Document zQRJvaM59yGMKx7qvkyOq9Kxn

lMWBB-0012625 -aiiM H [vki I, ( r j INDUSTRIAL NYOltNI FOUNDATION --T Vol. 9 FOUNDATION FACTS September, 19^7 Foundation Facts is a monthly news-letter issued to industrial concerns holding membership In Industrial Hygiene Foundation. The Foundation is a non-profit association of industries for the advancement of healthful working conditions. No. 9 Program for 12th Annual Meeting Completed The program for the 12th annual meeting of Members of Industrial Hygiene Foundation, vhich vill be held here November 20, has just been completed. Copies will be sent to Members vithin a fev days. William B. Given, Jr., President of American Brake Shoe Company, a Foundation trustee, vill deliver the keynote address opening the meeting on "A Better Place to Work." Other program highlights: Sumner T, Pike, a member of the tJ.S. Atomic Energy Commission, on "Atomic Developments and Industrial Management;" J. Stevens Stock of Opinion Research Corporation on "What the Community Asks of the Plant," the results of public opinion polls; J.J. Wittmer, M.D., Assistant Vice President of Consolidated Edison Co., on "Health Insurance--Its Meaning for Management;" H.A. Vonachen, M.D., Medical Director of Caterpillar Tractor Company on "Industrial Health Case Histories for Management and Labor;" and V.P. Aheam, Executive Secretary, National Industrial Sand Association, on "Establishment of Health and Welfare Funds Under the Taft-Hartley Act." Meanwhile, plans for the four round-table conferences are nearing comple tion. The agenda will be mailed in the near future. Admission to the conferences is restricted to one representative from industrial member companies. The confer ences, vhich will be held on November 19 and 21, the day before and the day after the main meeting, are as follows: Nov. 19 -- Medical Conference -- For physicians only Nov. 19 -- Engineering Conference -- For plant engineers, operating men, etc Nov. 19 --- Legal Conference -- For attorneys, financial and compensation men; (afternoon only) industrial relations and other interested executives. Nov. 20 -- Annual Meeting for Management P----- 1 Nov. 21 --- Chemists Conference -- For chief chemists, industrial toxicologists, hygienists, etc. The conferences are planned for specialists from member companies; the main meeting for management representatives. Admission is by invitation. ... i - H - f -- 03118747 NOUSTRIAL HVOICNE FOUNDATION 4400 FIFTH AVENUE FITTSBUD9H <t). PA. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Neve Items................ ........................................................................................ 1 Occupational Disease.Statistics.................................. .. 2 Legal Developments................................................................................ ...... 3 Books, Pamphlets and Notices............ .. 4 Industrial Medical Practice................................................................... 6 Industrial Health Hazards, and. Their .Effects.............. 12 Control Methods17 Methods of Detection and Determination.................... 24 Laboratory Toxicological Studies.................... 27 Radioactivity and X-Radiation................................................................ 30 Industrial.Relations, Personnel,..... ........... ............. .. . 31 Rehabilitation....................... 33 Absenteeism, Hours of Labor, Etc................................................... 34 Insurance and Medical Economics.................................................. 35 Accident Prevention. ................. 33 Miscellaneous. .................. .. ................... ...................................................... 36 Index........................ 39 03118748 HWUB-HB12628 September, 19^7 Vol. XI No. 9 Industrial Hygiene Foundat W*00 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh 15, ?a. /! r> C2'S- E=3 INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE DIGEST Literature and Neva News Items 1027 Progress Against Disease. The tuberculosis vaccine, BCG (bacillus of Calmette and Guerin, its discoverers)-will be manufacturered at the University of Illinois, desig nated by the U.S. Public Health Service as its sole manufacturer. It will be distributed through city, state and federal health agencies, at a cost of approximately half a cent a dose. It is hoped that if all who are not infected are- treated, tuberculosis sanitariums will not be needed in 20 to 1*0 years. With this announcement the final phase in the campaign against tuberculosis may well have been opened. Smallpox, yellow fever and malaria were brought under control by the contributions of individuals or relatively small research groups. Against tuberculosis the public has been called upon for extensive contributions, and similar campaigns are now shaping up against infantile paralysis, cancer, and syphilis. If a recent report from Bussia is any indication, the next great advance may be toward the control of cancer. Recent Soviet literature reports a cancer vaccine which is claimed literally to dissolve cancer. The American medical profession will view this latest contribution with considerable skepticism, until confirmatory experiments are made. -- Chem. and Eng. News (Aug. 19^7) 1028 The Underground Gasification of Coal. Some progress in the gasification of coal in the mines in the United States was reported in Abstract 656 (June, 19^7) More extensive informa tion on similar experiments in Russia is now at hand. Three methods have been tried: (1) parallel gallery or borehole producer; (2) radial borehole or percolation; and (3) sloping seam or stream. All three give some promise of success under proper conditions. Some details of production and the com position of the gas are given. -- J.L. Boyle. Intemat. Ind. (Aug., 19^7) 1029 Medical Research Planned by Atomic Energy Commission 03118749 Establishment of a Division of Medical Research in the Atomic Energy Commission is planned following the recommendations of the Medical Board of Review. The work of this Division as planned includes: further research for the protection of employees and of others who may be exposed to atomic haz ards; conductance and encouragement of research on the possible beneficial uses of radiation, including supplying isotopes to scientists in other coun tries when there is a sufficient supply? and assisting universities in the training of medical men and scientists with an adequate background of health physics. -- Chem. and Eng. News (July 21, 19^7) HWBB-0012629 Industrial Hygiene Digest - 2 September, 19^7 Occupational Disease Statistics lQ5gJ Occupational Disease Statistics, Wis.2 Calif.5 Conn.2 Ind.2 Mich 2 Ohio1 July May Aug. Aug. Aug. June Aug. 19^7 19^7 1947 19V7 1947 1947 Totals J3\Carbon Monoxide -~Zj\ Carbon Tetrachloride >OiCarbon Tetrachloride (acute) 1 3 1 34 3 1 ^Chemical Poisoning (N.O.C.) 13 10 3 26 ^Conjunctivitis 234 9 243 '^Dermatitis 675 37 9 16 244 124 1105 w^Heat 10 10 ^Hernia 22 fO^nfections 44 -^Inflammatory Conditions >Q-Xead Poisoning - Miscellaneous Noise 164 11 4 5 169 76 24 129 129 4 Pneumoconiosis 1 2 11 14 Pulmonary and Bronchial Affections 11 11 ""^Silicosis ^Osiiico-tuberculosis fe^Oskin Diseases (other than dermatitis) 11 34 2 5 45 2 5 -"Sulphur Dioxide Gas 11 ^piTuberculos is ^^Tuberculosis 1 1 1 1 03 (due to contact) l--Undulant Fever ^-vCJpper Respiratory Affections 10 1 12 1 11 J jTotals 1136 38 11 31 441 160 1817 .(1) Occupational Disease Cases reported to the Industrial Commission. There were 74,508 days lost, including one death from lead poisoning, one from chemical poisoning (unspecified), seven from silicosis and one from pneumoconiosis. 2) Occupational Disease Cases reported to the Department of Industrial Relations and tabulated by the Department of Public Health. Occupational Disease Cases filed vith the Department of Industrial Relations and tabulated by the Department of Public Health. 03118750 v y> ,o.^) Industrial Hygiene Digest - 3 Legal Developments Sent ember-, 19^' m3a SO CNJ ca 1 03 03 1031 Schedule Losses and Listed Disabilities--A Plea for Revision of the Compen sation Lavs. The primary purpose of the compensation lav is threefold: (a) to fur nish promptly proper medical attention to the injured workingman for as long as it may be necessary, (b) to pay adequate financial compensation for as long as the resultant disability continues, and (c) to aid in the rehabilita tion of the disabled workingman so far as it may be possible. The schedule loss or listed disabilities section of the various compensation laws runs counter to purpose (b). This section of the lavs, aside from being haphazard and arbitrary, does not consider several essential, Individual factors, which vary with each case and which must be taken into account when the schedule loss is fixed. The more important factors to be considered are: (a) the age of the injured person, (b) the sex of the injured person, (c) the occupation of the injured person, and (d) the psychic effect of the injury. Provision should be made for compensation for serious disfigurement of the extremities. Claimants who sustain a trivial permanent partial disability resulting in a minor schedule loss and claimants who, desnite a serious permanent partial schedule loss disability, demonstrate a long-continuing ability to work and to earn their usual salaries may have their cases settled an a schedule loss basis. All other cases with permanent partial disabilities causing schedule losses should not be settled, the claimants should receive compensation for the remainder of their lives. If this is not feasible, the schedule lose figures should be revised upward, sharply, so that compensation paid for schedule loss disabilities will be commensurate with the injury sustained and the resulting functional defect. -- Author's summary. -- S. Kahn. Occ. Med. 3, ^57-^64 (May, 19V7) 1032 Memorandum on the Workmen's Compensation Acts, 1923-19^-3. The British Workmen's Compensation Act is summarized in this report. Pneumoconioses do not come within the provisions of this act but are covered in other legislation. -- (Great Britain) Ministry of National Insurance, 19 PP* H.M. Stationery Office, London. Price 4d. (19^6) 1033 "Threat" to Ohio Compensation Lav Fades. The Industrial Commission of Ohio is a complete unit for the admini stration and operation of the workmen's compensation lav, and only a very small part of the work is turned over to persons or other agencies. Six other states have similarly exclusive funds. The Ohio Commission also main tains a Safety and Hygiene Division, makes safety codes.andrconductfe'- other mis cellaneous safety work. The Ohio Compensation fund is at present over $161,000,000 and is probably the largest in the world. A bill introduced in the last General Assembly, which would have again permitted private insurance companies to write workmen's compensation, died in committee. The Commission feels encouraged to go forward with plans for greater success. -- G.L."Coffinberfy. O.I'.C?, Monitor (July, 19^7) 03118751 HWBB-UA12631 Industrial Hygiene Digest - k S eptember 19kj L03^ _Voc&TM*-n'B Pnsumothorax--Causal Connection with Effort of Saving--Statute of "z" Limitations--''Accident" Construed. Medical testimony vas conclusive that claimant had suffered a pneumo-c^thorax, or lung collapse, and evidence vas sufficient to establish a causal c- -connection between the lung deflation and the strain of saving vood, in the --"course of employment. Claimant's delay in filing claim vas explainable, ' 'and did not serve to prejudice the defendant. -- Dortch v. Louisiana Central ~ Lumber Co. Louisiana Court of Appeal, Second Circuit. No. 7042^ June 3, Tcce) LO^OQccupational Disease From Typ^g. --0 Evidence supported the finding of the board that claimant, over a per- '--iod of six or seven years, had actually developed an occupational disease (c3^s the result of using her hands continually in the operation of a type^writer and adding machine. The compensable condition vas described as `^ganglia on the dorsum of both hands." -- Macyseaki v, Carocelum Leasing z^fiorp. New York Supreme Court, Appellate Division, Third Judicial Depart- 'C3aent. No. 117-15. May Ik, 19^7. (CCH) 1036 Worker's Suicide--Causal Connection vith Disability from Industrial Injury --Death Benefits. Medical opinion suggested that the decedent worker's suicide resulted _/_Jrom n^lancholia growing out of disability caused by an industrial accident, ^/Inaking the connection between the worker's death and the accident a question P^^qf fact. An award of death benefits vas accordingly affirmed. -- Commissioner -^bf Taxation and Finance v. Hedstrom-Spaulding, Inc. New York Supreme Court, =Appellate Division, Third Judicial Department. No. 127-27. May 16, 19V7. ^fCCE) ,<2: r p<5 V' *' .037 Analysis of Provisions of Workmen's Compensation Laws and Discussion of Cover- gp Insurance Dept., Chamber of Commerce of the United States, Washington, 36 pp. (July 1, 19^6) IZ!Cs\ The booklet is designed to provide both employees and employers vith an L asy-to-read analysis of benefits allowed under state Workmen's Compensation n Lav and of the insurance requirements for complying with those laws. First ^ e 13 pages of general information, definitions and explanation. The bulk L-^eif the information is presented in 14 charts, classed under death benefits, --tktal disability benefits, etc. Chart V is concerned with occupational dis eases, giving tabulated information on coverage, medical provisions, claim filing, and limitations on compensation. Chart VI is limited to silicosis, vith information also on partial disability and exposure requirements. Sec ond injury funds, rehabilitation funds, accident reports, special provisions for minors, etc., are covered in additional charts. 03118752 Industrial Hygiene Digest C? Sept^}an, 1947 HHBB-0012632 1038 A Biometric Study of Ten Years Medical Service. Standard Oil Co. (Hew jersey; and Affiliated Companies. Med. Bull. (S.O.N.J.), J, No. 1. 199 op. (Apr., 1947) Extensive statistical tables and charts are presented, covering disa bilities among employees of the company in North and South America. A few of the 14 general conclusions comparing domestic and South American groups are: (1) the frequency rate of industrial injuries and days of disability per employee have always been higher in the South American companies; (2) the number of cases of sickness and of non-industrial injury and the days of disability per employee is higher in the United States; (3) occupational diseases and disability due to industrial accidents play only a minor role in total medical absenteeism: (4) outstanding causes of disability in all locations are common cold, influenza, and minor gastro-intestinal diseases; with them are ranked in the United States, arthritis and allied diseases of the musculo-skeletal system, and in South America, malaria and diseases of the uro-genital system: and (5) pulmonary tuberculosis is kept to a minimum by physical examinations. 1059 Outline of Occupational Disease Control Through Engineering. Bull. No. 83. Div. of Labor Standards, U.S. Dept, of Labor". 36 pp. (July, 1946) This Bulletin summarizes the well-known facts of the most common health hazards and their prevention by engineering methods. 1040 copper and Health. Copper and Brass Research Association, 420 Lexington Ave., New York IT, N.T. 47 pp. (June, 1947) The first chapters deal with the former belief that copper is poison ous and show through the pros and cons of the literature that is was finally demonstrated that copper is not poisonous except in such large quantities that it is immediately rejected by the system. Neither does it accumulate in the organs. It is also shown that copper poisoning, as an occupational disease, does not exist and that effects attributed to copper have other causes. Copper cooking utensils have been used since ancient times, and ill effects sometimes blamed on the copper dishes have been disproved. The presence of copper in all foods is shown in tables, and the modern discovery of the necessity of copper in human diet is dis cussed. The role of copper as a plant food is also reviewed. 1041 The Management Leader's Manual for Operating Executives, Supervisors and Foremen. Number One. J.O. Bice and M.J. Dooher, Editors. American Management Association, 350 W. 42nd St., New York 18, N.Y. 192 pp. (1947) Price $3.00 with discounts to members and for quantities. The stated purpose of this manual is to bring some of the best available information on human relations and operating problems, in the form of a number of papers previously published by the Association to a larger number of people. These studies all deal with the theme of im proving relations with groups and individuals, and have been published during the last few years. It is planned to issue similar volumes with new material annually. There are 22 individual papers by different 4 03118753 HWBB-0012633 Industrial Hygiene Digest - 6 _Septembett 19V7 authors, classified according to general subjects. Typical and suggestive titles are: "The Essentials of Democratic Leadership;" "Developing Demo cratic Work Teams," "Women Workers Analyze the 'Good' Supervisor;" "Compe titive Enterprise vs. Planned Economy;" "Hov to Give Workers a Sense of Security;" "Hov to Conduct an Employment Interview;" "What's Tour Management I.Q.?" Some of the articles are partly or wholly in outline form, and the one last mentioned includes a number of yes-or-no questions to be answered. Blank pages are provided for notes. Industrial Medical Practice ,--n 104r> Fallacies and Control of Respiratory Infections With Special Emphasis on Influenza. F.S. Brien. Can. Med. Assoc. J., 56,650-655(June, 1947) The author reviews the theory and general experience with air-borne dis eases and protective methods. Influenza is one of the air-borne diseases, although the air-borne virus has a shorter life than many of the diseaseproducing bacteria. He then discusses influenza, its nature, types, and transmission. Irradiation and glycol mist methods are of little use in pre venting spread, an account of the explosive nature of the outbreak of the disease. Therefore immunization of the individual is the most promising method. Advice is given on types of material to be used in vaccination, and it is especially pointed out that vaccination should occur before the epi demic season. lpJj^F- Streptomycin in Tuberculosis. H.C. Hinshav, Marjorie M. Pyle and W.H. FeldmanAm."J. Med., 2, 429-^35 (May, 19W Hinshav and his associates administered streptomycin to more than 100 patients with tuberculosis of various types. Experience with this antiv biotic agent proved that tuberculosis is amenable to antibacterial therapy. Streptomycin is predominantly bacteriostatic rather than bactericidal, and its therapeutic value is limited by the fact that after exposure to strepto;mycin for weeks or months strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis which are "resistant to the effects of the drug may be isolated. Hence streptomycin : cis of most value in conditions in which temporary suppression of the infecIT^r^tion will enable the patient to gain the ascendancy over his disease, as in .incases of hematogenic tuberculosis, including generalized miliary tubercuc^losis and tuberculous meningitis. For these conditions large doses (1 to 3 ;H=j]Gm. daily) must be given parenterally for several months. For meningitis intrathecal injections are imperative also during the early weeks of treatr~--ment. Exudative pulmonary disease, ulcerating lesions of the respiratory tract and tuberculous draining sinuses have responded to treatment with = 'rjstrentomvcin. It has some place in the treatment of bilateral renal tuberu ^culosis or tuberculosis of a solitary kidney. It is also used before *nd after thoracic surgery for pulmonary tuberculosis. Because of the potential toxicity, use of the drug may be contraindicated in conditions which will respond satisfactorily to the usual methods of treatment. -- J.A.M.A. 03118754 Industrial Hygiene Digest - September, 1947a- HWBB-001263 1044 Influenza Vaccines. Editorial, J.A.M.A., 13^, 1177 (Aug. 2, 1947) There are four influenza vaccines on the market at present: (l) the first, containing inactivated influenza virus obtained by the elution of adsorbed virus from chick red cells; (2) one produced by the selective removal of inactivated virus from the extraembryonic fluids of the infected chick embryo by high speed centrifugation; (3) inactivated virus precipi tated on calcium phosphate; and (4) inactivated virus precipitated on pro tamine. The first tvo methods vere in use by the U.S. Army vith apparent success. The centrifuge method yields the purest product and highest yield and concentration. It is also the best for avoiding allergic complications. Profound or fatal anaphylaxis is rare but has occurred from the use of in fluenza vaccine on untested patients. It is recommended that all persons be tested intradermally vith 0.02 cc. of undiluted vaccine before the ad ministration of each prophylactic dose. 1045 Changes in the Lungs in 126 Cases of Asbestosls Observed in Finland. C"T Wegelius. Acta Radiologlca, 28, 139-152 Tl94?) Asbestosis of the lungs is an industrial disease not often hitherto observed in Scandinavia, only five cases have been published from Norway. In Finland, where a considerable asbestos industry has been established for a couple of decades, asbestosis of the lungs appears to occur to an appreciable extent. The author gives an account of 126 cases of asbes tosis of the lungs, 94 or 75# of these cases being the mild, 23 or 18# in the moderate and 9 or 7# in the advanced stage of asbestosis. The roentgenological characteristics of the changes in the lungs, the dif ferential diagnosis, the classification in different stages and the im portance of the time of exposure are discussed in detail. The different stages of asbestosis of the lungs are illustrated by typical pictures. -Author's summary. 1046 Asbestosis. P. Luton and J. Champeix. Arch. Mai. Prof., 7, 365-378 (1946) (French) The authors list the following symptoms of asbestosis: (1) Function al signs; (2) Radiological findings; (3) Sputum, characterized by the presence of asbestos fibers and bodies. After a presentation of several case histories and their accompanying x-ray films and sputum photographs, it is concluded that diagnosis can only be made by a combination of ob servations: functional, radiological, sputum. Because of the progressive nature of the disease, yearly examinations should be made vith comparison of the measurements of respiratory function (spirometry, etc.) and x-rays. But functional signs must guide the physician when a change of environment is advisable, and when the vorker can be said to have contracted asbes tosis. -- From J.1.H.&T. 1047 Mechanism and Consequences of Accumulation of Bust in Bronchial and Arter ial Sheaths in the Course of Pneumoconiosis. A. Policard. Presse Med. 557 213 (Mar. 2971947) (French) According to Policard, inhaled dust particles are phagocytosed in the alveoli. Dust loaded cells pass into the conjunctival spaces of the 7^ r m 03118755 HMBB-0M2635 Industrial Hygiene Digest - 8 September, 19^7 sheathe and into the lymphatics. They block the lymphatics, and edema of the sheaths results. Segmentary fibrosis of the sheaths may be partly due to collagen fibers and partly to reticulin fibrillae. The more or less fusiform thickening of the peribronchial and perivascular sheaths explains the existence of nodules in the lung, vhich must be distinguished from the silicotic nodules, since they do not contain hyaline fibers and cannot be detached easily from the surrounding tissue. Phosphocalcereous impregnation of the sheaths rather than calcification results from the accumulation of mineral dust, since the carbonate of lime is neither solid nor crystalline but is a combined molecular substance of protein complex, causing radiopacity of the sheath. The conjunctival layer of the sheaths loses i% normal elasticity vith consequent embarrassment of the respiratory movements, caus ing dyspnea. The duet particles interfere directly vith the nutrition of the arterial vail, causing periarteritis, and accumulation of dust in the peribronchial sheaths is responsible for an indirect disturbance of the nu trition of the vail of the adjacent pulmonary artery. Sclerosis of pulmon ary areas results from progressive obliteration of pulmonary arteries, and atelectasis results from progressive obliteration of the bronchi. -- J.A.M.A. 1Q^8"/ Hitric Acid Fume Pneumonia--A Case Beport. P. Treiger and C. Przypyezny. ^ Ind. Med., 16, 595-597 (Aug., 1947) (1) A case of "nitric acid fume pneumonia" vas presented, vith the postmortem findings. (2) The prognosis depends directly upon concentra tion of fumes and duration of exposure. (5) Fatal termination resulted be cause of the pulmonary "fibrosis" after control of pulmonary edema, cardiac --failure, and bronchopneumonia vas attained. -- Authors' conclusion. 10^ Besidual Mustard Gas Bronchitis: Effects of Prolonged Exposure to Lov Con---- centrations of Mustard Gas. P. Morgenatem, F. Koaa and W.W. Alexander. Ann. Internal Med., 26, 27-**0 (19^7) eg Several hundred employees exposed to lov concentrations of vapor in a mustard gas filling plant over a period of 2-l/2 years shoved a large per centage of residual chronic bronchitis vhich often progressed to bronchiec tasis. (2) Many of these people became partially or totally disabled be cause of the persistent paroxysmal cough vhich folloved moderate exertion. (3) History and clinical findings are most important in the diagnosis of chronic mustard gas bronchitis. Films of the chest taken at regular inter V 'V vals may appear practically normal or ehov only minimal changes in spite n of the fact that the patient has severe symptoms. Lipiodol studies may demonstrate a secondary bronchiectasis. fU) Treatment is symptomatic and hi includes postural drainage, and expectorants and nebulized penicillin for acute exacerbations. Patients should be removed from exposure to smoke, fumes or dust. -- Biol. Abets. lC^60~~'n Prevent ion of Reaction to BAL. M. Tye and J.M. Siegel. L--^J.A.M.A., 134, 1477 (Aug. 2?, I9V7) Preparation of the patient vith ephedrine sulfate shortly before the injection of BAL may lessen the intensity or prevent entirely the side ef fects of this valuable remedy. 03118756 [ <5 Industrial Hygiene Digest - 9 September, 194^o 1051 Use of BAL in Treatment of Heavy Metal Poisoning. C.R. Welfare. N. Car. Med. J., 8, 219-223 (Apr., 19^7) According to Welfare there is evidence that arsenic produces intoxica tion in map and animals by depressing intracellular tissue respiration. I produces this depression by attaching itself to sulfhydryl radicals of en zymes responsible for the metabolism of fats and carbohydrates, thus inter fering with the function of these enzyme systems. British Anti-Lewisite (BAL), a dithiol (2,5-dimercaptopropanol), by supplying more readily avail able sulfhydryl groups, is able to remove arsenic from the enzyme systems and thereby reactivate tissue respiration. BAL is a potent antidote for poisoning by other heavy metals such as mercury producing toxic effects in a manner similar to that of arsenic, and BAL is probably useful in the treatment of poisoning by bismuth, gold and antimony. On the basis of animal experiments it would appear that BAL is contraindicated in cases of poisoning by lead, thallium and selenium. While best results in heavy metal poisoning are obtained by early treatment with BAL, the compound was also effective when treatment was started three weeks after the appearance of erythema with a scaling eczematoid process and edema in a pregnant woman aged 59 with syphilis to whom mapharsen had been given: complete re covery resulted from the administration of a total dose of 3,750 mg. of BAL. -- J.A.M.A. 1052 Basophil Granulation: During the Course of Industrial Lead Poisoning. M. Duvoir, L. Derobert, A. Hadengue and Fallot. Arch, d, Mai. Prof., 7, 329-351 (19^6) (French) Although basophil granulation stippling is considered the most con stant sign of lead poisoning, it is known that after a time the sign may not be present although there are manifest, fixed lesions. It is also known that after exposure through change of employment has ceased, the stippling may diminish or even disappear. No previous study has been made, however, on this diminution of granulation stippling during the course of exposure. A study of 537 workers exposed to lead poisoning has made possible their grouping into four categories: (1) Subjects who had not previously had lead poisoning d in winnbasophil granulation appeared, 26.4#; (2) Those who show basophil granulation when first ex posed to lead, with subsequent disappearance of the stippling, 48.5#; (3) Persons in whom basophil granulation is found to persist during ex posure, 19.2$; (JO Those in whom the stippling appears, disappears, and then reappears, 5.8$. The disappearance of basophil granulation is most marked in older workers, since it is found that 71.4# of the sub jects in category (2) had been employed for more than five years, 38.3# less than five years. Since the observations were made during the course of a year, it is believed that reappearance after an initial disappearance is not common, as shown by the low percentage in whom the disappearance was transitory. Daily oscillations in the amount of stip pling are insignificant, but generally in the direction of diminution, which bears out the general conclusion that in spite of constant expo sure to lead, the basophil granulation stippling tends to decrease on this exposure. -- J.I.H.&T. 03118757 HHBB~0()1263 HHBB-H012637 Industrial Hygiene Digest - 10 September, 19U7 M-Dinltrobenzene Poisoning. Mobilization by Alcohol and Sunlight. Earel Rejsek. Acta Med. Scand., 127, 179-191 (19^7) -o' For the diagnosis of m-dinitrobenzene poisoning it is suggested that serum should be examined by means of the polarograph after the deposited poison has been mobilized by alcohol (drinking beer). Whereas before the ---1 consumption of alcohol nitro compounds are not found in the blood, the typi cal double wave of dinitro compounds obtained vith the polarograph confirms p_n the diagnosis of dinitrobenzene poisoning. -- C.A. 10* Nutrition Studies. I. Description of Physical Signs Possibly Related to Nutritional Statue. H.R. Sandsted and R.R. Anderson. Pub. Health Repts., ,^fj 62, 1073-1055 (July 25, 19^7) l,------J An outline of physical signs possibly related to nutritional deficiency and vhich may be useful for the evaluation of nutritional status of popula tion groups is presented. The nutritional significance of many of these signs remains to be determined and no attempt is made here to answer the con fa troversial questions regarding their etiology. This outline in no way is presented as establishing final criteria for nutritional evaluation. However, it is believed that by determining the prevalence of these signs in popula tion groups and their relation to other evidences of malnutrition, such as faulty diets and unusual laboratory findings, we can increase our knowledge of the meaning of these signs as well as obtain a useful estimate of the nu tritional status of the groups studied. -- Authors' conclusion. 1055L4Nutritional Factors in Prevention and Treatment of the Hepatic Injury Due to [--H Industrial Poisons. J.H. Eddy, Jr. South M.J., ^*0, 171 ff (Feb., 19^7) Eddy thinks that the primary object in preventing damage to the liver :jcaused by industrial poisons must be to substitute less toxic agents where ("that is technically possible. Next, a good health program in the plant must .0-5 include proper placement of workers, regulation of respirators, rotation of ! --' employees and periodic examinations. Protection should be given to the wor- ker by regulating his diet to insure an adequate consumption of protein. -----;In a plant where TNT was handled the workers were advised to include in their daily diets one quart of milk, two eggs, meats, gelatin, and cheese. C<C*When exposure is heavy methionine should be given by tablet. Several cases Jare cited in vhich workers suffering from hepatitis due to exposures to ^ ccarbon tetrachloride and TNT recovered when treated with methionine. -TP =^From Occ. Med. IQj^l^gesuscitatlon of the Asphyxiated. Queries and Minor Notes, "JJ.A.M.A., 154, 1209 (Aug. 2, 19^7) The main inquiry concerns the relative value of oxygen with 7$ carbon ^dioxide and pure oxygen for resuscitation, especially after exposure to "Jcarbon monoxide and to gases from burning buildings. It is also asked why firemen can keep working in a smoky or low-oxygen atmosphere until they reach pure air and then lose consciousness. Animal experiments are cited in answer to the first question, showing that there is little difference whether the mixture or pure oxygen is administered. The important point 03118758 Industrial Hygiene Digest - 11 September, 19^-Bo < is to get oxygenated blood to the heart and brain as quickly as possible, hg providing as much pulmonary ventilation as the lungs will take without rup- , cure. Two theoretical and unproved explanations are given for the second as question: (1) the irritating gases and excitement reflexly stimulate the st circulation, and (2) probably more important, the effects of anoxia accumu-= late and are not pronounced enough to cause collapse until fresh air is reached. To this may be added the "lightheadedness" caused in a normal person by taking several deep gasps of air in rapid succession. 1057 The Early Treatment of Injuries. R.A. Smith. Brit. j. Phys. Med., 10, 15 ff. (Jan.-Feb., 19^7) The Author gives a personal impression of the treatment of a consider able number of industrial injuries. He deals with the early management of the major types of injury and draws attention to the more important diffi culties encountered during the first few hours of their treatment. It is a subject that one has to approach from a practical point of view. In the tabulation of such a series of impressions a certain incoherency is inevi table, but an attempt at clarification is made by dividing the subject matter for consideration under three headings: (1) difficulty in recog nition of shock, (2) difficulty in recognition of extent of injury, and (5) difficulties arising during treatment of shock. -- Occ. Med. 1058 Trauma in Malignant Bone Tumors. B.L. Coley. Am. J. Surg., 73, 500 ff. (Feb., 19^7) The Author considers that the role of single injury in the develop ment of sarcoma of bone has been overemphasized and that a critical evalua tion of each case and a decision based on a scientific appraisal of all the known facts has not been the rule. Little support of the traumatic theory has been afforded by the pathologist; no laboratory experience seems to favor it. It is difficult to explain why so few injuries are followed by the development of bone sarcoma. So-called expert testimony may be colored by the profit motive. Only qualified authorities sum moned by the court can give testimony of real value. -- From Occ. Med. U 1059 Venereal Diseases in Relationship to Industrial Medicine. W.G. Annaru Brit. J. Phys. Med., 10, 25 ff- (Jan.-Feb.7 19^7) This report is based on personal experience of the author. He out lines the salient points relative to diagnosis, treatment and general management of venereal disease and lays stress on the pitfalls which the industrial medical officer may encounter in the question of diseases scheduled for workmen's compensation. The author enumerates conditions due to venereal disease which have been considered to be of occupational origin. To guard against victimization of infected persons, employers and employees should be informed that infection through ordinary contact is so unlikely as to be almost excluded. Victimization must,'.of neces sity, lead to concealment and thus have the reverse effect of that desired. -- From Occ. Med. >:xpnr,o 03118759 HWBB Industrial Hygiene Digest - 12 September, 19^7 An Interim-Progress Report of a Survey of Undergraduate Education In Indub2 2 trial Medicine in Medical Colleges. E.W. Brown. IndT Med., 16, 3^9-39^ (Aug., 1947) 2^. This report involving 28 medical colleges includes data on total hours devoted to industrial medicine, time given to field work, title of departaent teaching industrial medicine, and nature of the curriculum. The plans for changes in a fev schools are outlined. Bather extensive discussion is reported in full. :2. ioS Industrial Medicine in Japan. J.S. Felton. Occ. Med., 3> 465-^96 (May, 19^7) The statutory background of industrial medical care and industrial hygiene in Japan are outlined. The in-plant medical programs in two war time Japanese industries and associated employee facilities are described. In the main, from the evidence presented, the war worker in Nippon had good medical attention for himself and his family, and adequate in-plant facilities were present to help him in his factory existence. -- Author's summary. m sO rj s s t 10f^jnduBtrial Selenosis. B.F. Buchan. Occ. Med., 3, ^39-^56 (May, 19^7) Selenium in certain combinations is toxic. It may be ingested, in <; itialed or absorbed through the skin. Excretion may be through the lungs or in the urine and the feces. A report on five cases of industrial selenosis due to less than 0.2 part per million of hydrogen selenide is given. Preizin] dominating symptoms were nausea, vomiting, metallic taste in the mouth, alliaceous breath odor, dizziness and extreme lassitude and fatigability. /rirlj Urinary excretion levels were indicative of absorption of selenium. Present ^>1 evidence indicates no satisfactory means of deselenization. Prevention is '-^Gj dependent on a realization of the inherent hazard and on adequate engineer ing and medical control. An extensive bibliography is appended. -- From o o Author's summary. fff] lO&giGilt Used in Printing Trades. Queries and Minor Notes. 2iif| J.A.M.A., 134, 1316 (Aug^ 23, 19W o__ Bust in the atmosphere from gilt powders used on labels is well toler- ated and will not cause anything analogous to silicosis. Prolonged exposure )jmay cause a mild condition discernible in the chest x-ray film, to which the term "benign pneumoconiosis" is applicable. Gross exposure may lead to minor irritation along the respiratory tract on a mechanical basis. Asthma or other indication of an allergic state may result from the use of glue or gum arabic in the process. The upper limit of tolerance for nuisance dusts approximates 50 million particles per cubic foot of air. Any excess should be controlled by exhaust systems. 03I1S7S0 MJBB-0012<Wi Industrial Hygiene Digest - 15 ss September, 19U 10 6We Copper"1, Fever. L. Friberg. Sartryck ur Nordisk Hygienisk Tidskrift, 19S7)', (Swedish with English summary) Fi-fty cases of metal fume fever occurring in a large industry in Sve den are described. The workmen affected were cleaning copper dust from apparatus used in the manufacture of butanol. Particle size was of the order of 1 to 15 microns. The symptoms were like those in metal fume fever from breathing zinc oxide--headache, chills, fever and leukocytosis. The wearing of air masks proved to be good prophylaxis. The illustrations in this paper include charts of temperature changes, symptoms, and blood counts. Captions are given in both Swedish and English, as is the summary. -- J.I.H.&T. 1065 Ferro-Sillcon Manufacture. Anon. Monthly Rev. (H.Y, State Dept. Labor) 26, 20 (Apr. 1,1947) A silicosis problem arises in ferro-silicon manufacture, not from silica dust, but from silica particles released as fumes from the electric furnace. These fumes contain about of amorphous free silica, plus ferric oxide and carbon. However, there is little exposure in the actual working area, because the fumes rise almost vertically. However, an x-ray investigation of the workers is under way. 1066 Silicosis in the Pottery Industry of North Staffordshire. Retrospect and Prospect, a. Mel Telejrthn. Trans. Brit. Ceram. Soc7, 46, 152-146~(June,19^7) After defining the stages in which silicosis develops, the history of the disease in the ceramic industry is traced from the early eighteenth century when flint was first introduced. Statistical data are presented to show the distribution of the disease among work-people in the various processes of manufacture. The replacement of flint by alumina as a placing medium has removed the danger of silicosis from the china section of the industry, but the danger must remain in the earthenware section since flint constitutes up to of the body. Under the new Social In surance scheme which will come into force In July, 1948, further opportuni ties will be presented to check the development of silicosis at an early stage. -- Author's abstract. 1067 Carbon Tetrachloride Intoxication with Acute Hepatic and Renal Failure Treated with Peritoneal Lavage. Report of Case. C.C. Pearson. Proc. Staff Meetings Mayo Clinic, 22, 514-520; Pathologic Aspects. A.H. Bagenstoss, ibid. 321-526; Clinical Aspects. A.M. Snell, ibid. 327-530 (Aug. 6, 19V7) The first paper describes a case of carbon tetrachloride poisoning and its treatment. The patient had used a gallon of carbon tetrachloride to clean fresh paint from the stairway of his home in addition to other lesser exposures. Severe characteristic symptoms were experienced, in cluding albuminuria, oliguria, nausea and vomiting. And severe liver damage. Peritoneal lavage was instituted on the patient's third day in the hospital, with some apparent success, but the patient contracted bronchopneumonia and pulmonary edema and finally died. Facts and possible 03118761 Industrial Hygiene Digest - 1^ September, 19^7 explanations of several contributing factors are discussed. Baggenstoss presents the postmortem observations. The anatomic diagnosis were toxic hepatitis with hypertrophy and regeneration of the liver, jaundice, hyper trophy of Sidneys with toxic degeneration of tubules and regeneration, uremia, general peritonitis, edema of lungs with bronchopneumonia in both lover lobes and edema of the brain. The appearance of the liver and kid neys suggested that almost complete repair had occurred and that if life could have been maintained for a few more days this anatomic restoration might have been followed by restoration of function and ultimately com plete cure. Snell discusses the clinical picture of carbon tetrachloride poisoning in some detail, and points out that no specific treatment is known. Various treatments are of aid in relieving some phases of the dis ease, but since the principal danger is renal insufficiency and subsequent c=*. cardiac dilatation and failure, early recourse to peritoneal lavage or the use of an artificial kidney would offer the best prospects vhen anuria o-----J and azotemia are present. Death From Exposure to Carbon Tetrachloride. B, Linde. Ind. Hyg, News Letter, 7 (Aug., 19^7) Two workers were removing rust preventive grease from the steam drum of a water-tube boiler during installation, in a space mostly enclosed, without ventilation or respiratory protection. Approximately one quart of carbon tetrachloride was used per hour for two days. One man felt nau seated at the end of that period. The other collapsed, grew worse with gastrointestinal and liver symptoms during hospitalization, and died after six days. Two other fatal cases are reported anonymously in the same pub lication. Two men were painting the floor of a small shop with paint thinned with carbon tetrachloride purchased in containers which did not contain on the label any description of the hazards or precaution for the use of the contents. Both died about two weeks later. A third man clean ing the same floor with a long-handled mop, and working erect, recovered after two days. These cases emphasize the necessity of ventilation, res piratory equipment, and proper labeling. Trichloroethylene. Chemical Safety Data Sheet SD-14. Manufacturing Chem ists' Assoc, of the U.S., 6o8 Woodward Bldg., Washington D.C. 12 pp. Price 20 cents. (19V7) A summary of useful information is presented about this widely used solvent. The fire hazard is negligible and most of the numerous precau tions to be taken are to prevent its leakage or spillage where it may be inhaled or ingested or come in contact with the skin. References are given to methods of detection and determination. Symptoms, first aid measures, treatment, and control methods are described. Degreasers and Their Dangers. Experience in the Handling of Solvents. [=3 H.L. Krieger. Ind. Med., l6, 403-W (Aug., 19W The following measures for handling permachlor (trichloroethylene), in open containers are essential for safety: (1) the open surface area of the container should be under 100 sq. in. and should be covered when 03118762 =3 Industrial Eygiene Digest - 15 cv September, 19^?^ not in use; (2) shaking the solvent, using a brush or spray or locating de greaser operations where air currents may cross the surface of the tank should be avoided as these practices increase the amount of evaporation; (3) allow sufficient time for the stock to dry before removing to the work bench; (k) the worker should not stand directly over the solvent. The foreman should check the average amount of permachlor used in his depart ment. Cautions regarding the larger mechanically controlled tanks: -(1) workers should be thoroughly trained in the running of degreasing equipment and in the hazards associated with the work. They should then be anchored to the job; (2) Annual or semi-annual examination of all wor kers; (3) Absolute control of every gallon of solvent used; written requisitions preferred; (k) Rigid routine inspection by safety inspector, industrial hygienist and the medical department. 1071 PhosgBne From Welding Operation Causes Complaint. P. Hill. Ind. Hyg. News Letter, 7, 13 (Aug., 19^7) Peculiar fumes causing complaints in a carbon arc copper welding operation in a Pennsylvania plant were traced to vapors from a degreasing tank in the next room. Although both operations were apparently adequately ventilated, the irritating fumes were very noticeable in the vicinity of the arc when the air current came from the degreaser* Although the concen tration of trichloroethylene from the degreaser wa-quite low, it was ap parently sufficient to produce noticeable quantities of phosgene in the arc. The degreasing apparatus was replaced by an alkali wash, and wide spread use of chlorinated hydrocarbons was forbidden. 1072 Oxygen Poisoning in Man. Part I. E.W. Donald. Brit. Med. J., 1, 667-672 (May 17, 19^7); 712-717 (May 2k, 19V7) Previous research into the effect of increased tensions of oxygen on man up to the commencement of this work is briefly described. An account is given of experiments to determine the tolerance of groups of men to such tensions of oxygen under varying conditions. The signs and symptoips of oxygen poisoning in man are described. The possibility of pulmonary damage by increased tensions of oxygen is discussed. Electrical and chemi cal changes in the central nervous system are briefly described. The re lation of oxygen poisoning to epilepsy and the possibilities of further useful investigations are discussed. The danger of breathing oxygen at increased tensions is emphasized. -- Author's summary. 1073 Chronic Phosphorus Poisoning. H. Heimann. Monthly Rev. (N.T. State Dept. Labor), 26, 17-20 (Apr. 1, 19^7); 22-2^ .(May 1, 19kj) The report is prompted by the recent occurrence of three cases of phosphorus poisoning, and includes a presentation of the cases and a review of the literature on the subject. The subjects included in the literature are acute and chronic poisoning and effects on the osseous system, blood, kidneys, liver, and oentral nervous system, general cachexia, and a brief discussion of possible poisoning by red phosphorus. Each of the cases reported brings out several interesting points which are discussed. Suggestions are given for preventive measures, including local exhaust ventilation, and frequent medical examination, including dental x-rays. 03118763 HWBB-0012643 Industrial Hygiene Digest - 16 September, 19^7 10jb Byssinosis in the Cotton Trade. C.I.C. Gill. Brit. J. Ind. Med., 4, ^ 4i-55 (Jan., 19"7J Byssinosis is a respiratory disease affecting workers Inhaling dust in cotton mills, possibly an allergic manifestation. The strippers and grinders are the principal sufferers. In the early stage byssinosis is characterized by Monday morning fever accompanied by a dry, irritative feeling in the throat and a short, hacking cough. There may be sneezing, an urticarial rash, and conjunctivitis. This usually lasts for several months and then subsides. Ten to 20 years later a metallic cough develops with a sticky sputum. The disease progresses insidiously with fatigue, dyspnea, decreased working capacity, and asthma-like nocturnal attacks. The classical signs are those of bronchitis and emphysema, as are the demonstrable pathological findings. Z-rays are not diagnostic. Preven tive measures include hooding the carding machine and attaching a suction u--- J fan. In addition all persons with a history of asthma, bronchitis, hay fever, eczema, or recurrent urticarial attacks should be excluded from the carding room, as should mouthbreathers, those with nasal pathology, and those people with emphysema. -- J.I.H.&T. IjwS? A Study of the Working Conditions in the Manufacture of Glass-Fiber Insulay^-r\ tlon Materials. I. Desoille and V. Dhers. Arch. d. Mai. Prof., 7> 3323^4 (1946) (French) The conclusions drawn by the authors are substantially the same as reported in American literature, namely, that there is no major health hazard from inhalation or contact, but that fiberglass often causes an itching dermatitis which can be minimized by taking suitable precautions, such as change of clothing, frequent washing, and medical selection of workers. The authors consider possible substitutes but conclude that most of the known materials that could be used are more injurious than fiberglass. -- From J.I.H.&T. Vocational Schools. I. General Industrial Hygiene Program. May H. Mayers. Monthly Eev. (fl.Y. State Dept. Labor), 26, 25-28 (June, 19^7); 31-32 (July 1, 19^7) Vocational schools give instruction in processes used in industry ana therefore the hazards of Industry are present--mechanical, and, to a grow ing extent, chemical. The author points out that the school is analagous to the small plant in potential hazards, and especially that the building is usually a made-over classroom schoolhouse, without regard for special ventilation or other preventive measures. The customary procedure in surveys and establishment of medical service and plants is described, with the recommendation for a similar procedure for schools. Periodic physical examinations of students are customarily made, but more attention should be given the physical capacity of the student for certain types of work. E=S 1077 Vocational Schools. Beport of Survey of Vocational Schools, New York City. Adelaide B. Smith. Monthly Bev. (H.T. State Dept. Labor), 26, 29-31 (July, 19^7) A survey of 20 vocational schools in New York City revealed no evi dence that they are producing or have produced any cases of occupational 03118764 Industrial hygiene Digest - 1? September, 19 disease. A number of possible hazards vere found present only in a sligh degree, or vere prevented by attention to exhaust ventilation and other remedies. Eovever, certain undesirable conditions vere brought to light whose correction vill result in a definitely higher standard of occupatic hygiene. Control Methods 1078 Upkeep Program for Dust and Fume Collectors. A.V, Bolt. Factory Man. andMaint., 105, 76-77'(Aug., 19^7) The author outlines 12 points which constitute a good preventive maintenance program for collectors, including emptying cyclones at the end of each eight-hour shift, checking all machinery daily, checking motors and belt tension, cleaning tunnels, and Inspecting fire control equipment weekly, cleaning overhead ductwork every three weeks, scraping fan blades and housings and changing oil in the bearings every four weeks, inspecting the entire system every three months, and overhauling the en tire system during the summer vacation shutdown. 1079 Dust Control by Combined Centrifugal and Electrostatic Principles. E.H.R. Pegg. Heat ."'""and Vent., 44, 78-80 "(May,"" 19^7) A combination of centrifugal and electrostatic precipitation utilizes the advantages of each method, namely the large volume of dust that can be removed by the centrifuge and the high efficiency for small particles which is possessed by the electrical precipitator. In the unit illustrated, the precipitator is inserted between the centrifugal collector and the fan. Because the bulk of the dust is deposited in a drawer where it is easily disposed of, the maintenance of the unit is a minor item. 1080 Filter Type Dust Collectors. L.J. Weischaus. Chem. Eng., 54, 113-115 (Aug., I9V7) The author discusses the theory of filter dust collectors and des cribes some successful applications. He first points out that filter cloth does not in itself collect dust. Rather, it is a framework on which a filter cake is permitted to build, and the filter cake is the dust col lector. With the aid of a cross section of the cloth he shows that the side with the filter threads is the best collecting side. A soft material is desirable but not too soft. The necessary softness and amount of nap ping depend upon the nature of the material to be filtered. For instance a fibrous material vill interlace with the nap so much that it is diffi cult to remove in cleaning. In some ways felt is a desirable filter material but eventually dust penetrates so far into the pores as to make it impermeable and' uncleanable. Asbestos, nylon, rayon, etc., have par ticular advantages and disadvantages. The moat used cleaning methods are shaking or beating and reverse air flow. The merits and problems of 03118765 HHBB-00126^ Industrial Hygiene Digest - 18 September, 19^7 csO' ----'I ' these methods are discussed. Suitable air-cloth ratio is also important. The bag type is the most.-convenient form, and the proper proportions should be observed. It is a general rule that the length should not be over 50 times the diameter. Three particular applications are discussed briefly: collection of asbestos in a cloth bag type; filtering city air vith a very lov dust concentration, by first shoveling asbestos floats into the bag; and high-temperature, highly acid dust, such as carbon black at 550 F. All these types of filtration have been accomplished successfully. ;t-ji 1OSt] Air Filtration. N.S. Billington. Air Treatment Engr., 10, 1^2-144, 165-171, 193-196, 215-218 (May, June, July, Aug., 19^7) The paper is divided into three main sections: (1) a review of the functions of an air-filter installation, vith particular reference to the ventilating plant* (2) a summary of some of the relevant literature, chief ly of American origin; and (5) a survey of the author's research on venti lating plant filters. In Part I, the varying needs of different types of buildings, and the various types of dust sampling are discussed. In the second, the vork of Rovley and Jordan is revieved. In the research reported in Part 5# several types of filters--metal wool, fabric, paper, glass silk, and cotton vool--were compared in efficiency under working conditions. Natural time and accelerated tests were included. Some empirical relations between efficiency, resistance, and velocity were established. Fabric and vool filters were found to have similar properties, and the conclusions of Page are supported. Impregnation of Air Filters With Polystyrene. R. Weber. Z. Naturforsch, 1, 217-219 (19^6) The operation of aerosol filters is improved by impregnation of the filter fibre with a polystyrene dispersion. The efficiency of filtration is determined by passing through air carrying a known concentration of oil mist, and measuring the residual mist by light scattering. When treated with 1.2^, basis filter vt., of aqueous polystyrene disperson (I.G. Farbenind, "Polystyrol EF-Milch"), the light scattering of filtered gases drops from 6-8 for the untreated filter to 0.005 for the treated filter. This latter value corresponds to 0-0.20 mg. oil per cu.m. No noticeable change in per formance is observed after a half year's storage. The operation is attri buted to the insulating properties of the polystyrene. -- C.A. Design of Injectors for Lov Pressure Air Flow. G.E. McElroy and Editors Heat, and Vent. Heat, and Vent., 44, 82-96~(July, I9V7) 1 -- --n -j up until the publication by McElroy in 19^5 (see Abst. 186, Feb., 19V7) p___ there was only a very limited basis for design of air injectors. The present ^75^ article is intended to distill the essentials primarily applicable to indusL--J trial ventilation. Engineers concerned vith design of ventilation vill be repaid by a study of both the original and the present treatment. 03118766 108L The Walker "Mac ard Mine Fan. Anon. Coll. Guard., 1^3, 173-l3o (Aug. 8, 19l^pi eo An axial flow, variable pitch type of mine ventilating fan is fully described. The variable pitch is claimed to overcome some of the disadvan55 tages of the axial flov fan. 1085 Dust Problems in the Mines of the Pennsylvania Anthracite Region. L.5. Johnson. U.S. 3ureau of Mines, Technical Paper 704. 3^pp. (19^7) Price 15 cents from Supt. of Documents, U.S. Govt. Printing Office, Wash. 25, D.C. Experiments have been conducted by the Bureau of Mines in the anthra cite region of Pennsylvania in cooperation vith several large mining com panies to determine methods of eliminating or reducing dust concentrations. The dust produced in anthracite mining is harmful if breathed in large quantities over long periods. Much of the dust contains free silica and consequently rates of mortality and morbidity from respiratory diseases have been high. Very high dust concentrations, sometimes as high as 4,500 m.p.c.f., can be obtained in the vicinity of some operations when no dust control methods are used. No single measure of control is applicable to all dusty operations, and several methods of prevention have been practiced vith considerable success. A number of these methods are discussed, in cluding: (1) use of spray nozzles on undercutting machines; (2) conversion of pneumatic drilling machines to vet-type; (3) proper placement of bore holes and choice of amount of explosives for blasting; (4) spraying of the working place before and after blasting; (5) controlled ventilation; (6) use of quartz-free or low quartz material for haulage; (7) performing dusty operations in separate shifts or off shifts; (8) use of respirators as a last resort, and then only if proper and systematic care is taken of the respirators. Routine dust sampling, keeping roadways clean $nd periodic x-ray chest examinations are recommended. Management and most employees are fairly well convinced of the desirability of dust control and desire and welcome guidance. The discussion of dust control methods is extensive, and in connection vith spraying, types of nozzles, size of trunk lines, types of pumps, use of water distribution systems for fire control, and effect of water on gases and on visibility, are considered. The paper should be read in its entirety by those responsible for the operation of bituminous mines as well as anthracite. 03118767 Lost-Time Accidents Cost $100 Plus The Westinghouse Electric Corporation plant at Lima, Ohio, finds that all lost-time accidents have an initial cost of $100. This in cludes: professional medical service, safety investigations, reports of industrial commission and supervisor, possible machine or property damage, time of personnel involved, production loss, training time for substitute personnel, decreased efficiency on return to work. Addi tional expenses not included in this base figure comprise: outside hospital costs, compensation, ambulance, trusses, lawyer's fees, etc. The company reports that sending their foremen a monthly budget state ment summarizing feafeh department's accident expenses has helped cut down the accident rate. -- The Foremen's Letter (August 13, 19V7) HHBB-00126W industrial Hygiene Digest - 20 September, 19^7 1086 The Suppression of Dust from Pneumatic Picks, Tventy-Second Report of the Coal Dust Research Committee of the Monmouthshire and South Vales Coal Own ers' Association. From Abstract in Coll. Guard., 175, 95-9^ (July 18, 19^7) This report continues the discussion of the subject of the 19th (Abst. 1211, Dec., 19^6), describing three nev spray attachments that have been examined since the previous report vas issued. Some defects vere found in the operation of all three as they stand. However, one of them, the Holman adapter, with some modification, gives promise of being satisfactory, work ing at a lov pressure. Whether or not vet pneumatic picks can supersede vater infusion in a face worked by pneumatic picks still depends upon; many factors. Pneumatic pick operators greatly object to vater being splashed or sprayed on them from the pick. Consequently, a valve having no vater drain, keeping the spray as near as possible to the pick steel, and avoid ing leaks are important from this point of viev. Maintenance of the pick itself is also essential. Dust Consolidation on Mine Roadways. Interim Report. South Wales Pneumoffrmlrtala Joint HrmmVt.tefiT 36 pp. (Apr., 19^6) This report describes two experiments on treatment of mine roadways with a vetting agent, Lissaprol N, which can be applied in solution with calcium chloride, thus eliminating one spreading operation. In one experi ment it was thus mixed, but in the other the Lissaprol solution was applied first, then vater, then the calcium chloride. In the first case the treat ment was repeated at 5> 9 and 13 months; in the second, dry calcium chloride was applied to the slightly watered roadway after six months. Tables are given shoving the reduction in air-borne dust, the cost of treatment, and analyses of samples of floor dust throughout the period. -- Bull. Hyg. The Control and Elimination of Silicosis in the Vest Coast Haematite Iren Ore Industry. J. CravT BritT~J. Ind. Med., ^,30-47 (Jan., 194-7) The haematite deposits are in two locations, north and south. The north mines produce pulmonary fibrosis, the south do not. The disease has probably been prevalent for at least 1*0 years, i.e., before the advent of pneumatic drills. Uncomplicated pneumoconiosis or radiological reticulation is not, of itself, an incapacitating condition. The single incapacitating and death-causing factor is infection, usually tuberculosis. The condition of dustiness in the West Cumberland mines before 1935 vas intense, many mil lions of particles per c.ca. A nev regime vas introduced in 1935* Dust ftfj allaying by the mist projector has diminished the dust content of the air to an average of 2,500 particles per c.cm., i.e. approximately*250 particles of silica per c.cm. A complete medical service selects only fit men for work. Workmen are radiographed before admission and periodically there after. The results of engineering and medical control has resulted, after a 10-year period of trial, in 100 per cent success. Although it is too soon to predict, it is suggested that silicosis will probably cease to be a problem if the incidence of tuberculosis is strictly controlled and even tually eradicated. -- Author's summary. 03118768 Industrial Hygiene Digest - 21 September, IC89 Historical Relationship of* Mining, Silicosis and Rock Removal. c*-s</ T. Holman^ Brit. J. lad. Med., 4, l-29~"(Jan., 194?) j -- ca ca The history of rock removal is revieved with special attention center** upon rock drilling and the associated silicosis hazard. The development oiP efficient rock drills is discussed in detail. It is closely related to the increase in the silicosis hazard, for vhich little has been done until rela tively recently in a preventive way. Hovever, the proven preventive mea sures are even nov not universally employed. The following recommendations are made: (1) The elimination of all dry drilling where dust is permitted to enter the atmosphere. (2) The elimination of all separate water taps and cocks near the drills so that water must pass down the hollow steel im mediately the drill begins work by single lever control. (3) A highly ef ficient system of ventilation. (4) The venting of all drills to prevent air passing down the drills. (5) The lining of all underground passages with cement sprayed from cement guns. (6) Bright illumination of all working places and passage-ways by electricity. (7) Compulsory use of gloves by all underground workers. And (8), Periodic medical examination of all men working underground. -- J.I.H.&T. 1090 The Influence of Calcium Carbonate on Settling Characteristics of Silica Dust . M.W. First and L. Silverman". J. Ind. 5yg. and Tox., 29* 259-264 TjSy, 19^7) Settling curves for silica and calcium carbonate dusts and their mix ture show no significant differences in any respect when mean size, size frequency distribution and specific gravities are similar. The composi tion of dust clouds of their mixtures remains constant during the settl ing period. Mean particle size in a mixed cloud produced from like-sized components, decreases with time at the same rate as for clouds of each component. When the clouds have markedly different mean particle sizes, the declination rate of mean particle size is intermediate between the rates for the components. It appears that for still air settling in large spaces calcium carbonate has no accelerating effect on the settling characteristics of silica dust as measured by lightfield counting technics. 1091 Causes for High Toxic Vapor Dispersion from Degreasing Installations. B.F. Postman. Heat, and Vent., Ml, 9<b (Apr., 1947) The author mentions 21 possible causes for spread of toxic fumes from degreasing installations. They can mostly be classified under wrong kind of ventilation, excess heating, excess movement of material, insufficient covering of tanks, location too near other types of activity, and poor operator technique. 03118769 1092 Carbon Tetrachloride. Controlling Chemical Hazards, Series No. 9 U.S. Dept, of Labor, Div. of Labor Standards. 20 pp. For sale by Supt. of Documents, U.S. Govt. Printing Office, Wash. 25, D.C. Price 10 cents. (1947) The usual information on hazards is presented in pocket-size form, including physical properties, rules for handling, labeling, engineering controls, ventilation, general,safety measures, and first aid. The es sentials are giton# IflSsHy 'and copies of this booklet should be at hand wherever carbon tetrachloride is used commercially. 'iJA C=fl Industrial Eygiene Digest - 23 --seotember;,--------s LTV o 1096 Handling Vinylidene Chloride. R.C. Reinhardt. t-< Chem. and Eng. Neva, 25, 2136 (July 28, 19^7) 1 Vinylidene chloride (1,1-dichloroethylene) polymerizes readily and is the basic monomer for a number of thermoplastic polymers nov in commercial* production. When stored vithout a polymerization inhibitor between about -40 and +25 C., in the presence of air or oxygen, the oxygen dissolves and reacts rapidly to form a peroxide. Often a flocculent polymer is pre cipitated at the same time. The peroxide is violently explosive, and since it is adsorbed on the precipitated polymer, any separation of this polymer by filtration, evaporation or drying will result in an explosive composition. Compounds containing reaction products with ozone are particularly dangerous. The safest method of preventing explosion of vinylidene chloride is storage in the absence of oxygen. Next best is the use of phenol-type polymeriza tion inhibitors. If a stored solution shows the presence of peroxide by formation of polymer (if no catalysts have been added) or by a sharp acid odor, it can be purified y several washes with 5# sodium bisulfite solu tion or 10# sodium hydroxide. Residues should be destroyed by contact with hot water. The vapor toxicity is of the same order as that of ethy lene dichloride, the flash point is -10 C., and the explosive limit range in air is 7 to 16f in air at room temperature. All these properties em phasize that vinylidene chloride should not be stored or handled in the presence of air. 1097 Use of DDT Insecticides. Industrial Data Sheet D-F-3* National Safety News, 36, 39-^2 (Aug.,~19^7)* Reprints obtainable from National Safety Council. As has been set forth in a number of papers, DDT is poisonous only when ingested or when inhaled or in contact with shin, in large amounts. The precautions to be taken, therefore, are the use of respirators and goggles when spraying, and in large scale work, extreme care that food is not contaminated by the spray. There are no adequate data on which to base a maximum allowable concentration. The only fire hazard is that of the solvent, and the effect of the solvent upon toxicity is also to be considered. Periodic medical examinations are recommended for constant users. This Data Sheet gives physical properties, farms in which DDT is used, rules for shipping and storage, details of worker protection, and first aid measures. 1098 Solubility of Enamel Protected by Sodium Fluoride and Other Compounds. J.C. Muhler and G. Van guysen. J. Dental Research, 26, 119-127 (19^7) Compounds other than sodium fluoride, e.g. stannous fluoride, may be used in reducing enamel solubility. Imperfect indirect evidence indicates that reagents taken up by powdered enamel are tenaciously re tained following washing with water. -- C.A. 1099 Solvent Control Committees. R. Reider Safety Eng., 9^, 17, 50 (July, 19^7) 03118771 The solvent committee plan is recommended for control of solvent hazards. The committee should Include representatives of management, and the productiop^stages, medical, safety, fire and purchasing NWBB-0012649 Industrial Hygiene Digest - 22 September, 19^-7 102? A Study-Control Plan for Minimizing Hazards of the Plating Industry. E.R. Kampe.' Safety Eng., 95, 12-13 ,"26-30 (June, 19W; 26-29 Tjuly, 19^7) The numerous major and minor hazards of the plating industry are dis cussed with recommendations as to remedies. Preliminary cleaning involves the use of caustic cleaning solutions or of trichloroethylene or similar degreasers, each constituting a well-known hazard. The acid solutions used are mild, but care must be taken with concentrated acids, especially perchloric. (See recent articles on perchloric acid.) Acids and cyanides should not be stored together. Among the electrical hazards is the escape of hydrogen from the plating solution where a possible spark may cause an explosion. Cleanliness helps to avoid sparks. Exhaust systems are neces sary in many operations, but they require special care. Combustible mater r=$. ials should be removed from the ducts periodically, and in chrome plating _* chromic acid must be cleaned out. Numerous mechanical hazards are to be considered and machinery guarded. Many fires and explosions have been caused by glue pots boiling over. Tell-tale lights, pilot lights and auto matic fire alarm systems will reduce that hazard. A number of sanitary and good housekeeping rules are included. Use of Plastic Chips in the Control of Chromic Acid Mist. J.E. Molos. Ind. Med., 16, 4Q4-4Q5 (Aug., vjJi (1) A floating baffle of plastic chips is an effective device to help reduce the atmospheric concentration of chromic acid mist over a chromium plating tank. (2) Local exhaust ventilation to exhaust the gases and the spray incident to chromium plating must be provided to insure healthful working conditions even when plastic chips are used. (3) The effectiveness of the floating baffle varies with the blanket thickness, the thicker the blanket the less chromic acid in the atmosphere, (k) Upon further investigation plastic chips may be found to be satisfactory for adequately controlling workers' exposures at chromium plating installa tions where existing ventilation is not fully effective. (5) The use of plastic chips can result in a substantial economy in operations through the conservation of chromic acid used in the plating solution and consid erable reduction in the deterioration of plant equipment. Further devel opment may indicate the possibility of the use of lower ventilation rates than are now being recommended for chromium plating tanks without a floating baffle. In such an event additional savings may be effected through reducing power consumption and heat loss. -- Author's conclusions. Aqua Ammonia. Chemical Safety Data Sheet SD-13* Manufacturing Chemists' Assoc, of the U.S., 608 Woodward Bldg., Washington 5, D.C. 14 pp. Price 20 cents. (19V7) The hazards from the vacor of aqua ammonia lie in the intense irri tating action on the respiratory system in high concentrations, and cor rosive action on metals, affecting electrical equipment. Although ammonia bums under some conditions, the fire hazard is negligible in commercial practice. This circular contains a list of the hazardous properties, directions for use of shipping containers, loading, unloading, storage, handling, and waste disposal, and discussion of health hazards and their control. 03118770 MWBB~0012651 Industrial Hygiene Digest - 2^ September, 19L7 departments, vlth the chief responsibility on one or two persons. The com mittee should become familiar with the composition, use, and physical and toxic properties of all solvents used, should formulate the standards for requisition ftTiH use, and should establish safe control measures for each type of solvent. Substitution should not be permitted vithout review by the committee. 110Q Custodial Services in Plant Sanitation. J.S. Felton. Ind. Med., 16, 351-355 (July, 1947) Present day sanitary standards in industry are discussed, and the fail ure in maintaining these standards is demonstrated. (2) Specific remedies are outlined which are productive of better housekeeping and improved sani tation in work areas. These are: (a) Establishment of central supervision of maintenance personnel, (b) Institution of selective placement procedures, (c) Development of a training course in custodial services wherein study topics will consist of discussions of types of work areas,* cleaning material; methods of application; times of cleaning; toxic substances; plant construc 6) tion; maintenance of materials; infestations; food handling; injuries; matron service. (5) Adjuvant remedies are described which consist of train ing of non-custodial personnel, installation of clean Janitor storage areas, re-adjustment of illumination to accepted standards, painting of machinery and environs, and installation of local exhaust ventilation. (4) A plea is made for a change of status of maintenance personnel to a higher rung on the occupational ladder, through morale'building and increased incentive. (5) The results accomplished by improvement of plant sanitation are enumerated. --^ -- Author's summary. Methods of Detection and Determination New Low-Speed Anemometer. Anon. Coll. Guard., 175, 150-151 (July 25, 1947) A new hot-wire anemometer for the measurement of air velocities below five feet per second is described and illustrated. It was developed by the (British) National Physical Laboratory, and its essential feature is a ther mocouple whose hot Junction is in a quartz tube where it is heated to a ^1 constant temperature by a conducting nichrome wire in a parallel bore of the tube. The cold Junction is held in the air stream to be measured, and the temperature difference which varies with the air velocity, can be calibrated by use at known velocities. A 2-volt lamp battery serves to heat the wire, and a small but robust microammeter measures the voltage. The sensitivity is very high, a difference of 5*17 millivolts for the range 0 to 2 feet per second. However, the instrument is not as yet ready for actual pit opera tion, because: (1) care must be taken to hold the instrument in the right direction for accurate readings; (2) the operating components are affected by a dusty atmosphere; and (5) the battery and measuring instrument have not yet been made an integral part of the anemometer. 03118772 %WBB*001265l> Industrial Hygiene Digest - 25 September, 19 1102 An Instrument for Measuring Particle Diameters and Constructing Histogram from Electron Micrographs. E.E. Hanson and J.H. Daniel. J. Appl. Physic ia/ 4397443 (May, 19^7! An Instrument for shortening the time and labor required in ing particle size histograms from electron micrographs is described. Rep resentative histograms obtained with the instrument for GR-S lattice are shovn. Linear, surface, and volume-equivalent diameters of ngn-spherical particles are defined, and variations in the instrument for plotting such diameters are proposed. -- Authors' summary. 1103 A Photoelectric Instrument for Comparing the Concentrations of Very Dilute Aerosols, and Measuring Lov Light Intensities. F.T. Gucker, Jr., H.B. ,^3 Pickard and C.T. O'Konski. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 69, 429-438 (1947) This article describes the design, construction, and operation of a sensitive photoelectric instrument which was developed primarily for mea suring smoke penetrations through efficient gas mask filters. The instru ment measures the photocurrents produced by the light scattered at right angles from smokes which are intensely illuminated in a suitable smoke cell, A vacuum-type phototube views the scattered light, and photocurrents are measured potentiometrically using a balanced DC amplifier as a nullpoint indicator. The stray-light and leakage currents are balanced elec trically. A new scaling circuit compensates for the deviations of the high resistors (10? to 10^ ohms) from their nominal values, and allows a direct comparison of photocurrents within a few per cent and hence a direct reading of filter penetrations. The sensitivity of the Instrument is 10*9 g./liter of a dioctyl phthalate smoke of 0.3 micron diameter, or 5 X 10lumen. The unit is small, rugged, and self-contained, incorpor ating suitable circuits for checking the operation of the vacuum tube, the condition of the phototube and the smoke cell, the scaling circuits and the batteries. Penetration measurements with this instrument are self-consistent, and agree well with those obtained with instruments developed elsewhere during the last four years. The instrument can be calibrated to measure smoke concentrations. It is applicable to a vide range of uses in colloidal chemistry and photometry. -- Authorsf summary. 1104 New Meters Employing Light-Sensitive Cells for the Measurement of Brythemal Energy. G.P. Kerr. Rev. Scl. Instruments, IS, 472-473 (July,1947) The applications of some well-known principles to the measurement of erythemal energy with light-sensitive cells are described. Two meters, operating on different principles are described. Quantitative data are presented on the spectral and absolute sensitivities of the meters. -From Author's summary. 1105 Determination of Small Amounts of Carbon Monoxide in Air by Various Ref erence Methods. M. Shepherd; J. Research Nat'1. Bur. Standards, 3 351-358 (19*7) Samples containing respectively, about 0.04 and 0.01# carbon mon oxide were carefully prepared by the pressure-dilution method and sent 03118*773 MHBB OH12653- Industrial Hygiene Digest - 26 September, 19^7 to many laboratories engaged in military service during the war. In this 7 ./ cooperative analysis some very fine work was done and eight methods were used. All of the methods demand the use of known mixtures of carbon monoxide ~3 in air for calibration and check of performance. All the methods must pro- vide for interference. The Houghton method, in which the sample is freed from oxygen thereafter the carbon monoxide is absorbed by the blood, nzfi showed interference within the analytical procedures rather than as the usual prelude to them. The blood is specific with respect to absorption -o ,, of carbon monoxide but after this step the carbon monoxide must be separated ---- from interfering gases in the blood. Other methods are susceptible to inter(c^\ fering gases which must be removed at the start. Such removal is easiest in the case of the colorimetric and gravimetric procedures. The iodometric method requires the most complicated and costly apparatus and is most trouble- some to Jceep in good order. The colorimetric method is simple and the inex- pensive apparatus is easily kept in good running order although it is not as accurate for larger quantities of carbon monoxide unless the original sample /iV is first diluted with carbon monoxide-free air. The colorimetric is moBt rapid and easiest. This assumes that known mixtures are available under pressure. -- C.A. llg^V^A Simple Technique for Carbon Monoxide in Blood. A. Lambrechts and R. Rose^man. Compt. rend, soc. biol., W, ttQl-505 (19^6) (French) Two cc. of distilled water 0.2 cc. of the blood sample are placed in the annular compartment of a Conway dish. A paper disc moistened with 0.15 cc. of 0.01 normal palladium chloride is placed in the central compart- r^-^ment. One cc. of 10$ phosphoric acid is added to the diluted blood, the ^TTdish is sealed, and kept at 56 for 20 min., then the degree of darkening the paper disc is estimated. -- C.A. LlQ^^Comblned Absorption and Titration Tube for Vplumetric Determination of Carbon Dioxide! E.J. Roberts. Anal. Chem., 19, 616 (Aug., 19^7) ':=j An apparatus for rapid and accurate determination of carbon dioxide outproduced by various methods of decomposition is described and illustrated. ^It depends upon absorption in a known quantity of standard hydroxide solu- ^Jfeion and titration after addition of barium chloride. The apparatus is -^Cprotected against the absorption of excessive atmospheric carbon dioxide and the small amount entering from various sources can be easily ascertained - /-in a blank determination. i! .ICjSvSfcetection and Estimation of Microquantities of Cyanide. A.0. Gettler and Goldbaum. Anal. Chem.", 19 , 270-271 (Apr. ,^1947) p___ _ This article describes a modification of the Prussian blue test for ^Tgyanide. An impregnated filter paper serves as an absorbing agent for the 3yanide which is evolved from tissue samples. The paper is Whatman No. 50 hich is impregnated successively with 10$ ferrous sulfate and 20$ sodium hydroxide. After hydrocyanic acid absorption the paper is washed with dilute hydrochloric acid and distilled water. A blue stain remaining after drying indicates cyanide and the color intensity is proportional to the"amount present. A small glass flange paper holder'is described. 03M.8774 HW BB-0012654 Industrial Hygiene Digest - 27 September, 194? The orifice (stain) diameter is adjusted for the quantity of cyanide; for 0.2 to 1 micrograms 4 am. is ideal; 1 to 5 micrograms 10 mm. is used; and for 5 to 20 micrograms, 15 mm. is recommended. -- J.I.H.&T. 1109 Estimation of Microquantities of Cyanide. J. Epstein. Anal. Chem., 19, 272-274 (Apr.,"l9"St) This method vill determine as little as 0.2 micrograas of cyanide (or thiocyanate ion). The method depends upon the conversion of cyanide to cyanogen chloride vith chloramine T solution. The cyanogen chloride is then reacted vith a mixture of pyridine containing 0.1$ bis-pyrazolone and 1-phenyl, 5-methyl, 5-pyra'Zolone. This reaction results in a blue dye vhich is stable for 50 minutes and obeys Beer's Lav betveen 0.2 and 1.2 micrograms of cyanide ion. -- J.I.H.&T. 1110 Determination of 'Merc\^y in Biological Material. F.L. Kozelha. Anal. Chem., 19,1-~49jj-tyfb ( July, 1947) A simplified dithizone method for the determination of mercury in biological material is described. The uniqueness of this ney method is the quantitative distillation of mercury from the HJeldahl flask during and subsequent to the digestion vithout the loss of the metal. This pro cedure separates the mercury from all the non-volatile salts of the other metals contained in the specimen. Washing the mercury dithizonate vith nine normal ammonium hydroxide obviates the necessity of treating the dithizone extract vith potassium bromide or sodium thiosulfate and per forming a second digestion and extraction, as required by the previously described methods. Consistent recoveries vith an error of less than tvo micrograms are obtainable, vhich appears to be adequate for toxicologi cal or clinical purposes. -- Author's summary. Laboratory Toxicological Studies 1111 The Possibility of Toxic Effects from 2,5 -Dimercaptopropanol in Condi tions of Impaired Renal or Hepatic Function. G.R. Cameron, F. Burgess and V.S. Trenvith. Brit. J. Pharmacol,, 2, 59-64 (1947) Rabbits and rats vith renal damage differed in no vay from normal, controls in their response to large doses of 2,5-d-imercaptopropanol (BAJ,) unless there vas complete or almost complete failure of renal function. Animals vith hepatic damage experienced toxic symptoms and some died after doses of BAL veil belov the fatal level for normal animals, -- C.A. 1112 Central and Autonomic Effects Folloving the Combined Administration of Sodium Arsenlte and 2,5-dimercaptoprmpanol (BAL). T. KopparurLajji&5lZ^, F. Sperling^ jTpharmacol., b9, 550-555 (19^7) 03j-1877Q Rabbits receiving BAL intramuscularly and subsequently sodium arsenite by vein,, develop, an "explosive" reaction characterized by crying, HMBB-0H12655 Industrial Hygiene Digest - 28 September, 1947 motor excitement., constriction of the pupils, profuse salivation and lip sweating, lacrimation, brady cardia, reaction of the conjunctiva, and red dening of the lids and uvea. The same occur if the arsenite is given first and the BAL later. These effects, particularly the central excitement, also occur under pentobarbital narcosis. The effects are opposed or counteracted by atropine only if they are referable to parasympathetic stimulation. Cats and dogs do not develop pupillary constriction as a result of combined ad ministration of BAL and arsenite, but may show involuntary micturition and defecation. All of the above phenomena are of relatively short duration and none of the animals died. Compounds of BAL and arsenite prepared in vitro and then injected did not produce the characteristic effects described above. Arsenates, arsphenamines, and mercurials did not elicit the charac teristic central and peripheral effects after administration of BAL. Pos sibly arsenite and BAL react in vivo to form a nev substance which is res ponsible for the extremely sudden development of the symptoms described. -C.A. 113^ A Contribution to the Study of Experimental Indium Poisoning. L Vignoli, T. Poursines, H. Ollivier and R. Merland. ''rch*x&. Mai. Prof., 7, 356-364 (1946) Indium is an extremely rare metal, but seems destined to be of some industrial importance as its production increases. Indium chloride in sodium citrate was injected subcutaneously into white rats to produce acute and subacute intoxication. The acute form is defined as the cause of death in three to six days, and subacute in six to 17 days. Liver, kidneys, and myocardium were attacked in all cases. Degeneration of the parenchyma and of the myocardium varies with the rapidity of evolution. In the acute forms y the lesion is a hyalin degeneration of protoplasm and nucleus, leading to necrosis of more or less large areas. In the liver, necrosis is distributed in email islands; in the kidneys the tubules are also attacked. Hyalin * }\x degeneration of striped muscle fibers also occurs. In the subacute form -5~Ln the lesions are smaller and in one case submaxillary gland involvement was noted on the 17th day. Photomicrographs of these degenerative processes accompany the paper. -- From J.I.H.&T. liTOi Toxicity of Arsine Solutions for Tissue Slices. W. Hughes and G.A. Lewy. Biochem. J., 41, 5-11 (1947) Arsine entering the blood stream may escape reaction with the red iTLS] cells sufficiently long to be fixed by the body tissues. Under conditions of the experiments arsine was as toxic as arsenite to the kidney but con siderably more so to the liver. This may explain the high toxicity of this gas when it is rapidly inhaled. Its toxicity also decreases with decreasing concentration inhaled. This is probably due to the fact that since more of the gas will be fixed by the erythrocytes, and thus transformed into less toxic arsenic derivatives, less gas will be available to be transported through the body. The oxygen uptake of kidney and liver was greatly de creased when slices of the surviving organs were exposed to arsine solu tions of known concentrations. -- C.A. 03118776 HWBB-00126^6 Industrial Hygiene Digest - 29 September, 19 1115 The Relation Betveen Survival Time and Dosage vith Certain Toxic Agents. G.E.P. Bos and H. Cullumbine. Brit. J. Pharmacol"., 2, 27-37 (19^7) Experiments are described in which mice were exposed to mustard vapor and rats to phosgene gas. By use of the reciprocal of survival time the transformed variate (rate of dying) was proportioned to the dosage, had stable variance, and appeared more normally distributed than time or the log of time. Methods are suggested for dealing with data when in some groups the animals do not all die. -- C.A. 1116 Toxic Effects of Tetranitromethane. A Contaminant in Crude TNT. K.F. Sievers, E. Rushing, Helen Gay and A.R. Monaco. Pub. Health Repte., 62, 10U8-1061 (July 18, 19V7) Tetranitromethane fumes are given off from crude TNT in sufficient quantity at room temperature to be fatal to cats confined in an exposure chamber. Tetranitromethane in concentrations ranging from 33 to 25*2 p.p.m. produced marked irritation of nrucpus membranes of eyes, mouth, and upper respiratory tract, acute pulmonary edema, mild methemoglobinemia, and probably fatty degeneration df liver and Sidneys. Tetranitromethane in concentrations of 0.1 to 0.^ p.p.m. caused mild irritation in cats but no other untoward effects with exposure for six hours on two consecutive days. A chemical procedure (tentative) is presented for the determination of tetranitromethane in atmospheric samples. -- Authors' conclusions. 1117 Hexaethyl Tetraphosphate. Queries and Minor Notes, JTA.M.A., 15^, 151& (Aug. 23, 19^7) Concerning the toxic effects of hexaethyl tetraphosphate as considered in a previous note (see I-H-F Abst. 837, July, 19^7), another correspondent submits the point that 0.35 cc. or five drops may be fatal to man if in gested, on the basis of animal experiments. The substance is a very potent anticholesterinesterase agent and certain toxic effects may be expected, although severe poisoning has not been reported. Conspicuous symptoms in experimental animal poisoning are extreme cyanosis and dyspnea. Atropine appears to be valuable as a remedy. $2 Million For Heart Disease Research Congress has appropriated an additional $500,000 to the National Institute of Health of the U.S. Public Health Service to enable it to expand its program of research activities related to cardiovascular diseases. During the fiscal year ended June 30, 19^7, the Institute spent $131,73^ for research in heart disease and, in addition, made grants in the amount of $857,660 to universities and other institutes and to individuals for research on this subject. Congress had pre viously voted a somewhat larger appropriation for these activities for the current fiscal year, and this additional $500,000 will bring the total appropriation for this purpose in the neighborhood of $2,000,000. --.S.-L.I.S. (Aug. 15, 19^7) r? 03118777 HHBB-0012657 Industrial Hygiene Digest - 30 September, 19I7 Ul The Absorption and Excretion of the Solid Polyethylene Glycols ("Carbowax tt Compounds^ C.B. Shaffer and F.E. Critchfield. J. Am. Pham. Assoc., 36, 152.157 (May, 19^7) The extent of gastrointestinal absorption of several solid polyethy lene glycols including those designated as "Carbowax" compounds 1000, 15^0, 1+000, and 6000 has been determined following their administration to rats >nd to humans. In rats no absorption of the two higher molecular weight compounds was noted and with the two lower molecular weight compounds absorption was slight. When administered intravenously to human subjects "Carbowax" compounds 6000 and 1000 were excreted readily and to a high degree. -- Authors' summary. Illy' The Medical Sequelae of the Atomic Bomb Explosion. G.V. Le Boy. J.A.M.A., 1143-1143 (Aug. 2, 19W This is a partial review of the results of the Army and Navy medical missions which investigated the results of the atomic bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, limited largely to the syndrome of injury due to large amounts of gamma radiation. The radiation injuries were not responsible for most of the deaths, but form the most complex field of study, as a number of organs "zjtiL were affected. Moreover, the other three effects, those of mechanical r^nf| energy, heat, and light (visible, infrared and ultraviolet) differ only in degree from those already known from other sources. The relation of alpha and beta rays and neutrons to the production of casualties is not at all clear. The principal effects of the radiation included vomiting, fever, diarrhea, leukopenia, purpura, epilation, mucous membrane ulceration, and anemia. The two major phenomena which endangered life were the gastrointestinal disturbances and the destruction of the hematopoietic tissues. .^P'.The vomiting, which occurred very soon after the bombing, and the diarrhea `jizrjand ulceration of the bowel that came later created a serious situatiqa. _^<fjThe damage to the bone marrow was even more serious. Regeneration began -^Sl-lsoon after the injury, but the extent was too slight and the types of cells needed most were produced in the smallest quantities. Severe leukopenia o opersisting one to three weeks was certain to permit the development of ff^^loverwhelming infections in any part of the body, resulting in septicemia. J^^yjFatal hemorrhages could occur from many parts of the body. The proper ^^objectives in the treatment of exposed patients can be stated simply: Izl^jCl) maintain fluid and acid-base balance; (2) control infectious processes; (3) combat hemorrhagic tendency; and (U) correct the anemia. "It does not jseem unreasonable to believe that in the hospitals of the western world Inwhere plasma, electrolyte solutions, whole blood and penicillin are availp ~fjable, a much lower mortality rate could be achieved than was observed in Lj 4Japan. How satisfactory the thoroughly modern treatment of the syndrome of radiation injury might be is difficult to predict. 03118778 Industrial Hygiene Digest - 31 September, lo<r 1120 Gross Autopsy Observations in the Animals exposed at 3ikini. J.L. Tullis and S. warren" J.A.M.A., 13S 1155-1153 (Aug. 2, 19^7) a s i as CD (l) Ionizing radiations of the atomic bomb are lethal for goats, pigs, guinea pigs and rats exposed to them under varying conditions. (2) The gross pathologic observations are fairly characteristic and similar in the four species studied. (3) The sensitivity to ionizing radiations varies somewhat among the four species, the guinea pigs being by far the most sen sitive, the pigs being slightly more sensitive than the goats and the rats comparatively resistant. (4) The flimsiest of shielding seems to afford ample protection from thermal radiation, but heavy armor does not alvays protect from the ionizing radiations. (5) An underwater atomic bomb explo sion is more lethal than an air explosion, since the spray which showers down on the' ships in the vicinity carries with it fission products which contaminate their surfaces, cannot be removed easily and remain dangerously radioactive for long periods of time. -- Authors' conclusions. 1121 Film Badges for Radiation Monitoring. D. Holiday. Ind. Hyg. News Letter," 7, 5 (Aug., 19^7) The film badges mentioned in some papers on radioactive hazards are described. A film badge consists of a special film sensitive to x-, gamma, and beta rays, sealed in a waterproof cover with a lead cross fastened to the outside of the badge. The less penetrating beta rays darken the por tion of the film not protected by the cross. The penetrating x- and gamma rays affect the unprotected portion only slightly but interact with the lead to give secondary radiations which expose the film underneath the cross. With such a badge the total ionizing radiation received by the wearer in a given period of time can be determined, and they are universally used by the Manhattan district. The badges are usually worn one to two weeks, and are then developed and the density determined. Each lot of film should be standardized separately and the film must be kept under rigorously controlled conditions. Several commercial companies furnish badges, develop films, evaluate exposures and store films for each subscriber. The con struction and use of the badges is described in a recent Safety Code for the Industrial Use of X-rays by the American Standards Association. Industrial Relations, Personnel 1122 Tuberculosis in Industry. Sula Freeman. Ind. Nursing, 6, 36-38, (July, 19^7) The extent of mass x-ray examinations by National, state and local or ganizations is increasing constantly. The industrial nurse has an impor tant part to play in connection with these surveys. "The industrial nurse is the key person in any teaching program for mass health. She must be well posted on the latest developments in the tuberculosis control movement. She must know the facts concerning cause, symptoms and treatment of tuber culosis. With tact and patience she must be able to convey these thoughts D3118779 HWBB-H012659 Industrial Hygiene Digest - 32 September, 19^7 to workers, many of whom are ignorant, fearful, prejudiced, and sometimes even antagonistic. She must reach the employer as veil as the employee. Management must be convinced of the need for healthy employees......... A Chest X-ray for Every Member of the Plant.' Nothing short of this goal should satisfy the industrial nurse." Some general description of methods is given, vith statistics on the results of some surveys in Texas. Psychiatry in Industry. C.C. Burlingame. Am. J, Psychiatry, 10?, 549-553 (Jan., 1947) The development and progress of industrial psychiatry is reviewed vith special emphasis placed on the advances made in 1946. It has become recog nized that the task of the psychiatrist is to fit the man to the job, a job in which he finds satisfaction and an outlet for self-expression. The main L-----LI contributions of 1946 were in the problems of conversion to peacetime pro duction, reemployment of the veteran, industrial health, the placement of the handicapped, the analysis of certain occupations carrying special psy chological health hazards, and personality problems in the managerial group. Oak Ridge psychiatrists concluded that the causes of emotional disturbances in industry lie primarily within the individual and the excit ing mechanisms lie in the home or in his social surroundings rather than in the industrial environment. -- J.I.H.&T. 1124 The Administrative Problems of the Industrial Consultant Nurse. Gladys A. Jahncke"! Ind. Med*, 16, 28b-290 (June, 1947) A questionnaire was sent to the 37 nurse consultants in the separate autonomous governmental units over the United States, regarding administra tive problems. Based on the replies, the following problems are discussed, in the reverse order of importance as judged from the replies at the present stage: (1) problems pertaining to qualifications and salaries for industrial nurse consultants; (2) personnel attending conferences; (3) the lack of in dustrial hygiene taught in medical schools and the lack of understanding of industrial medicine; (4) work and relationship of public health and industrial hygiene workers; (5) the nurse in industry (the nurse's relations with management and with the medical profession); (6) lack of industrial nursing taught in schools and lack of understanding of industrial nursing; (7) problems that evolve about relationships vith federal, state, and intra-agency personnel; (8) team work of industrial hygiene personnel; and (9) the consultants pro 0 0 gram and her position as it is affected by administration. The problems, especially the last ones, are discussed at some length, but with the feeling that in most cases no conclusion can be drawn at the present time. The Industrial Nurse in a Small Plant. Irene Lussier. Ind". Nursing, 6, 29-33 (May, 1947) c=a This is a comprehensive treatise which should be helpful to management as well as to industrial physicians and nurses. The writer points out the advantages to a small plant of a part time industrial doctor who gives his orders to a qualified industrial nurse. The nurse can be more than a firstaider as she is able to serve the employees where definite symptoms indicate the carrying out of the plant physicians instructions. Relations of the 63118780 HWBIMl8l2660 Industrial Hygiene Digest - 35 September 19 ^ nurse to management and to employees are discussed. The routine of a nurs day, as summarized by the writer is the answer to the question, "Is an in dustrial nurse necessary in a small plant?" 1126 The Fortune Survey (Attitude of Factory Worker Toward 51s Job). Editorial, Fortune, 55 > 5, b, 10? 12 (May, 19^7") A brief look at U.S. factory workers in the Fortune Survey for January (not abstracted) revealed a factory worker who was dispirited, resigned and frustrated, and found his job more boring than did people in some other fields. A second survey reported here dealt with the factory worker excluslvely and covered more questions. The picture presented is not so dis heartening as before, but still reveals some sore spots in the present sys tem of mass production. By overwhelming majorities (67 to 88) they say that their present work is neither too tiring nor too fast, and is essential to the success of the company. With equal unanimity they believe they can keep their present jobs as long as they like. On the other hand, half of . the workers seem frustrated because their work gives them no opportunity for personal initiative. Forty-one per cent think that even a job well done is a blind alley. They have little belief in the security of their old age. Over half would choose a different occupation if they had it to do over again. Members of the two big unions, and especially of the C.I.O., are more dissatisfied with their lot than non-union workmen or members of independent unions. "The impression grows that neither management nor unions are facing the facts. They seem to be trying to cure the patient by dosing, him with the outmoded specifics of cafeterias, washrooms and baseball teams on one side, seniority, shorter hours^ and higher pay an the other. Whereas the simple fact is that the worker wants to be treated like a human being. He wants to be able to hope for advancement, to have honest effort recognized, and to have an outlet for personal initiative." 1127 ABC's of the Hew Labor Law. Modem Ind., 1^, 5^-64, 150-152 (Aug. 15,19^7) The chief provisions of the Taft-Hartley Act are explained briefly and simply, in alphabetical order. Rehabilitation 1128 Jobs Analyzed for Work Hazards. G.H. Metz. Factory Man. and Maint., 105, 126-127 (Aug., 19^7) This is a brief description of the job analysis and placement program that has proved successful at the RCA Victor Division at Camden. A chart shows the disabilities permitted in particular jobs, and reference is made to this chart both in initial placement and in reassignment. Job analysis also takes account of general hazards in the various occupations, and many previously unknown hazards were uncovered in wafr-ing the survey for the program. 03H87S1 HW8B-H012661 Industrial Hygiene Digest - 34 September, 1947 1129 Operation of an Urban Sheltered Workshop for the Tuberculous. R.L. McNamara and Agnes W. Brewster. Pub. Health Eepts., 62, 971-991 (July 4, 1947) The Altro Work Shop In Nev York City provides a medically supervised vork period for tuberculous patients vho have been discharged from treatment c - but whose vork tolerance is lov and vho need a graduated vork schedule to attain their full occupational potentialities. This article describes its operation, including source and status of patients, kind and progress of c _ vork, and history after discharge. Absenteeism, Hours of Labor, Etc. Hours of Work and Output. M.D. Kossoris. Monthly Labor Rev., 65, 5-14 (July, 1947) The author summarizes a survey of manufacturing establishments, re cently completed by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, analyzing the effect of number of hours worked per day and the number of days worked per week upon such production factors as absenteeism, efficiency, industrial injuries and output. In turn, these factors are related to the type of vork performed, the shift worked, and the sax of the vorker. Longer hours generally resulted in greater output but at a regressive rate and at the expense of increased unit labor cost. Absenteeism and injuries also increased with longer hours. In general, the eight-hour day and the 40-hour week give better efficiency than longer hours, provided the worker has any control over his rate of pro duction. Many angles of the time schedules are considered: increase of days from five to six, increase of hours from eight to nine, 10, 11, for the same number of days per week, and the reverse changes, the effect of wage incentives, and many of these involve exceptions to the rule and addi tional factors to be considered. For these details this review, or the full report to be published later, mist be consulted. However, a few other conclusions are well established, among them: (l) postwar efficiency at a 40-hour week is better than prewar efficiency; (2) a seven-day week always had unfavorable results; (3) the absenteeism rate always increased with longer hours, more for women than for men. Sickness Absenteeism Among Industrial Workers, Fourth Quarter of 1946. W.M. Gafafer. Pub. Health Repts., 62, 1095-1097 (July 25, 1947) 2'Cn In the last quarter, all classes of disease (causing absences of eight - J days or longer) shoved a decrease of 44$ in rate below the corresponding n___ quarter of the preceding year and below the 10-year average 1937-1946. The 1946 rate for influenza and grippe was less than one-third that for .--J 1945. Sickness rates for the entire year show a striking decrease although [rzz;] the percentage decreases are lower than for the quarter. 03118782 Industrial Hygiene Digest - 35 Septembe: C*j L9U Insurance and Medical Economics 1132 Promptness of "First Payments'* of Compensation During First Half of 19^7 (In Wisconsin)" Stat. Kelease No. 322%, Workmen's Compensation Statistics, Statistical Dept., Industrial Commission of Wisconsin. (July 18, 19^7) First payments of compensation are classified as "prompt" or "late" whether or not the payment vas received by the injured employee vithin 15 days after the commencement of his disability. Prompt payments by all insurance companies were 86.0$ in the first half of 19^8 and 85*0$ in the first half of 19^7; by all self Insurers, 78.1$ correspondingly in 19^8 and 79.1$ in 1947. Similar data for other years are given, and individual insurance companies and self-insurers are listed in order. Accident Prevention 1133 Industrial Hygiene for All Workers. Evaluation of Present Facilities, J .G. TownsendT Ind. Med.V 16, 28l^28^~(June, 1947) There are signs that industrial hygiene is coming of age. The groups vith vfaich it is coneerned--industry, labor and the people as represented by Congress---have nov recognized the contribution of industrial hygiene to the veil-being of the nation's economy. The evidence of the interest by Congress is the appropriation of grant-in-aid funds to the states for Industrial hygiene activities. The author recounts recent progress in Industrial hygiene, and immediate and ultimate goals. The most Important of the ultimate objectives is the extension of industrial hygiene to cover every worker. 113k Safety is a Science. J.C. Bradley. Southern Power and Ind., 65, 46-49, 116-117 (19Vf) Safety precautions are reviewed. A large number of lead poisoning cases were caused by the use and handling of paints; Tltanox was found to have all the good points of lead pigments except for a few special cases, where special precautions are taken to avoid poisoning. Pigments contain ing cadmium and manganese have also been dispensed with. Silicosis has been greatly reduced by the use of compressed-air masks and periodic x-ray examination. -- C.A. 03118783 1135 Non-Occupational Poisoning With Tetraethyl Lead. E.N. Marchenko and G.A. Beilikis. Gigiena i Sanit., 11, 17-23 (1946) (Russian) The widespread use of tetraethyl lead in petroleum fuels in the past few years was responsible, indirectly, far a large number of poisonings MMBB-H012663 Industrial Hygiene Digest - 36 September, 19^7 of Individuals and groups up to ^9 persons. It vas caused by its use as a fuel for heating and cooking stoves, lighting, kindling, as a solvent, spray, or by the use of insufficiently cleaned drums or tank cars. The greater percentage of poisoning vas due to inhalation of vapors or combustion gases, but the greater percentage of fatalities vas caused by its entry by mouth; of these, 19$ vere caused by food and 72$ by drink. Recommendations are given for stricter control and better education of personnel. -- C.A. Detonation of'^anonluiy'flitrat^ Fertilizer. U.S. Bureau of Mines. Chem. and Eng. SSVS-J-S5;'21^3 (July 26"HL9^7) Extensive tests show that under certain conditions of heating and con finement alone, ammonium nitrate fertilizer obtained at the scene of the Texas City disaster, 1b quite explosive. A 5*2 lb. charge of the fertilizer enclosed in 1/4 inch seamless tubing, 3 inches in diameter and 20 inches in length, detonated with great violence, completely shattering the bomb. The experiment was repeated with similar results in several laboratories. Medical Aspects of Industrial Safety. R.P. Bresler. Ind. Med., 16, 397-400 (Aug., W) The author traces the development of a safety program in his company, beginning with a period where safety features were haphazard and accident rates were high, and ending with a highly efficient organization with very low accident rates. Features of the program include a study of accidentv5^, prone individuals, a classification of workers according to disabilities, instruction classes for new employees, placing responsibility on supervisors, [3^] and the use of standard accident forms. Miscellaneous lljMffi Physiological Adjustments of Human Beings to Sudden Change in Environment. LJ]N. Glickman, T. Inouye, S.E. Telser, R.W. Keeton, F.K. Hick and M.K. Fahne stock. Heat. Pip. and Air Cond., 19, 101-115 (July, 19^7) m Five healthy male medical students, clothed in 90$ cotton union suits >4 and wooden sandals, vere subjects for six experiments each. in a comfortable room for a control period of one hour, at They 76 F. remained dry bulb and 30, 60 or 80$ humidity. They then vent into a hot room at 98*5 F. dry bulb and 66$ R.H. for one or two hours. This allowed a variable amount of perspiration to accumulate on the skin and in the union suit. The subjects then returned to the comfortable room for one hour. Observations on rectal and mean skin temperatures, .evaporative weight loss, blood pressure, pulse rate and comfort rate vere obtained. After presenting data on each of these points, the authors conclude that in general, the physiological adjustments made by healthy young adult males on passing from a comfortable to a hot moist environment, and-vice versa, occurred rapidly and placed little strain on the cardiovascular system. 03118784 Industrial Hygiene Digest - 37 September, 19^g vO cvj 1139 Thermal Responses and Efficiency of Sweating When Men Are Dressed in Arctg Clothing and Exposed to Extreme Cold, H.3. Belding, H.D. Russell, R.C. 1 Darling and G.E. Folk. Am. J. Physiol., 1^9, 204-222 {Apr., 1947) " Analysis of Factors Concerned in Maintaining Energy Balance for Dressed Msg in Extreme Cold; Effects of Activity on the Protective Value and Comfort of an Arctic Uniform. Same authors, jb id., 149, 223-239 {Apr., 1947) Theory practice of protection against cold by heavy clothing, es pecially arctic uniforms, are discussed in these papers. The principal practical conclusion is that the uniforms are too cool for still or lightly exercising men, but too hot when they exercised heavily, on account of ac cumulation of sveat in the outer layers. The amount of sveating of differ ent individuals varied videly. 1140 The Transfer of Heat Through Sun Helmets. Brit. J. Ind. Med., 3, 225-256 {Oct., 191*6) The basic problem of the sun helmet is discussed and experiments directed tovard improvements In the helmet are reported. Improvement is possible by the use of larger ventilators and lighter, thicker materials. Lining pith helmets vith aluminum foil is apparently the best solution. Il4l Fatigue and Sweating. S.D. Gerking and S. Robinson. Am. J. Physiol., 147, 370 ff. {Oct., 1946) The maintenance of efficiency under conditions of high temperature and humidity is dependent on the-ability to maintain the rate of sveating. The factors vhich control the rate of perspiration have been studied by Gerking and Robinson, vfao caused experimental subjects to do a constant amount of vork on a treadmill under controlled conditions of temperature and humidity. If the initial rate of sweating was moderate, 600 to 800 Gm. per hour, it was maintained for a long period. If, however, the initial rate was about 1,1+00 Gm. per hour, the sweating rate declined from 10 to 80 per cent by the sixth hour of the experiment. The decline in sweating rate was greater in humid than in dry heat and also greater when men wore army tropical uniforms than when they wore only shorts. Water balance was maintained by ingestion of 0.1 per cent sodium chloride solution. The de cline of the rate of sweating is probably due to some sort of fatigue of the sweating process. It results in failure of the cooling mechanism and a rise of body temperature of about two degrees centigrade. The sodium chloride content of the sveat becomes greater (more like the plasma) as vork is prolonged. Best performance is achieved by replacing hour by hour the water lost in the sveat. Replacement of salt or of glucose on an hour by hour basis is of little advantage compared vith water replace ment. -- J.A.M.A. 1142 The Application of Ergography to Disability Evaluation. F.A. Hellebrandt and Helen V. Skovlund. AmJ, Occ. Therapy, 1, 73-79 (Apr., 1947) The importance of disability evaluation to the scientific practice of Occupational Therapy is discussed. Its multiphasic inter-related objectives are presented and the methods upon which it relies are 03118785 MHBB-0012665 Industrial Hygiene Digest - 38 September, 1947 classified as clinical, motor ability, and physiological tests. The finger ergograph is taken as an example of a simple exercise tool vfaich lends it self to flexible adaptation in the objective estimation of the functional capacity of the neuromuscular system. The technique of ergography is dis cussed in the light of 158 experiments made on seven normal adult women. The evidence presented substantiates the following conclusions: (1) The character of the ergographic fatigue curve indicates the severity of the work performed. (2) Fatigue curves are characteristic for each subject, (3) Hhen systematically carried on to the limit of capacity, repetitive exercise augments strength and endurance. (4) Total work output shows daily variations. (5) The slope gradient of the normal training curve varies markedly from Individual to individual, even when experimental con ditions are rigidly standardized. (6) Daily exercise effects a more rapid rate of improvement in volitional work capacity than does biweekly :oi exercise, -- Authorsr summary and conclusions. L--d 11^ e Bve Method of Resuscitation. L.D. Carson and J.C. Pinto. U.S. Naval Med. Bull., 47, 650-656 (July-Aug., 1947) The authors describe and advocate the Eve or rocking method of arti\ Pj-^yficial respiration, which is in general use in the British Navy, but has _~lbeen given little attention in the United States. They cite the results 'of Conroe and Dripps (see I-H-F Abst. 283, Feb., 1946), which indicate that the Eve method produces better exchange of tidal air than the Schafer method. Although the comparison involved only five cases, they were under conditions greatly resembling cases where resuscitation is ordinarily neces- _ ~ sary, and hence the results were more significant than others on healthy C [// subjects who had voluntarily suspended breathing, and which showed ample tidal air exchange in the Schafer method. One of the advantages of the Schafer method is that no apparatus is necessary; however, the only appara_^rjtus required for the Eve method is a simple form of teeter-totter. Stokes stretchers supported in the middle, have been installed on several crash -^.^boats as resuscitators. A maximum angle of 45 from the horizontal should .-^s^be maintained at first, but 30 is sufficient after a few minutes of operaIiC^tion. The physiological advantages of tilting are fully discussed, includ- 'Z^Tring artificial movement of the diaphragm, energizing poor circulation by 2 I stimulating heart action, and permitting change of clothing during the pro'~=cess. One man can operate the machine indefinitely, and no highly trained 03118786^Qjpersonnel is required. Several illustrations are included, Il4jf-Jx0utllne Analysis of Research Problems In Industrial Physiology. '(50jE. Simonson. Occ. Med.,_3, 109-134 (Feb., 1947) 0^ The following outline of research problems contains some of the more ---^pressing research needs: (1) Fatigue; (2) Recuperation and rest pauses; (3) Fitness of workers; (4) Rehabilitation; (5) Physiological aspects of industrial accidents; (6) Physical fitness and susceptibility to disease; (7) Specific factors and conditions; (a) nutrition, (b) heat, (c) high alti- [rrzjjtudes, (d) increased atmospheric pressures, (e) noise, (f) dust and fumes, (g) posture; (8) Influences of non-occupational activity and living condi tions. The work done in each of these fields is outlined, aB veil as work which must be done for a more complete understanding of industrial physiology. Since the problems involved concern output as well as health of the industrial worker and the maintenance of his work capacity, research on the interrelationsJfiJp'j'EietyeeB man and his work is of great Importance. This paper is aimed at suggesting and stimulating coordinated work in this field. Bibliography in cludes Q8 books and articles. -- From J.I.H.&T. w' 0 I?^l f <5 Industrial Hygiene Digest - 39 index Air filters 1082 Air filtration 108l Ammonia 1095 Ammonium nitrate detonation of 1136 Anemometer for low velocities 1101 Anthracite mines dust problems 1085 Arsine toxicity of lllk Asbestos is diagnosis of 10k6 in Finland 10k5 Atomic bomb medical sequelae 1119 BAL in heavy metal poisoning 1051 reaction prevention 1050 and sodium arsenite 1112 toxic effects from 1111 Bikini observations autopsy in animals 1120 Bone tumors trauma 1058 Book reviews and notices 1037-1038-1039-10k0-10kl Bronchitis mustard gas llk9 Byssinosis in the cotton trade 107k Carbon dioxide determination of 1107 Carbon monoxide determinat-ioiuof *1105 in blood ' 1106 Carbon tetrachloride 1068-1092 intoxication 1067 Chromic acid mist control of 109k Compensation laws a plea for revision 1031 Compensation payments promptness 1132 Copper fever 106k and health 10k0 Cyanide detection and estimation of 1108 estimation of DPT insecticides Degreasers 1109 1097 and their dangers vapor loss Dental enamel solubility of M-dinitrobenzene 1070 1091 1098 diagnosis of poisoning by 1053 Disability evaluati by ergography Dust collectors llk2 filter type 1080 upkeep program 1078 Dust concentrations photoelectric measurement of 1103 Dust consolidation on mine roadways 1087 Dust control 1079 Engineering control of occupational disease 1039 Erythema energy* 110k Factory worker attitude towardi job 1126 Fang, mine ventilating 108k Fatigue and sweating llkl Glass-fiber materials conditions in manufacture 1075 Health hazards in N.Y. vocational schools 1076-1077 Heat transfer through sun helmets llko Hepatic Injury and nutritional factors 1055 Hexaethyl tetraphoaphate 1117 Hours of work and output Indium poisoning 1130 study of 1113 September', 19ko nC rP-s* Industrial hygiene 3 1 sa zast for all workers 113? Industrial medicine in Japan 1067 survey of education 1060 Industrial nurse consultant administrative prob lems 112k in a small plant 1125 Industrial physiology llkk Industrial safety 1137 Influenza vaccines 10kk Injectors design of 1083 Injuries treatment of 1057 Iron mining control of silicosis in 1088 Jobs analyzed for work hazards 1128 Labor law ABC's of Taft-Hartley Act 1127 Lead poisoning basophil granulation . 1052 Management manual for operating execu- tives 10kl Medical service study of (Bk. Rev.) 1038 Mercury determination of 1110 Mining industry dust control in 1089 Nitric acid fume pneumonia 10k8 Nutritional status and physical signs 105k Ohio compensation lar 1033 Oxygen poisoning 1072 Particle size measurement 1102 Phosgene from weeding 1071 Phosphorus poisoning 1073 Physiological adjustments to sudden"change 1138 03118757 HWBB-11012667 Industrial Hygiene Digest - 40 September, 1947 HEDEX (Continued) pfjj^ng industry hazards of 1095 Pneumatic picks -suppression of dust 1086 Pneumoconiosis Spcumulat ion of dust ^40^7 Polyethylene glycols ^sorption and exc: >tion _q)ll8 Printing trades gjjt used in IO65 Psychiatry S^ndustry 1123 Ra&etlon monitoring 1121 Respiratory Infections1 9pi$trol of 10^2 Resuscitation jta^ve method 1143 "of-the asphyxiated 1056 Safety precautions general 115^' Sanitation in plants 1100 Selenium as an Industrial hazard 1062 Sickness absenteeism 1131 Silica dust settling characteristics 1090 Sllic08ls hazard In ferro-sllicon manu- facture 1065 in pottery industry 1066 Solvent control committees 1099 Tetraethyl lead poisoning Tetranltroanethane toxic effects 1135 1116 Thermal responses to extreme cold U39 Toxic agents survival time and dosage 1115 Trichloroethylene hazards, precautions, treatment 1069 Tuberculosis in industry 1122 streptomycin 1043 Tuberculous sheltered workshop for 1129 Venereal diseases and industrial medicine 1059 Vinylidene chloride handling of 1096 Workmen*8 compensation Great Britain 1032 laws (Bk. Rev.) 1037 K=3 *2 03118788 C=3