI. CERTIFIED TQ 1ES1 NOT MORE THAN 0 0-6 B (Rail) Cor or Vehicle Inifiols * Wfighf iSub. le Carr** lion 840 bags , ,7 ASBESTOS SHORTS OR WASIE. 1E5TING NOl OVERO 0 6 8. (Truck) 21 pallets? 43,260 lbs Seol No. No. 0001924 Clou or Iota Chock Column SvDieti 'o ' ol cond-'io's o* odo1- <Ob<* fe ll ol lod'nq, ' kh'Bn-Bfi c Oe dei*ff<o fht <oi.giee ^{jir'.y on in* convgno' ih* conk'qnii' khW \gr ih* (Uow-r>5 Tioifmeni Th* cfl<nr sho'l nol mok ji-m'. -I IhiJ lb.BT.ff il*Ov' poyr^en- "f,gh< fln * of1 olb*r lO't'^^b'gtl Weight of pallets 777 lbs 44,037 lbs S-qnc'u it ih'O0rq'gfl o'* 'o b* ce&o-: I'ditf `'oit lc b P'epOrd ' TO BE PREPAID PHONE 318-457-2612. SRtt, .tfl * io ocpu n meco T,*n* a1 'Mi Ih prope"v dtbC'.bttf BILL PREPAID FREIGHT TO; Montello Inc. 6106 E. 32nd Place Tulsa, OK 74135 REOUESI POP APP'.iCA iON op fPEEw^CHl OF P*uE' PROVISIONS 'N ACCORDANCE WilH GOVERNING TARrFFS COVERING "m|$ shipment PALLETIZED GROSS weigh _ies Agen: OF Co 'Jht i>gnoiu'< Ihf oniouM d'-bpo-O at nat-e C Katge s A dtoncftd 0h THE DESCRIPTION AND WEIGHT INDICATED ON THIS BILL OF LADING ARE CORRECT. SUBJECT TO VERIFICATION BY THE TRANS. CONTI. NEN1AI FREIGHT BUREAU ACCORDING TO AGREEMENT A 5362. wEiGmt Of PallE'S^_____ _L&S ftttiC-nl CKdGGES APC; ON _ i&5 THIS PAuE'i^ED Sh'PvE n` haS - E: N Gl .ED AS A JN> *C fACl'A'f lOAD'NG anC `.t *iC UNC5 NO cpcjms'ances ape sags ec cas'ons 'ose revcveo FPCV PAufS SlC" A'l'C.T't MA' 5 j 5 EC CaPPjEP TO PQ5? 5( C.A.M >*;?: ' v a * Q ______________ t fh fibv* bd* Utd IOR1 thii ib*p- m#nt Confsrrr. tp rtt i[i*tifKotiom lorttk tn rti ba> moiBf'i (*rti)icol* (hrtn. and all atbar fnvirirnl) f Rul* 41 ol >K Unilarm Fr#igSi Clatii. feoho* _ ____ f>* i* to ftrHfy *har 4ta abov* arH<1# or* pro-party d*icib*d by nom* and ar* p<i*d and rnork*d and op* m pr*p*r condikion lor Lrantportation according to ragwlolion* pr*scribd by 4i* Intartlota Comm*rt# CommiiBhOn and di* commendort of Caait Guard. , If #i* ihipivibrrf moM b*r**an Ho parh by o tQrri+r by a**r. d le* ropyirn tbot dt bM ol lading iNjH ilota wnrK*'` I <orr**r' i or ihipptr'i wbigbt t Sbipp#t | imorml in li*o of itorrtp; not a port ol bill id loding approved by Hi* Intantota Cflitinn* CcrtifTtfimon No#*-Wh#r* dt* roi* -t d*pnd*n< on volu*, lbip*rt or* r*quir*d I* *Of* ip*<dico1ly m writing iKo ogr*d cr d*clor*<# v*lw* of dt* p<op*rty rK* ogr*od or cUdorod volu* <d Hit proporfy il b#r*by iporrf'KBlly ftotad by b* *Xipp*r 'o b* no* *ic**ding NOTE TO CARRIER BILL PREPAID CHARGES TO; CC: 008/1M MOOTTBXO, U^a ttae east sgtrf place tulsa. Oklahoma miss PHWff (81 35-1170 (M - TWX *tt*4M3S8 Calldrla Corporation P. 0. Box 1 King City, W 93930 L _________ ____________________ J sh* to Hontello c/o Reeves Oilfield Service, Eunlco, LA quantity DESCRIPTION 840 bags Uolvis Pallet/prapped PURCHASE ORDER Hi 4432 THIS NUMBER MUST APPEAR ON IN VOICES. B/L, BUNDLES. CASES PACK' INO USTS AND CORRESPONDENCE. 0*TC 11/28/84 DATE WANTED By weet of 12/3/84 terms Ret 30 F 0B Ring City, CA SHIP VIA HP 1C I - Freight Prepaid Telephone: 318/457-2612 MICE AMOUNT 5.75 21.00/Ton 4830.00 441.00 5271.00 Verbal Judy to Linda C08FIRHAT10W OKLT - DO HOT DUPLICATE *0W'5W4 REGENT FQHMS BELlMAWn *4 j 00031 i / ---------- Ud/K authorized signature PURCHASE ORDER MONTELLO, tHC. WOO EAST S2mJ PLACE TULSA. OKLAHOMA 74135 PHONE {91IJ CSSIITU (24 HRSjJ - TW; 10434388 020259 K2 4410 THIS NUMBER MUST APPEAR ON IN VOICES. H BUNDLES. CASES PACK INC LISTS AND CORRESPONDF'ICE r Calldrla Corporation P, 0. Box K King City, CA 93930 L t> ' See below QUANTITY DESCRIPTION "1 J. OAT? October 30, 1984 OATS WANTED 11/5/84 #r sooner TEAMS Net 30 FOP Kins City, CA SHIP VIA MCI - prepaid PRICE AMOUNT 840 bags Super Vlsbestos Pallet/erapped 5.75 21.00/ton 4830.00 441.00 5271.00 1st Stop; Horizon Mud Midland, Texas Phone: 9154687-1171 440 bass - 11 pellets Final: Montello c/o Agri Bspresa Odessa, Texas Phone: 915+563-4777 4(00 bass - 10 pallets Verbal - Chuck to Linda CONFIRMATION OMIT - DO NOT DUPLICATE CQ*M 1&04 nfGEVfOfWS SEulMAWB NJ 0003' / by--------- , ' VcCrMOfltn --7^7- C2G260 PURCHASE ORDER HOWTELLO, INC. tQI EAST 32tk5 PLACE TULSA, OKLAHOMA 74T3S PHONE (pi* 005-11710 CM HRS] - TOC T0^S-43eS r Cal Idris Corporation P 0 Box K King City, a 93930 L See below QUANTfTV n DESCRIPTION j K2 4399 THIS NUMBER MUST APPEAR ON IN VOICES, B/L. BUNDLES, CASES PACK INQ USTS AND CORRESPONDENCE DAT* October 11, 1964 QATf WANTED 10/15/84 TERMS let 30 FO0 King City, CA SHIP VIA NCI - prepaid PRfCE AMOUNT 840 begs SOPER YISiESTOS pal let/wrapped 5.75 4830.00 21.00/ton 441.00 5271.00 1st stop: Petroplex Odessa, Texes phone: 915+367-4987 400 begs - 10 pallets Flail: Hontello c/o Agrl Eopresa Odessa, T1 phone: 915+563-4777 40 bags - 11 pallets Verbal - Chock to Linda COKFIRHATIOH - DO HOT DUPLICATE rowM i$w regent fOMS bEllmawr hj deedi ' /' / J BY -kiLkJL'CN/TUftf '-L^X. STRAIGHT BILL OF LADING -SHORT FORM - ORIG1NAL-NOT NEGOTIABLE 11 Interstate INom# of Coin#(| DECEIVED, iwb|ct lo lh* tloj i ilito'ior t arid 'ar<fh in H*(i c>n iK* do'* ol ** niu of 'Kn B-H ol Lod'j, Ai_ King Cify (Weltiy), Co. 19. 84 From Calidila CORPORATION Carrier'! No.___________________ Shipper's No. 1 1 090403 O^OoGl * *`40* "K dfu'W bet* n 4 oi oi4>' *m Bpt % Nqlgd 'iwirii oej a/ io">* S ti pSe JTf' me'lvrf iei;ned ged dts'i' *4 9, ledHV'i t * *'c |i*k )gd '**> > rf * a *4* - v'Ovd An < rgaii'Oi I *1 mas 11-9 f., tft'io' O' t O' p O''' -- pevr'I-O* ' l*w p'Og, +, **d(' <H Op MS |oi>> Iq h vvwel glm d 4a .a-T gt VO -d Jgshrvn'o- .1 gn .lg 'g^lg glhgi all >B d*l'V*> '* ore*!- *,*< on Ag >gig ig igd dgiinw <V* 9 "vAi"1*! g^'Md gi 'o ffli'i ignu' d M g< #> of voJ g iggn^r (II ' " fw**1 d in 'id* rtav*g <c dfslnw'pg* nnrt ai 'e oet- <)'* <i a* j limp migitligd gll ga g| d go id giggi -> Aa1 ***( It-v rf ** h* pgdgi a,gd hp. a va) y gkall hr mt r-' ^ gnj r gadii<H.| d 4m 6oma >'ir 1l> o-gh ),M gi lading ii Ior* ' I , ^ Ulp" fipigyi Clgu^egiigr < fK*, gv 4vg ds<( hi'igl .1 Ai| g g rJ r | ig>l -CM' ihfpm*-' a- ]' i A( gpplg gHi i-gig rgng. r|ov lit viie* or ig* A d A.s n t noio' so' <ig> ihipnm ?hip0R > hgidi ir**f>v Aa' 'll ig lm,la>- * pH Af ^'| g'*i (ged(.gM a/Ai wJ^'ll d t*Ji*TJ TMWp"g *ni 0" Ihg bil Ag1 ggl ir1 IgiA |*, ilug, leg'igp p/ Wi ,M whrt h go>*"*l Ai Ngnipcrgi'gr gl A.I ih^ninl o pvd Hii igd %-mv gid 4 (isdrigm Sir hr- *fc>r *g<f rl `o by Ar Aipp r- gd wrgglrd 'or KilP f(i Kn eivgi* Consigned to ^ ... Destination_______ __ Monte1lo Inc., c/o Agri Empresa Odessa .Slote ,, Texas Cuslomer'j -Order No ,, County. 4376 Route _ Delivering Carrier Car or Vehicle Initials . feciogai 1 Kind of o^ioga, OaicripTion of Ar+icta-s. Spacial Worllt. ond EacapHons ASBESTOS SHORTS OR WASTE, CONSISTING OF MATERIAL TESTING NOT MORE IHANO 0 8 B MATER1A1 certified TO TEST NOT MORE THAN 0 -0 6 8 (Raill 840 bag SASBSTOS SHORTS OR WASTE. TE5TING NOT OVER 0 0 6 8 (Truck) 21 pall 2tS ) 1 WaiM 1 Sub. lo Cofracoon1 43,260 lbs Cbli r ftp* Seal No. 0005978 CK*a Cpiwmn $uD|tt! ]0 S*Tr'On ' ol tond 'ions O* OOP1, cobl* b-H ol lading, .f ih* shipmym .y ic fa* de1 *t'td rc ib* ; s^s-gn** -.ihou1 'ensv'\e an rr,* (oni-gnQf lh< (OiHigng' shail \-gr "r* TgHow-ng - fh# CO'fiCr iho-l n Ol mqie d<'v*'Y 1f t"l jh i prnr>l n lKoo 1 00 Y Ti*'! 31 +'e ght a"d alJ 0ini J0*rI . 1 '.Gorges Weight of pallets 777 lbs 4^,C37 lbs , S igntf'a '* s' H :ho'g*! off >e be ptepod .romp 6*>e '0 or p,tOQ d TO BE PREPAID FOR INS rRUCTIONS, CALL 915-563-4777. 3rce en S o>Qoe 'IC ODD'Y m tK* des.-'-bed fre<eo BILL PR EPAID FREIGHT TO: Mon tello Inc. REOufSt FQR APPLiCfi `ON oc cRvvEiC-4f PAuf1 PROVISIONS in aCCORDa*-^ = *v 'H gC-'yECn nO tAfi'FPS COVERING rhrS SHipvCn' Ager- or Cs-.f ilhe vgnqiu-e n4 Ihp omogni p'f pO'd 6106 E. 32nd Place Tulsa, OK 74135 PAUf 1 'ED GROSS w-Gh! vvE'O^ ' OF pAUfS_____ Cnprge v Ad-von^d . .es . .65 THE DESCRIPTION AND WEIGHT INDICATED ON THIS KILL Of LADING ARE CORRECT. SUBJECT TO VERIFICATION BY THE TRANS. CONTINENTA1 FREIGHT BUREAU ACCORDING TO AGREEMENT A 5343 FREIC'H! CHARGES ir"t - >R5 ihiS P6u'.:<0 S^'RvEn' -aS 3n Z-^iZ a U'J i tc t A C *t: * a fp iCAClNO A'-I L.N;C-ar SC- . SDf 5 NC CPCuwS'ANCES APE SAC-5 Z'R CaR'GnS 'C 5r s*vOvf: tpfOiOSwS'S;REaCil.Ea'iSjv Saj CG-.' a\;C.`a Z' -`Z*'SVA' 5-E.EC' !A4i E& `.". t TK* libra ban v**d Iqt rfm ihify conform lo Ihf ipacilkationf g*' forfh in fb* bar invir'l cardrigcaia ttsaraon, and oil A*r r*quirm*nti qf Rula 41 of rts* Uniterm rr#igh( Covii. f fke>)gn, ____________________ 1 t>ii* n |Q caiktfv Fbot fKa abova orliclai or* proparly da*<ribad by nflm* and era poebad ond morbad and or* m pr0p*r tvrdiHon For fwmporieHipn according to ** ragylqfnQnt pr**crib*d by 4sa IntarjtoT* Camm*rc* Cornmniicn ond *> comma ndard of Coott Guard * N ih thrprtian* movn b<**n Sra pKt| by o corriar by walar, TK* law raouirvi *Kol Ka bill of lodmj ttwM siof* *bttir il > rriar' or thippar t waighl \ SKippar't imprmf in liau ol Homp, nol 0 paH &r bid ti Iodine approved by Hi# lnt*maa Comman* Cemminon ey#*a-WKara * nj* i* d#p*nd*nl on a1u# ihipp*n qr# raquirad *o ioFa ipacrlicolly m wrijjng lb* ogr*d or d*c!ar*d valu* of fb* prop*r9y Tb* ograad or daclorad vqly# of * praparty n haraby BpacHicolly Uaad by f*<a tfnppar lo b no' arcaadfng NO^ TO CARRIES BILL PREPAID CHARGES TO: CC: 00B/IM PURCHASE ORDER momtello, inc. W06 EAST 32nd PLACE TULSA, OKLAHOMA 741 phohe ^t53 ees-nrocw wag - tydc io84&233s 0202G2 N2 4376 THIS HUMBER MUST APPEAR ON IN VOICES. S/L. BUNDLES. CASES PACK IMG U5TS AND CORRESPONDENCE r Cal Idris Corporation P. 0. Box K King City, CA 93930 L Sh^+6 Hontello c/o Agrl Enpresa, Odessa, TX DATE 8/29/84 DATE WANTED ~l 9/4-5/84 TERMS let 30 FOR King City, CA SHIP VIA. J Interstate Systems - Prepaid 915+563-4777 QUANTTTT OESCRtPTION PRICE AMOUNT 840 bags Super Vlsbestos Pallet/wrapped 5.00 $4200.00 21.00/Ton 442.00 $4541.00 Verbal Judy to Linda COKFIJWATIOH ORLY - DO HOT DUPLICATE KJRM 1&50* REGENT FCRWS 0EU.MAWR R^OPCDI BY AUTHORIZED SIOHATUA^ ' STRAIGHT Bill OF IADING-SHORT FORM ORIGINAL-NOT NEGOTIABLE Interstate INom * of Cocrmi) RECEIVED, ivbifft 'o 'h* <lotiil'C-giionv Ond ?orifh rn aHtt* an th* dots of rka -uu# ol ihi B T-l qI Lading Calidila Carrier's No. Shipper's No, 31 1 1 082702 King City (Wg(by), Ca. _____ 8-28( 19 84 from CORPORATION 0^02G3 ** p'apt< tru-bfd 4ppO.fr.' J {!"**' <* as noted "d HrJ^'O" U g>*'g''Fl *1 avaikgtf <^ni.gred, g *tl .gdira'rd biUa gheX sag* urogr If r ap/d |gr.n. uwdg-sickod **Oir9`*i Ifn P wirn-.gg s pr-iJ- u` to'ptrSBliar -T. uuni.gr oJ #w p`o*r>i ynrff Aw i-farl` *p. g + t l te"j Ip .*3 Sv4> *1 dgl..*-, qt laid < w iH rpte g*v>ei Ip rf4vgr la #* to---*- w . ^ig ie lo,J >"vl.o1'f ag *gd os l nlfh i**r.*r d *M or *n d eeid p-atpi'1* Pr atl > , penigr pf 'd 'PsAf 'p ^fs'iiw' 9r gr,d gs ip gack po,fT si o-g inr. .mg.gsigd rr gl' e d ugd giopr-nf itigi t*i-r t0 f, pgrlB.mpj N-gu-^t' lKll ft spb). ' * gll if* 1 "* ~d .purf.tipn, d 4if Uu.icfr. Dmu', fi.pfM |.ll gl Lsd.-g s' Iff* T1 Un.lprm *..gf' C Vis .<N gligr - *Hm> pr> Aw dpi* hfd .1 itsu p -Oil g> p -p I reW - sfp-w-i p* l .r, O* pppltfoblg -ne>o> , p. r * , dps liha pi.pn pr in * *11 d*Ki is o ei^e' ia * i# shipeseei Sf.ppe. h*r tbi If'l.l ri *,0' fc ! te-m lip' pH rtss big. . Pnd rpjsdJ.pns V *il said b.d d laedt-gni p<* ag-rrd Ip fr 'k* shirpf P'd '(pp+ed W b-mspA p.sj b,, fi|.gm .fIssji-g *nit (r 4w borL Aw-o' %*' 'o-* ig Are dpi...<'?.* A"-A >* g0f" Als Vp-sperHUio- Ql If ,3 ihsp^.M p^J +.* l*,m, #nJ Dw^Hnafion , Montello Inc.,, c/o Reeves Oilfield Services Eunice .. Slofe Louisiana ' Customer'! Countv 4371 Route. Delivering Corner Cor or Vehicle Initiols No. Peckogat Kind ol Po<to^a. Dawripkon tJ JLr+iclat. Spac'ral Morbt. and Eicopkona AS6E5IOS SHORIS OR waSIE, CONSISTING OF MATERIAL TESIlNG NOl MORE IHAN 0 0 - 8 B MAIERIAI CERTIFIED 10 TEST NOI more THAN 0 0 8 8 (Rail) - Wtiphi Sub. to Corractiorv 840 bag; ' ASBESIOS SHORIS OR WASTE, testing NO! OVER 0 0 S 8 (Truck) 21 pallE its) 43,260 lbs Seal No. No. 0005964 Clott or Rota Chacb Column 11 io 5#<iior 7 ol topdiiions ocp c&Cl# b' ol iod-ng >> ih'i shijjine^i s it Ft 'o ,l' {o',siqn* *.ikovf '*Lau".f On Ih* <0n\.gnOF Ikig ^onS-qciO' St*0'; \ilJ' Ihf ^pllcrw G'3 S lQ Wl Ihr ;3*r e> ihoil no' Asobe JC't'i '' :h.s ShiO'T'Cn' -r.lhoijl BOvEnfr11 0+ t'e-gk" OP ' gi- giht!' rijwN' Weight of pallets 777 lbs 44,037 lb: il thopg#' o'b 'c br ffbod * \ iq mCr kir'S N F'foo-iJ TO BE PREPAID CALL 31 -457-2612. Rtvt-'fd S ... ..... C O&fv n F'ecOv^trtl O' "ap tno-gts iKe piop#'1! dbsi' bed n#i#csn BILL PRI .PAID FREIGHT TO: Montello Inc. REOuES' EOS aRPi'Ca hCm PSOviS'O'vS 1 n ^CCO^DANCf CCvERinG 'hI- ShiPvEfsfi i!pi GOVERNING :aR|PeE AiJAn- P' CosN'E '** S-gnOiv'd kf. th* 0iT'iAr.l p'BDS C 6106 E. 32nd Place Tulsa, OK 74135 tAUEHZED GfiQSt '-Vf'G^: ,, _iflS Chotgt ddvOni.*d THE DESCRIPTION AND WEIGHT INDICATED ON TWS Bill OP LADING ARE CORRECT, SUBJECT TO VERIFICATION BV THE TRANS-CONTL NENTAL FREIGHT BUREAU ACCORDING TO AGREEMENT A S3BI w i0 H ' Or .... . L9S PREtO-' S apc.i ; .tBS IH5 *Ai,` :iL' j asfs oi. Z' m u-rv -C FACr'A'f .CiC NO 4NC- jNi CiG 0 svNDfS NC CFc*Cc.jvr.'Sf'aAlNleCnES i^E a;; 'O BE 3f.v?vD ' Z Z B t ? ' " Ei 3;E OiM i* GE'i' M' s . ..,- I TK fibr* fee*** ui*d iaf thia ihrp- mgnt tgnigrm Jo t*** p*cjJitoJioh* t*l lortK in H> b<* mokar'i c*rJilke> Jharvori. ond oil oHior r*gifiram*n(* ol Bidla 41 of tKt Uibilorm Frgh^ Cloff'- frolio r> _ i Thu rt *o carkEfy thol abov* or|>cl*s ora profi*rly dncribad b> wm* ond or* pockad and rriorhad ond or* i* propar gondEfion for- JrrflpO*^olion. occordrnj fo rh# r+guhHom pr#Krib*d by J*o IntarjioJ* Cpmmirti Commiliion and Jb* cornTBndonR of Cooil Guard W 4sa skipmanl mavfl bftwaan S*o porN by o eorriar by wolar. Ka low r*puirai Ihol tk* bill ol >od ng holl lo+ imk#tk*- jt i| tarriar i or thippar'i waight i Skpppor t smppifil in li*u of itamp; r%ol O por* ol bdl <d l#ing Spprpvod by ** fnl#rJo* Cammorr# Cflmmdl.sn Hot*-Wh*r* tk# ral <1 dopandanl on olu* bhijjpari or# r#guir*d 1o sLot* ipocilirollv n wr.l.ng iK ograd or d*clo'd volua ol Hi prpp*r<y Tha ogj-aad or doniorad volo* of ** proparty ii karbr bpaorfkolly tatad by tk# kkipptr t* b* nBi axcaad'ng NOTE TO CARRIES BILL PREPAID CHARGES TO: DISTRIBUTION DEPT, - 1 CC: Q0B/1M >t PURCHASE ORDER MOKTBLLO, WC. woe EAST S2ad f ^AC6 * TULSA, OKLAHOMA n0HE oes-ii;"o <*4 hrsj - twx ho-ms-sks 020264 fjo 4371 THIS NUMBER MUST APPEAR ON IN VOICES. 'L. bundles, CASES PACK ING LISTS AND CORRESPONDENCE Calldrl* Corporation P. 0. Box t King City, CA 93930 L Sh* tfi-" TM Nontello c/o Reeves Oilfield Service, Eunice, LA QATt 8/23/84 n DATE WANTED 8/27/84 UMS Ket 30 foe Kins City. CA $M|P MA j Interstate - Freight Prepaid Telephone: 318/457-2612 3*H '5feO* 1CCVT (0*M5 J 0*031 SHI# TO PURCHASE ORDER HOffTELLO, tHC, t* EAST 32nd PLACE TULSA. OKLAHOMA K13S PHONE 1$ MS-1170 * (24 HRS} - TWX *1C~S<5-2 no(Ktr ~ ^ N2 4365 THIS NUMBER MUST APPEAR ON JN VOICES. i/l. BUNDLES. CASES PACK ING LISTS AND CORRESPONDENCE r. Calldrta Corporation P. 0. Box K King City, CA 93930 L DATE 8/9/84 n DATE WANTED 8/13/84 TEAMS Net 30 FOB Klw~SHIP VIA City J Interstate Frt. Prepaid QUANTITY 840 bags j .............. . DESCRIPTION Soper Visbestos 50/ hllet/wrapped 1st Stop: Horl2on Kid 1110 Dayton Road Midland, TX 915+687-1173 440 bags 11 pallets Float Stop: Dfncorery Rod #12 E. Industrial Loop Midland, TX 915+687-0403 400 bags 10 pallets PRICE AMOUNT 5.75 21.00/Too 4830.00 441.00 5271.00 Verbal Johnson to Linda CONFIRMATION 0NLT - DO NOT DIPLICATE torm '5&04 Afce^ oms acumawr u oeeat 6Y . 4^Auiww2(D S+GHATUrt ''22ZZ- STRAIGHT BILL OF LADING-SHORT FORM - ORIGINAL-MOT NEGOTIABLE I Interstate [Nam* ol Cairttij RECEDED, svblfd To lha {loiT'^'lOto^i and lo'iHs un tfftO on Ph* da>t cjl Tf>i mut of Hut 0.H ol lading Ai. King City (Welby), Cn. -j^L <b' 19 84 From 020266 Galidrla CORPORATION Corrier's No. Shipper's No. 11080103 *# fiwr'h d+>. `-t- fit Jx1 >* OfrpB' r>i pood o. it" txtf' < >old amt iBoilt'Sr cf lt'%h (J m^iignid and *4 01 ""drlo'td bll** ^K*" 1d fit'"*- Ibt C-" d "O-iar b(in* unia- tltyod OigggKtv1 An irar' i -g an gr-n- a- -olpiyt'it"" fnimw' l At vr*da- At Itaktrl1 (^tn fn> ** -h vtvl jlwi l rUNvy-y el mid iei'.-ie'.e-* ' er -H "*'< d't'ett la dtl it" 'a jajAt" IQ--.*- an 4it -qvI* t* igd iat`"W la t . mi/lvnll, ag-rtd at "e te'k lo-'-v- d all a an* W l*ai (I4P4HT ana- all a- r>, |g<tia> at uc.d - ptl 4 <e dtil-"ot,6. and g, i0 (art. j-o-'y t" an, tin, tltniitd --" p" p- *ny at <ad g-tat-t, itisl fw-> it-aai "e br pe-le-mt d laift-dt' iKell be i vbtf1 h (a all if - in *nd I at lata 'J-x-fa* * Dat-etlb; SlrsigM ||II yi ipj.ng iaf farA *11^ IFa-la a f ryigl-l CbnAro1-,- -n etl**' 4%, dpi* Kfitel 'I tti.i -| a roil *- a eq-1 Mat*' tb.pm* - I a 71 in I* a apply ofalt --D-y. to-'x* ->ei Sh-M>*> la-tbp (a-t-T-ei An- Si t Wlai nA all At **in.| rpadil-eAi al A| ud bill d loJlfl*. -nt lading Aeti a A At bci V At- eal III b'A i" 'A a rial i 1-tO'O" a* -H ktK |*Tai m At * a asportation a* *-l |l>-*tei" a up At nd *"- anal tiada-t nt ora l-r-rbr ag'ltd't bv At ilnppf- o-rl a-tpild lot bimtaV and at lig"t Montello Inc.,, c/o Ap;ri Empresa 4357 OejfiooJion _ Odessa sioie Texas Couniv Route _____ Delivering Cairrier No. Potk09*1 Cud <J Pptbog*. Pwription J Artifl*. Special Mgrhy, ond EiCaptio/U ASBESTOS SHORTS OP WASTE. CONSISTING of MATEPiAi TESTING NOT more THANO 0 8 8. material certified iq test not more than o o a a (Rail) 340 bags ASBESTOS SHORTS OR WASTE. TESTING N0I OVER 0 0 8 8 (Truck) 21 palletIS) Car or Vehicle Initials 43,260 lbs. No. Clou or Chock to* Column Seal No. 0004021 5 0 7u i(' 'o Srcion of tOAd-' isns o' otc 'iti/f b-11 a1 !oS'^q. -I ih,} jhipnsf-, } ic jR' re'eO '0 'hf (Ons.gnee a. 'Aov1 r(E'i.". 'h ,he cons-q"C" V'fl'1 l.q' 'hr iollomg sio'e-rfr-- iKe iHaii "o' "air d*1-**1. r' 'hi* I hspme1' ' --lAiy1 pO , t"* n! gl 1' t g ' 1' 3 oil ofn*r la*-'.-- t^o-gt: WeiRht of pallets 777 lbs 44,037 lbs `S-gnoiM'd a a'p 't b* g'too.d i'amo se,f 'w b* p'rj-d TO BE PREPAID PHONE 91 5-563-- &i? -ed & --. lo apD'e n pi^COe"'**' -51 ih* pr0M"v deni btd tqif1:' BILL PREPAID FREIGHT TO: Montello Inc. 6106 E. 32nd Place Tulsa, OK 74135 Agent o Co REQUEST - OR apRuCauOn OF fbeewEiG-h OF PALLET PROVISIONS IN ACCORDANCE WITH GO EPNinG COVERING This ^hppmEN! theilOberTrOyfll 0f&Q'dhr Pi HE 1 l2D GRC^` WEiGi-1'___________________ _ies C torg s *drfliti THE DESCRIPTION AND WEIGHT INDICATED ON THIS Bill OF LADING ARE CORRECT. SUBJECT TO VERIFICATION BY THE TRANS I CONTI NENTAL FREIGHT BUREAU ACCORDING TO AGREEMENT A S361 wEiGH! of g'Ah f __ . iss FfiEiGHl CHARGES apfi ' r-.t. _ 10 s tHiS PAliE^tEt: Shipv- / hl: b;% C-I.VE0 AS a unii io FAC!l.,,Aff IOaDiNC anv jNlC-an.mG cnDEs nC CipCw'w^tanCE ; Aft[ SAGS 0* Cak10nS?OB` REvOvED CROM ?ahT$ jC- AC CS ma* Sj9.EC CaM'E 'C POSSiE.t C.Aiw a' C ES' 1 <a' G** t Tha libr* b<p*i ui*d fv Huy thip- maral <9ntrm lo Hta ypa<iltcaHono #l forrts eh a boi msltr't ctrlilicota Htarapn, avd alt oH>*r eaqui'amanh ol fful* At fho Unifornn Fraighl CisJsu Jkoliqrv__________________ ________ _ I rt Ig certify that H*w abov* ortrelai SF# propmi-ty dwcribad by end ar* porkad ond morkad end ar* in pfbp#' condition *pr irnrHpO<-*Olion occording to Hi* rOgutcptiont pr*<rib*d by Hia Inbarylata ComOiarra Cammiiilrgn ond Hi* (emmandaid of Coot* Guard. ., , N Hi* ihipfliaiil moyfi bat**n hvo pvH by 0 corriar by weler Hi* 1g* r*quir*t Hio* Hia bill a' Iqding ihcll 1*0* arhaHiar it it orri*r`i or thipptr i watghf ' 1 Shippar'y impnnl in >iaw of Kamp. n*1 a part of bill (d loding approved by Hia Inlartlo* Cornmart* ComAiaiiO" Not* - Whara Hi* rota '1 d*pand*nl on volu*. thippari gr* r*quir*cf lo tlota ipoc^itolly in wiiling *h* g'*d a' dalor*d volw* pf Hi* prop*r+y Tb* Oflraad O' danla'rd valu* of Ha property ti hgraby tpOcWcoIfy iiO*d by Hia ihpPe*r lo b* n*! i*dmg NOTE TO CACSIER BtU PREPAID CHARGES TQ-. Calickia CORPORATION ct' vt i<~ Per. Permanent posloHice addressVsi2shipper______ DISTRIBUTION DEPT. - 1 CCl 008/1M ^^ A, 0 V Per O. &OX K, King CXy. Ca. 93930 ,, Ageni. --------^ m^.. CugL. cj<^ *irrrr.----------y--- ----------- 'firM/3 9 Uj&iSiti'fern# STRAIGHT BILL OF LADING-SHORT FORM-ombwaunotniootiaiii Interstate Nome ol Coffer' RECEIVED. lubiecl >0 the c lasi-foolfom end lonHi in effort on rbe dal* of the ,siv* of ihn Q.H gl Coding Carrier's No. oz(K'(;r? Shipper's No. 1 1 1 0702QA At_ King City (Welby), Ca. A 64 19 From UNION CARBIDE CORPORATION METALS DIVISION <k< |'Opfrlt 4i(..bnj bth - . vce*>*n' fevd a.4#' *T'*pi 41 npfrf iwslenn <on<fri.on pi <o-rtMs <J ^tajai un(ro*n' mo'tfd. faiM.gr yd. qw( Bi TndKB'etf b'o- .haft ioid ca".*' :A* prd ro'rr b*-ng V+S*itlav4 'Svflhov* I p*'IO" 0' l#'*wl>v 0*1 10 0'hell b. svmrhv#h1.*a|1L4T Offrd ol< Iht If at o'L SO '.*1 mi g-xt ifend'i'O'Tv df pl *w O' tifvittep e, n sy p.OpP"r l*W fpnVwl1 0<p4f> tfl tf vol j.bfrrm, over all aiy po a* md >e-H* 0v-^41'- llimgtit 1.1 ei lod<~g * l*,r*` 'll "* Wmlorm tp .ft vrTVHjT plpr* ipj 4yl.,|'r si laid JV* ftO*>n .1 #n >*l * >0 *0 4'<Othar |arliar a# Pht 'out* >0 10id i*Hno 4ril,naf.o l .o<h pa-*T Bl any li*. Krlf'f Mod in *P r anT V ^ 'aprrty. *ol *M't i<rn<i k W poHe'inid N't^rdr F'a.ghr CtuJxo1.gr .n aFWtl an *> da< b#rpl. il Ail 4 <g.l g> o reil. .d**' itipmaN* 11 7 *I| 40fli*Dblr irplp renei dei Sh'W 0 0 0 01(Wilieei , tt,o< he -t IgmilKk' KiSfi all lh* "d fonJitiom el *h wild b'll o/ Ud.n^, vlirlF e) *0*4 " *tvi tall +bl tpl. til lo'lh in itia ibttififotion ' W-.A vtiK yo*fl tht l 4 n I f** |" o* hit shipment, and the said >Tmi and I 'a by H>* Th.gyr* and nifyitd Ip1 himt.yll and h-v ni|rtt Consigned io_______ Mattel 1 OjnC c/o Reeves Oil Field Services Destination________________ Eunice St0te______ Louisiana Customer's .Order No. Couniy 4332 Route Delivering Carrier Cor or Vehicle Initioh Package* (Cnd of Pocioge, Description erf Article*, Special Marks, and Exceptions ASBESTOS SHORTS OR waste. CONSISTING of MATERIAL TESTING NOT MORE rHANO-O-8 8 MATERIAL CERTifigQ TQ TEST Npr MORE Than 0-0 3 8. 840 21 bags pallt; tl85 SJOS SHORIS OS WASTE, testing not over 0-0-8 8 * Weight (Sub. <o Correction! 43,260 lbs Seol No. No. 00041 18 Ckm or lei* Check Column tobSfoubb|il4ll o>lo laSdftin'iOg,n if7 tohlij.cojhnipdmiliecmn' j,lia>bo cb:e delivered 'o it*e iovgn## vnihoui retouue oihne tfhoellowtoinnsgigilnagiet,m'hme conitgnct iholl i.gi- Th* carrier ihaIh noT mak* delivery o+ ibis jhipmen' wttKou1 poymBrsi o! fre>ghi and gi! oihr lo wl si I cbO'gek ASBESTOS SHORTS OR WASTE Weight of pallets ASBESTOS FIBRE. IN PACKAGES OR IN BULK 777 lbs 44,037 lbs Signplur* o1, Cony .g ncr If thorgej pr to be s/epo-o * stomp net# ' To be Pr*po*d TO BE PREPAID CALL 31i!-457-26l2 f-vfd S_ ip opolv m oteoOy'T'*ni g+ ihe charges he prooedy described h#r#on BILL PR!;PAID FREIGHT TO; Montello Inc. 6106 E. 32nd Place Tulsa, OK 74135 Agent pr Coth.* REOLESI application OF sPEEWEiGHf OF Pallet PROVISIONS in ACCORDANCE WH GOVEPNinO MeiPFS Covering ihiS shipment PAuE'iZEO GROSS w(CHi_ _LBS (The l<gnoiur# her* ocknowif tfgej ih* amount preco d Charge! Advanced THE DESCRIPTION AND WEIGHT INDICATED ON THIS BlU OF IA0ING ARE CORRECT. SUBJECT TO VERIFICATION BY THE TRANS - CONTI NENTAL FREIGHT BUREAU ACCORDING TO AGREEMENT A S34J weigh! OF :aliE'S _________ . LBS PQEJGnr Charges apply -- _L- B-S- THIS paliEti;ED Shipment has SEEN GluED as a unit to pach:,aTE loading and unloading unDER no circumstances are bags or cartons to be removed FROM PauEtS SUCH action may SUBJECT Carrier to POSSIBLE Claim a7 DStinatiQN ______________ ________ t tbrt beee> vied for Hiii h?p- mont conform lo The tpecifeahon* >el forth in Th* ba moker'k certificate thereon, and all other requirement ol Vule 41 of the Uniform Freight Clani- ficofion. . * Hit* a fo certify that the above article* ore properly d**criberf by name and are packed and marked of*d or* <n proper condition for Imntporlalion, according *o th# regulation! prescribed by the Interitote Commerce Commiiiion and the commondorH of Coo*l Guord. V the ihipfnerH move* between two parte by o carrier by water, the low regui'ef ihol the hill of lading inall itoto whether it il carrier't or fhipper i weight. ,. t Shipper'! imprint in lieu of stamp; net a port of bill ai loding approved by the Tnlerilote Cemmerc# Commenon. No!-where th* note i* dependen' on value, fbipperr are required la ilote *p*eKi<alty in writing the agreed or declored value of the property. The Agreed or deplored value oI the property il hereby lpecificolfy !tot*d by the !h,pper to be not fcceedtng NOTE TO CARRIER BlU PREPAID CHARGES TO; UNION CARBIDE CORPORATION METALS DIVISION ,^U- btf- t'Voa Per. 2 5^ P. . Ageni. PermonenJ posloffice oddres5*^rshipper DISTRIBUTION DEPT. - I Boi K. King CWy, Co. 93930 PURCHASE ORDER moktello, wa MB EAST Knr PLACE * TULSA, OKLAHOMA 74\M WOTS fBTSj 6551170 (24 KFj - TWX t1G-64S 333S 0?(,2<;8 N 4332 THIS NUMBER MUST APPEAR ON IN VOICES. B,Lr BUNDLES. CASES PACK tNG LISTS AND CORRESPONDENCE DATE June 28, 1984 Celtdrla Corporation P, 0. Box K King City, CA 93930 DATE W*>JTED "I July 6. 1984 TERMS j. Tol" " Ket 30 ...... -- - King City, CA Th.fts L Hontello, Inc., c/o Reeves Oilfield Services, J Eunice, SHIP VI* "" " Interstate - freight prepaid LA ~pbonc: 318/457^2612 0U*Nr!T , description PRICE AMOUN' 840 bags UK I VIS Pal let/wrapped SO# 5.75/bag 21.00/ton 4830.00 441.00 5271.00 4 / Verbal; Petri to Sewge Confirmation - 00 HOT DUPLICATE ' TOBM'SSO* a1 -jE ni `CRMS 0e,uM*W * j OeCQ t BY a^thorijed sign* runt I (I M 11 11 TWIT '' s- CAUTION v Contains Asbestos Fibers ^ ,-- v ? AToid^Creating Dust;' r'l 3reathin|fAsbestos Dust MayJpiause . .a-ya-'Va-- ^ *; *^?Li>^-J^r . .' . Serious Bodily HarnL^^ -" '-frT-iT&r H _J1*- r'A-f-.i-. ','vKt*-' V = n:.ij-j.,iivi nr-rt.'.'s . l.s t Amoco Production Company Amoco Qute.r.y P.O. Box KM Tulsa. CK.IoJw.i.a 7^101' tJV0''V7\ RH7TTE3 File: JWK-9-934.38 Hr. T. C. Borland Mr. R. M. Darling Mr. M. S. Kraemer - Houston New Orleans D'pnver Subject: Asbestos Dust Reference is cade to our letters of June 1, 1972, File: URF-103-934.38 and July 24, 1972, File: JKK-134, on the above subject and your various replies thereto. rWith regard to asbestos dust problems in connection with the use of asbestos as a drilling mud additive, we now have test information which indicates that Montello's exclusive vet-refined Super Visbestos and their much cleaner new granular form of Super Visbestos will perform well vithin the requirements of the OSHA regulations under the vidaly varying conditions found on drilling rigs. Tests have been conducted at four drilling sites, two of which were Amoco Production Company drilling locations. Site selections were based ou the desire to evaluate the broadest possible range of dumping environments, i.e., open air and enclosed. \. yfhe highest dust level measured during any of the seven dumping operations / tested was 1.9 fibers/ml. (cubic centimeter) greater than 5 microns in length. / TJ, s is only 192 of the value allowed under OSKA regulations. Time-weighted average values were calculated for all dumps on the basis of one dumping period per eight hour shift, A background exposure value of 0.3 fiber per ml. greater than 5 microns was assuned in these calculations. The highest TWA found in any of the dumps was 0,4 fibers/ml. greater than 5 microns. This is only 82 of the current OSHA allowed value and 20% of the projected value for 1976. ' As would be expected, the new granular product gave much less dust, i.e., 20-502, than the coarse ground Super Visbestos. The following summarizing points are worthy of special note as a result o: these tests: 1. All tests were performed on Montello's exclusive, wet processed asbestos products. The data and results, therefore, cannot be Messrs. Borland, Darling, Kraemer -2- January 24, 1973 020272 safely applied to any of the several dry ground asbestos products on the market. . 2. On all tests, the coarse ground Super Visbestos consistently fell well below the present OSHA regulations as to maximum ceiling limit of airborne peak, fiber concentration and fiber lengths and 8-hour cine weighted average. 3. The new granular Super Visbestos in the form of 1/8" pellets proved to be cleaner than the present regular Super Visbestos. 4. On no test did either product exceed even the much more strin gent TWA level to be imposed by OSHA in 1976. 5. Based on these extensive tests under varied conditions, no special breathing apparatus would be required when running either Montello's regular Super Visbestos or the much cleaner new granular Super Visbestos. * For your information Standard of Indiana's Industrial Hygiene personnel have reviewed all of the test results and have concurred with the conclu sions stated above. Should you so desire, I am sure th3t Montello's Mr. Kenneth N, Campbell, P. 0. Box 130, Sand Springs, Oklahoma, 74083, would be glad to furnish you a copy of the complete report covering the field tests conducted at the four drilling locations. Vrhile the above indicates you can safely mix wet processed Super Visbestos into drilling mud systems, airborne fiber conditions resulting from the use of the several dry ground asbestos products which are being marketed for use as drilling mud additives are still unknown. Should you desire to utilize such products it very definitely would be in order to conduct on-site tests where such additives are being utilized. Please advise this office suf ficiently in advance so that necessary information can be secured and furnished on sampling procedures or arrangements made with Industrial Hygiene for needed air monitoring and necessary sample collection. / cc: Mr. L. E. Elkins'/ Mr. Owen B. Rowley Mr. H. 0. Boswell Mr. H. H. Young, Jr. UNION CARBIDE CORPORATION MINING & METALS (DIVISION P.O. BOX 579 NIAGARA FALLS, N.Y. 14302 TEL: 716-285-3311 October 10, 1972 020273 Dr. J. T, Siedlecki Standard Oil of Indiana 910 South Michigan Avenue Chicago, Illinois 60680 Dear Dr. Siedlecki; As you know, airborne dust samples were collected September 27, 1972 for Amoco Oil Company at Fault Block 253, 6 miles from County Line, Oklahoma. Portions of each of the 6 samples collected have been 'shipped to your attention. Our fiber counts will be done in accordance with the Bayer, Zummalde and Brown method of counting asoestos fibers by phase contrast microscopy (2/69). We will report fibers/milliliter greater than 5 microns in length. The filter area of our MiIIipore Filters is 855 mm^, volumes of air for each sample are as follows: #4 - 41.0 Liters #16 - 51.0 Liters #5 - 42.5 Liters #25 - 45.6 Liters #6 - 39.6 Liters #37 - 47.4 Liters We would appreciate the return of the six cartridges upon completion of testing. 2 L! h a/ -' 1/ J3S if we can bo of any assistar.co please let us knew. Very truIy yours, Customer Service Representative /cvb cc: Mr. K. CampbeiI 020274 > = ^ 3 3 3 ( 3 3 (3 3 ) August 2, 1968 Mr. Hue11 Has DC Drilling Mud Company 8400 West Loop South P. 0. Box 82605 Houston, Texas---77027 Dear Hus11i You are absolutely right. Z vill personally talcs all the blane for ths foul-up in ths Vast Texas area. Our repre sentatives war's instructed by letter (copy to you) to follow your instructions In dealing with DC personnel. Since February 19$7 both DC and Montello have had changes In personnel. Vs evidently did not properly infom our new personnel. We have checked Into this situation and find three cases of gross disregard by our representatives and war^iouseaen of your instructions of February 7, 1967. v CficU <2 O- 4? Situation Ho. It A well recently drilled In the Hew Mexico area--called for Super Visbesto*--you had none------ Montello had 1,200 sacks In Monahans, tegular asbestos was noved to location---operator specified Super Ylsbestos------ DC picked up save and noved to location. lhia got you out of a not water spot---wc thought we did you a favor. This was our fsult. Three days after material was picked up. Send Springs office received paper work. Your Hew Mexico distributor was billed in error. When we dis covered this error, we reoalled the involoe lsaaediately and billed DC,, Situation Ho. ttt A railroad car at Ft. 8toeAon unloading at Baroid. Our nan and INC nan sailed the railroad agent and instructed bin to spot this car at your Ft. Stockton warehouse. Wa thought this situation was 0JLs with Houston. XMC had two wells requesting Ylsbestos--yolFhad none in stock at Ft. Stockton. Thought we were doing DC a favor--- we goofed---this was also our fsult. Situation Ho, 3s Railroad car unloading at Monahans st Baroid---DC needed Ylsbestos ss per custoaer request. You had none--the warehouse price was 10d/lb.---the carload price, nlnlmm 500 sacks was ,0625H/lb, plus freight. This transaction saved DC |625.00 plus it nsde it possible for DC to fulfill the request to their valued cuatoaers. Thought this was also s favor to DC rp rr\ 020275 Mr. Buell Han -2- August S, 1966 but this m alto our fault* Many tine* our salesman do not know of warehouse shipments until they receive their oopy of our invoice to the customer, inee we attempt, in most eases, to keep our warehouse sepa rated fro* our aalea force. Warehouse personnel chance quite often---they usually work on a callout basis only. We have again informed all salesnen personnel and warehouse personnel that your (XWC) wishes of February T 1967 are atill in force. Wow we hope and pray they will pay attention. Rue11., we are very proud to announce that all Vlsbostoa and Super Visbestos now being aarketed by Montell, Inc. is pro cessed and produced by Onion Carbide Corporation. Oils new Visbestos is dOjf none effective than other asbestos products now offered to the drilling mid industry. Super Visbestos (pelletised) is twice as effective, one-haIf as bulky and yield's ten tines faster than the regular asbestos products. we art sure that IMC want# to furnish their valued customers, the operator) the very best, the nost effective and the most economical products available. If so, they can only furnish then with Visbestos and Super Visbestos as nanufactored by Union Carbide Corporation. Thank you for reading this far. We trust that you had an enjoyable vacation. We hope that ve can continue to serve you in the future and will be favored by your very valuable business* Sincerely, MQWTELLO, BC. Harry X. Wyatt HMtfiJs Operations Managers C. P. Loueks Doyle Waller Jack Laidlaw 020276 ALL AREA MANAGERS - DISTRICT MANAGERS - WAREHOUSEMEN - ENGINEERS R. N. Davidson July 25, 196S VISBESTOS AND SUPER VISBESTOS f It has been brought to my attention that there seems to be an increasing number of requisitions for the above two products, several of which have, again, been ''after the Pj\ fact" requisitions. These are not our principallv approved products of this type. Instructions have been issued ` ----------- --------------------------------- ~ ........................... ..............-- ----- ; - J v w -- >* * w. sit ion-must have the written approval of the Operations Managers and still further approval, if granted, by the Houston Purchasing" Agent. ' 1" Also, effective immediately, .1 requisitions for Visbestos will be filled with Flosal, litre ss written" approval tor VTs bes ttTsT per" se , tB" received--from your uper'ations Manager . Fiiral approval" OrT ttins "is still Subject ro approval by nueil Ham and will be filled in most cases through transfers rather than additional purchases. Lastly, Montello has been officially notified that absolutely no field orders are to be accepted on ANY product which they sell. D.O not attempt to place any field orders for any /7j Montello product no matter what the circumstances may be. We will, recommend- that anyone violating this lose his authority to requisition anything. RND/bbm R. N. Davidson os* ACCUUVT NO TO 1 1IITJU L/rVILLTJTTJ T UU INTERNATIONAL MINERALS & r'^MICAL CORPORATION PURCHASE ORDEIf P.Q. BOX :?6Q'j HOUSTON. t <*" ', ''020277 _v f^aCMASC 0&S NO. Of; NO , out Joe Plemons' 8-20-68 M-OuI?5;1i 7.1 MONTELLO INCORPORATED P. 0. Box 1046 Sand Springs, Oklahoma SHIP TO - AQQRr^t PRINTED A40VE UNLESS O T - E fl * . S iN'5-;av0 IMC Drilling Mud International Minerals & Chemical Corp, Fort Stockton, Texas TCRMS 2% 10, Net 30 "smipP|*C OatE it __ PROMPTLY _ SHPprN^ TnSTRLm'HONS . P & SF Delivery | t t* M N0 QUANTITY Fica Shipping Point s*;f. r : >j.- jir*r .jt-, f / C, - . * ' f'l 1. 800/50# 1 VISBESTOS, Regular : Plus Prepaid Freight i Plus Stopover Charge f 125.00/Ton!1 1,20/cwt : 24.00 Confirming Ham - Campbell, 8-19-68, DO NOT DUPLICATE HH/oe J. VENDOR occe/'.'i-.c.-> eery rr".' > - n . - i.* iz ' FORM 0-Z0 E REV. I ! PRT D IN U.S *. ACOUUNT NO TO INTERNATIONAL MINERALS & ^ WCAL CORPORATION PO BO* HOUSTON. :uii 02027* ^ . N; b' iTt Joe Plemons 8-20-68 PURCHASE ORDER ' LichAse oioti no ;r :\j. r- - ^ 7 - MONTELLO INCORPORATED P. 0. Box 1046 Sand Springs, Oklahoma SHIP TO - iOOWi P*'NT0 ABOVi UNwCSS < tHV.ibt IMG Drilling Mud International Minerals & Chemical Corp. Fort Stockton, Texas TERMS 2% 10, Net 30 fiHlPPi U* A* E % _ PROMPTLY "V^ I ** r is INS "TiOS^ P fc SF Delivery 'nQM OUANTITy rJ(a Shipping Point . ...... .... tT 1. 800/50# ; VISBESTOS, Regular s{ j Plus Prepaid Freight j , Plus Stopover Charge 1; f1 1 j Confirming Ham - Campbell, 8-19-68. .125.00/Ton1 1.20/cwt 24,00 ; I DO NOT DUPLICATE HH/oe I1 I. VENDOR FORM 0-J06 REV, <<- PRT'D JN U 3 A IHTEINATIONAL MIKERAIS 1 CHEMICAL CORPORAIION PURCHASE ORDER 0. Box 22605, Houston, Texas 77027 QXU'17S i VEHOOI fs-tftw 0-JO* 1t>* 'R C fN hl-t.A. The rtsc*>r.'?os;{'> epy ' ' * ' M .? rf-. FOftW 0"JO* Rtv. ll-e PM C IN WS I Wt VOLU cc for j. l. W. C. Thurber File bcc: Ken Campbell tfafidriit/raiurvroe ""jBlOE CORPORATION Hontello}v/^ agara Falls, N.Y. 14302 020281 By E. J. Kleber Date 9-24-74 Full Nome Shell Oil various locations near Address Traverse City, HI Mfrs. of Interviewed Bob Jones - Regional Industrial Hygienist Claude Osborn - Safety Director, Mich. Drilling Larry Kinney - Klnco Inc. (Montello agent) OBJECTIVES Conduct air sampling tests at drilling rigs during the addition of NGSV to muds. OBSERVATIONS" Air samples were collected at 3 Shell Oil drilling sites and the results will be reported In the next couple of weeks. This report deals with discussions on Shell's policies and observations regarding asbestos. First, some background on Hr. Jones. He Is a certified industrial hygienist (certified hygenlsts are the "royalty" of their profession) who has experience in most areas of Industrial hygiene. He toiled for many years in Kentucky as a state hygenlst, where he had a tiff with, of all people, Dr. Sellkoff over something In the Kentucky coal mines. It would be fair to say that Hr. Jones has a very low opinion of the good doctor. He agrees that the asbestos and health question has been blown way out of proportion, but he intends to see that rules laid down In the health and safety area are adhered to. In short, he sympathizes with our plight and will put in a good word only if the tests prove to be within the acceptable Halts. Mr. Jones made some connents during the day that are worth while noting: 1. At the warehouse - the first thing we did upon arrival was inspect the pallets. Incidentally, rfrom a distance, the pallets appear to be quite neat, sitting as they were in a corner of the warehouse. Up close however the picture changes. In almost every bag there was approximately 1-4 tablespoons of the mini-pellets laying In the sleeve. As soon as the bags are handled, the pellets dribble out to the floor. He also noted that a thin layer of dust was present on every bag and as soon as the bag was moved some of It became airborne. This layer of dust problem became even more evident when one of the men loading the bags held the bag against his chest while waiting for an opportunity to set it down. When the bag was put down the mans shirt was covered with white dust. Mr. Jones commented that every time the man moved or touched his shirt he certainly was releasing asbestos fiber in the air near his breathing zone. \ \ I V I S*V\ L. L. cc for J. L. Kyers V. C. Thurber File bcc: Ken Campbell &lifidHifjtaBjrt'roe Muin*. '''JBIDE CORPORATION (Montello)^/ agora Fa I Is, N.Y 14302 020281 By E. 0. Kleber Date 9-24-74 FuI I Name Shell Oil various locations near Address Traverse City, MI Mfrs. of I ntervIewed Bob Jones - Regional Industrial Hygienist Claude Osborn - Safety Director, Mich. Drilling Larry Kinney - Klnco Inc. (Montello agent) OBJECTIVES Conduct air sampling tests at drilling rigs during the addition of NGSV to muds. OBSERVATIONS' Air samples were collected at 3 Shell Oil drilling sites and the results will be reported in the next couple of weeks. This report deals with discussions on Shell's policies and observations regarding asbestos. First, some background on Mr. Jones. He is a certified industrial hygienist (certified hygenlsts are the "royalty" of their profession) who has experience In most areas of industrial hygiene. He tolled for many years in Kentucky as a state hygenlst, where he had a tiff with, of all people, Dr. Selikoff over something In the Kentucky coal mines. It would be fair to say that Mr. Jones has a very low opinion of the good doctor. He agrees that the asbestos and health question has been blown way out of proportion, but he Intends to see that rules laid down in the health and safety area are adhered to. In short, he sympathizes with our plight and will put In a good word only if the tests prove to be within the acceptable Halts. Mr. Jones made some comments during the day that are worth while noting: 1. At the warehouse - the first thing we did upon arrival was Inspect the pallets. Incidentally, ;from a distance, the pallets appear to be quite neat, sitting as they were in a corner of the warehouse. Up close however the picture changes. In almost every bag there was approximately 1-4 tablespoons of the mini-pellets laying In the sleeve. As soon as the bags are handled, the pellets dribble out to the floor. He also noted that a thin layer of dust was present on every bag and as soon as the bag was moved some of it became airborne. This layer of dust problem became even more evident when one of the men loading the bags held the bag against his chest while waiting for an opportunity to set it down. When the bag was put down the mans shirt was covered with white dust. Mr. Jones ccxmented that every time the man moved or touched his shirt he certainly was releasing asbestos fiber in the air near his breathing zone. \ 4 Report of Call Shell CHI -2- 0202U2 9-24-74 It cap be safely assumed that this white dust Is asbestos, since our products are the only material presently In the warehouse. They were put there directly , from one of our rail cars. Air samples were taken during the warehouse operation. 2. At the drilling sites - to make a long story short the handling of our products by the "Roughnecks* (honest, that's what the laborers are called) Is nothing short of atrocious. Eag opening on two of the three rigs was accomplished by punching the bags with a chisel until the weight of the pellets on the Inside of the bag causes the bag to break the rest of the way and In 10 seconds 50 pounds are sitting In the hopper. Bag disposal Is non-exlstant unless a stiff wind begins blowing them about. Then they will pick the bags up and toss them in a pit dug In the ground for trash disposal. Otherwise they'll sit on the ground next to the hopper until shift clean-up. 3. Political aspects - there is an unusual relationship In the oil fields that needs some explaining. An oil company does not own the drilling rigs. The rigs are hired on a contract basis and sometimes communication between the 011 company and the rig company Is not very good. Shell feels responsible for on-the-job safety and apparently any OSHA citations and/or fines, become Shell's responsibility. One of the major problems Shell has is the education of these employees who are not working directly for then. The handling of asbestos Is a prime example. According to Claude Osborne they have been: told time and time again to excerise care when handling these products. This approach does not seem to be wokklng. The biggest stumbling block of all is medical exams. Although Shell does have a comprehensive edlcal program, they are not about to pay for X-rays of thousands of people who do not work for them. It all bolls down to the kind of numbers we get from these tests. If Shell feels they don't have to pay for exams we have a chance. If, however, medical exams are Indicated, I suspect they will forbid.the use of New Granular.Super Ylsbestos. There Is one more factor of note. The Industrial hygienists in the oil Industry seem to have excellent communications with one another. It would, there fore not be suprising to find one company make a decision and others follow the lead. RECOMMENDED ACTION Report results of fiber counts to Montello as soon as possible and stay in touch with Bob Jones on the outcome of their counts. typed 9/27/74 ml v Report of Cell Shell Oil -2- 9-24-74 It cep be safely assumed that this white dust Is asbestos, since our products are the only material presently In the warehouse. They were put there directly . from one of our rail cars. Air samples were taken during the warehouse operation. 2. At the drilling sites - to make a long story short the handling of our products by the "Roughnecks* {honest, that's what the laborers are called) Is nothing short of atrocious. Bag opening on two of the three rigs was accomplished by punching the bags with a chisel until the weight of the pellets on the Inside of the bag causes the bag to break the rest of the way and In 10 seconds 50 pounds are sitting In the hopper. Bag disposal Is non-exlstant unless a stiff wind begins blowing them about. Then they will pick the bags up and toss them In a pit dug In the ground for trash disposal. Otherwise they'll sit on the ground next to the hopper until shift clean-up. 3. Political aspects - there Is an unusual relationship In the oil fields that needs some explaining. An oil company does not own the drilling rigs. The rigs are hired on a contract basis and sometimes communication between the 011 company and the rig company Is not very good. Shell feels responsible for on-the-job safety and apparently any OSHA citations and/or fines: become Shell's responsibility. One of the major problems Shell has Is the education of these employees who are not working directly for then. The handling of asbestos Is a prime example. According to Claude Osborne they have been told time and time again to excerise care when handling these products. This approach does not seem to be wokklng. The biggest stumbling block of all Is medical exams. Although Shell does have a comprehensive medical program, they are not about to pay for X-rays of thousands of people who do not work for them. It all bolls down to the kind of numbers we get from these tests. If Shell feels they don't have to pay for exams we have a chance. If, however, medical exams are Indicated, I suspect they will forbid.the use of New Granular.Super Ylsbestos. There Is one more factor of note. The Industrial hygienists in the oil Industry seem to have excellent cotnnunlcations with one another. It would, there fore not be suprising to find one company make a decision and others follow the lead. RSCOMENDED ACTION Report results of fiber counts to Montello as soon as possible and stay In touch with Bob Jones on the outcome of their counts. typed 9/27/74 tnlv UNION CARBIDE COfiPORAUON * MINING k METALS DIVISION P.O, BOX STB NIAGARA FALLS, N. T. 14)02 TEL: m-Zmm November 18, 1974 Mr. Kenneth Campbell Monte!lo, Inc. P. 0. Box 130 Sand Springs, OK 74063 Dear Ken.- Enclosed are two copies of the results of our air sampling tests conducted near Kalkaska, Michigan on September 23, 1974, The numbers, while somewhat higher than previous tests, are neither outrageously large nor, frankly, surprising. In previous tests, sack handling was done by oil company engineers, while in this test all handling was done by on-site personnel. This factor almost certainly Is the reason for the higher fiber counts. As always, if we can answer any questions regarding the tests or any other matter, please do not hesitate to call either Harry Rhodes or me. Best regards, EJK:cjb Enclosures CC: H. B. Rhodes 020294 AIRBORNE FIBER COUNTS for Shell Oil Company At Various Locations Near Traverse City, Michigan November 18, 1974 Samples Collected And Analyzed By: E. J. Kleber Union Carbide Corporation Union Carbide Corporation Mining and Metals Division Niagara Falls, New York OBJECTIVES 020285 Determine the concentrations of airborne asbestos fiber generated during the use of New Granular Supervisbestos at a number of Shell Oil Company drilling rigs. OPERATIONS MONITORED Air Samples were collected September 24, 1974 at three drilling sites on Shell Oil properties known as Cactus #16, Cactus #21, and Cedco #37. 25 sacks weighing 50 pounds each were dumped at each location. DESCRIPTION OF LOCATIONS AND SAMPLES COLLECTED 1. Cactus #16 - This location featured a mixing hopper with top about 3-1/2 ft. above the ground. Sacks were transported from the back of a truck located approximately 20 ft. from the hopper (Figure 1). Nine air samples were collected at this location; environmental (stationary) samples located 3-1/2 ft. off the ground, 7 ft. downwind from the hopper, were taken before the test, during the first dumping operation, between operations, during the second dump, and after the tests were complete. Personal breathing zone samples were collected from both operators during each of the two dumping operations. Sampling time included transportation of the sacks from truck to hopper, a distance of approxi mately 20 ft. 12 sacks were dumped in the first operation and 13 in the second. 2. Cactus #21 - The drilling rig operation was essentially similar to Cactus #16 with one exception. Asbestos was added to a hopper which was located in a mud house approximately 7 ft. x 7 ft. x 6 ft. The mud house was open on three sides, however, and the breeze was blowing throughout the test (Figure 2). Eight samples were collected at this location. Environmental (stationary) samples were collected 3 ft. from the hopper in the mud house during the first dumping operation; one between operations, one during the second dump and one after the completion of the operation. Personal breathing zone samples were collected from both operators during each dump. As in Cactus #16, sampling time included transportation of the sacks from truck to hopper, a distance of approxi mately 30 ft. 12 sacks were dumped in the first operation, and 13 in the second. 3. Cedco #37 - The drilling operation was essentially to Cactus #16 in that the hopper was outside and entirely exposed to the elements (Figure 3). One major difference in this test was that all 25 sacks were dumped at once. Three samples were collected at this rig. An environmental, located over the hopper, was collected upon completion of dumping. One had been attempted during dumping, * but mud "blow back" spurted up from the hopper and destroyed the filter. Personal breathing zone samples were collected from both operators during the dump. All 25 sacks were dumped at one time in this operation and, again, sampling time included sack transportation, a distance of approximately 20 ft. GENERAL CLIMATIC CONDITIONS . The test at Cactus #16 was marred by a sporadic light rain. The day improved slowly to scattered clouds by the time the tests ended. Temperatures hovered around 50 all day with a very gusty wind 10-25 mph. 2- - 02028*; EQUIPMENT AND PROCEDURE Sampling and dust counting were carried out in accordance with OSHA Regulation 1910.93a, using the Bayer, Zummalde and Brown method for counting asbestos fibers by phase contrast microscopy (Bureau of Occupational Safety and Health, Feb. 1969). Battery-powered air pumps (M.S.A. type) calibrated to 2 liters per minute were used to collect personal breathing zone and environmental samples on millipore membrane filters of 0.8 micron porosity. Fiber counting was performed on a Vicker's phase contrast microscope at 400X utilizing a Porton reticle for sizing and field definition. TEST RESULTS Reported as fibers greater than 5 microns in length per cubic centi meter of air sampled. A fiber is defined as a material having an aspect ratio greater than 3:1. INTERPRETATION The OSHA regulations have been established with a limit of 5 fibers greater than 5 microns in length per cubic centimeter of air sampled on an 8- hour time-weighted average (TWA). The formula + C^Tg + CnTn describes ----------- -------- ^------------------- time-weighted average where C = fiber count in fibers/cc and T = time. The 8-hour time-weighted averages calculated below have been based on the assumption that New Granular Supervisbestos will be dumped only once a day. Also, due to a lack of sampling time available, environmental samples have been used in place of the normal personal breathing zone samples. They are noted and explained in each calculation. 1. Cactus #16 Calculations based on two personal breathing zones samples for each operator (M-9 and M-24 for David Kniss and M-8 and M-23 for Carl Wind) and two environmental samples (M-7 and M-20). Sample MI-20, taken after completion of the test, was used to approximate the exposure during the bulk of the day. A) David Kniss (3.7H5) + (0.41(15) + f 2,2) (6) + (0.2)(464) 480 = 0.27 fibers/cc TWA B) Carl Wind (5.7)(5) f (0.4H15) + (3.9)(6) + (0.2)(454) 480 = 0,31 fibers/cc TWA -3 020287 2. Cactus #21 Calculations based on two personal breathing zone samples for each operator (M-16 and H-8 for Don Gustafson and M-22 and D-45 for Mike Jewett) and two environmental samples (M-18 and 1-8). Sample 1-8, taken after completion of the test, was used to approximate the exposure during the bulk of the day. A) Don Gustafson (6-7)(9) + (0.3)(20) + (2.1)(9) (Q.3)(442l 480 * 0.45 fibers/cc TWA B) Mike Jewett (8,3)(9) + (0.3)(20) + (2.31(9) + (0,3)(442) 480 = 0.49 fibers/cc TWA 3. (fedco #37 Calculations based on one personal breathing zone sample for each operator (1-37 for Donald Thompson and J-23 for George Arnott) and one environmental sample (M-21) which was used as exposure for the bulk of the day. A) Donald Thompson (1.9)05) + (0.41(465) 480 =0.45 fibers/cc TWA B) George Arnott (0.7)05) + (0.4)(465) 480 = 0.41 fibers/cc TWA SUMMARY OF FIBER COUNTS 020288 Sample No. M-14 M-9 M-8 M-5 M-7 M2 4 M-23 M-25 M-20 H-16 M- 22 Samp!ing Time 13 min. 5 min. 5 min. 6 min. 5 min. 6 min. 6 min. 7 min. 13 min. 9 min. 9 min. Description__________________ _ Fibers/cc >5x Cactus #16 Environmental - Located 3-1/2 ft. off ground, 7 ft. downwind from hopper prior to test. 0.1 Personal - Operator (David Kniss) transporting 6 bags of New Granular Supervisbestos (NGSV) from truck to hopper and dumping them in. 3.7 Personal - Operator (Carl Wind) transporting 6 sacks of NGSV from truck to hopper and dumping them in. Sample run simultaneously with M-9. 1.4 Environmental - Located in same position as M-14 during first test (M-8 and M-9). 1.8 Environmental - Located in same position as M-14 between runs. 0.4 Personal - Operator (David Kniss) transporting 6 sacks NGSV from truck to hopper and dumping. Sampling time includes trans porting empty sacks to pit, a distance of about 30 ft. 2.2 Personal - Operator (Carl Wind) transporting 7 sacks NGSV from truck to hopper and dumping. Sampling time includes transporting empty sacks to pit, a distance of about 30 ft. Sample run simultaneously with M-23. 3.9 Environmental - Same location as M-14 during second test (M-23 and M-24). 1.3 Environmental - Same location as M-14 after test. 0.2 Cactus #21 Personal - Operator (Don Gustafson) transporting 6 sacks NGSV from truck to mud house and dumping them in. 6.7 Personal - Operator (Mike Jewett) transporting 6 sacks NGSV from truck to mud house and dump ing. Sample run simultaneously with M-16. 8.3 Sunnary of Fiber Counts - Continued Sample No. M-17 M-18 H-8 D-45 K-n 1-8 1-37 J-23 M-21 Sampling Time 10 min. 20 min. 9 min. 9 min. 8 min. 13 min. 15 min. 15 min. 13 min. Description Fibers/cc >5^ - Environmental - Located in mud house, 5-1/2 ft. off floor, 3 ft. from hopper during test (M-22 and M-16). 0.4 Environmental - Same location as M-17 between tests. 0.3 Personal - Operator (Don Gustafson) trans porting 7 sacks NGSV to mud house and dumping. 2.1 Personal - Operator (Mike Jewett) trans porting 6 sacks NGSV to mud house and dumping. Sample run simultaneous with H-8. 2.3 Environmental - Same position as M-17 during test (0-45 and H-8). 1.6 Environmental - Same position as M-17 after test. 0.3 Cedco #37 Personal - Operator (Donald Thompson) hauling 13 sacks NGSV from truck to hopper and dumping. 1.9 Personal - Operator (George Arnott) hauling 12 sacks NGSV from truck to hopper and dumping. 0.7 Environmental - Located directly over the hopper, after test. 0.4 FIGURE 1 020'J5J0 Disposal Pit CACTUS 16 FIGURE 2 020291 CACTUS 21 FIGURE 3 Mud Additives Storage Area CEDCO 37 THE DISCOVERY COMPANY March 25, 1969 Mr. Kenneth N. Campbell Montello, Incorporated P. 0. Box 1046 Sand Springs, Oklahoma Dear Ken: I appreciate your recent letters on the labeling on our bags and the sales activity with Super Visbestos. With respect to the first item I discussed this with Harry in your absence and, frankly, our purpose in including this label was to remind our customers that the presence of air borne dust could be a problem and adequate precautions should be taken. Our Medical and Legal Departments also advised us to include such a notice not only for our own protection, but also for the sake of the customer, I agree that we should have advised you sooner on this, and I apologize for not doing so. Actually, the wording on this label is the most innocuous that we could devise and in essence it merely reminds people to follow good practices which, for the most part, they are following anyway. In respect to how to respond to your customers it would be my suggestion that you follow the same approach we have taken. That being that this is a reminder to take proper precautions to minimize dusty environments, particularly with the increasing concern (and possible legislation) over air pollution and dust control. I do not know whether any of the other asbestos producers will mark their bags in a similar manner, but our position with respect to this is that we feel we should take a leadership role here and if they care to follow, fine. I realize that your use situation is quite a bit different than most in that the material is used out in a drilling rig in the open air miles from nowhere, but, again, I believe a precautionary notice is worthwhile. We do not feel we should eliminate the label from the bag s. UNION CARBIDE CORPORATION CHEMICALS AND PLASTICS 270 PARK AVENUE, N.Y..N.Y. 10017 Mr. Kenneth N, Campbell -2- March 25, 1969 With regard to the Super Visbeatos sales, again Harry and 1 discussed this briefly. Our whole intent was to bring this condition to your attention. I am sure that you are just as anxious to promote this product as we are and if we can help in any way we want to do so, I am enclosing a copy of the Directory of Marine Drilling Rigs by Ocean Industries which may be of interest to you and Harry. It has been some time since we got together and probably we are due for another session in a month or so, I will look forward to a visit to Tulsa to review our plans and programs. WSY/ds Enc... cc: Mr. Harry Wyatt Walter S, Young, Jr. Market Manager Calidria Asbestos 020Z05 AIRBORNE ASBEST OS A Report Prepared by the Committee on Biologic Effects of Atmospheric Pollutants ' of the Division of Medical Sciences, National Research Council National Academy of Sciences National Academy of Engineering Washington, D.C. 1971 Committee on Biologic Effects of Atmospheric Pollutants, Division of Medical Sciences, National Research Council: 020<J0> Dr. Arthur B. DuBois, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Chairman Mr. Vinton W. Bacon, College of Applied Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin Dr. Anna M. Baetjer, Department of Environmental Medicine, School of Hygiene and Public Health, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland Dr. W. Clark Cooper, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California Dr. Morton Corn, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Dr. Bertram D. Dinman, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan Dr. Leon Golberg, Institute of Experimental Pathology and Toxicology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York Dr. Paul B. Hammond, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota Dr. Samuel P. Hicks, Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan Dr. Victor G. Laties, Department of Radiation Biology and Biophysics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York Dr. Abraham M. Lilienfeld, Department of Chronic Diseases, School of Hygiene and Public Health, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 020^97 Committee on Biologic Effects of Atmospheric Pollutants, Division of Medical Sciences, National Research Council (cont'd,): *> Dr. Paul Meier, Biomedical Computation Facilities, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois Dr. James N, Pitts, Jr., Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California Dr, Gordon J. Stopps, Haskell Laboratory, E. I. duPont de Nemours and Company, Newark, Delaware , Dr. 0. Clifton Taylor, Department of Horticulture, University of . California, Riverside, California Dr. Jaroslav J. Vostal, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York Executive Director, T. D. Boaz, Jr., M.D. a Panel on Asbestos: 020238 Dr, W, Clark Cooper, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, Chairman Dr. Lewis J. Cralley, Bureau of Occupational Health and Safety, Division of Epidemiology and Special Services, U. S. Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio Dr. Benjamin G. Ferris, Jr., Department of Physiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts Dr. Paul Gross, Industrial Hygiene Foundation, Inc., Pittsburgh Pennsylvania Mr. Duncan A- Holaday, Occupational Health Field Station, Salt Lake City, Utah Dr. Irving J. Selikoff, Environmental Sciences Laboratory, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York Dr, George W. Wright, Medical Research Department, St. Luke's Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio . Dr. Samuel P. Hicks, Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, Associate Editor Dr. T. D. Boaz, Jr., Division of Medical Sciences, National Research Council, Washington, D.C,, Staff Officer 4 PREFACE 020299 Vb V W 'IM V ------ww V * . * w_l. u ^'V MW MM M -- ^ II UIV UM I M V"w V`MI MM.M > annual production has grown from a few thousand tons in 1900 to over 3 121 ' million tons in 1968. Annual consumption in the United States averaged nearly 800,000 tons during the period 1965-1969Tbe potential of asbestos as a hazard to health has been the subject of a number of reviews in recent years. 22,19,60, lSfc.UT.lW, Ifc8,l68 Although it has been known for a half-century that persons who inhaled large amounts of asbestos dust in the course of their work sometimes developed disabling or fatal fibrosis of the lungs, it has been only within the last three decades that other serious effects, such as cancer, have been associated with occupational exposures. Recently, the likelihood of exposure of the public at large to asbestos has been recognized and has led to a demand for more rigorous control of asbestos emissions into the atmosphere. "Asbestos" is a generic term for a number of hydrated silicates that, when crushed or processed, separate into flexible fibers made up of fibrils. Although there are many asbestos minerals, only six are of commercial importance: chrysotile, a tubular serpentine mineral, accounts for 95 of the world's production; the others, all aaphiboles, are amosite, crocidolite, onthophyllite, trenolite, and actinolite. The asbestos minerals differ in their metallic elemental content, range of fiber diameters, flexibility or harshness, tensile strength, surface properties, and other vii s 02CKj00 attributes that determine their industrial uses and may affect their respirability, deposition, retention, translocation, and biologic reactivity. / This report (l) summarizes the major evidence of the pathogenicity of asbestos in man and animals, (2) summarizes the evidence of human nonoccu- pational exposure to asbestos, (3) evaluates the evidence of a health risk associated vith various degrees and types of exposure, (M identifies sources of environmental contamination by asbestos, and (5) offers recommendations concerning the need for and feasibility of control measures. V. Clark Cooper Chairman . CONTENTS OZOCJOl Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 1j Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 , ?! Pathogenicity' of Asbestos................................... 1 Evidence of Hunan Nonoccupational Exposures.......................................................... 11 Estimation of Risk in Nonoccupational Exposures.............. ........................... ....................... l6 Sources of Asbestos Fibers in Ambient Air...................................................... ......................... 21 Principles of Control...................................... 26 Research Needs.......................................................... 30 Conclusions and Recommendations..................... 32 References.................. ........................................ 31* i CHAPTER 1 PATHOGENICITY OF ASBESTOS . 020302 The effects of fibers in biologic systems may result not only from the properties of the fibers themselves, but also from contamination vith inorganic or organic substances that occur naturally or are added during mining, milling, processing, shipping, or use. Contaminants acquired from the atmosphere or in the respiratory tract may be carried on the surface of fibers. Fibers may act as cofactors; conversely, their action may be modified by other cofactors. PATHOGENICITY IN MAN The proven or suspected effects of asbestos minerals on human health include nonmalignant changes, such as pulmonary and pleural fibrosis, and several types of malignancy, notfhly of the lung, pleura, and peritoneum. Nearly all the positive evidence of an association betveen asbestos and human disease has come from occupational groups. Vith fev exceptions, these have consisted of vorkers engaged in the mining and milling of asbestos, the manufacture of asbestos-containing products (such as textiles and construction materials), and the application and * removal of asbestos-containing insulating materials. Asbestosis Asbestosis, or asbestotic pneumoconiosis, was the first clearly demon strated adverse effect of asbestos in man. It is characterized by a pattern of rocntgonographic changes in the lung consistent vith diffuse interstitial fibrosis of variable degree and at times vith fibrosis and calcification of the pleura; clinical changes that include fine rales. i 020303 finger clubbing, and shortness of breath, each of which may be absent in an individual case; and physiologic changes consistent with a restrictive lung disorder. The first published mention of a case, in a man vho had worked for 10 years in the carding room of an asbestos factory, was by H. .Montague Murray in 1907.Cooke reported a second case in 1924^ and in 1927 provided a more detailed description,^ in which the term "asbestosis" was first used. In 1930, Merewether^? revieved the salient features of the disease end the environmental exposures of workers, including data derived from an epidemio logic study reported in more detail by Kferevether and Price.This led to the promulgation of regulations for environmental and medical control in the United Kingdom, which became effective in 1932."^ Cases were first reported in the United States in 1930 and guidelines for acceptable dust concentrations were proposed by Dreessen et_ al_. in 1,,93- b- . *39 Industrial experience indicates that pulmonary fibrosis sufficient to interfere with respiratory or cardiovascular function can be prevented by reducing asbestos dust concentrations to levels that are still far above any likely to be encountered in community air. Pleural Calcification .. Calcified pleural plaques occur frequently in workers exposed to asbestos.103,108,130 When nuitiple or bilateral', they are regarded by some as almost d.iagnostic of asbestos-related disease. b? '7' 1 In asbestos vorkers, calcified plaques rarely appear until 20 years after first exposure find do not necessarily correlate with parenchymal fibrosis.191 2  020304 Calcification appears to differ <n frequency in different occupationally exposed groups, but studies are inadequate to verify or explain such differences. Bronchogenic Carcinoma No features of bronchogenic carcinoma associated with asbestos are , pathognomonic. Primary sites are more often in the lover lobes, in contrast vith the usually higher frequency of upper lobe tumors. Peripheral primary sites are common in asbestos-related lung cancer. All cell types are represented in most series. . , i* The first suggestion that asbestos might be causally related to cancer of the lung vas made in 1935 by Lynch and Smith,^ vfao described squamous cexl carcinoma in a South Carolina textile worker vith asbestosis. Despite other isolated reports, an association vas not firmly supported, by epidemiologic evidence until 19^7, when Merevether, Chief Inspector of Factories in the United Kingdom, reported 31 instances of cancer of the lung in 235 persons known by his department to have died vith asbestosis between 1924 and .1946.^** That constituted an incidence of compared vith 1.32# (91/6884) in persons certified as having had silicosis during the same period. Gloyne in 1951^ reported on the pathologic findings in 1205 lungs from workers whose cases were being evaluated for pneumoconiosis. In 132 asbestos workers, he found 121 with asbestosis, of whom 17, or l4,0# had cancer of the lung, compared vith 55 (6,9?) of 796 persons who . had silicosis. The study vas done, however, In a hospital to which suspected tumor patients would have been referred; thus, there may have been an overestimate of risk, Doll in 1955 ,^ after analyzing the causes 3 S7 I 0^0305 of death among 105 men who had worl^d for at least 20 years in areas of asbestos textile plants defined as dusty, concluded that the 18 cases of lung cancer that occurred indicated a risk about 10 times that in the general male population. Other studies11 *13'15**l8* **2*3*'*2t,'33*3li*3a'1,O*59'70*Tli-T6*80-82 * 87*93'9U>98* 101,112,131,1^9,15^,155,l6l,l69 have confirmed an association between occupational exposure to asbestos and a highter-than-expected incidence of bronchogenic cancer. Some studies have demonstrated differences in the degree of risk among different occupationally exposed groups, probably related to dose, as well as to other factors. Mesothelial Tumors ' ' Primary malignant ttutors of the pleura and peritoneum have been regarded as exceedingly rare by most pathologists; until recent years, some even questioned their existence. There are still differences of opinion as to 18 TO 98 T. fiQ diagnostic criteria. ' ' ' Therefore, statistics on prevalence or incidence in one geographic area cannot be safely compared with those from another. Adherence to strict diagnostic criteria, including an autopsy complete enough to rule out other primary tumors that could metastasize to or involve serosal surfaces, is a difficult constraint on a retrospective series. ^ It was after i960 that serious consideration was first given to asbestos 03 an etiologic factor in mesothelial malignancies. In that year, Wagner et ai.181 reported 33 cases of pleural mesothelioma in a part of South Africa important for crocidolite mining. For all but two of the patients, the authors discovered likely asbestos contacts two decades or 4 tf* * 020306 more earlier. However, only 17 of these had. had occupational exposure. The remainder had lived near mines or had had household contacts. Although mesothelioma had previously been attributed by some to asbestos exposures, 66 l6U,l65,lo9 nQ evidence of a strong association had been developed. Additional information supporting a relationship betveen asbestos and malignant mesothelioma has accumulated since 1960.^>36,37,^1>^2 ,59>75, SO.68,93,95,99,100,102,113-116,132,rf.,136 M outstMdi,,8 featuxe has been the long period, commonly over 30 years, betveen the first exposure to asbestos and the appearance of a tumor, as emphasized in reports by Wagner^^^ and Selikoff et_ al.^^ Other Neotslasia Associations betveen asbestos exposures and malignancies of the gastro intestinal tract .and of other sites have been reported, but the data are still inconclusive.52 ,59,7T,9lj*13li Mutagenic Effects . _ There is no evidence that asbestos is associated vith mutagenesis. PATHOGENICITY If? LOWER AVIMALS A comprehensive review of information derived from experimental work in animals entails consideration not only of the variables related to the type and dimensions of the asbestos fibers and of adsorbed or concurrently administered contaminants, but also of the species and strain of animal, the route of administration, and the time and dosage factors. There are at present no satisfactory experimental models to duplicate prolonged in halation of asbestos by man, but many isolated segments of the problems have been elucidated. The studies are beet divided Into those dealing vith asbentosis and those dealing vith neoplasia. 020307 Experimental Asbestosls Asbestotic pulmonary fibrosis has been produced experimentally in various species of animals, including ratsf^'^356,157 guinea pigs ^ hamsters,^ rabbits ,-^7 monkeys .^7 In many of the studies, the disease resembled early asbestotic development in man--e.g., it was multifocal. Diffuse fibrosis has also been produced,^7 tfUt to do so it was necessary to use very high concentrations of asbestos dust and long periods of exposure or observation after exposure, -(in contrast, experi mental silicosis can be produced with lower cumulative exposure.) In the course of the investigations, it has been asked whether the fibro- genicity of asbestos dust is mostly confined to fibers longer than 5 the question is still unanswered. Experimental Neoplasia Lung cancer from chrysotile dust has been produced experimentally in rats^^ and in mouse lung implants.Other investigators who used different methods for introducing the dust^^ did not find lung cancer in the animals they studied. That some asbestos dust has an increased content of trace metals--particularly nickel, chromium, and cobalt-- may explain these differing experiences. Rats whose lung clearance had been artificially impaired had twice the lung cancer rate of animals with normal clearance.^ Cancer of the pleural surface (mesothelioma) has been reported in rats and hamsters that received intrapleural injections of the three most common typos of asbestos. 119 ' 159 * l60 The amounts of asbestos dust in' troduced into the thoracic cavity were very large, and translation of results to human inhalation of asbestos is uncertain. 6 020308 The studies of Roe e_t_ al., 12 U *'hich involved pleural and peritoneal mesotheliomas of nice after subcutaneous injections of crocidolite, amosite, or chrysotile, axe of particular interest because they yielded evidence of migrations of fibers. Naturally Occurring Effects in Lover Animals . There is no evidence that effects on domestic or wild animals are important as criteria for controlling asbestos emissions. Schuster has described pulmonary asbestosis (without the development of asbestos bodies) iti a dog that lived for nearly 10 years as a ratcatcher in a London asbestos * factory.Webster has demonstrated fibrosis in donkeys, baboons, and wild rodents in South Africa,1^ aad Kiviluoto has described the finding of anthophyllite asbestos in the lungs of a ccw in an anthophyllite-producing area of Finland. 79 .` STUDIES IN VITRO There have been limited studies of the effects of asbestos in biologic systems in vitro. For example, MacNab and Harington^ demonstrated m 1967 that asbestos would henolyze sheep erythrocytes. This has been confirmed by others. 127 129 Although chrysotile is markedly hemolytic, amosite, crocidolite, and anthophyllite have little or no activity under similar conditions. - Parazzi et_ al_. demonstrated in 1968 that both crocidolite and chryso tile were cytotoxic for guinea pig macrophages in culture. The activity of the former was greater; the cytotoxicity of neither was inhibited by t* 4 0Z0309 polyvinylpyridine N-oxide, a macr'molecular chemical that is effective . in preventing the cytotoxic damage caused 'ey crystalline silica in experi mental conditions. . Although the foregoing types of study have no known relationship to fibrogenic or carcinogenic effects in. vivo, they provide systems that may prove useful in determining mechanisms of action and approaches to prophy lactic or therapeutic measures. INFLUENCE OF MAJOR VARIABLES 0?? PATHOGENICITY " When considering the importance of type of asbestos, fiber size, and cofactors on biologic effects, it is necessary to emphasize that a given attribute nay influence in differing ways the respirability, deposition, retention, clearance, translocation, and biologic reactivity. Although scrae in vitro and laboratory studies yieM different responses to different types of asbestos , the results do not Justify drawing firm conclusions as to the relative pathogenicity of the different types. Nor do epidemiologic studies conclusively support such differences. All the commercially used forms of asbestos can produce asbestosis. In only relatively few studies has the incidence of malignancies been determined in groups with exposures to a single asbestos type. Where there are data that suggest a lower risk, as in the chrysotile-producing areas of Canada^-3,100 Italy,-^5** there are possible explanations for the difference other than asbestos type. The high incidence of mesothelial tumors in the North Western Cape area of South Africa has led to the suggestion that crocidolite is unusually hazardous, but mesotheliomas have been rare in the Transvaal, where crocidolite is also produced.**9,138 Although Seltkoff found 8 02(1310 many mesotheliomas In insulation workers whose exposures had been largely to chrysotile and eunosite, Sluis-Creme and Webstei^^ have not found the incidence of mesothelioma high in areas where emosite was mined and milled, and McDonald^^ did not report an excess in the chrysotile mining and milling areas of Canada. . All epidemiologic studies that appear to indicate differences in patho genicity among types of asbestos are flawed by their lack of quantitative data on cumulative exposures, fiber characteristics, and the presence of cofactors. The different types, therefore, cannot be graded as to relative risk with respect to either asbestosis or neoplasia. Fiber size is critically important in determining respirability, deposition, retention, and clearance from the pulmonary tract and is probably an im portant determinant of the site and nature of biologic action. Little is known about the movement of fibers within the body, including their potential for entry through the gastrointestinal tract. The aerodynamic properties of fibers depend largely on their diameter; fibers below 3.5 pm in diameter arc regarded as being in the respirable range.^2 Fiber length affects deposition, longer fibers apparently having greater fibrogenic effects Until recently, most work and speculation have involved only fibers detectable by the optical or light microscope (LM), approximately 0,5 pm in diameter and larger. The application of electron microscopic (EM) techniques^1* has enlarged our horizons as to the variables that must be considered. Tissues and air samples may contain many C-l-sized fibrils for every LM-sized fiber that can be demonstrated,^There is, however, no body of knowledge that permits the assigning of relative risk factors to fibers in the EH 9 I 0^0311 range, compared vith fibers In IM range. It is possible that the relative 'risks associated vith fibers of different sizes are different for nonmalignant and malignant changes , The evidence that bundles of fibrils nay be broken dovn within the body to individual fibrils is important.-*-^ A number of investigators have postulated that a probeble role of asbestos fibers in producing disease is to carry toxic or oncogenic substances to vulnerable sites. Studies bearing on this have included analysis of various types of asbestos to determine the contaminants present, with special emphasis on metals*^ and polycyclic hydrocarbonss^u^ies of the elution of contaminants in biologic materialsand the concurrent exposure of animals to asbestos and to other materialsThe present . consensus is that contaminants are present, but a special pathogenetic role is still speculative. The work of Selikoff et_ al.^35 strongly suggests a synergism of cigarette smoking and asbestos exposure in the increased risk of lung cancer in insulation workers. It is not known whether this is because of reduced clearance of asbestos, transportation of cigarette-smoke carcinogens by asbestos fibers, or the promotion by one factor of cancer initiated by another. 10 CHAPTER 2 EVIDENCE OF HUMAN NONOCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURES 020312 Direct and indirect evidence that persons other than those working directly with asbestos minerals are being exposed to asbestos is of several types. For example, asbestos fibers can be demonstrated in the lungs of persons not occupationally exposed. In a few geographic areas, pathologic changes regarded as representing a reaction to asbestos (e.g., pleural calcification) have been found in populations with no history of'occupational exposure. Asbestos fibers have been demonstrated in ambient air. FIBERS IN LUNG TISSUE ' Structures that appear to be fibers coated with a pigmented material were described in lung tissue as early as 1907 by Marchand. 96 These structures were actually fibers coated with hemosiderin. In 1929, Cooke19 descri,bed such "curious bodies" in association with pulmonary fibrosis. Stewart and Haddov^-^ referred to them as "asbestosis bodies," Because those who work with asbestos exhibit them a few months after starting work, it was recognized that they were evidence of exposure, but not of asbestosis. The term "asbestos body" came to be the preferred designation. As long as the coated fibers were found in persons known to have been occupationally exposed to asbestos, the identity of the central fiber was seldom questioned, although from time to time similar objects were found In persons with no known exposure to asbestos. Kfeunman in 1966 summarized 19 reports published between 1932 and 1962 in which these objects were associated with exposure to graphite, coal, hornblende, rutile, diatonaccous earth, carborundum, and talc (in which cose tremolite asbestos might have been involved). The demonstration by Gross`dthat other fibers may __ 11 020013 produce such bodies in experimental animals indicates that they result from a nonspecific reaction to any sparingly soluble fibrous foreign body, as had first been suggested by Cooke in 192?,^ There is thus ample Justifica tion for abandoning "asbestos body" as a generic term; Gough^ in 1965 suggested the terra "mineral fiber-body," and Grosses in 1966 recommended . "ferruginous body." ' Thomson et_ al. in 1963, were the first to show that these coated fibers were present in a high proportion of lungs obtained by routine autopsy. They found that 26,1*5* of lung smears in 500 consecutive, autopsies in Cape Town showed what were called "asbestos, bodies," Reports from many other areas have confirmed a high prevalence in lungs o.bt.ai.ne.d.in..s.im.ilar au.topsy sen.es,3,8,17,'30,>J7',107>,118,>123,'150 Utidjian et al.^^ inferred that, if a sufficient volume of lung tissue were examined in each case, nearly all persons would be found to have such bodies; their study of 100 lungs in Pittsburgh confirmed their suggestion. Identification of the core fibers has proved to be a formidable technical task. ^ ^ Without fiber-by-fiber analysis, all that can be said is that coated fibers resembling those in asbestos workers are present in most persons in our urban centers. Stripping the coating and analyzing the cores by various techniques can sometimes demonstrate that the cores are asbestos, but the process Is tedious and often inconclusive. Attention is now being directed toward study, not of the ferruginous bodies alone, but of the total fiber content of the lungs, whether such fibers arc coated or uncoated. In a study of 3,000 consecutive autopsies in Hl-w York City, Langer ejt_ al_,^ have found thin, uncoatcd, optically 12 020314 visible fibers in tvo-thirds of the 1,^9 lung specimens in vhich coated fibers vere demonstrated and in one-fourth of those in vhich uncoated fibers were demonstrated. Tventy-eight consecutive samples of lung tissue from the same series examined by electron microscopy vere found to contain EM-sized chrysotile fibers.^ Pooley et_ al.^^ have reported similar findings. Evidence is therefore strong that most human lungs harbor thousands or millions of fibers. Some of these are chrysotile asbestos, and other types of asbestos minerals are probably there also. In most persons not occupationally exposed to asbestos, the numbers of fibers are relatively small, compared vith the numbers found in the occupationally exposed. 133 The systematic application of quantitative techniques, measuring both coated and uncoated fibers, is needed to define a gradient of accumulated fibers for correlation vith incidence of disease, on the one hand, and history of environmental exposure, on the other. Although there appears no doubt that asbestos fibers are present in many human lun' gs, there are sources of airborne fibers other than asbestos. 20 * 57 Some are probably derived from the burning of leaves and plant products, such as paper, wood, and coal. Man-made (mostly vitreous) fibers have also been identified in the sediment isolated from human lungs. Talc, often used generously as a dusting powder, may contain a significant amount of tremolite asbestos fibers. _ \ Information is sparse concerning possible increase of fibers in lungs vith increasing use of asbestos and concerning the existence of significant 133 differences between urban and rural populations. Selikoff and Hammond compared lung tissues obtained in 193*J and 19^7 and found no significant 13 r * 020315 Increase In the proportion containing ferruginous bodies. This suggested that, despite increasing use of asbestos in New York City between 193^ and 1967, fibers of a type producing ferruginous bodies had not been increasing at a corresponding rate. However, Chang-Hyun Urn^ reports an increase over each decade in asbestos bodies in samples of lungs from persons who died in London in 1936, 19^6, 1956, 1966. PLEURAL CALCIFICATION Iff THE GENERAL POPULATION Meurman^^ in 1968 reviewed critically the literature related to pleural calcification and asbestos exposure. A number of studies strongly suggested an association between pleural calcification and nonoccupational exposures to asbestos. Por example, Kiviluoto^ in i960 reported calcifications in 3% of the adult population detected during mass roentgenographic surveys in a- Finnish commune in which there was an asbestos mine and mill; the frequency was lev for the remainder of the Finnish population. RaunicP-^ enlarged on these observations in 1966, reporting that, of 633,201 chest films taken in Finland between i960 and 1965, 1516 shoved pleural calcifi cations; 1232 of the latter were among U3,S3 films taken in 10 communes in which there were anthophyllite mines. Rock and soil in such areas also contain much asbestos, so that the demonstration that airborne anthophyllite could be demonstrated over 25 km from the mines is not noconsarily relevant, Anspach^ reported that, of subjects with pleural calcification found in a chest roentgenographic survey in Dresden, 177 had either worked its or lived near an asbestos factory. Zolov el nlP-^^ described a 5.1# prevalence of pleural calcification in a rural population in Bulgaria and suggested that the most likely cause was asbestos in the soil. However, Krornck,*^ Marsovrt,^? and Rous and 14 020316 126 Student, reporting on a high prevalence of pleural plaques in a rural district of Czechoslovakia, have been unable to demonstrate a source of asbestos exposure,, The consensus at present is that calcification alone may not invariably be considered an index of asbestos exposure in the general population, although it may prompt a search for an environmental source of asbestos. MEASUREMENT OF AIRBORNE ASBESTOS . A more direct method of obtaining evidence on the likelihood of exposure of the general population would be the sampling of air to determine the presence and amount of respirable asbestos fibers. There are, however, many uncertainties as to the best methods of sampling, identifying, and quantitating airborne asbestos and interpreting data so obtained. *70 ** 90 ' J.22 ' 13T Limited information has been derived from measuring fibers on sampling sites, such as that by Laamanen -t_ al. Vho shoved asbestos fallout diminishing rapidly beyond 1 km from an anthophyllite quarry, but still detectable at 27 km. Counts of asbestos fibers collected on membrane filters by high- volume air sampling and estimated by light microscopic techniques similar to those used in industrial hygiene have shown small numbers of fibers in a few urban sites Such results, although shoving numbers of fibers de tectable by the light microscope that were low by occupational health ex perience, have been too few and variable to be used with confidence. Alternative methods that are currently under development, including estima tions of the number and mass of fibers in the LM and the EM size ranges, have shown measurable concentrations of asbestos in many samples of ambient air,^^*^-37 Such environmental measurements are in their earliest stages and provide few clues to the extent or significance of the risk from this type of exposure to asbestos or to other mineral fibers. ^ 15 CHAPTER 3 ESTIMATION OF RISK IN NON'OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURES 020.317 Industrial experience has shewn that prolonged inhalation of asbestos can increase the risk of neoplastic disease. Examination of lung tissue has made it apparent that a much larger proportion of the general public has inhaled and retained asbestos fibers than had formerly been realized; in fact, most urban dwellers have some such fibers in their lungs. Can these facts be related? Does the general public--as veil'as persons working near occupational sources, living in the households of asbestos workers, living in the neighborhoods of asbestos plants, or having occasional random exposures--have a detectably increased risk of malignancy or other disease because of airborne asbestos? The limited information ve have to answer these questions comes either from direct epidemiologic studies of groups with various levels1of nonoccupational exposure or by extrapolation from the experience of industrial populations with direct or indirect 'asbestos exposures. EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES RELATED TO ilQH OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURES Two general indices of asbestos exposure are available for use in direct l epidemiologic studies of groups not known to be occupationally exposed to asbestos. The first is based on knowledge of each member's place of work and place of residence; because of the long latent periods of asbestos- related disease, this knowledge must cover each person's whole lifetime. The second is a quantitative estimate of each member's lung content of asbestos fibers. There are few such direct epidemiologic studies, and they are inadequate to answer the questions at issue. 16 020318 The only studies that appear to implicate asbestos in the development of malignancies in persons not occupationally exposed are those involving diffuse mesothelioma, a tumor that is uncommon and that has been the subject of special attention in recent years, Many of the mesotheliomas reported by Wagner at al.11 in South Africa were attributed to household and neighborhood exposures in a crocidolite-producing area. Although nonoccupational, these exposures have been described as substantial.1^ Nevhouse11*4 studied 76 patients vith mesothelioma diagnosed in London Hospital from 1917 to 1961*. Of these 31 (lf0.8J) had occupational exposures to asbestos, 9 (ll.8) had a relative who worked with asbestos, 11 (lh.5#) had neither of those backgrounds but had lived within a half-mile of an asbestos factory, and 25 (32.9%) had no known contacts. Corresponding percentages for a group of matched control subjects (patients in the same hospital for other diseases) were 10.5?, 1.31?, 6.6%, and 8l.6j5. Stumphius and Meyer1**'' reported no mesotheliomas in the cocr.unity near the shipyard in Flushing (Holland), although 17 of 21 mesotheliomas reported in the province of Zeeland in 196^-1967 had been in workers in that yard. Raunio1^ found no excess of pulmonary, pleural, or peritoneal malignancies in the areas of Finland where pleural calcifications attributed to anthophyllite were present in 6%-9% of routine chest survey films. In a series of 17 mesotheliomas collected by Borov et_ al. ,12 all but two were in persons vho had worked in an asbestos mill, although the autopsy series from which the cases were drawn came from an area that included inhabitants of the mill's environs. Lieben and Pistavka^ found that of ^2 persons with mesotheliomas reported in Pennsylvania, 10 had worked in asbestos plants, 8 lived or worked close to nn asbestos industry, and 3 were members of families that 17 . 02<J319 included asbestos workers; in 11, no history of exposure could be obtained, ,, 100 and the remaining 10 had questionable random exposures. McDonald et_ aJU collected information on l>5 fatal malignant mesotheliomas known to pathologists in Canada between 1959 and 1966. They confirmed an association with occupational exposure to asbestos but concluded that the excess was in the manufacture and industrial application of asbestos, rather than in mining or milling. It is apparent that no quantitative conclusions were possible from these studies, which present serious methodologic problems to the epidemiologist. They suggest a risk in household conte ;ts and in residence in the immediate neighborhood of asbestos plants. There appear to be different levels of risk in different types of occupational exposures, and some of these may be reflected in corresponding household and neighborhood experience. ^ In no analysis of causes of death in a large population has there been quantitative estimation of the lung content of ferruginous bodies and bare asbestos fibers, to determine'whether a detectable gradient of disease can be correlated with asbestos content. The series so far studied have been too small, and methods have been too variable, to permit any conclusions as to the importance of small numbers of fibers in the lung. EXTRAPOLATION FROM OCCUPATIONAL EXPERIENCE Another source of evidence of the relative risks associated with inhaling moderate or small numbers of asbestos fibers is the experience of persons `who have had occupational exposures below those known to be definitely hazardous. The maximal airborne fiber concentrations recommended for pre vention of asbestosic are much higher than any likely to be encountered in ' 16 - ** 020320 nonoccupational situations* For example, one recommended standard vould limit the average concentration of airborne chrysotile to 2000 fibers per liter as determined by light-field count.^ Another that has been proposed vould limit average concentrations of fibers to 5000 fibers per liter. Occupation-related asbestosis can be effectively controlled vith airborne fiber concentrations much higher than are likely to be encountered in non occupational situations. It is important to determine whether workers whose exposures have been reduced to levels that prevent or greatly delay asbestosis, as veil as others vhose exposures are indirect, have, a lover risk of lung cancer than those vith higher and more direct exposures. Workers who began employment in a British textile mill after 1933, vhen implementation of the Asbestos Industry Regulations of 1931 reduced {but did not abolish) dust exposures, were reported in 19*58 to show no excess Op of neoplasms. The long latent periods of asbestos-related lung cancer and mesothelioma, which vould probably be even longer at lover dose levels, are such that it is too soon to draw final conclusions as to the eventual incidence of these malignancies- Nevertheless, reduced exposure seems to be having an effect. Another indication of reduced incidence or delayed 112 onset of disease with lover exposure is in the observations of Nevhouse, who found that, although there were more deaths from lung cancer and chronic respiratory disease among those who had heavy exposures many years previously in a London asbestos-products plant, this vas not true among those who had low or moderate exposures. McDonald et_ recently reported the mortality experience of men vho worked in chrysotile mines and mills of Quebec. There was a slight excess of lung cancer among the 2li57 deaths in workers bom 1890-1920, but all could be explained by the excess that 19 020321 occurred in those vho had been maximally exposed. This suggests that, insofar as chrysotile miners and millers are concerned, the risk drops off rapidly with decreasing accumulated dosage. ' Most series of case reports of mesothelioma include some persons vho have worked in the construction or shipbuilding industries, but in trades not involving direct contact vith asbestos. Such persons as plumbers, electricians, and metal vorkers often have more ferruginous bodies in their lungs than do white-collar vorkers Although Dunn and Veir,^ in a study of occupational groups in California that revealed an excess of deaths from lung cancer in insulation vorkers, found no excess lungcancer deaths in other construction trades, the groups they studied vere diluted vith many persons vho vere unlikely to have had exposures. Nevertheless , there may be a definable gradient of effect within the construction trades. More thorough studies of groups vith indirect exposures are certainly needed. We cannot extrapolate from the mortality experience of those vho are directly and indirectly exposed to asbestos in their employment to the general public vho have had moderate or slight exposures from ambient air. There is evidence to suggest a gradient of effect from direct occupational, to indirect occupational, to family and neighborhood situations, in all of which dust concentrations are probably high by comparison vith most community air. Hi is suggests that there are levels of asbestos exposure that vill not be associated vith any detectable risk. What those levels are is not known, but there is no evidence that persons in the general population--vithout occupational, household, or neighborhood exposures--have any increased risk of neoplasm, even though there may be ferruginous bodies of fibers in their lungs. * 20 CHAPTER h SOURCES OF ASBESTOS FIBERS IN AMBIENT AIR 020322 Precise information is not available on tonnages, numbers of fibers, fiber sizes and varieties, atmospheric dispersion, and ultimate fate of the asbestos emitted into ambient air. Although there are no reliable data to Justify extrapolation from the more completely studied occupational exposure experience, information regarding actual and potential sources of .emissions of .asbestos fibers is of value both, for directing future studies and for 'understanding the steps that might be taken now to safe guard the health of the public. ' NATURAL SOURCES OF AIRBORNE ASBESTOS FIBERS Several varieties of asbestos ore and counterpart rock (containing EM-sized asbestos fibers) occur as outcroppings or are Just below the surface of the earth throughout the world. Asbestos fibers can become airborne from these formations during road-building, construction, and tilling of the soil, as well as by landslides, erosion, and weathering. Talc, mined and used extensively in the United States, exists in fibrous, as well as platy, form. Like asbestos ore and rock, talc exists on or close to the earth's surface and is subject to disseminating forces. Such naturally occurring talc, as well as the large quantities used as a diluent and carrier for pesticides, can add to the background fiber concentration in the ambient It is thought that studies of fibers in glacial and polar ice now under way will permit comparisons of recent deposition with those in the past and thereby provide definite information on the relative contributions of natural and industrial sources. ' 21 020023 MIMING AMD MILLING OF ASBESTOS '. Mining and milling of asbestos provides another source of asbestos emissions. / ,In the United States, such activity is presently confined to a few mines in California, Vermont, Arizona, and North Carolina. Fibers are emitted during removal of overburden end preparation of the ore body for open-pit mining. Further release occurs during drilling and ore-breeding. Waste dumps from mining and milling are exposed to vind and to disturbance by bulldozing. Fibers are emitted during drying, crushing, grinding, and . screening of the ore. If dust collectors and air-cleaning devices are used, disposal of the collected dust provides a potential source of fiber emission. . .' ' TRANSPORTATION OF MATERIALS CONTAINING ASBESTOS Transportation of asbestos ore, milled asbestos fiber, and asbestoscontaining products imd wastes is an emission source of varying importance. Movement of asbestos ore from, mine to mill in open trucks contributes to the overall emission. The shipment of milled asbestos fiber, usually in bags, can result in emissions. If bags are reused, either in the asbestos industry or elsewhere, they will become a source of fibers. Occasionally, bags are broken and asbestos is spilled during handling. Similar emissions 22 ..tfc-'0324 occur during the shipment of products. Transporting asbestos-containing solid wastes in open vehicles throu^i urban areas can be a more important emission source. . . MANUFACTURE OF PRODUCTS CONTAINING ASBESTOS ' ' . Industries that must provide ventilation and other dust-control measures for the protection of workers may emit asbestos fibers into the surrounding environment unless effective air cleaning is applied to effluents. Fibers removed by ventilation and filtering devices and not reintroduced into the production process and asbestos-containing waste produc*s of the manufacturing process ultimately are disposed of outside the plant. USE OF PRODUCTS CONTAINING ASBESTOS - ' ... Many products, at times unknown to the user, contain asbestos of one kind or another. There are great variations among such products with respect to the chances of fiber release during the use of the product. The likeli hood depends predominantly on the ease with which the fibers can be dis lodged by the application of energy and on the degree to which the appli cation of energy actually- destroys the fibers during the use of the product. Almost all the asbestos fibers used in the United States for manufacturing products becomes tightly bound within the products and undergoes little actual abrasion or wear before being discarded. Asbestos cement products (accounting for most of the asbestos used in the United States), shingles, and floor tiles are in this category. Some asbestos-containing products, such as brakelinings, are subjected to high energy, and their rate of wear is considerable and at times almost complete. In the case of brakelinings , the application of energy is so intense and the heat created so great that 23 most chrysotile fibers are destroyed by being converted to another substance, vhich is nonfibrous.^5,68,89 Nevertheless, an appreciable percentage (l?-3l?) remains as fibrous asbestos. In some products-- / for example, asbestos cloth, paper, and sprayed fireproofing materials-- asbestos fibers are not tightly bound or mixed with other material that holds then in place. Fiber release from these products occurs primarily ' during application and removal. The spray fireproofing of buildings vith asbestos-containing materials is a case in point. This operation can be a serious source of emission, in that it usually occurs in densely populated areas. The total amount of asbestos fiber used in such procedures, how ever, is relatively small. . . . Talc is mined and milled and used in greater quantities than is asbestos in the United States, Because it contains asbestos fibers, its uses will add to the total number of fibers (including nonasbestos fibers) emitted. The use of talc in dispensing pesticides over vide areas of the country and its use in cosmetics are two examples of hov this material' may act as a source of asbestos and other fibers. DEMOLITION For years, asbestos has been incorporated in building materials. In some forms of insulation and vallboard, the amount present is less than 20% of the total; but other materials consist mostly or entirely of asbestos. When a building is demolished, areas of loosened asbestos are open to the ambient air and fibers are emitted. In general, single-family residential structures contain only small amounts of asbestos insulation, Demolition of industrial and commercial buildings that have been fireproofed 2k with asbestos-containing materials will prove to be an emission source in the future, requiring control measures. SOLID-WASTE DISPOSAL / < ' - Solid wastes produced during manufacture of asbestos-containing products, use of such products, and demolition can be emission sources. These waste materials are usually disposed of without regard to their potential as emission sources. Alternate methods of disposal often result in commingling of asbestos -containing wastes with municipal, wastes in open dumps and thus create a long-term emission source. 25 CHAPTER 5 PRINCIPLES OF CONTROL Q20GI27 The natural background level of asbestos fibers is difficult to quantify or modify. The major sources of local ambient-air contamination vith asbestos are industrial processing and use of products containing asbestos. It is feasible to identify the sources of emission, select those to which presently available control procedures can be applied, and point out areas that need further study and development of new methods of control. NATURAL SOURCES OF AIRBORNE ASBESTOS FIBERS Natural sources of asbestos fibers have been identified in many areas of the United States. It is assumed that emissions of fibers from these reservoirs through erosion and wind make up a natural background of ' asbestos in ambient air. Few data are available on the magnitude of the contamination from natural sources, variation with geographic location, and seasonal variation. It is desirable to have information on the natural background, because it would assist in evaluating the effects of control measures and permit seme estimates of the lower limits of con tamination that night be achieved in different areas of the country. MJNINC OF ASBESTOS ., The standard techniques for dust control in underground or open-pit mines, if not already in use, can be applied in asbestos mines. Roadways in open pits should be treated with dust-suppressive agents; truckloads of ore should be covered with tarpaulins while being transported; handling of ore should be minimized; ore storage piles should be moistened to reduce wind erosion; and waste dumps should be treated with dust-suppressive agents. ` 26 .' 020328 MILLING OF ASBESTOS An in-plant dust-control program for protecting workers in asbestos mills includes exhaust ventilation with efficient dust-collecting and air-cleaning /. equipment, isolation, enclosure, vet methods, and good housekeeping and maintenance. MANUFACTURE OF PRODUCTS CONTAINING ASBESTOS `` ' *\ ' The elements of dust control reconraended for the milling of asbestos ore ( also apply to the manufacture of asbestos-containing products. It is important that a dust-control system be specific to the operation for which it is used and that it be tested to ensure its effectiveness. Only persons especially trained and experienced in dust control should ` be used to develop and institute dust-control procedures. USE OF PRODUCTS CONTAINING ASBESTOS An important emission source is the use of insulating materials containing asbestos. This constitutes only a small fraction of the asbestos used. But the asbestos in some insulating materials is not bound as it is in cementitious products or tiles; construction activities usually are carried on in urban areas where many people are exposed to contaminated air; and control of dust during construction, although feasible, is difficult. The most effective approach in reducing exposures of the general public to asbestos frcrn this source involves controlling dust production and release at its origin during construction work. The generation of dust should be reduced by changing material-handling methods, work practices, and cleanup procedures. Local exhaust systems should be used for dust collection at points of generation; for example, dust collectors for band 27 020.329 saws are available, end hand-powered tools supplied with exhaust systems are being made, Much developmental work is needed to produce portable air-moving and air-cleaning systems for use in tunnels, crawl spaces, and / other confined spaces. This subject has been neglected by industrial hygienists and ventilation engineers, end no satisfactory equipment is available. . '' , DEMOLITION AND WASTE DISPOSAL . \ * Demolition and waste disposal are likely to be emission sources if appreciable amounts of asbestos are used in construction, unless operational procedures are strictly controlled. Isolation, enclosure, and wetting down are useful. Caution must be observed not to demolish during high winds and to keep sludge from drying out and becoming airborne later through natural forces and from being introduced into sources of drinking water. MEASUREMENT OF AIRBORNE ASBESTOS An important consideration in the development of a strategf for control is whether there are methods for measuring airborne concentrations of asbestos that are sufficiently sensitive, specific, and reproducible. Present methods of sampling, identifying, and measuring airborne asbestos are not entirely satisfactory, especially if one is dealing with lew concentrations and unidentified or mixed sources. Only within recent years have methods for determining concentrations of fibers for industrial hygiene purposes been standardised;^*11 ^5 they use samples collected on membrane filters in which fibers are counted with, phase-contrast illumination. Electron microscopic methods give a much more complete indication of the total fiber content 20 . * r- of the air; but when the need for fiber identification is included, they are tedious and expensive for routine use, ^*^*^37 The relative biologic significance of different sizes of fibers is not known, nor is the relative / importance of fiber numbers and fiber mass. There appear to be no published data on the efficiency of air-cleaning equipment as related to fibers of different sizes. ' . %, In spite of -the difficulties, it is possible to sample air, determine the approximate concentration of airborne fibers, and identify the major types of asbestos. It is not desirable to limit environmental measurements to a single method until there is a clearer definition of the critical variables in terms of health. Because of methodologic and other un certainties, it is not yet feasible to base control on numerical ambient air quality standards. 29 CHAPTER 6 RESEAHCH [FEEDS OVO.-T-M ' Two recent reports^have discussed in some detail the many kinds of research needed to answer pressing questions concerning the effects of asbestos on health and the degree and nature of necessary controls. Investigations along the following lines should be given high priority. ` Study of the mechanism of action of the asbestos minerals should continue, with particular attention to carcinogenic effects. It is important to learn more about the influence of asbestos type and fiber size on respirability, deposition, retention, translocation, and effects at the . tissue, cellular, and molecular levels, with and without cofactors. It is especially important that the role of fibers below the LM range be clarified. Methods of sampling, identifying, and quantitating airborne asbestos need continued development. Coordination with studies in animals and man is essential to ensure that environmental data will be biologically relevant. Similarly, methods for identifying and quantitating asbestos in biologic tissue need development and application. - Quantitative methods for measuring airborne asbestos should be applied widely to determine the natural background and the concentration and distribution of fibers in the air near various sources. Conventional LM methods and EM methods should be applied simultaneously in selected occupational and community situations. 30 , 1 r ' o More epidemiologic studies are needed. Populations In several different exposure ranges should be studied, including occupational, household, and neighborhood exposures. Special studies of mesothelioma are needed to determine vhcther the incidence has been increasing and to determine the current pattern of distribution. A large series of routine autopsies should be studied to determine whether causes of death can be related to ajmounts of asbestos in the lungs and other organs. All the above are urgent if a range of safe exposure is to be established with confidence. 31 CHAPTER 7 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 0^0333 PATHOGENICITY OF ASBESTOS MINERALS ' . Any of the commercially used asbestos minerals, when Inhaled in sufficient numbers, as in uncontrolled occupational exposures, can cause disabling fibrosis of the lungs. An association betveen occupational exposures to asbestos and-bronchogenic carcinoma has been established, but the dose relationship and the role of cofactors have not been defined. Evidence of a causal association betveen some but not all exposures to asbestos fibers and diffuse malignant mesotheliomas of the pleura and peritoneum is substantial, but evidence of such a relationship vith other tumors is inconclusive. Although the different types of asbestos differ in some of their biologic effects, no type can be regarded as free of hazard. The hypothesis that asbestos fibers act as cofactors or carriers of carcinogens is attractive, but as yet unproved. ' ' ' EVIDENCE OF HUMAN ^OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURES TO ASBESTOS The demonstration of ferruginous bodies, similar to those found in asbestos workers, in a large proportion of randomly selected lung specimens in many parts of the world is presumptive evidence that i. persons vith no occupational contact may have inhaled and retained asbestos. Proof has come in some areas vith positive identification of chrysotile asbestos fibers. Analyses of community air for asbestos have been too limited to define the sources, concentrations, and distribution of fibers in the environment. The fiber concentrations that have been demonstrated in ambient air are small, compared vith those in industry, but data are inadequate for definitive comparisons. 32 - r- 020304 ESTIMATION OF RISK IN HUMAN NONOCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURES TO ASBESTOS The most important question in the case of persons with nonoccupational exposures to asbestos is whether there is an increased risk of malignancies. Industrial experience Indicates that there is no likelihood of significant asbestosis in nonoccupational exposures. The major potential for risk appears to lie in those with indirect occupational contacts, household contacts,.or residence in the inmediate neighborhood of asbestos sources; and even there, the actual risk is poorly.defined. But the fact that there appears to be a gradient of effect in such groups suggests that there are levels of inhaled asbestos without detectable risk. It is not known what range of respirable airborne asbestos fibers will ultimately be found to have no measurable effects on health. At present, there is no evidence that the small numbers of fibers found in most members of the general population affect health or.longevity, NEED FOR AND FEASIBILITY OF CONTROLS Asbestos is too important in our technology and economy for its essential, use to be stopped. But, because of the known serious effects of uncon trolled inhalation of asbestos minerals in industry and uncertainty as to the shape and character of the dose-response curve in man, it would be highly imprudent to permit unrestricted additional contamination of the public environment with asbestos. Continued use at minimal risk to the public requires that the major sources of man-made asbestos emission into the atmosphere be defined and controlled. In the absence of such controls, local fiber concentrations might at times approach those in occupational sites. Analytic methods and epidemiologic data are inadequate for the development of ambient air standards, but emission controls are needed and appear feasible. . 33 8/17/72 020335 Mr. CampbelI: Mr. Myers asked me to send the attached Testimonies by Or. George W, Wright and Dr. J. Corbett McDonald. One set is for you and the other for ARCO. Thank you. 0^0336 Statement by George W. Wright, M.D., Head of .the Division of Medical Research in the Dept, of Medicine of St. Luke's Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio before U. S. Dept, of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Hearing on proposed occupational, asbestos standard . Washine ten, D.C. March 16, 1972 020337 My name is George W. Wright. I am the Head of Medical Research in the Department of Medicine of St. Luke's Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio. In 1932 I received the MD degree from Indiana University School of Medicine. After five years of Post Graduate Training in Internal Medicine with special training in pulmonary disease I spent two additional years in research training in the Department of Physiology at Case-V7estern Reserve University. From 1939 to- 1953 I was a member of the Saranac Laboratories of the Trudeau Foundation engaged in studies of the pneumoconiosis, including asbestosis. Since 1953, I have continued this general field of study in my current position. My statement will b'e confined to consideration of a single primary question. This question is: What is the quantity or concentration of asbestos, in the air breathed by those engaged in the production, manufacture or use of asbestos products, which can be tolerated for a normally expected work life_ without risk that such exposure will cause disease? The answer to this question goes to the heart of these hearings. While the question is rather easy to formulate it is difficult though not impossible to answer. The obligatory information required for developing an answer to the primary question on an acceptable scientific basis is of two categories. One of these essential categories concerns the dose or quantity of asbestos inhaled and the other essential category concerns the biological response. What we need to learn is the dose-risk relationship. The"dose is estimated in terms of concentration of re * spirable asbestos in the air multiplied by the duration of the exposure. 0ZG338 It is obligatory that we establish a dose, in measurabl terns, at v;hich the biological manifestation of disease occurs and then, by observing populations exposed to progressively smaller and smaller doses, determine the-level at which the biolo gical reaction to asbestos no longer occurs. To make observations with regard to the various dose levels of different working populations without knowledge of the biological response of these same populations is of no use in answering the primary question. To make observations of the biological response in various working populations without valid knowledge of the different levels of asbestos exposure experienced by these same populations is equally of no use for finding an answer to the primary question. Standard for a safe level of asbestos exposure proposed or set in the absence of reliable and valid data in both of these two categories must be considered empirical and to some degree abritrary and should be recognized as such. ' I wish to indicate some of the difficulties encountered in efforts to obtain the information essential for determining , what the safe level of asbestos in the occupational environment truly is. Asbestos is a generic term embracing four varieties that are in common commercial use. Of these, chrysctile is used in largest quantities followed by crocidolite, amosite and antho- phylite. 'Each of these has different chemical and physical attributes. Some working populations are exposed to only one variety of asbestos 'while others are exposed to two or more simultaneously and in varying proportions. Thus there are several kinds of populations each exposed in quite different ways to one or more kinds of asbestos, each of which night react biologically in a different manner. Moreover, workers exposed to asbestos are further exposed simultaneously to other airborne agents. In production, manufacturing and utilization processes these may differ greatly. For example, the asbestos producer is exposed to asbestos with minimal coexisting agents while, in contrast, the insulation manufacturer inhales asbestos plus silica plus other pneumoconiosis producing dusts. Insulation applicators inhale these materials plus a variety of additional agents present in whatever the environment is in the place where he is working at that time. Attention to such coexisting acrer.ts has been ignored in studies of insulation workers. Variations of type of fiber and the circumstances surrounding their use must be taken into account in answering the primary question and would suggest the possibility that different standards might be rational in order to meet different conditions of use of asbestos. There are four, totally different biological phenomena or diseases thought to be related in some way to the inhalation of asbestos fiber. These are pulmonary fibrosis, bronchogenic cancer, thickening of the pleura, and mesothelioma. Mot a single one of these diseases is peculiarly related to or caused solely by the inhalation of asbestos fiber. Each of these four r diseases occurs in ' novo or for other reasons in.persons who have never.been exposed cccupationally to asbestos. The fact is, the biological reaction attributable to asbestos is not a 0303*10 specific kind of disease induced solely by asbestos. Instead, the biological reaction to asbestos manifests itself by the fact that in some populations occupationally exposed to asbestos, there is, in contrast to non-expesed populations, an excess occur rence of one or more of the four previously mentioned diseases. To determine the safe level for the use of asbestos, we are required to demonstrate the level of exposure to asbestos at which no excess of disease develops when the exposed population is compared to a non-exoosed population. In order to establish a safe level we must examine suitable control populations not exposed to asbestos, but age matched and residence matched, from which population one can learn the frequency of occurrence of the specific diseases in question. In addition, v:e must examine an exposed population, which can be ranked in various levels of exposure, in order to learn at what level an excess of these diseases occur in the exposed populatio The observation of a biological abnormality in only one or two person who have boor, exposed to the inhalation of asbestos fibers does not permit a comparison to suitable control groups or afford contrasting exposure values. Such observations are of no use for determining a safe level standard. Isolated case reports of mesothelioma, bronchogenic cancer or pulmonary fibrosis in individuals who may also have had an exposure to the inhalation of asbestos fiber are of no use in setting a safe standard for asbestos based upon sound scientific principles. Larger populations in which only the frecuuncv of occurrence of disease is reported, without the necessary "x c'x-1 ' indicating ranges of exposure and in which no attempt to relate at of exposure to disease is made, fall into the same non- A. usable category for setting a valid safe level. This is not to say that observations in such groups are of no value for other purposes, but the issue should not be confused by introducing data from such inadequate studies into considerations of safe levels of asbestos exposure. Suitable control populations made up of individ uals in sufficient number who were never exposed to the occupational inhalation of asbestos fiber and occupational groups whose exposures are demonstrated to have wide variation are difficult to obtain but absolutely essential for our purpose. The absence of this kind of control data, excused or overlooked on the basis that it cannot be obtained, is an unacceptable condition if the safe level standard is alleged to be set on the basis of universally accepted scientific principles. There is difficulty, also with assessing the frequency of occurrence of the diseases thought to be related under sc:, u cir cumstances to the inhalation of asbestos fiber. There -.agree ment as to the criteria for a valid diagnosis of mesothel;o~ i. The criteria for a diagnosis of "asbestosis", especially in its least severe manifestation, are not generally agreed upon. The use of the chest x-ray for diagnosing the early manifestation of asbestosis is a case in point. A recent report by Murphy and his co-workers of a study of employees in a shipyard demonstrated that twenty percent of the control, or non-exposed population gave evidence of x-ray abnormalities which, if observed in the exposed population in the absence of controls, in all.probability would have been interpreted as being evidence of the effect of the inhalation of asbestos fibers. In a population -- *> 0203.12 which has been exposeu to asbestos inhalation, it is very tempting to ascribe any departure from a perfect appearance in the chest roentgenogram to the occupational exposure, and indeed, in some studies this has been done. It is imperative to recognize that some persons who have never had an occupational exposure to asbestos will show the same x-ray shadows that have been interpreted by some as evidences of asbestosis in populations exposed to the inhalations of asbestos fiber. Studies such as those by Murphy et al exemplify the necessity of having suitable controls included in epidemiological studies bearing on the determination of a safe standard for asbestos. There are still other difficulties having to do with estab lishing tho dose-risk relationship. The health effects of asbestos ' inhalation are both dose and lapse-time related. Overt evidences of asbestosis do not appear' until years after tho initiation of uhe exposure. The interval be tween onset of exposure and its eff ,ct no even greater for the development of bronchogenic cancer or moo,- - t heir one.. This interval ranges between t-.verity and forty years. Because of the long time lapse betv/een the. initiation of exposure and mho manifestation of injury, the incidence of disease occurring in populations nov; under study is the result of, and must be related to, exposures v/hich took place tv/enty to forty years or more ago. To relate exposure measured only in the past five or so years to the current frequency of development of disease v/hich actually was induced by exposure occurring years earlier, is a serious error. During- the past twenty-five to thirty years there have been many , techuicological changes in the production, manufacture and use of asbestos containing material In many situations there is much o:;oo43 less asbestos now being incorporated in the material than was true twenty or more years ago. In addition, there has been a progressive dust control effort to reduce the concentration of airborne asbestos in mines, mills and manufacturing establishments in a deliberate attempt to reduce and abolish asbestos related disease. So much has been accomplished in this direction by technicological change and systematic asbestos control efforts, that contemporary measurements of occupational environments cannot be accepted as representative of conditions twenty to forty years ago. ^ To summarize this part of my statement I strongly urge that when data offered in support of setting a safe level standard is being judged, one should ask the following questions: 1. What were the different kinds and proportions of asbestos used arc vhat were the coexisting agents to which w ... ; different occupations? re exposed in the 2. What were the specific criteria and methods used, and were they adequate fc' making a diagnosis of the biological reaction tcributed to the inhal ation of asbestos? 3. Were suitable controls in the sense of non-exposed populations and exposed regulations whose exposures varied in intensity and duration utilized? 4. Was the exposure which vms actually responsible ror the disease properi;.' cet ruined or were contemporary dust estimates ir.:.;v\ - .-xictely applied to disease which was in fat ed exposure years ago? ' 020344 The demands inherent in these questions pose formidable obstacles to arriving at a scientifically valid single number which will indicate the concentration of occupational airborne asbestos that can be tolerated with safety for the customary duration of employment. In spite of this, as I will show later, there are substantial data which will satisfy the requirements posed by these questions and which can be used for the purpose of determining at least a first approximation to the safe level of occupational exposure to airborne asbestos. s' We must now examine the various established and proposed standards for a safe level of asbestos in the occupational environ ment, in the light of the just discussed requirements as to data needed for sotting a standard on a sound scientific basis. Sys tematic efforts to reduce the amount of asbestos in the air of working places by governmental Vi,ctivG was made in the factories of Great Britain beginning in 'm . he numerical standard for this purpose was set, but Statuatory P.ulas and Orders were promulgated. Later, Oh the basis cf limited d-ita relating impinger dust counts to x-ray abnormalities in several asbestos textile factories of the USA., Sayers and Dreeson suggested a numerical standard of five mp/ft3 as a tentative safe level. This was the limit adopted by the American Congress of Governmental Industrial Hygienists in 19-16 Utilizing the conversion data for textile mills published by Lynch and Ayers of the U. S. Public Health Service, five mp/ft3 is the equivalent of approximately thirty fibars/cc. In 1963 the British Occupational Hygiene Society suggested numerical guides aimed at reducing the risk of developing asbestosis Page 9 0C0345 The suggested guides indica-e that those concentrations, averaged over a three month period below 2 fiber/cc ought to be considered low, and that over the course of 50 years of employment, 100 fiber years is the level below which there would be less than a 1% chance of developing asbestosis as defined chiefly.by the presence of rales If asbestosis is defined by.x-ray abnormality, the level becomes 135 fiber years. In 1963 the ACGIH changed its recommended standard to a TWA of-2 mp/ft^, or twelve fibers/cc. In 1970 this Committee decided to change the standard to 5 fibers/cc, which is equivalent to less than 1.0 mp/ft^, Several months ago OSKA set an emergency standard of 5 fibers/cc, and within the past few days NIOSH now proposes a standard of 2 fibers/cc. What is the soierr-. tic be-is for these various standards? The standard proposed by -* *1 Dreeson did attempt to relate dose of dust containing a;.b. rocs .ns measured by the midget impinger L,LiiL. 1 1 OA -- -* _ . -- w - - pulmcnarv abnormalities in terms of ab normal x-ray pattern^. ides" si by showed a higher frequency of Vo r' 02T jT\ ai 1. "2 " X" V- in ri; . heavily exposed as contraste to those less exposed, They found no excess of abnormal chest x-ray patterns in those 'V'orkers exposed to less than 5 mp/ft^. Hence their suggested sc -r.dard cf 5 mp/f-c. . V7e now knovz, hov:ever, that the population stud icd was not observed long enough for the full range of disease to develop. The authors appreciated this possibility and proposed the standard as being a tentative one. In retrospect we know th t the standard, although it led to marked lessening of the dustir.e 3 in some occupations, was not adequately based and the passage of time has demonstrated it to bo an inade- quate standard.  V - J J. U a 020CI4G The numbers proposed by the "ritish OccursCienaI hygiene Society are based on a study of 290 male employees from a single asbestos textile mill. Their employment began after 1933, all had worked for at least ten years, and the exposure period extended from 1933 until 1966. The indicator of disease was basal rales and x-ray changes. No measurements of dustiness in this mill were available prior to 1950. Membrane fiber counts done in the modern manner vrere used only in the last year of the study and these served as the factor for converting previous counts using other methods to an expression in terms of fibers. To obtain an index of exposure for the period between 1933 and 1950 - a crucial period of exposure - the first measurements made in 1950 were raised fcv 3! 3 . Mo evidence was given for using this very slight augmentation. in other textile factories such as those by Sayers and Mroarcti recreate that vtve. *cntt-La'cron controls were frrst applrec in :r. r.r textile mills fcr.o rust counts dropped 1,000% or more. v. i ,, .. i--v*. uuU - v-c-- - -+. nr '.ied in this British textile mil" seventeen years of exposure during that most crucial period worn 193* and 1950 would appear to have been substantially under- es im.r-red. This study, in spite of its less than adequate scienic base is important because it 'w; the first attempt after 1933 set numerical guidelines for the prevention of asbsstosis. The nv.: be;: of persons in the study is very small; the criteria for c: r ..-a, especially basal rales, not universally accepted; and the es re : 1 dustiness seriously lacking in rigor. The estimate of * c u t-: era v.t.s on the lov/ side for the reasons that I have already or':.-.:., and, in addition, because no attempt was made to further P ci3 Q XX. 020347 adjust for the longer working hours and hence of exposure during the war and earlier years. In spite cf all of this, the study is a first approximation to a solution of a problem for which there were essentially no other available data in 1968 upon which to attempt a dose-risk estimate. It is my understanding that the enforcement agency of Great Britain looks upon these standards as guidelines and not as rigid requirements for all circumstances in which asbestos is used. Thus, they recognize the incomplete nature of the data used in developing the numbers. The lowering of the 1938 standard from 5, to 2 mp/ft^ and 12 fibers per cc, adopted by the ACGIH in 1968 appears to have been based in part upon the data underlying the British proposal and also upon the fact that there was a growing awareness that the old stan dard of 1933 was not universally effective. The furthc ~ 1 ./orir.g to 5 fibers/cc was not based upon new scientific data, -peered to have been made to establish a margin or 'factor of ; In a personal communication from Dr. Herbert Stockincer, .. the Division of Laboratory and Criteria Development of too N~-:ur"I Institute of Occupational Safety and Health and Chairman of the Committee on Threshold Limit Values of the American Conference cf Government Industrial Hygienist, I am informed that four months ago, in November of 1971, the Committee of the ACGIH reviewed the standard of 5 fibsrs/cc and found no evidence to indicate that it should be changed. There are several relatively current studies which support this decision. I would now like to discuss five of these supporting studies. Murphy et al, in December of 1971 published data on workers exposed Page 1 ' - 020348 over a period cf approxim.at2ly thiri.y-five years as pipe coverers in new ship conscruction. The authors demonstrate that no evidence of asbestosis was found until at least 60 million particles per cubic foot years of exposure had been exceeded. This would indicat that for a forty year period of employment, 1,5 million particles per cubic foot would be the value below which no asbestosis occurrc The report indicated that the actual occurrence of asbestosis'was restricted almost solely to those exposed to more than 75 million particles per cubic foot years, which would be close to a value of 2,0 million particles per cubic foot for those employed for forty years. Utilizing a conservative number to convert particles to rs per cc, one arrives at a level of 5 or more as being thai bs.i.cv; which no asbestosis w7as observed. If one utilizes their Vo:.Jester data, one can,- by suitable calculations, estimate that ' .mgs exposure for these workmen was in the neighborhood c fibers per cc, and this too would suggest that a number of i ' *- tTTS CC VJOllld 3"*SVS C^sn Vs ^ riW v'h ' <r i- 01 asbestos is developed. This study indicates, not only that standard of 5 mp/ft^ is unsafe but also that a standard or i ribers/cc will prevent asbestosis in employees working for fc. -;;. y-.ars or more. An extensive and detailed study of a population comprising thousands of workers in the mining and milling of chrysotile in eastern Canada conducted over the past few years by Dr. Corbett M-Penala and his associates is of great importance in our consider- a oions because this study has dust counts going back many years end chest roentcenccrams available from approximately 1935 to ' is pace 13. 020349 Dr. McDonald will report on these studies at these hearings. It is my understanding that these studies support the conclusion that those individuals exposed in these occupations for forty or more years would have to be exposed to higher than 6 fibers/cc in order to reveal any evidences of asbestosis. Becklake and her co-workers, utilizing a segment of the population from McDonald's larger study, have demonstrated that in those individuals who have been employed for long periods of time in the mining and milling of chrysotile asbestos and who do not even show evidence of x-ray changes, the accumulated exposure must 3 have been more than 110 rnp/ft years before the most sophisticated techniques can detect evidence * f those physiologic chances thought to develop in response to ir.h..'.- of asbestos. These data sugges that something larger the" " . f y rartdclcs per cubic foot over a forty year period can even t subtle manirestations or asbes rummer woo. ranslato into something between five In the fall of I'-'r r . <*. ^ o. per cubic centimeter. - ^ t2r^t cp.5. J. ocn^zrss s on Pneumoconiosis, held in luv::/-r. r . . McDonald updated his previous reported large study ar.d re.off: .-v: that an excess of bronchogenic cancer did not occur in the ..v.e .... mining and milling of c'nryso- tile asbestos until an expo.- .r- . . -'ent to 2C0 million particles per cubic foot years was e particles per cubic foot f: mining and milling of chi' would not be demonstrable : r --is translates into 5 million It indicates that in the -i: s of bronchogenic cancer . ''duals who were exposed to less than 5 million fije *' 020350 particles per cubic foot. This is equivalent to 10 or more fibers per cc. This most important finding supports the view held by Stewart and others that an excess of bronchogenic cancer occurs only in those who have manifestations of asbestosis and that the standard adequate to protect against bronchogenic cancer is a larger number than that required to protect against asbestosis. Recently, Enterline and his co-workers have reported the results of a study of retirees employed in various asbestos-using manufacturing processes including textiles and where the exposure was different from that in mining and milling because of the inclusion of exposure to crocidolite and ai.icsite as well as other agents which might co-exist. This study shows., and I quote "there appeared to be no direct relationship between asbestos dust exposure and respiratory tu.nccr bo lew "" million particles 'per cubic foot years. Import mortality apparently occurred xi.-c rements _ . respiratory cancer v-.: re between 100 and 200 million particles per cubic foot yearn .-are''. ".'hi 5 would indicate that exposure to 3 million par ticlen per c--wio foot would be tolerated for a forty year period without a risk of excess broncho genic cancer in these typos of occupations. Using the conversion factor* suggested by Lynch et ul, this is equivalent to 18 fibers/cc. This series of studies indicates that a lower standard is required to protect against pulmonary fibrosis or asbestosis than to protect against bronchogenic cancer. These five studies offer strong support for the position taken by the fur.erican Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists that there is no need to lower the standard below 5 fibers/cc in order to protect against pulmonary fibrosis or bronchogenic cancer. Page 15. Oi2(J3Gl In my judgement, wo have no specific information cf a suit able scientific nature expressing the dose-risk relationship for mesothelioma. Isolated case reports of mesothelioma are of no value in establishing a dose-risk relationship. Equally useless for this purpose are the data offered in studies of insulation workers, asbestos miners and millers, workers in asbestos using manufacturing, domestic exposures and neighborhood exposures. Not a single.one of these studies offers data comparing variable exposures to the incidence of mesothelioma and they are therefore of no use for establishing a safe level of asbestos in the occu pational environment. These studies do indicate that in some cir cumstances the risk is present but none speak to the question of the safe level on scientific.-;.'',- acceptable grounds. Nevertheless, those studies of larger numb, rrs 1 cases of mesothelioma suggest that, in some circorns ter. : : ' hr - :posure to asbestos which may be related to the develop:-.:--' c. sotheliomn might be less than that required to produce rsbc; ... r cr on excess of bronchogenic cancer. One factor, which has h' -u comer-.. era ted with respect to the relation ship between mesothe lso...a c.r.d :;.,.alation of asbestos is of the. utmost importance. In all of those circumstances where a strong relationship between mesothelioma and tbs- inhalation of asbestos is suspected, two varieties of asbestos, namely cxocidolite and amosite, invariably have been implicated either alone or combined. This is the case in the excess occurrence of mesothelioma among crocidolite miners, asbestos using insulation v.-ork?r. s, 'workers in asbestos textile and t insulation manufacturing and in a large multiprcduct asbestos using manufacturing plant in the USA. In most of these ci.rcum- Opr. nro stances there has been a nixed exposure and chrysotile hai:q 2 I '7* present. In striking contrast, however, when exposure has bee,; sole! to chrysotile, as in mining and milling of chrysotile, the frequency of occurrence of mesothelioma has either not been increased or in creased only to the very slightest degree. The virtual absence of an excess of mesothelioma in populations exposed solely to chrysotile has been reported by Gilson, Vigliani, Wagner and McDonald on the basis of separate studies. With respect to anthophylite, no excess of mesothelioma has ever been reported. On the basis of information currently in hand, therefore, mesothelioma appears to be predorainenti' linked with exposures to crocidolite or amosite but the cose relation ships are unknown, The studies referred aware of which, in my judg^m thus far are the only ones .thati I am a meaningful bearing on the setting of a standard :: does exist but in my jud:w universally agreed upon, to: rr ., expose --C,an^r da '.a s net conform to those criteria, "T'enticic hauls uoon which to predicate a sate standard. There is an abundant of:;., body of data which indicates that the prolonged inhalation of acluntos fibers above some level is hazardous, that the biological effect is dost related but that many of the workers exposed for a lidcm; no never do develop asbestos related disease. This da a a in-uica s clearly that past exposures in some occupations, as for ;v-_.plG she mining and milling of chrysotile were far less h* - r onn exposures in asbestos tex tile manufacture or the in ~ u.nn workers ' trade and possibly m other occupations as we 13.. " . 'ns for these dirferences are V,'-' itiSif'H 020J53 1i '* not entirely resolved at this time. .The insulation trade uses A much more amosite than chrysotlle and in some work, especially in England, large amounts of crocidolite have been used. There are coexisting agents in the insulation trade which are net present in mining and milling of chrysotile. The peak exposures appear to be much higher in the insulation trades than in mining, milling or manufacturing. Peak exposures may be much more hazardous than lover levels of prolonged exposure. Tiber counts in the insulation trade in shipbuilding in Great Britain and in construction in Finland ranged from twenty to hundreds of fibers/cc depending upon the kind of work being done. Fiber counts in the construction industry in this country currently indicate somewhat; lower TWA levels but inter mittent high peaks of exposure. For example, during the mixing, of asbestos cemont, dust counts ccmmcnly as high as 75 fibers/cc during a 5 to 10 minute period art : = chad as of to- \ 5 times cr more a cay. Unfortunately, there are no c in the ins' 1. '.Jon worker trade that compare degree:, of exposure ever a period c any years to the biological manifestations of excess disease. Until this is available, there is no way of utilizing data from these trades to establish a standard for the control of asbestos inhalation. There is every indication that the levels of exposure should be lowered, especially the peak levels, but whether or not a lover TivA standard is needed in the insulation trade than in the other trades remains unsettled. There is substantial reason to relieve that crocidolite and amosite should be controlled more stringently \ than is chrysotile. There is also reason to believe that the geometric conformation of the fibers in :ne mining and milling o,_ chrysotile may be different from those fibers generated subscouen v in manufacture and use'of asbestos. Moreover, the fibers of crceicolite and amosite even in mining have a different geometric con figuration, as- actually observed by Timbrell in airborne specimens, from that of some forms of chrysotile. For these reasons the pul monary retention of chrysotile may be substantially less than for other varieties of asbestos or for the kinds of fibers generated in other occupations than mining and milling. Animal experiments have demonstrated this to be true. J On the basis of data now available and adequate for the' pur I pose, I wish to indicate that in my judgement a standard of five j fibers/cc TWA with peaks not to exceed 10 fibers/cc, such as recom mended by OSK.A in its present standard and by the ACGIH constitutes a level which will pro root aaair.st the development of asbestosis and bronchogenic cant:- es a safety factor since it is a level substantially bo..v. hich has been demonstrated to be assocrar.ee unecurvcc.' -7 0 excess of these two abnormalities. mesothelioma which sugge t 5, more rigorous control of amosite or crocidolite would be justified. For this reason it may be Since X am. in t with the recommendation of the CriteriaDocument that two fibers/cc be e ablished as the safe to indicate the important points of my disagreement Page 19 0f i2vor'.u;joO In my opinion it is incumbent upon the authors of the Criteria Document to present evidence, which will meet the requirements for scientific validity, in support of their proposal to change the stan dard and to establish a new one. In the entire document I do not find reference to a single study containing data v/hich will, on the one hand meet the criteria of scientific validity for setting stan dards and, on the other, support the need to change the standard frcn 5 fibers/nc or to set it at 2 fibers/cc. In fact, the Criteria Document explicitly says on page 10 of section 5 "The number of studies that have collected both environmental and medical data and with a significant number of exposed v/orkers, is not sufficient to establish a meaningful standard based upon firm scientific data". In other words, the authors of the Criteria Document.do not provide up eci&ntific caca upon which to base their proposal to change the 5tamo.from 5 to 2 fibers/co or to support the choice of a stan dard c' 2 fibers/cc. The failure to provide this support, in my judcen.'.nt casts the most serious doubts upon the validity of the proposals. I am in complete disagreement with the Criteria Document ,/ith respect to its expressed opinion that the data relating exposure ao biological reaction is inadequate to establish a meaningful stan dard at. this time. While the evidence may not be as far reaching as we would like, it is scientifically valid and adequate to support approximation the opinion that the present standard, by OSHA several months ago at 5 fibers/cc TWA and peaks -'XS-rca 10 fibers/cc should not be lowered but left as it is . cited the studios supporting this opinion. Page 2C. 0203GG Lacking dose-risk relationship data adequate to support the proposal of 2 fibers/cc, the Criteria Document appears to promote an aura of extreme toxicity of asbestos fibers in order to justify the new level. This is done chiefly by citing isolated case reports. In my judgement an inordinate amount of weight is given to isolated case reports which, though of interest and some importance, have r.o possible utility in setting a numerical standard. Their use in the Criteria Document is doubly difficult to accept in view of the fact that on page 24 of Section III there is the following statement "Isolated clinical case reports are difficult to interpret in terms of dose-time response relationship and can only be used to indicate other possible problem areas and to highlight what may prove to be practicable areas for further study". An attempt to convey the implication of extrer asbestos is again made on page 7 of Section 3 by ref'- - study of 232 former employees in a plant that nanuiac S, U c* 1- This study, by Selikoff, is quoted as revealing four eng s v;r.o develooed x-ray evidence of csis arter one to asbestos. Observation of a control group for comparison to those who had been exposed^is totally absent from the Tables for this study that are shewn in the Criteria Document. Murphy's study of pipe-coverers, referred to earlier in this statement, demonstrates beyond doubt that in any adult population not exposed occupationally to asbestos there will be some individuals with x-ray shadows that could be interpreted as evidence of slight asbestosis. In the absence of suitable controls, Selikoff's study cannot, on scientific grour.es, be interpreted to prove that one day of exposure to asbestos career Pace ,1, 020357 asbestosis. To do so on she oasis of the data shown. is epideniolcy- ically unsound and to cite this study as evidence of extreme toxic.it of asbestos is completely unwarranted. The manner in which reports and 'data of different investicaco throughout the world are utilised and criticized does not appear to be uniform in this document. For example, the comprehensive review of the epidemiology of asbestos related cancers by Wagner et al, published in 1971 is not referred to. The report by IIcDonald et al of an extensive epidemiologic study relating dose to risk in 11,788 workers employed in the Quebec chrysotile asbestos mining industry is not discussed in the Criteria Document. This study, published in June, 1971 is the single most detailed and complete study in the world's literature of the dose-risk relationship of one kind cf population exposed to airborne asbestos. The only reference mU`. ; ir the Criteria Document to this study, pages 13 and 10 of 5ec! --or L is a criticism of a "progress report" given by McDonald at the Bucharest meeting in September of 1971. One woul< rue tr.se mi this magnitude would require discussion in a document intends:' a fully developed presentation of the evidence supporting re::.: nendations of such great importance. It is difficult to understand why McDonald * s report is cult: cized^as stated at the top of page 20 of Section 3, because of tun conversion of numbers of particles to numbers of fibers. Particles are converted to fibers by the British Occupational Hygiene Society in developing their standard and at no place in the Criteria Documpr\ p-.-rtainir.g to the British recommendation, does one see a question.in." or. that procedure. If it is acceptable in the one circumstance ic should be acceptable in the other. -15acre 2 2 . 0U035S It is even more difficult to understand the crioloisu expressin the last sentence of the 1st paragraph or, page 2C of Section 3 to the effect that the McDonald study lacks the evidence necessary to make general comparisons with the data of other reported work. The published paper by McDonalds' group contains the complete biological data and the required exposure data expressed in mp/ft-*, This is substantially more data than that furnished by others since it relates exposure to biological effect in the sane population whereas other studies such as those of insulation workers do not in any way provide this co-related data. The index of dustiness used in the McDonald report is the sane as in those of Murphy et al, Decoufle- Enterline and Killians, all of which are quoted in this document, ihe criticism that McDonald did not indicate the details of the -H . r " V* n/' * T *.--> j-- --' " ' i 1 r' / - J . . ty. . ^ tv w ^ ^ j- L. .: . w . U zz w / _ 1 to fibers fee could easJ]v rare be m answered by a le ta ; or a telephone call if the authors cz r.bo Criteria rocurr.ar.t k..d been desirous of making the comparisons. Much .veighu -is given zo an unpublished paper by Killian:s, al' fro." the Pennsylvania Department of Health. One vor.ders why, ir. .uch ii; important document as the KIOSH Criteria Package, the crude r - of the Killians' study was not shown in the tables of the Criteria Document. The way in which the sixty-four cases of ashosts' r;Zerred to were related to what was undoubtedly a variable exposure in nor shown. It is very probable that all of these 5 4 cases occurre in those'who were most highly exposed, very possibly in the neighbor- k-jo l --t" i: /a million or more particles per cubic foot. The failure such data in the conventional dose-risk relationship Inordinate and unwarranted attention is given to contemporary dust counts. The impression is given that these present day counts represent the conditions that existed over the past 40 years. While this may not be intended, more care should have been taken to indicate that the counts were substantially higher in the past, especially in manufacturing places where effort toward controlling exposures by exhaust ventilation, etc. has been expended in the past 30 years. In addition, the reduction of the amount of asbestos contained in manufactured materials has further reduced the exposures, particularly in asbestos insulation workers. Most of the counts in the table,s of this document are expressed as averages, as for example, Tables 13 and 14 pertaining to exposures of insulation workers. This is an inadequate way to display data, since it can give misleading information, by masking h'c' yo^ures if there are a large number of low exposures to diiuu ones. Biological effects are much more likely to occur in t rsons heavily exposes. chan in those with low exposure, tnus,- gas or all exposures have little meaning or use in dotermini-g : dc^-a- risk relationship. It is not possible to evaluate fully the exposures from the data shown in some of the Tables of this document. For this we need to know not only the TWA's but also the peaks, the number of obser vations and the conditions of the environment during the time of sampling'. This criticism is especially pertinent to the exposures of insulation workers shown in Table 14. The insulation worker experiences great variability with respect to job conditions, to a large decree dictated by the volume of the space in which he works and by natural ventilation as well as the kind of work he is doing u-oujou at the time. Dust counts under all sorts cf conditions, and peak as veil as TWA exposures must be measured before the insulation worker's exposure can be portrayed. With respect to Table 14, it is surprising that the job of "cement mixing", notoriously character ized by peaks of exposure as high as 75 fibers/cc for periods of 5 to 10 minutes several times a day, is omitted. The summary, on page IS of Section 5, describing the basis for the new standard recommenced by the Criteria Document is confusing and inconsistent. I quote from the second paragraph, "evidence indicates that past and current standards for fiber concentrations in the working places where asbestos fibers occur, though undoubtedly contributing to reduction of the severity and frequency of asbestosis have not provided complete promotion from exposure to asbestos, necessitating development o' a- " v; standard". There is evidence that asbestos is developed under sc.;' - i rcum stances, in places thought to have an average exposure of :i v; million particles per cubic foot, or : r. modern variance, 'bh.irk1' ' ? ts/cc, This was the standard set in .1533. The ?.CGIH created a . 2over standard in 1963 and another still lover, introducing a :adc." factor in 1570. The British Occu pational Hygiene Society suggested numbers that might serve as a standard in 19S8. The current standard in the USA set by OSHA is five- fibers/cc, and was set only a few months aco. If there is to be a nev; standard it will be one set since a few months ago, or at most, set since three years ago. The statement in the Criteria Document, to which I have just referred, indicates that the authors have evidence that the standard recommended by ACGIII in 1953 has been inadequate and her. net provided complete protection and hence a new standard is needed. The authors of the Criteria Document should be required to give that evidence and it is cbvicus tht cv-?-- have not. Could it be that they are referring to the fact that the standard set in 1938 is inadequate and that a better standard is needed? If so,-a lower standard was provided in 1968 and still lower in 1970, and it is this standard which was promulgated as an "emergene standard" by OSHA. It is this OSHA standard for which I believe there is substantial factual evidence of a supportive nature. An even more serious inconsistency is demonstrated on page 16 of Section 5. Close examination of Items a, b, c, and d reveals in unequivocal terms^ that in the judgement of the authors of the Criteria Document there are no scientifically usable data on which to base a standard. Nevertheless, withe ..L such data they decide that the curren standard must be changed and : .. .sever recommend precisely what the new one. should be. There - .'-'one inference from the second para graph of page 17, Section ;.- ' a., perhaps the chief reason for setting the recommend. b an ` .i two fibers/cc is that the British irgcorrcrig ri ci *" o. * < --d. y. disagree v.ith the ccn- cept, if actually intended, ; "w t th:. represants a scientifically valid reason for recommend:-r.y nr-., .tandard. Moreover, it is my understanding that the British cid n >r set a standard in the same sense that it is intended tc be uzc.c under the now Occupational Safety and Health Act. The Hritinh tandard is a series of numbers proposed to furnish a guic-. Inn e v..; th a wide range of personal judge- meat on the part of their in: ...-cor:- as to the need for corrective measures when these number' r7 "c-' "ad. Under our act it is my % interpretation that a starw re : ho set which, if not complied with, places the opera cor nd - r 'r. penalties. To my mind the two conditions are utterly .i.ibuor-' F cly 3 & * SUMMARY In this statement I have described the kind of data required for characterizing the dose-risk relationship in such a manner, that it can be used for setting an occupational standard for airborne asbestos on a scientific rather than an arbitrary basis. Because of the difficulties described, much of the data now extant, con cerning asbestos associated disease, is of no use for setting a standard. Isolated case reports and data giving exposures or biological effects without relating the two in the same population are examples of this kind of unusable information. Unfortunately, much of the data now available is competent only to say that asbestos is more or is less hazardous in different groups and that the exposur is varied. 'Nevertheless, although not numerous, there are specific daua competent to speak to dose-risk relationship ar.d . ' '_e used for our purpose. I have cited these. I have indicated the reasons for my opinion tha - iteria Document has failed to do that which is incumbent upon i.. mely, to provrde sound scientific evicence to support their a.- change from the OSHA emergency standard and for a new standard of 2 fibers/cc THA and peaks not to exceed 10 fibers/cc. I disagree with the view of the Criteria Document that there are no scientifically obtained data adequate for the purpose of setting a standard. I have cited the studies -which I believe are scientifically valid and adequate for setting a first approxim.u tson to a standard or safe level of airborne asbestos in occupational 1 environments. In my opinion, these studies fully support tnc -- current OSJIA temporary standard of 5 fibers/cc TWA v.`irh peaks not to exceed 10 fibers/cc and the recent cec:sion of the ACGXH that' there is no need to change from this standard. It should be empha sized that prior to 194 0 and for some years thereafter, v/her. many of those persons now developing disease were actually being exposed, the dust counts in mining, milling and manufacturing commonly were in the range of 10 to 100 mp/rt . This was most likely equivalent to 30 to 600 fibers/cc. There is no evidence that exposures during that period for insulation workers was substantially lower and, on the basis of British and Finnish data, it v/as in that range. It is clear then, that the current OSHA temporary standard represents a tremendous reduction from t.ie dust levels of previous years and, in my opinion, includes a. cv.hr.tontial safety factor. I believe this level will protect . vising asbestos over a forty year or more span of emcl;.you c.. developing asbestosis or experience jn excess of broncho:-nee cancer. If crocidoiite and perhaps am.rsit arc mere strir.rcntly sc: ' '.'.si the liability of experiencing meso thelioma will be m.ark'..-.ii. ..is. o and probably abolished. - 4.J1L. n t............. ' f y n 'r',~ Hi'\Hi.;r;s on a standard for ::x^o.~!";!~ ;"' ''<-','ii i >_ _ ^ " i r, -, 9 ': :'V ix j cc- p * ^ r g. rJGiu t'Niv'j.RSirv, r My rare is John Corbett McDonald; I a:: Professor of Epidemiology and Chairman of the Department of Epidc-mioio gy and Health at McGill university, Montreal. I grade "Cc>wi in raeuicine from London i^urversity in 194r and nave spacia --in epif or'iclopy and related subjects for the past tventy-couv years. 1 a~ very grateful to these responsible for these hearings for permission to to; today, for two main reasons which are as follows 1. A substantial research team at McGill has devoted the las'; veers to a wide variety of studies, under z.y direction, into the rj-v.r.'r.'t airiv.4 re la t ions'.: i; t.iiich exist between, asbestos exposure and its e crf'cnl'on fv'.n. '-.'j believe tix lore that oar finding t.tXi-- / on ^ .t o ^ ^ c a T1 u e \ SI .i n d... . ? _ o ,, ex: 2. The brief references to cur verb -a Sac t lor. T'X p p \*j -20 of the Criteria Da at are almost wholly inaccurate , out of context i.id icx i o< > ;:v! t> !-.'. ing. I.xv were t.ado v..tho:.i_ rry .vX.-v^ccge c,, -- a. tt" a..~ ; n-irtc. tilnl t ItCv iti 4 - ' -ovi.t 'O. an very glad, therefore, to be allowed this on; tyhoVi iy K-' place on racer; balanced account of our research cr.d The rest of ir.y presentation is In the form of ?P., repor ' ' r- a 11 The health of chrysotilc asbestos vine and Trill vorhers prepared for publication ir. the tea;: futur Quebec1' This p. :ay col leagues and J h ria es our main fix to date ?.p.J i believe it approprrate there to as h J-. . i t be included in the record of those hearings. Inis pager is net gyet in its f(u-:ti for r and still sub to revision but la unliholy that \;a ab.all find xr-.-.tr-: Vo * 11 - ? our conclusions: 1 ii.-.pertar.t respect NOT FOR DUPLICATION Thlklj dsal-__i__ - j'J .. ir 0203G5 v The Health of Chrysotile Asbestos Mine and Kill Workers of Quebec by J. Corbett McDonald, MQ 4 - o'' - " ^ v 4 H r1 .-a ' n Grahar.i V.Tt Giobc>j- u,jc \fT) *- Alison 0. McDonald, MD Charles E. Rossiter, MV From the. Department of Epidemiology and Health, McGill University, Montreal. Mr Rossiter is presently vith the Medical Research Council Pneumoconiosis Unit, Pennrth, S. Wales. Reprint requests to 3775 University Street Montreal 110 (Or J.C, McDonald) - i- In recent years, exposure to asbestos dust h3s been widely recognized as an etiological factor of importance in pulmonary fibrosis, lung cancer and malignant ir.esothe.lial tumours. However, exposure has usually been complicated by the presence of more than one form of asbestos and of other \ materials in the manufacture or application cf asbestos products.' In the mining and milling industry of Quebec, where almost half the world's supply of chrysoti is produced, therp has been very little exposure to other types of asbestos or to materials used to make asbestos products. An epidemiological study in this industry was started in 1966 tc assess the effects of pure exposure to chrysotil Our aims were to relate dust exposure assessments to mortality, radiographic changes, lung function and respiratory symptoms. The results of these studies are presented in sepaiu .c papers on mortality 1*2,3,4^ radiographic change^ . lung function ami re?.?;rato> y symptoms . The purpose-of this report is to synthesize these and certain s' ksidiary findings and to discuss their implied for control. Outline cf studv Records of the mining companies were used to identify all persons known to have worked in the industry since its inception in 1878. Earlier recor tended to be incomplete or missing and certain sets had been destroyed, but alto gether some 28,000 employees, mostly male, were identified and information gathered for them. Of these 6,AGO were working on November 1st 1966, the regisU tion date for the study. The information collected for each person consisted of -2- , 0<(JoG7 date of birth ana full industrial history. The latest chest radiograph for each employee, if available, was provided by the industrial medical clinics and read by an international group of 6 readers using the GICC/Cincinnati Classific tion. A follow-up of ex-employees was made and death certificates and autopsy reports were examined for those who had died. One section of this paper deals with results in women and the rest is concerned with men only. Dust exposure ' Dust exposure levels were determined for each recorded job witki; the industry and for each year of employment. These levels were used to calculi a total dust exposure index for each worker, Gibbs and Lachance"^ described the techniques used and Gibbs'^ considered certain qualitative aspects. The re: index was based on particle counts from midget inpinger samples, expressed millions of particles per cubic foot (npcf). Tor each worker, total dear expose was calculated by multiplying the dust exposure index by the number of years of exposure at that index, expressed as r.pcf-years. The results which follow are presented in terms of range of total dust exposure (see Table 1). The direct equivalents in particles per millilitre years, obtained by simple arithmetic, are also shewn. The dust indices express: in fibre years were calculated using an equivalence factor of 1 rnocf (midget impinger) =2.3 fibres/ml (membrane filter). This estimate of equivalence was based on 32 side-by-side samples taken in the summer of 1971 at three, companies at Thetford Mines, and at present is the best available for the industry. The midget: impinger technique w^s the seme as was used to assess dust exposure indices throughout cur studies. Fibres of 5 ^n or more in length were collected and counted using essentially the method recommended by the United States Fublic Health Service, The equivalence ratio increased from mining (1.1) through crushing and drying (1.6) to milling (4,3) but the number of readings in each situation was small. Nevertheless, the mean for all areas (2.3) may underestimate the fibre exposure of mill workers and overestimate that of miners. An alternative approach to the question of equivalence makes use of Information on the fibre content of dust obtained from membrane filter measure meats. A series of SI observations was made in the same three mines and mills during the same period of time with findings ranging from 1 to 9% and an average of 3%. These proportions also relate to fibres of 3 ^im or more in length, counted at 500-fold magnification. The average ratio of membrane filter to midget i: pir.ger particle counts of total dust was 2,3 based on the 32 si^o-bysido observations described above. The equivalence factor calculated by simple arithmetic from these data was 2.4. Agreement between this figure (2.4), bated in part or. independent data on fibre content, and 2.3 estimated by direct compare of midget impinger and membrane filter is reassuring. Nevertheless, a larger series of parallel measurements is needed to establish the relationship in this industry v.'ith certainty. The current British standard for exposure to chrysct ile is 2 fibres per ml, averaged over 3 months, for a 50 year vrorking- life (ie 100 fibre/years). The upper limit of our second dust group (230 fibre/years) is equivalent tc more than twice this level. i Table 1 also lists the nitiltc analyses considered in this report. 0203G9 men ineluded in the twain Radiccraohic chances The prevalence of parenchymal and pleural changes was higher in the area of Thetford Minas than of Asbestos, Quebec, though the towns are only about 50 miles apart and the asbestos rained is geologically similar. The two main indices of response to asbestos exposure were irregular snail opacities and pleural thickening. At That ford Mines the prevalences of these indices rose sturdily with oust exposure, whereas at Asbestos there was very little relation to cpose re (Tonic 2). The average prevalence of irregular small opacities of j^ ^ /.^bo , t1''s v.'iic ebeut 2/2 ti Thic^rcrd Vincsj 5ci' p ^ oiiirr I, tr. .M'lrv. trade 1 or more., the prevalence at Asbestos was only 1/2 that at 'ire. ford : . The biggest difference among all the radiographic feature.? was in g; ` titicacion, for which ths prevalence of grade 1 or mere were 0,4,1 c.z jstes and 5 .17. at Thetford Mines. Although these relations to dust exposure l! r.rly pr> sent, no correlation exceeded 0.3. This is largely a reflection oe '> high proportion of men who showed no radiographic change. Some of c!n. .i-.cas between the two areas were not surprising since the level of du; :: r ,re at Asbestos was considerably lower than at Thetford Mines, tut of:i. - ..; r ranees cannot yet be explained in terms of dust exposure or geology. If v' r .'.at on in fibre content of dust ware an important factor the results in . ; hi i s . for whom the fibre proportion was low, should differ f rcr. these frr . ,j 1 rhers, for whoa the fibre proportion vas higher. Altogether, there 020370 were 306 worker, who had worked for ten or more years exclusively in Dining or entirely in milling. Analysis of their radiographic changes shewed that though mill workers had a slightly higher prevalence of irregular small opaci ties, the same differences between Thetford Hines and Asbestos remained. No other consistent differences were detectable between the mine and mill' workers. Ko r t a 1it v , This study was limited to those who had worked for one month or more and who were born between 1891-1920, The records of older persons were too frequently incomplete for satisfactory analysis and few of the younger ones bad died. The initial analysis^ was limited to deaths before November 1st 1 9i: 5, nut the follow-up is continuing. By the end of Peccmber 1969, 87.5% of the It .572 persons in the cohort end 997, of those who had worked 10 years c" m traced". Of these 3,270 had died, comprising 65.4% of those horn .. ... . and 9.8% of those born between 1916-20. Age standardized death rates for some causes of death are give:1 in Table 3. Cancer of the lung shewed a rising death rate with increasing curst exposure, particularly in the two highest dust exposure groups. Abdominal cancers also showed a rise in the two highest categories and pneumoconiosis in th highest. Of 134 deaths from respiratory cancer,-5 were from pleural mesothelioma These cases showed no clear relationship with oust exposure. There were no abdominal mesotheliomas. The mortality rates from all causes fell with ir.crur.sin dust exposure probably because those who died young cou3d not attain a high dust exposure and perhaps also because tracing of those wit it short exposure was less \ 020371 complete, with po&s died. bit towards successful follow-up of Chose who had It seer,ied possible that the radiographic differences between Thetford Mines and Asbestos eight also be reflected in mortality. There was little evidence of this. Age-standardized death rates/lCOO for all causes, all \ malignancies, all respiratory diseases and all circulatory diseases were 342, 54, 20 and 120 at Asbestos and 312, 61,22 and 121 at Thetford Mines, All detailed comparisons showed the same remarkable similarity. For example, in Table 4 age standardized death rates by dust exposure, arc presented for lur.g cancer and pneumoconiosis. The only apparent difference is that the lung cancer rate rose in relation to dust slightly earlier but to a less extent at Thctfcrd Mines. Mnrtaiir.v and radio^rr.nh 1c chantcs Of 10,17.0 persons traced ir. the mortal i ty r:u y, 9,692 were and cf these 5,OS2 had chest radiographs and 75 had died. At The:ford Mine--, t.hova were 354 deaths in 2,44S men. traced. Death rater were calculated by da.:, ui, cartn , dust exposure ana the presence or -: osencl ci prunc_ rr.ur or pie..ra* radiographic changes. The death rata frera all cau SC.3 C. CIC 31171 ci ii W5 i. j.71 i: t_ highest dust exposure group but, taking into account exposure and cate of birth, those whose radiographs showed parenchymal changes had a higher rate (220/1000) than those without radiographic changes (131/1000) or with pleural changes only (126/1000). In Table 5, the observed number of deaths by year of birth and. radiographic change is compared with the expected number based on tease without radiographic change. Of 97 deaths in those with parenchymal changes, 33 ixt excess ol the expected figure. Considering only deaths from respiratory cit. sc, including tuberculosis and cancer, we calculated in a similar way that there were 32 deaths in those with parenchymal change compared wtih 8 expected, an excess of 24, Thus of the 33 excess deaths in this group at T'netford Mines, 24 were attributed to respiratory causes. * At Asbestos, the difference between the mortality of those, with and without radiographic changes was less. Similar calculations to those used for Table 5 showed that only seven cf the 431 total deaths were associated with parenchymal change and of these 2.4 were in the respiratory group. Dust exposure levels at T'netford Mines were much higher than at Asbestos; thus, in the highest exposure group there were 386 and 69 men respectively who had been X-rayed ' , ar.tiy traced. Though the excess death rate in this highest exposure drewt 9Z at both places, the number of excess deaths were thov- " 6 respectively. Lung function , A total of 1,03.5 curve-.- f -j during the summers of 1967 and 1965^r J . / ..y-:s underwent lung function studies /'ht sample chosen for study was strati fied to include a higher proportion o: wide: -nan younger workers, as the former were more likely to show lung function. tgoc. Those tested comprised 83" of the sample selected. The variation in sene of the lung function indices by dust level in smokers and non-smokers are shewn iz ',2 ar.d 3. The results of each test 8- - 0S20373 were standardized to age 50 years, heig'nt 170 cm and weight 70 kg. Total lung volume fell slightly with increasing dust exposure but exposure had little effect on either functional residual capacity or residual volume. Thus exposur to chrysotile affected only the inspiratory capacity portion of the total lung volume. Forced vital capacity and forced expiratory volume (1 second) both V declined with increasing exposure - the forced vital capacity falling by about 1S7, in the highest dust group and the forced expiratory volume rather less. Neither steady state nor single breath diffusing capacities showed any effect of exposure at rest; on exercise, the steady state diffusion declined slightly Analysis of the rel ation between lung function and radiographic changes^ shoved that in those with small opacities of category 2 or more there was an average reduction of 20T in 3 indices;- functional residual capacity. residual volume and single breach diffusing capacity at rest. Most indices showed a regular reduction with in craacinc logory of email opacities but only vital capacity and forced vital ca:rscit> /... ad ac.gnificr.rit reductions ir. the presence of the earliest radiograg:-,ic change... Flcural changes were also associated with depressed lung fur.::tion ranging from about 3H ir. there without parenchymal changes to about 611 ir. those with, advanced parenchymal changes. An additional small survey showed the;: changes in pulmonary mechanics possibly precede both X-ray and other funct;ion changes^. Rosoirstory svmptoms Each of the 1,015 w;;rkers in the function survey answered a slightly modified version of the M.R.C, respiratory questionnaire given in -9- 020374 French or English bv a bilingual interviewer. Persistent cough and phlegm (bronchitis) and breathlessness on exercise were related to exposure. Table 6 shows, however, that after standardizing for age, the prevalence of bronchitis rose to about 50 with either increasing dust or with increased smoking. The effect of heavy exposure and heavy smoking together were the same as that of either separately. In contrast, the prevalence of breathlessness on exercise was unaffected by smoking but increased steadily with dust exposure. Effect of smoking Smoking habits were originally determined only for employees in the lung function survey. Figures 1, 2 and 3 show that, with many of the lung function indices, the effect of smoking was greater than the effect of exposure, to asbescco dust. This was most clear for functional residual capacity, resiuua volume end perhaps fc.r the steady-state diffusing capacity at rest. Forced vice capacity and forced explicatory velum at one second 'ware both depressed to a similar extent with increasing dust exposure but only forced expiratory volume was lower in smokers. As discussed above, sr.c-kir.g and dust exposure were both related to the prevalence of bronchitis but smoking was not associated with breathlessness. Attempts are now being made to collect smoking histories in the cohort study of mortality both for those who are still alive and for those who are dead. This nay eventually provide prospective and retrospective evidence on the interrelationship of smoking and asbestos exposure. A controlled retro spective study13 has been made, based on deaths from lung cancer in the cohort 1U O*r<f(v1Jo'ifojr study. Each case was matched with a dec.,, .row, lung cancer from the same hospital records in a nan never enployed in the industry of approximately the same age and year of death. There was higher proportion of non-smokers in cases than controls which suggests that lung cancer may be caused by asbestos exposure in the absence of smoking. The controls were on average \ heavier smokers which also suggests this, but docs not rule out the possi bility of synergism between asbestos exposure and cigarette smoking. Clear evidence was obtained from a survey of all known cases of malignant mesothe- O/ liorna in Canada that this disease was unrelated to smoking ' . Women The number of women ever err,ployed in the Quebec asbestos industr is small. In the tier tali ty study, 23 of 265 voi.ien in the cohort were traced and of those i1- had died. One death vas ascribed to lung cancer and none to unco meet -.'or: only 79 women had worked for more than ten years and few had been exposer, hv-avily to asbestos dust. 1 re re were 217 women for whom chest radiographs were available. Kost of them vve aged 30 or less and the total prevalence of radiographic charges ml category or grade 1 or more was less than 1%. Detailed study sugres that wove in the higher dust exposure categories had a slightly lower rate of radiog tx/nic change than comparably exposed ten, Discussion hough death ray be the most definite and serious manifestation - 11 - 0ii0o7(j of exposure Co asbestos, it need not be the most sensitive. Exposure-related excess deaths altogether were probably no more than 2Z of the 3,270 deaths in the cohort study. Most of these were attributed to lung cancer and pneumo coniosis and almost all were in the two highest dust exposure categories. Thus, excess mortality was virtually confined to men with exposure equivalent to at \ least 920 fibre/years, ie nearly 10 times the British standard. Detailed examination of the death rates showed no particular cause, except pneumoconiosis, with rates above those expected from those of the general population of Quebec. An investigation of the 235 known cases of malignant mesothelioma in Canada1959 through 1970, shoved definite or probable occupational exposure to asbestos in 23% of cases, and in a further 9Z there ray have been indirect domestic exposure. Of the remaining 687 of cases, not one had ever lived with::: 20 miles of an asbestos mine or rill. Of a]'1 known mesothelioma cases, only 7 altogether, and 5 in the cohort studied, had worked in the Quebec clu'ysutile mining and milling industry. These death, rates are very low by comparison with the studies of the New York insulation workers*-4 and the I.ondor. crccidolite factory worker;-*' in both of which there were much higher rates of malignancy, particularly of mesothelioma. Other studies of the chrysotile industry in the USSR*0 and in Italy ^ confirm the conclusion that only high levels of exposure to chrysotile during mining and milling have an appreciable effect on mortality. Although radiographic changes had some relationships to dust exposure, the clinical significance of the minor changes is uncertain. Usually, irregular small, opacities of category 2 and pleural thickening of grade 2 arc considered clinically important. Changes of this erder occurred in only 1.0.7 12 020377 and 0.7% of the entire wcrk'.ng pep-letion. In man aged 61-55, employed on average for 20 years ,in the industry, the rates were 5.0% and 2.5% for exposure levels of 30 fibres/ml. This is equivalent to 600 fibre/years or 6 times the British standard. These rates are very similar to those found in the chrysotile 1Q mining and milling industry in Cyprus" , but are much lower than those in the \ hew York insulation workers^, or in the Eritish P.oyal Naval Doqkyards^* For lung function ar.I respiratory symptoms, the effect of smoking was generally greater than the effect of exposure to asbestos. However, for inspiratory capacity, forced flew rates and breathlessness on exercise, .relations to dust exposure were found, With these indices a 5% reduction in non-smokers occurred after a total exposure in excess of 100 r.pcf/years (230 fibre/ycars). This is close to the lower limit of the dust category at which 1% of subjects had grade 2 radiographic changes and is appro:.irately equivalent to exposure to 5 fibre? per ml for 50 years. In the Quebec studies, informal ten on dust expo suae 1 . retained, whereas in most other studies quantitative in forma cic:i is not ?.v- liable, IfurpV. et al^ found 11 cases of asbestosis in 101 Nov; England shipyard wori- --s witn an average exposure of 120 mpef-years. These workers appear co show a larger effect of asbestos exposure than those engaged in chrysotile production. However, the main constituent of the insulating materials used was amosite, with chryso tile to a lesser extent and crocidolite never. ' Dust exposure assessments were also made for the Cyprus mining and milling industry^ and the rates of radiographic change for the same exposure levels were very similar to those in Quebec. Exposure indices have also been assessed in a' study of two asbestos-cement plants in the USA by Neill et a 1, where the main exposure has been to chrysotile and silica, but the results arc not yet available. . The limit standards for cccupaticna1 exposure to asbc"1. based solely on the airborne concentration of dust or fibre, averaged over a lifetime's work and the results in this report have been presented from this point of view. There was some evidence in our studies that longer exposures with for the sane total dust levels are associated^slightly higher prevalence rates of radiographic change . ' However, the radiographs were all taken during working life, so the correlation between total dust and years of exposure or years since first exposure is,high, and the separation of the contributions from these two factors - duration and concentration - would be very difficult. The cohort study also showed that iur.g cancer mortality rates were higher in those who worked longer to reach a given dust level so, ir. assessing the overall affect of asbestos exposure, duration of exposure should not r^- lJy be ignored. For this reason it would ba unwise to apply the results :r ' '. -' er descriptive epide miologic studies to widely different ex" ; .. . . The British dust stand':' of 2 fibres per ml, averaged over 3 months, is based on ti: .. ' lk risk of acquiring clinically significant disease in a 50 ' . ..'retime cf exposure is acceptable. The evidence from cvr stud:: if in the chrysotilc mining and milling industry of Quebec a:., ch re wore reouced to the level .of this standard, there would be a much lest. ^ ' .7 chance of acquiring clinically significant disease. Considering -a ''-cats of disease (death, radiographic changes, lung function changes rad respiratory symptoms) the 1% risk is reached by men in our third oust c:-;p: svre rtegory (230-460 f ibre/ycars) . This implies that a reasonable standard for .nr; .- ; t ile mines and mills would be between 5 and 9 fibres/ml c-n average for y. .:s, and correspondingly intpsor for shorter periods of employment. 020380 12. Standard for asbestos dast concentration for use vith Asbestos Regulations 1969, Department of Employ rent and Productivity, Her Majesty's Factory Inspectorate. Technical Mote 13 1970. 13. Kanfreda J. Lung cancer and smoking in chrysotile asbestos workers. To be published, 14. Selikoff IJ, Hammond EC, Churg J. Mortality experiences of asbestos insulation workers. Proceedings of International Conference on Pneumoconiosis, Johannesburg, Oxford University Press, Capetown 1970, pp 180-186, 15. Newhouse ML, A study of the mortality of workers in an asbestos factory, Brit J Industr Med 26; 294-301, 1969. 16. Kogan FM, Troitsky SY, Culevskaya MR. On the carcinogenic effect of asbestos dust, Gigiena Truda _8: 28-33, 1966. 17. Vigliani EC. Asbestos exposure and its results in Italy. Proceedings of International Conference on Pneumoconiosis, Johannesburg, Oxford University Press, Capetown 1970, pp 192-196. 18. Rossiter CF,, personal cormiunication. 19. Harries PG. The effects and control of diseases associated with exposure to asbestos in a Uaval Dockyard, London MD Thesis, pp 141-278, 1970. 20. Harries PG, Mackenzie FA", Sheers G, Crocker WH, Kenp JH, Morgan JT, Oliver TP. A radiological survey of men exposed to asbestos in Naval dockyards. To be published . 21. Murphy PiLK, Ferris BG, Burgess V.'A, Worcester J, Gaensler EA. Effects of low concentrations of asbestos. New Eng J Med 265: 1271-1278, 1971. jure 1 Varna cion if. lung volur.es with dust levels standardized for arc-, r. 'i-.lit ar.d weight . t 0Z0381 Total lung volume : nna 1 : .-if. :'.dua 1 Capacity Residual Volume \ Dust levels Figure 2 Variation in flow rates with dust exposure standardised for age, height and weight Forced Vital Ca Forced Expirato Voiun.e(i 'O)- Smoker: Figure 3 Variation in diffusion v.-ith dust . Standardized for age, height and 02038.3 rs Dust level TABLE 1 - Dust exposure levels, and numbers In each analysis P-ist exrosnre in millions of particles per cubic foot x years < 10 Equivalent in particles per ml x years < 3.00 Equivalent in fibres per ml x years < 23 10350 23- 1003500- 230- 2007000- 460- 400- 800 + 14000- , 28000 + 920- 1840 + Numbers of men in each analysis Mortality study 2810 Radiographic study 1537 Lung function and respiratory symptoms 91 Smokers 69 Non-smokers 22 3329 1522 455 381 74 . 1124 1133 159 144 15 1007 912 134 117 17 837 718 109 . 96 13 " Total 585 5692 707 > 67 . . 59 866 8 149 TABLE 2 -- Radiographic changes -- Prevalence rates % standardized for age and years In inJus try Males gr-od 36-65 at time of radiograph \ mpef-years fibres/ml years Dust group <10 10- 100- 200- 400- 800: + 0O' 1 <23 23- 230- 920- 1840 + Average That ford Mines Irreguls:r small opacities - 1/0 + - 2/1 + Pleural thickening - grade 1 + -- grade 2 + Asbestos Irregular small opacities - 1/0+ - 2/1 + Pleural thickening - grade 1+ - grade 2 + 1.8 3.3 0.0 0.2 t 2.4 4.6 1.3 0.7 6.3 2.2 6.5 0.8 8.7 0.9 5.8 1.2 12.0 2.4 8.3 * 1.3 17.2 9.2 10.5 2.0 7.6 2.0 6.4 1.1 6.4 0.0 2.9 0.0 3.7 0.4 2.6 0.6 6.3 1.5 3.0 1.0 5.0 0.8 3.0 C. 5 6.8 7.0 0.6 3.9 4.7 5.8 1.4 . 0.7 0.7 TABLE 3 - Mortality .study - equivalent average death rntos/1000 Death.-; co December .1969 t-bic:n bora between 1891.-192C Dust group mpef-years fibres/ml years <10 10- 100- 206- <23 23- 230- 460- 400920- 800 + 1840 + All causes Cancer of bronchus, traches, lung Abdominal cancers Pneumoconiosis 365 10.3 18.0 1.6 355 13.1 13.6 1.5 354 13.4 18.7 0.3 313 15.5 11.6 4.9 323 21.4 26.3 4.9 395 32.1 28.7 23.6 9RC020 TA31.P. A - Equivalent average death rates/1000 men from respiratory cancer and pneumoconiosis r.L Thetford Minos and Asbestos mpef-years fibres/ml years Dust group < 10 10- 100- . 200- 400- 800+ < 23 23- 230- 460- 920- 1840f Cancer of bronchus, trachea and lung Thetford Mines Asbestos Pneumoconiosis Thetford Mines . Asbestos 9 11 4 0 12 13 1 0 18 15 24 . 31 8 18 13 43 1 7 6 24 0 5 3 . ' 24 c ics: Cl TABLE 5 -- Thetford Mines - mortality from all enures and radiographic changes Men with: Parenchymal changes only Pleural changes only Both parenchymal & pleural changes 1891-95 Obs Exp 17 10.6 11 10.3 14 11.4 Observed and expected death by year of birth cohort* 1896-00 1901-05 1906-10 1911-15 1916-20 . TOTAL Obs Exp Obs Exp Obs Exp Obs Exp Obs Exp Obs Exp 7 7.8 4 3.9 11 4.5 7 1.6 2 1.6 48 30.0 15 16. 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