Document zQ7Zw5ybXjN5X4mYOyxrLo5mn

FILE NAME: National Safety Council (NSC) DATE: 1965 DOC#: NSC091 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: NSC - National Safety Congress Transactions Vol 1 - General Sessions ittSia; l^^ p f ti p # |^ ^ -;4?Tiv^2'i|,r; National Safety Congress Transactions Volume T ANNUAL MEETING OF MEMBERS CONGRESS BANQUET LIST OF EXHIBITORS GENERAL INDEX OF ALL VOLUMES PLAIN TIFF'S E X H IB IT N iL-f Z NATIONAL SAFETY CO U N CIL 425 N. Michigan Avenue Chicago, Illinois 60611 valisi ,'|g 1 National Safety Council O FFIC ER S-- 1965-66 Chairman, Board of Directors--B rooks McCormick, Executive Vice President, International Harvester Company, Chicago, Illinois President--H oward P yle, President, National Safety Council, Chi cago, Illinois Vice President for Farms--Bruce L ourie, East Moline, Illinois Vice President for Finance--J. H. S chwarten, Executive Vice Presi dent, City Products Corporation, Chicago, Illinois Vice President for Homes--J. H. T yler M cConnell, President, Dela ware Trust Co., Wilmington, Delaware Vice President for Industry--J. S. Queener, Manager, Safety and Fire Protection Division, E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company, Inc., Wilmington, Delaware Vice President fo r Labor--H unter P. W harton, General President, International Union of Operating Engineers, Washington, D. C. Vice President for Membership--H erman J. S poerer, Canfield, Ohio Vice President for Motor Transportation--H arry E. F oulkrod, Sen ior Executive Vice President, Fruehauf Corporation, Detroit, Michi gan. Vice President for Production--H ugh Curtis, Dean, School of Jour nalism, Drake University, Des Moines, Iowa Vice President for Public Information--John K arol, Vice President, Director Special Projects, CBS Television Network, New York, New York Vice President for Religious Leaders--E rwin D. Ca n h a m , Editor in Chief, The Christian Science Monitor, Boston, Massachusetts 5 National Safety Council (Officers, continued) j I Vice President for Research--N orvin C. K iefer, M.D., Chief Medical : Director, The Equitable Life Assurance Society of the United I States, New York, New York Vice President for Schools and Colleges--D r. D ewey F. B arich, President, Detroit Institute of Technology, Detroit, Michigan Vice President for State and Local Safety Organizations--C. H unter Green, Vice President, Southern Bell Telephone and Telegraph Co., Louisville, Kentucky (See Footnote) Vice President fo r Traffic--Ben W est, Attorney, Nashville, Tennessee Vice President fo r Women--Mrs. Jean W ade R indlaub, West Engle wood, New Jersey Vice President for Youth Activities--D onald M. H iggins, Director, Health and Safety Service, National Council, Boy Scouts of America, New Brunswick, New Jersey Executive Vice President--John D. Lawlor, Executive Vice Presi dent, National Safety Council, Chicago, Illinois Secretary and Treasurer--R. L. Forney, Secretary and Treasurer, National Safety Council, Chicago, Illinois Assistant Treasurer--J. D. F ulford, Director, Treasury Division, Na tional Safety Council, Chicago, Illinois NOTE: Mr. Louis H. Antoine was elected Vice President for State and Local Safety Organizations at the Annual Council Meeting held October 25. 1965. Following Mr. Antoine's death December 15, 1965, Mr. Green was elected by the Board of Directors to complete the 1965-66 term. 6 l u m i ti t it iiiif iiif in t u ititi t i i m i i iH i iit it i it iH iit u it ii iiiiif iit t it iM iim iii m iiiin t t in t H u it im i t iiiiii t u r n i National Safety Council TRUSTEES-- 1965-66 Chairman o f the Trustees--H oward P yle, President, National Safety Council, Chicago, Illinois Vice Chairman of the Trustees--W m . W hite, Chairman, The Dela ware & Hudson Railroad Corporation, New York, New York Members E. H. B ailey, President, Union Pacific Railroad Company, Omaha, N ebraska M elvin H. B aker, Former Chairman, National Gypsum Company, Buffalo, New York Mrs. Olive A. B eech, President, Beech Aircraft Corp., Wichita, Kansas John E. B ierwirth, Chairman of the Board, National Distillers and Chemical Corporation, New York, New York S. B ruce Black, Honorary Chairman, Liberty Mutual Insurance Companies, Boston, Massachusetts H arold B lancke, Chairman, Celanese Corporation of America, New York, New York Judson B. Branch, President, Allstate Insurance Companies, Skokie, Illinois D. W. B rosnan, President, Southern Railway System, Washington, D. C. W alter F. Carey, President, Automobile Carriers Inc., Flint, Michi gan Joseph F. Cullm an, 3rd, President, Philip Morris, Incorporated, New York, New York J. D oyle D eW itt, Chairman, The Travelers, Hartford, Connecticut R ussell D eY oung, Chairman, Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company, Akron, Ohio R empton D u n n , Chairman of the Board, American Brake Shoe Com pany, New York, New York 7 National Safety Council (Trustees, continued) n i ili u r i n i i i i i i i i i i t i t t i t i n t i l i i i i i t in iiiiM ii if M iitttiiitid iiiiitM i u t ti i i n f i i M t i i i t t i i i m i i i i t i t i i i t i i i t m i a i i H i i h m i t i E mile F. du P ont, Director, E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company, Inc., Wilmington, Delaware T. M. E vans, Chairman, Crane Co., New York, New York John F. Gordon, Former President, General Motors Corporation, Detroit, Michigan E. R oland H arriman, Brown Brothers Harriman and Company, New York, New York J. V. H erd, Chairman of the Boards, The Continental Insurance Com panies, New York, New York W illiam A. H ewitt, Chairman, Deere & Company, Moline, Illinois F rederick R. K appel, Chairman, American Telephone and Telegraph Company, New York, New York W illiam G. K arnes, President, Beatrice Foods Company, Chicago, Illinois John R. K imberly, President, Kimberly-Clark Corporation, Neenah, Wisconsin Joseph L. Lanier, Chairman, West Point-Pepperell, Inc., West Point, Georgia Stanley L earned, President, Phillips Petroleum Company, Bartles ville, Oklahoma George E. L eighty, President, Transportation-Communication Em ployees Union, St. Louis, Missouri Edmund F. M artin, Chairman, Bethlehem Steel Corporation, Bethle hem, Pennsylvania J. A. M artino, Chairman, National Lead Company, New York, New York B irny M ason, Jr., President, Union Carbide Corporation, New York, New York Brooks M cCormick, Executive Vice President, International Harves ter Company, Chicago, Illinois (Ex-Officio) N eil M cElroy, Chairman, The Procter & Gamble Company, Cin cinnati, Ohio 8 National Safety Council ' ; T r . i ; ( T m s tecs,"coniinue d) James F, Oates, Jr., Chairman, The Equitable Life Assurance Society, New York, New York Robert S. Oelman, Chairman, The National Cash Register Company, Dayton, Ohio S herburne P rescott, Belle Haven, Greenwich, Connecticut H oward P yle, President, National Safety Council, Chicago, Illinois (Ex-Officio) Carl E. Reistle, Jr., Chairman of the Board, Humble Oil & Refining Company, Houston, Texas W alter P. Reuther, Vice President, American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations, Detroit, Michigan Francis C. Rooney, Jr., President, Melville Shoe Corporation, New York, New York R. S. Stevenson, Chairman, Allis-Chalmers Manufacturing Company, Milwaukee, Wisconsin D r. John F. T hompson, Honorary Chairman, The International Nickel Company, Inc., New York, New York Ly n n A. T ownsend, President, Chrysler Corporation, Detroit, Michi gan M. J. W arnock, President, Armstrong Cork Company, Lancaster, Pennsylvania John L. W einberg, Partner, Goldman, Sachs & Company, New York, New York W m . W hite, Chairman, The Delaware & Hudson Railroad Corpora tion, New York, New York Robert W. W oodruff, Chairman, Finance Committee, The Coca-Cola Company, Atlanta, Georgia L eslie B. W orthington, President, United States Steel Corporation, New York, New York National Safety Council BOARD OF DIRECTORS-- 1965-66 Chairman of the Board of Directors--Brooks McCormick, Executive Vice President, International Harvester Company, Chicago, Illinois Vice Chairman of the Board of Directors--B ruce Lourie, East Moline, Illinois Members E dward S. A dams, Director of Safety, Iowa Farm Bureau, Des Moines, Iowa Robert H. A lbisser, Coordinator Corporate Safety, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey Cole A. A llen, Vice President--Engineering, American Mutual Li ability Insurance Company, Wakefield, Massachusetts A. S. A lston, Vice President--Personnel, American Telephone and Telegraph Company, New York, New York D udley A ndry, Manager, Metropolitan New Orleans Safety Council, Inc., New Orleans, Louisiana Louis H. A ntoine, Resident Vice President, Fireman's Fund Amer ican Insurance Companies, St. Louis, Missouri (Died December 15, 1965). D r. D ewey F. B arich, President, Detroit Institute of Technology, Detroit, Michigan Curtis Barkes, Executive Vice President, Finance and Property, United Air Lines, Chicago, Illinois F. R. B arnako, Manager of Compensation and Safety, Bethlehem Steel Corporation, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania Georc.e S. Beinetti, President, Rochester Telephone Corporation, Rochester, New York M. F. B iancardi, Manager, Safety Services, Allis-Chalmers Manu facturing Company, Milwaukee, Wisconsin D r. Richard B ishop, Associate Professor, Physical Education De partment, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida N elson M. B oktz, Director, Bureau of Labor Standards, U. S. De partment of Labor, Washington, D. C. Charles H. Bowman, Professor of Law, College of Law, University of Illinois, Champaign, Illinois 10 National Safety Council (Board o f Directors, continued) Clark D. Bridges, Managing Director, Industrial Medical Associa tion, Chicago, Illinois Russell I. B rown, President, Insurance Institute for Highway Safe ty, Washington, D. C. James B urpo, President, James Burpo Insurance, Inc., Sacramento, California H arold Burson, President, Burson-Marsteller Associates, New York, New York Robert R. B urton, Executive Vice President, Campbell-Mithun, Inc., Chicago, Illinois D ouglas Caddy, Program Executive, Employee Health & Safety Committee, National Association of Manufacturers, New York, New York B. J. Campbell, Ph.D., Assistant Director, Automotive Crash Injury Research, Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory, Inc., Buffalo, New York E arl F. Campbell, Consultant, California Traffic Safety Foundation, San Francisco, California E rwin D. Ca n h a m , Editor in Chief, The Christian Science Monitor, Boston, Massachusetts J. W illis Cantey, President, Citizens & Southern National Bank of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina A lfred W. Cantwell, National Director Safety Services, The Amer ican National Red Cross, Washington, D. C. (Died December 28, 1965) W alter F. Carey, President, Automobile Carriers Inc., Flint, Michi gan. A llen L. Cobb, Director of Industrial Safety, Eastman Kodak Com pany, Rochester, New York R abbi Seymour J. Cohen, The Anshe Emet Synagogue, Chicago, Illinois P aul H. Connelley, United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America, Washington, D. C. John M. Couric, Vice President for Public Relations, National Asso ciation of Broadcasters, Washington, D. C. E rnest G. Cox, Chief, Section of Motor Carrier Safety, Interstate Commerce Commission, Washington, D. C. S tanley W. Cox, Vice President, St. Joseph Light & Power Co., St. Joseph, Missouri 11 National Safety Council (Board of Directors, continued) iiiiit iM iit H t m m im M t it M iit it t it t H t m it iin iiit t it it iiit it iiifit iiim iiit t t iiiif't ft iift n t iH t n iit m in iiiim it iiiiiiiu t in t t t m u m m t m t H t m it n iiif f iit iiiiit u n t t iiif if iu iiin iiit u n n iim t iim im iiiH iir iif in im it t iit i H ugh Curtis, Dean, School of Journalism, Drake University, Des Moines, Iowa M. R. D arlington, Jr., Managing Director, Auto Industries Highway Safety Committee, Inc., Washington, D. C. H. C. D aulton, Director of Safety, Louisville & Nashville Railroad Co., Louisville, Kentucky L. B. D avis, Vice President, General Electric Company, Owensboro, Kentucky H on. M attie B elle D avis, Judge, Metropolitan Court of Dade Coun ts', Miami, Florida M rs. H orace D awson, Illinois State Legislator, Evanston, Illinois Claude de St. P aer, Assistant Director, Program Development Divi sion American Farm Bureau Federation, Chicago, Illinois F rank D ickey, Vice President, Industrial Relations and Personnel Division, Deere & Company, Moline, Illinois J. D ewey D orsett, President, American Insurance Association, New York, New York D onald A. D ukelow, M.D., Assistant Director, Department of Com munity Health and Health Education, American Medical Associa tion, Chicago, Illinois E mile F. du P ont, Director, E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company, Inc., Wilmington, Delaware R everend W arren R. EIbinger, Minister, First Evangelical United Brethren Church, Naperville, Illinois James P. E conomos, Director, Traffic Court Program, American Bar Association, Chicago, Illinois J. George E ichhorn, Grand Lodge Representative, International As sociation of Machinists, Daytona Beach, Florida F. T. F ahlen, J r., Vice President, Arizona Public Service Company, Phoenix, Arizona D. A. Farrell, Director of Safety, United States Steel Corporation, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Charles W. Ferguson, Senior Editor, The Reader's Digest, Pleasantville, New York A i.vin M, F erst, Jr., Vice President, Rich's, Inc., Atlanta, Georgia A. C. F ield, Jr., Manager, Public Affairs, WGN Inc., Chicago, Illinois 12 National Safety Council (Board of Directors, continued) D r. Lowell B. F isher, Coordinator of School University Relations, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois P arker C. F olse, Safety Advisor, Socony Mobil Oil Company, Inc. New York, New York Benson Ford, Vice President, Ford Motor Company, Dearborn, Michi gan H arry E. Foulkrod, Senior Executive Vice President, Fruehauf Cor poration, Detroit, Michigan E dward G. Fox, President, Bituminous Coal Operators' Association, Washington, D. C. W elby M. Frantz, President, Eastern Express, Inc., Terre Haute, Indiana Robert G. Frazier, M.D., Secretary, American Academy of Pediatrics, Evanston, Illinois Miss E leanor F reeman, Evanston, Illinois M rs. N orman A. F rese, Sarasota, Florida John W. Gibbons, Director of Public Relations, Automotive Safety Foundation, Washington, D. C. A rthur P. Gildea, Secretary-Treasurer, United Brewery Workers, Cincinnati, Ohio D r. Lonnie Gilliland, Director of Safety Education, Oklahoma City Public Schools, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma John L. Gillis, Vice President, Monsanto Company, St. Louis, Mis souri Robert E. Gocke, Vice President--Safety, The Greyhound Corpora tion, Chicago, Illinois George L. Gorbell, Manager, Personnel Safety, Monsanto Company, St. Louis, Missouri D an D. Gowings, Assistant Professor, School of Health, Physical Education and Recreation, Indiana State University, Terre Haute, Indiana W m . P aul Gray, National Executive Secretary, Future Farmers of America, Office of Education, Washington, D. C. C. H unter Green, Vice President, Southern Bell Telephone and Telegraph Company, Louisville, Kentucky Gerard O. Griffin, Manager, Hazard Control, Dravo Corporation, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 13 National Safety Council (Board of Directors, continued) i i t i i i i i i i i i i i i t t i i i i i i t M i i i i i i i i i i i M i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i l n i t H i n i i >m I i M i t i i i l i n i i i i i i i i i i l i h m i i i i M i i i i i i M ' i f i i i i t i i i i i i m i t M i t i i i n i f t i i i i i i i i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ( 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 m l u i i i i d i t t f t t m i n i m i i M i l 11 h h i i i i t i i u m t I m i h i i i t t i i i J. V. Grimaldi, Consultant, Health, Safety & Plant Protection, General Electric Company, New York, New York Rev. Robert A. Grunow, Concordia Seminary, St. Louis, Missouri S amuel R. Guard, Manager, Marketing Research, Chicago SunTimes and Chicago Daily News, Chicago, Illinois Roy H aeusler, Automotive Safety Engineer, Chrysler Corporation, Detroit, Michigan Edward B. H aggerty, International Safety Representative, Interna tional Association of Fire Fighters, Cincinnati, Ohio H oward E. H allas, Vice President--Public Relations, American Mo tors Corporation, Detroit, Michigan R. M. PIartman, Assistant Manager of Compensation and Safety, Bethlehem Steel Corporation, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania A lbert L. H auck, Director, Safety and Public Relations, Transpor tation Underwriters, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana D aniel F. H ayes, Chief, Industrial Safety & Fire. Protection Branch, United States Atomic Energy Commission, Washington, D. C. Robert C. H endon, Vice President, Industry Affairs, REA Express, New York, New York Russell E. H eston, Director of Engineering, Grinnell Mutual Rein surance Company, Grinnell, Iowa D onald M. H iggins, Director, Health and Safety Service, Boy Scouts of America, New Brunswick, New Jersey R t. Rev. M sgr. George G. H iggins, Director, Department of Social Action, National Catholic Welfare Conference, Washington, D. C. Ch a s. R. H olloway, Jr., Vice President, Northwest Natural Gas Company, Portland, Oregon P aul J. H oover, Vice President, The Halle Bros. Co., Cleveland, Ohio H arold R. H osea, Director of Research, National Association of Motor Bus Owners, Washington, D. C. W. G. H otchkiss, Manager--Personnel Service, Chrysler Corpora tion, Detroit, Michigan W . L. H uffm an, Vice President and General Manager, Northwestern Bell Telephone Company, Minneapolis, Minnesota Fred H uleen, Corporation Director of Personnel, The Boeing Com pany, Seattle, Washington 14 National Safety Council (Board of Directors, continued) W illiam S. H ults, Commissioner, Department of Motor Vehicles, Albany, New York H . M. H untington, General Supervisor of Safety, International Harvester Company, Chicago, Illinois D r. H arold K. Jack, Director, Department of Health, Physical Edu cation and Recreation, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsyl vania George A. Jacoby, Director of Personnel Relations, General Motors Corporation, Detroit, Michigan Claude A. Jessup, President, Virginia Trailways, Charlottesville, Virginia Miss Ruth Jewell, State Music Consultant, State Department of Public Instruction, Raleigh, North Carolina P aul H. Jo hansen, President, Central Motor Lines, Charlotte, North Carolina F red F. Johnson, Consultant, Gulf States Utilities, Lake Charles, Louisiana P aul V. Joliet, M.D., Chief, Division of Accident Prevention, U. S. Public Health Service, Department of Health, Education and Wel fare, Washington, D. C. George D. Joyner, Secretary, R-C Motor Lines, Inc., Jacksonville, Florida John K arol, Vice President, Director Special Projects, CBS Tele vision Network, New York, New York N orvin C. K iefer, M.D., Chief Medical Director, The Equitable Life Assurance Society of the United States, New York, New York K eith K irkpatrick, Associate Farm Director, Radio Station W HO, Des Moines, Iowa W erner C. K noop, President, The Baldwin Company, Little Rock, Arkansas W alter K. K och, President, Mountain States Telephone and Tele graph Company, Denver, Colorado Mrs. H ideo Kodani, Pacific Palisades, California Mrs. John E. Krueger, Milwaukee, Wisconsin F rank E. L aderer, Director of Safety, Nationwide Insurance Com pany, Columbus, Ohio F. S. L ake, Director of Safety, Interstate System, Grand Rapids, Michigan 15 E E National Safety Council f; (Board of Directors, continued) J ack La M onte, Executive Vice President, Mistletoe Express Service, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma Edward B. L andry, Director of Safety and Health, United States Post Office Department, Washington, D. C. John D. Lawlor, Executive Vice President, National Safety Coun cil, Chicago, Illinois Stanley Learned, President, Phillips Petroleum Company, Bartles ville, Oklahoma Ivan F. LeGore, Safety Director, Portland Cement Association, Chicago, Illinois G. M. Leilich, Vice President--Operations, Western Maryland Rail way Company, Baltimore, Maryland C. B. Lemon, Director of School Bus Safety, New Mexico State Department of Education, Santa Fe, New Mexico Rev. H arry M. Lodge, Superintendent, Illinois Conference of SeventhDay Adventists, Brookfield, Illinois James D. Logsdon, Superintendent, Thornton Township High Schools and Junior College, Harvey, Illinois B ruce L ourie, East Moline, Illinois W illiam H. Lowe, Vice President and Treasurer, Inland Steel Com pany, Chicago, Illinois Louis F. Lucas, Executive Director, National Rifle Association of America, Washington, D. C. W. G. M acintosh, Manager, Engineering Department, The Hartford Insurance Group, New York, New York A lex A. M aleski, Program Service, Associate Director, Boys' Clubs of America, New York, New York M iss M arion E. M artin, Commissioner of Labor and Industry, Augusta, Maine S tanley A. M ate, Director, Training Activities, National Rifle As sociation of America, Washington, D. C. Mrs. M arjorie B. M ay, Director, Education and Home Division, Greater New York Safety Council, New York, New York J. Frank M cCabe, Director, Youth Services, Kiwanis International, Chicago, Illinois J. H. T yler M cConnell, President, Delaware Trust Co., Wilmington, Delaware 16 I National Safety Council (Board of Directors} continued) B rooks M cCormick, Executive Vice President, International Har vester Company, Chicago, Illinois E. C. M cFadden, Vice President, Texas Employers' Insurance Asso- E ciation, Dallas, Texas = H. SI M cF arland, Director of Personnel Services, General Motors | Corporation, Detroit, Michigan D r. Ross A. M cF arland, Professor of Environmental Health and Safety, Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts D r. F. T. M cGuire, Vice President, Special Projects, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana D r. H arold Mendelsohn, Professor and Director of Research, School of Communication Arts, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado Guy B. Mercer, Arthur Meyerhoff Associates, Inc., Chicago, Illinois V irgil J. M eyers, Company Safety Director, Western Electric Com pany, New York, New York I. W. M illard, Industrial Gloves Company, Danville, Illinois N orman C. Mindrum , Director, National 4-H Service Committee, Inc., Chicago, Illinois J. T. M onahan, Vice President, American Optical Company, Southbridge, Massachusetts Mrs. Charlotte M ontgomery, Contributing Editor, Good Housekeep ing Magazine, Westfield, New Jersey T homas C. Morrill, Vice President, State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Company, Bloomington, Illinois Edward C. M yers, Vice President and Assistant to President, United = States Steel Corporation, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania A rthur J, N aq u in , Safety Counselor, New Orleans Public Service, Inc., New Orleans, Louisiana A mos E. N eyhart, State College, Pennsylvania J. E. N ichols, Director of Safety, Reynolds Metals Company, Rich mond, Virginia George P. N issen , President, Nissen Corporation, Cedar Rapids, Iowa Robert A. Olen, Vice President, Gar Wood Industries, Inc., Wayne, Michigan 17 National Safety Council (Board of Directors, con tinued) George P. O'Rourke, S r., Chairman of the Board, O'Rourke Con struction Company, Dallas, Texas A rthur G. P etry, National Society for Crippled Children and Adults, Chicago, Illinois 5 R. M. P ittencer, Vice President, Farmers Insurance Group, Los Angeles, California F letcher N. P latt, Manager, Traffic Safety and Highway Improve ment Department, Ford Motor Company, Dearborn, Michigan Z z H arry L. P owell, Assistant to Vice President, The Goodyear Tire i & Rubber Company, Akron, Ohio H oward P yle, President, National Safety Council, Chicago, Illinois J. S. Queener, Manager, Safety and Fire Protection Division, E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company, Inc., Wilmington, Delaware J. C. Radcliffe, Supervisor, Industrial Safety Section, Ford. Motor Company, Dearborn, Michigan z z z Rev. S heldon R a h n , Executive Director, Department of Social Wel fare, National Council of Churches, New York, New York Mrs. Jean W ade R indlaub, West Englewood, New Jersey M ark Robeson, Vice President, Yellow Transit Freight Lines, Inc., Kansas City, Missouri F rank H. Rogers, Division Vice President, Central Telephone Com pany, Las Vegas, Nevada A dmiral E. J. R oland, Commandant, United States Coast Guard, Headquarters, Washington, D. C. H. I. Rommes, President, American Telephone and Telegraph Com pany, New York, New York Jack J. Rosebrough, Executive Vice President, United Farm Bureau Mutual Insurance Company, Indianapolis, Indiana Robert T. Ross, Manager, Employe Programs Department, Ford Mo tor Company, Dearborn, Michigan Clyde C. R uddick, Bethel Park, Pennsylvania E noch R. R ust, International Vice President, United Glass and Ceramic Workers, Columbus, Ohio M rs. R aymond S ayre, Ackworth, Iowa C. F. S chlueter, Vice President--Branch Operations, Employers Mutuals of Wausau, Wausau, Wisconsin 18 National Safety Council (Board of Directors, continued) K arl S chulze, Supervising Safety Engineer, Standard Oil Company of California, Western Operations, Inc., San Francisco, California J. H. S chwarten, Executive Vice President, City Products Corpora tion, Chicago, Illinois Gordon H. S heehe, Director, Highway Traffic Safety Center, Michi gan State University, East Lansing, Michigan Matthew C. Sielski, Director, Traffic Engineering & Safety Depart ment, American Automobile Association, Washington, D. C. P. L. Siemiller, President, International Association of Machinists, Washington, D. C. Reuben D. S iverson, Manager, National Defense Department, Cham ber of Commerce of the United States, Washington, D. C. V. J. S kutt, Chairman of the Boards, Mutual of Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska James M. Slavin, Director, Traffic Institute, Northwestern Univer sity, Evanston, Illinois E arl W. S mith, Managing Director, Baltimore Safety Council, Balti more, Maryland J ohn E. S m ith, Safety Director, Spencer Chemical Division, Gulf Oil Corporation, Kansas City, Missouri Robert R. S nodgrass, President, Atlas Finance Company, Inc., At lanta, Georgia S. F. Spence, Director, Safety and Loss-Prevention, American Cyanamid Company, Wayne, New Jersey H erman J. S poerer, Canfield, Ohio W inslow A. S tahle, Resident Manager, Liberty Mutual Insurance Company, Springfield, Massachusetts K. E. Staley, Vice President, General Motors Corporation, Detroit, Michigan George H. Steel, Saftey Director, Ralston Purina Company, St. Louis, Missouri G. C. S tewart, Asheville, North Carolina W. E. Stuffing, Director of Safety, Carrier Corporation, Syracuse, New York H ugh B. S weeney, Jr., Program Director, Junior Achievement Inc., New York, New York 19 National Safety Council (Board of Directors, continued) E dward W. T anquary, Staff Engineer, Farm Equipment Research I and Engineering Center, International Harvester Company, Hins- I dale, Illinois E L loyd D. U tter, Director, Industrial Health and Safety Division, [ United Automobile Workers, Detroit, Michigan E Miss Carol V a n S ickle, Public Relations Department, The Conti- I nental Insurance Companies, New York, New York | D onald G. V aughan, Assistant Vice President, Engineering Depart- = ment, Aetna Life and Casualty Company, Hartford, Connecticut = D r. P reston A. W ade, Professor of Clinical Surgery, Cornell Uni- E versity Medical School, New York, New York E J. P. W arner, Vice President and General Manager, Manufacturing | Division, Humble Oil & Refining Company, Houston, Texas E Miss Mary M. W eeks, Program Specialist, Health and Safety Edu- i cation, Girl Scouts of the United States of America, New York, ; New York j B en W est, Attorney, Nashville, Tennessee : ; Miss Janice R. W estaby, M.P.H., Assistant Professor, School of Public Health, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina H unter P. W harton, General President, International Union of E Operating Engineers, Washington, D. C. George M. W heatley, M.D., Third Vice President and Medical E Director, Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, New York, New | York | V ictor E. W hitehouse, Director of Safety, International Brother- | = hood of Electrical Workers, Washington, D. C. E Rex M. W hitton, Federal Highway Administrator, U. S. Depart- \ ment of Commerce, Washington, D. C. E T. H. W ilkenson, Director of Safety, Department of the Army, 1 Washington, D. C. | D orwin L. W illiamson, Superintendent, Training and Safety, Cleve- E land Transit System, Cleveland, Ohio | F. R. W iLLSEY , Safety Specialist, Department o f Agricultural Engi- | neering, Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana E P aul S. W ise, General Manager, American Mutual Insurance Alli- | ance, Chicago, Illinois I 20 Volume 7 M INING k'V' ; p . i: r I NATIONAL SAFETY CO U N CIL 425 N. Michigan Avenue Chicago, Illinois 60611 1965 National Safety Congress ifications. In the future design of new mining equipment, the manufacturers should make their own evaluation of the foreign research and development work performed on machine design to see if it is applicable. New mining methods using principles of remote control or continuously removing the coal from the face pneumatically offer so lutions to the dust problem, but these are long range developments and, many mines will never see such systems employed. Con tinuing research efforts are required on both the dust and methane problems, although it is felt that the present technology, correctly applied, will allow us to make significant improvements during the next several years. The material presented in this paper has been accumulated during the course of an investigation of methods for control of float dust in coal mines, sponsored by the Com monwealth of Pennsylvania through a grant in funds by the Pennsylvania Coal Research Board. Permission to publish this informa tion is gratefully acknowledged. DUST MEASUREMENT AND STANDARDS By EARLE P. SHOUB Chief, D ivision of A ccident Prevention and H ealth, H ealth and Safety A ctivity, Bureau of M ines, Interior D epartm ent, W ashington, D . C. A consideration of how dusts are meas ured and of the standards imposed in various places seems to be an integral part of this discussion. Some dusts present ignition haz ards, others hygienic hazards, and some in volve both dangers. Because of the growing interest in the health hazards of dusts found in the atmosphere in coal mines, this discus sion will be limited to hygienic aspects. For several very valid reasons interest in chest diseases traceable to inhaled dusts has grown considerably among members of the coal mining industry. First, it is now generally agreed among medical experts that the dusts in the atmos phere of coal mines are harmful if breathed in sufficient quantities over a long enough period of time. Second, the Public Health Service and the Bureau of Mines are cooperating in a study of coal miners' pneumoconiosis. The Bureau has responsibility for the environ mental phases of the study and the Public Health Service for the medical phases. Pre liminary information is available from the Public Health Service on a study of chest diseases in bituminous coal miners and for mer coal miners of the Appalachian Area. It is reported that about 10 per cent of the currently employer miners in the area have pneumoconiosis and that roughly 20 18 per cent of men formerly employed in the mines are stricken. Evidence that years of exposure is a factor in the disease can be seen in the following tables: Age (years) All ages 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 Per cent with pneumoconiosis Currently Formerly employed employed 9.5 18.6 1.2 4.2 2.7 10.1 19.9 20.7 19.7 W hen the same group of subjects is re- tabulated by years of work underground, we find a similar relationship. Years Underground All years 0-9 10-19 20-29 30-39 40 and over Per cent with pneumoconiosis Currently Formerly e.mployed employed 9.5 18.6 2.0 1.9 4.0 6.3 8.6 21.3 20.6 21.4 24.2 23.0 Third, is the indication of the widespread nature of the disease in coal mining states to be found in the record of benefits paid for w o rk m en 's compensation. An article which appeared in the October 1964 issue of Archives of Environmental Health, an Amer ican Medical Association publication, reports all cases for which benefits have been paid for chest diseases of this type and is not limited to bituminous coal miners. Some per tinent parts of one of its tables follows: Coal Mining State Disease Compensable Ala. pneumoconiosis 111. silicosis, asbestiosis Ohio silicosis, other pneumoconiosis Pa. silicosis, asbestiosis. anthrasilicosis Utah silicosis Va. silicosis, pneumoconiosis W. Va. silicosis `Partially estimated Years No. Covered Cases 1952-1960 1,982 1950-1963 402 1950-1954: 1958-1962 1,113* 1950-1961 9,126 1950-1959 35 1950-1960 114 1950-1962 7,802 Benefits $6,744,900 1,071,979 10,427,305* 53,366,827 335,616 254,775 16,244,433* At the Pennsylvania Governor's Confer ence on Pneumoconiosis held in Harrisburg late last year, it was stated that the annual compensation payments in Pennsylvania for pneumoconiosis are increasing rapidly each year. In the United States, one of the widely accepted standards of acceptable dust ex posure for bituminous coal miners is one suggested by Westfield, Anderson, Owings, Harmon, and Johnson in Bureau of Mines Information Circular 7615, Roof Bolting and Dust Control : "In bituminous coal and lignite mines, the average full shift concentration of atmospheric dust to which a workman may be exposed should not exceed 20 million particles per cubic foot of air, and a maxi mum concentration for any single opera tion should not exceed 40 million particles per cubic foot of air. When the dust con tains silica, not more than 5 million par ticles of silica per cubic foot of air should be present in the above limiting concen trations. The dust count my be multiplied by the percentage of silica concentration, and if the result is less than 5 million, the dust concentration will be considered safe. The above lim itin g concentrations are. based on impinger samples in which lightfield counts are made under a microscope." The actual origins of this recommendation are not clear. A search of the still available records leads to the conclusion that they stem from field observations by C. W. Ow ings of the Bureau of Mines which were described in Mechanization of November 1946, and from findings reported by the Public Health Service in its Bulletins 221 and 270. There is also an earlier reference to the 20 million particle figure in Bureau of Mines Report of Investigations 3631 pub lished in 1942. The method of evaluating silica exposure by multiplying the dust count by the percentage of free silica had been suggested some years before, was also sug gested in the transactions of the National Silicosis Conference in 1937, and is men tioned in Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology by Patty. A 1965 publication of the International Labour Office, Guide to the Prevention and Suppression of Dust in Mining, Tunnelling and Quarrying, includes standards of Aus tralia, Canada, Poland, the United Kingdom, and of the United States. From this publi cation, we learn the following: Australia In New South Wales dust is measured in particles under 5 microns in size per cubic centimeter. The number of particles may not exceed 700 when the free silica content of the parent rock (including coal and oil shale) does not exceed 10 per cent and decreases by 100 particles per cubic centimeter as the silica content increases in units of 10 per cent. Thus at 50 per cent or more free silica, the dust count of 5 microns and smaller particles may not exceed 200 per cubic cen timeter. (Nothing is said about the method of dust sampling and counting to be used.) Canada The midget impinger is used in Quebec where 5 million particles per cubic foot is permitted when the dust composition is above 40 per cent silica. Between 5 and 40 per cent silica, 10 million particles per cubic foot is permitted and below 5 per cent silica in the dust, 50 million particles per cubic foot is allowed. Poland The Polish standards apply to particles of 0.5 to 5 microns in size p er cubic cen timeter of air. Workplaces are classified as coal faces or rock faces. The dust is classi fied on the basis of its content of stable incumbustible material. Up to 10 per cent rock, that is incumbustible, 1500 particles per cubic centimeter is allowed. The number of particles decreases in steps to 500 when 70, or more, per cent rock is involved. When sampling the airborne dust shows silicon dioxide is present, the limits are based on the amounts of silica present. For 25 per 19 1965 National Safety Congress cent, or more, SiOs 500 particles per cubic centimeter from 0.5 to 5 microns is per mitted. From 15 to 20 per cent silica, the number is raised to 850. In the 5 to 15 per cent range, it is increased to 1200. When the silica content is 5 per cent or less, 1500 particles per cubic centimeter is allowed. United Kingdom Conditions are "approved" if they comply with standards of dustiness. Anthracite dust clouds are not to exceed 650 particles be tween 1 to 5 microns in size per cubic centimeter. Other coal dusts, which include bituminous coal, are restricted to 850 par ticles in the same size range per cubic centimeter. In stone drifts and hard head ings, the maximum is reduced to 450. Meas urements are made with the thermal pre cipitator and the limits apply to periods of maximum dust production. The British are experimenting with a standard which would approve a working place, provided the limit is not exceeded on more than one shift in ten. In the case of bituminous mines, where the 850 particle per cubic centimeter standard applies, this would work out as follows : A face would be approved if : (1) the mean concentration on a single shift is a less than 450 particles per cubic centimeter in the range 1 to 5 microns; or (2) the mean concentration on each of two successive visits to the face is less than 700 particles per cubic centimeter in the range 1 to 5 microns. A working face would not be approved if : ( 1) the mean concentration on a single shift is greater than 850 particles per cubic centimeter ; or (2) the mean concentration on each of two successive visits is over 700 particles per cubic centimeter United States This ILO publication refers to the Thres hold Limit Values established for silica by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists and describes the stand ard last used in Threshold Limit Values for 1961. That is, when the airborne silica is 50 per cent or higher, the limit is 5 mil lion particles per cubic foot; between 5 and 50 per cent silica, 20 million, and below 5 per cent silica, 50 million particles per cubic foot. 20 More recent edictions of the same publi cation of the American Conference of Gov ernmental Industrial Hygienists set the limit in millions of particles per cubic foot by a 250 formula, ------------- . In both the older and _%SiO*+5 new publications the ACGIH specifies the use of the midget impinger and light field counting. It is interesting to note that in 1961 the limit on silica was carried under the heading "Mineral and Non-Metallic Inorganic Dusts." In the current edition of the ACGIH publi cation, the title of the portion just described is "Respirable Dusts Evaluated by Count." From other sources, there is information regarding standards in other countries. Soviet Union It is said that the dust concentration standard in the U.S.S.R. is gravimetric in nature, but it is not clear whether the limits apply to total airborne dust or to the respi rable portion only. Visual observations by visitors to Soviet mines lead to the assump tion that a selected size fraction is involved. Two limits are reported. Above 70 per cent free silica, 1 milligram per cubic meter is permitted; and below 70 per cent free silica, 2 milligrams per cubic meter (mg/m") is allowed. Germany The Tyndalloscope is in general use for routine measurement in coal mines. They feel the Tyndalloscope gives readings which are directly related to surface area especially in the 1 to 2 micron range. Because of the empirical nature of the readings, the instru ment must be carefully standardized in a central laboratory. The instrument scale is divided into four ranges or categories, very high, high, medium, and low, which in mil lions of particles per cubic foot, represent over 30, 15 to 30, 7 to 15, and less than 7, respectively. Workplaces in the very high category are tested every three weeks. High category places are tested every six weeks, medium category, workplaces are examined at three-month intervals, and low category, every six months. It is mandatory that the dust of places in the very high category be analyzed for silica and recommended that this also be done -for places in the high category. Medical surveillance of the miners in- Coal Mining eludes a detailed record of workplaces and dust categories. Men who show no evidence of pneumoconiosis are permitted to work in the high and very high concentration areas. Miners with marginal pneumoconiosis are permitted to work only in low and medium category areas. Those with definite diagnosis of pneumoconiosis are barred from working underground. France is expressed in effective milligrams per cubic meter of air (eff. m g /n d )w -. PERCENT STONE DUST (ASH CONTENT) 1 O-IO 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 In French coal mines filter samples are 0 otabkjeecntiavned. mOinclryospcaorptiiccalellsy fcrooumnte0d.5wittoh 5a 4m0ix crons are counted. The decision as to which particles fall within this range is essentially one of the judgments of the person doing the counting. In general their limits appear to be close to the ones set by the ACGIH formula except that two different methods of analysis are involved. The Netherlands Dustiness standards were developed after a consideration of the following beliefs: 1. Quartz is the most dangerous of the silicogenic materials."Silicates are also dangerous, but less than quartz. 2. The harmfulness o f ' coal dust comes from the mineral contaminants, and be cause its respiration overburdens the lungs. 3. Modern thinking is that the number of particles per unit volume is less mean ingful than the surface area per volume of air, or than' the weight of the par ticles in a unit volume of air. 4. Silicosis is caused by the inhalation of fine dust. Based on appropriate c o n s id e ra tio n of these factors as they apply to the coal mines in the Netherlands, there was introduced a "dust index'' for evaluating the results of routine dust measurements. "The dust index is the content of fine dust, smaller than 5 microns, in milligram per cubic meter of air, awarding multi plication factors to the components of the dust, notably 5 for quartz, 3 for other mineral components, and 1 for coal dust. This means that a dust composed of X milligrams of fine quartz, Y milligrams of other fine minerals', -and Z milligrams of fine coal dust per. cubic meter of air, has a dust index of 5X + 3Y + Z ; this index This can be expressed for the minus 5 micron fractions as: 5 (mg quartz) + 3 (mg other minerals) + mg coal dust cubic meters of air Effective milligrams per cubic meter = Eff. mg/m8 Limits were established for four cate gories, class I (dust free), class II (low dust content), class III (dusty), class IV (very dusty). Originally these were prelimi narily fixed at 0-15 eff. mg/m8, 15-30 eff. mg/m8, 30-45 eff. mg/m8, and over 45 eff. mg/m". Other sets of limits were established for stone dust. Stone dust is usually taken as the weight of the residue, after ignition (ash)'. Four categories were set: dust free low dust content dusty very dusty 0-10 mg/m8 10-15 mg/ms 15-22 mg/m8 over 22 mg/m8 In recognition of the ability of coal dust to overload the lungs, these limits are lowered at intervals until at 10 per cent: ash they are about 50 per cent of the ones for stone dust. Even these limits would permit the in halation of large amounts of coal dust and stone dust containing less than 10. per cent 21 1965 National, Safety Congress ash. In actual practice, the avoidance of overburdening the lungs by dust of any kind is considered so important that a fur ther reduction is made for situations in which there is less than 10 per cent ash. The curves of the previously shown grapli each represent what is believed to be the same hazard and are the boundaries between the four categories. For example, point M represents a man inhaling 60 mg/m3 of dust with an ash content of 35 per cent; Point N represents another man inhaling 40 mg/m3 of dust with an ash content of 55 per cent. Tt is contended that both men are being ex posed to the same hazard. Also points A, B, C, D, E, and F are the results of a total of 296 dust measurement experiments involving various types of work using the dust index in effective milligrams per cubic meter as a reference. The standards described in this paper do not include those of still other coal produc ing countries, but are sufficient to show there is generally little agreement among them when taken collectively. They differ on par ticle size range, what is meant by particle size, on method of collection, on method of determining concentration, and on the im portance of composition. Particle size may be determined in two ways. One is to examine the particle under a microscope and from linear measurements or from a judgment of the cross-sectional area estimate the size and volume of the particle. The other is to relate the perform ance of a particle suspended in air to the size of a sphere of unit density which would behave identically if it were suspended in air. The latter method can be called size equivalent to unit density spheres and is a way of expressing the aerodynamic qualities of a dust. The respiratory system, we are told, gen erally conforms to the laws of aerodynamics. Also, medical testimony says that if we ex pose an average or normal human to a cloud of unit density spheres of all sizes, most of the particles below 20 microns (in diameter) will enter the nasal passages. Nasal reten tion will remove a goodly portion of this cloud. Eliminated will be about 75 per cent of the particles 10 microns and larger, about 55 per cent of the 5 micron particles, about 25 per cent of the 2 micron particles, and around 10 per cent of the 1 micron particles. 22 Further screening occurs in th ciliated portion of the respiratory system between the nose and the lower lungs. By the time the dust cloud reaches the part of the lungs with which we are most concerned, essen tially all the 10 micron particles will have been screened out, and the lower lungs will receive about 35 per cent of the 5 micron particles, about 75 per cent of the 2 micron particles, and approximately 90 per cent of the 1 micron particles. Remember, these are unit density spheres. Quartz has a specific gravity of 2.65 and coal from which the mineral matter is re moved approximately 1.25. This means that the equivalent of 5 micron unit density spheres are spheres of quartz about 3.6 mi crons in diameter and of coal about 4.6 microns in diameter. It also means that spheres of quartz about 3.6 microns in size will behave in air similarly to spheres of coal a full micron larger. Another area of difference which should be considered involves the relative signifi cance of counting the number of particles as compared to measuring surface area or determining the weight or mass of the par ticles, all on a unit volume basis. There has probably been more work done in the United Kingdom on this question than elsewhere. In 1943 the Medical Research Council which made a study in the South Wales coalfield concluded that the mass of particles not exceeding 5 microns in size provides the best measure of the hazard to health. However, for administrative reasons they recommended the standard should be given in terms of numerical concentration of particles not less than 1 micron in size. Other work has supported the conclusion that the mass or weight of particles reaching the lower lungs is more important than the number of particles. One of these is that the examination of post mortem lungs of pneumoconiotics showed a correlation be tween severity measured by X-ray with the mass of dust retained in the lungs.. This subject was one of the topics of the 1959 Johannesburg Pneumoconiosis Confer ence. The Dust/Engineering Group of par ticipants at the Conference recommended : "that in the light of present available evi dence the best descriptive parameter to measure be considered Coal Mining (a) in the case of coal dust to be the mass concentration of the respirable dust, (b) in the case of quartz dust to be the surface area of the respirable dust." The same conference concluded that res pirable dust should be defined in terms of the aerodynamic equivalent to unit density spheres and, that on this basis the respirable fraction of the dust is the portion which conforms to a curve running from 0 per cent at 7 microns, through 50 per cent of the 5 micron particles, to 100 per cent at a frac tion of a micron. This curve is not identical with one developed for deposition by particle size in the alveolar area (or lower portion) of the lungs but does approximate it rea sonably well in a direct relationship. The administrative reasons for selecting particle count standards in the United King dom have largely disappeared, and in their place there are now strong reasons to adopt gravimetric standards. Among these are that counting is time consuming, requires special training, and is subject to considerable per sonal bias whereas the gravimetric methods are cheaper, quicker, and more objective. They also gather a sample large enough to permit compositional analysis of the dust. I will have more to say about these points later. One question which immediately presents itself is--is there a definite relationship be tween the results of particle counting and gravimetric dust determinations? S e ttin g aside any questions about the precision of the measurements in each case, the answer appears to be that although there seems to be a reasonably constant relationship when the same operation, mining method, and coal seam is involved, there is considerable varia tion among different coals, methods, and op erations. J. Cartwright of the Safety in the Mines R e s e a rc h Establishment, Sheffield, England, has published a two part paper, Relationships Between Mass and Number Concentrations of Respirable Airborne Dust in British Coal Mines, in the Annuals of Occupational Hygiene of 1965. He has chosen the term "Mass/Number Index" (M NI) to express the relationship of mass concentra tion in milligrams per cubic meter divided by the number concentration in thousands of particles per cubic centimeter all multiplied by 1000. "For example," he says, "a dust cloud whose mass concentration is 10 mg/m1 and whose number concentration is 500 par ticles per cubic centimeter has a M N I of 20." That is, 10 over 500, all times 1000. He goes on to say "Typical values o f the MNI so far measured in British coal mines lie between 10 and 30; but values up to 100 have been encountered." I have made several references to the vagaries of counting techniques. Some of them are mine and some came to me from responsible persons in the United States and abroad. The British use the thermal precipitator, a device which causes the dust in the air passing through it to be deposited on a glass slide. The slide is examined by projection microscopy and counts made in a manner similar to that employed in the United States for midget impinger samples except that they count as one each group of touching, overlaying or agglomerated particles. They conduct workshops and training sessions for the persons who count thermal precipitator slides. From personal discussions, I have learned that at the end of a training session the technicians are reasonably in agreement in counting of test slides, but that by the time they as semble for the next session, three or four months later, there is significant disagree ment among them. We have had similar experience in count ing midget impinger samples of coal dust and of silica dust. Experiments were con ducted in June 1964 in which about a dozen experienced, highly trained persons were assembled with their own equipment and each given a midget impinger which had sampled a common dust cloud simul taneously. Each person was requested to count in the same manner as was his custom. In the case of the coal sample, there were twelve counts ranging from 4.3 to 32.5 million particles per cubic foot (mppcf). There were differences in the usual procedures which may account for some of the variation. These included the impinger liquid, the s e ttlin g time, the counting cham b er, an d th e microscope. Nevertheless, we can not ignore the fact that a variation of about 8 to 1 resulted when truly competent persons performed in their normal manner. Somewhat better agreement was found in the case of the silica dust. Here the variation among 10 operators was from 11.4 to 44 mppcf, only about 4 to 1. 23 1965 National Safety Congress There have also been several references to gravimetric sampling, but very little said about the instruments for the purpose. The simplest method is to draw the air to be sampled at a known rate for a spe cific time through a membrane !or other non-hygroscopic filter. By weighing the fil ter before and after the test period, the weight of- the' dust is determined. The weight of the dust divided by the volume of air gives the weight or mass concentration. This method measures all the dust, regardless of size, including that which is beyond the respirable fraction. There are three instru ments which are designed to screen out the larger size particles so that the portion of the airborne dust which is ultimately weighed conforms to the curve of particle size vs. percent retention established by the Johannes burg Conference of 1959. All three employ h o riz o n ta l elutriators through which the incoming air passes to re-, move the undesired portion. Horizontal elutri ators are stacks of rectangular plates of such dimensions that for the selected velocity of the dusty air passing through them a unit density sphere of predetermined size will have sufficient residence time to drop to a plate and be retained on it. The Hexhlet in s tru m e n t utilizes com pressed air of at least 40 pounds per square inch pressure to energize the instrument. Its elutriator is a stacked bank of aluminum plates. each separated by 0.032 in. There is an effective, floor area of .1690 square inches with a length of. 10 inches. Flow rate of sampled air is 100 liters per minute or 6 cubic meters per hour. The respirable dust sample is collected in a.Soxhlet thimble of a single thickness extraction type, 41x123 mil limeters. For several reasons this instrument does not appear attractive for use in U.S. coal mines. First, many of them do not have compressed air at the pressure.and volume required. Second, the filter paper thimble can absorb water from the air. It is therefore necessary to remove the sample of dust for weighing. Third, the Dutch have tested this instrument and say in one of their reports, "It is seen that -the so-called coarse fraction of "the Hexhlet instrument con tains much fine dust; in most cases even more than half of the total fine dust is found in this fraction. . . . It has further been proved that the fine fraction obtained in- the Hexhlet instrument contains much coarse dust; roughly 60-70% by weight of the fine dust fraction has a diameter above 10 microns." For all these reasons, it appears that the Hexhlet instrument, one of the first on the market, is not suitable for use in U.S. coal mines. Another instrument which also avoids the use of electric power is called SIMGARD and was developed at the Safety in Mines Research Establishment at Sheffield. It was designed to collect, during one shift, a sample of respirable dust sufficiently large to weigh and on which some compositional measurements can be made. The basic com ponents are an elutriator, membrane filter, and an ejector powered by compressed car bon dioxide from two small cylinders. Air is drawn a t '3 liters per minute through the elutriator and filter by the suction created in the ejector. The elutriator consists of a stack of 35 plates, each 6.0x1.56 centimeters spaced 0.125 centimeter apart. The total floor or settling area is 327 square centi meters giving a 50 per cent cut-off of 5 micron unit density spheres at the design flow rate. Other parts of the instrument include a pressure regulator-control, a timer, and a fiber glass two-part case. The cylinders (935 cubic centimeters each) hold enough liquid carbon dioxide to operate the unit for almost 12 hours. A slightly smaller model is now being produced in the laboratory which has an 8 hour supply of carbon dioxide. Neither the 12 hour nor the 8 hour model is yet being produced com mercially. It is reported, however, that negotiations are under way to make them commercially available. Eight units were hand made and tests indicate that they all performed in the same manner. We have been able to borrow two of the eight and are evaluating them in our Government laboratories. Finally, there is a battery powered, intrin sically safe instrument developed at the Mining Research Establishment of the Na tional Coal Board at Isleworth. This instru ment is now being manufactured and sold by C. F. Casella and Co., Ltd. of London. Air is sampled at a rate of 2.5 liters per minute. Over a full shift sufficient dust is collected to be well above the limits of >24 Coal Mining precision weighing with a balance having a sensitivity of, 0.01 milligram. T he'horizontal elutriator consists of four identical rectangular sections, one above the other, with a total floor area of 275 square centimeters. - Each section is 17.19 centi meters long x 4 centimeters wide x 0.238 centimeter high. Overall area tolerance is 0.5 per cent. The dust is collected on a 5.5 centimeter circle of Whatman's G F/A glass fiber paper. The air is drawn through the fiber by a reciprocating pump driven by a constant speed electric motor. A ratemeter on the outlet side of the pump indicates air flow, and the total volume of air sample is re corded on a counter. Recent word from MRE .indicates that they have successfully substituted a mem brane filter for the glass fiber one. This will permit examining the collected dust for silica without fear of contamination from glass fibers. Both of the new instruments will operate satisfactorily in air flows up to 1000. feet per minute into the wind and cross wind with no detectable' difference in sampling efficiency. At somewhat higher air speeds errors are detectable. The principal goal of the Bureau of Mines and the Public Health Service is : to conduct a meaningful integrated study of the medical and environmental aspects of chest diseases in bituminous coal miners due to the inhalation of dusts. The study should lead to rational recom mendations of maximum dustiness for hy gienic reasons which would provide adequate protection under economically feasible con ditions. Unfortunately, although we can list the important factors which should be included in the development.of recommendations, we are not yet able- to quantify all of them. We are not prepared to state, for example, how much silica free coal dust a normal person can breathe over an extended period without harm. Also we are not able to state with conviction the relationship between quantity and time. That is, is a given concentration of dust breathed for 5 years equivalent in hazard to half as much dust breathed for 10 years? A purpose of the environmental study, which is a phase; of..the joint endeavor;,;is to obtain sufficient data to^ make possible a valid statistical study of dust levels in rela tion to the occurrence of disease to obtain answers to these and other similar questions; Those answers must be pertinent to Ameri can coals and American mining methods; Another purpose of the survey is to de velop a simple, instrumental control method which bears a direct relationship to what coal miners breathe. To accomplish this we believe the survey should be based-on certain fundamental concepts as follows: ' 1. This survey is concerned only with hygienically significant dust, ; ; 2. It should determine, as best possible, the hygienically significant dust in the breathing zone of coal mine workers. 3. It should simultaneously determine the hygienically significant dust in th work area. 4. The relationship between data obtained from the breathing zone and corre sponding information obtained in the work area, must be established. `5. Measurements.; .should be made . on a time weighted, full shift basis. : 6. The survey should separately identify th dustiness*%bfposure of significantly different mining operations. 7. Compositional analysis, especially for silica and ash, should be made. Since there is reasonable agreement be tween the theoretical retention-size curve for the alveolar (or lower) portion of human lungs with the corresponding curve fo r the dust which is not trapped in the horizontal elutriators, devices so equipped can be ac cepted as means of selecting the hygienically significant portion of the dust. But because these devices must be kept horizontal during operation and the sampling rate maintained at the design value, and because sampling in the breathing zone of a workman requires instruments which are compact, light, and unaffected by position when properly applied, none of the size-selective samplers T have so far mentioned is suitable for monitoring the breathing zone of an active, mobile person. For this purpose, we plan to use an intrinsically safe.personal monitor equipped with a membrane filter and a 10 millimeter cyclone separator. - The retention ' curve of the cyclone size selector differs from that of the horizontal 25 1965 National Safety Congress elutriators, It is somewhat concave whereas the elutriators are convex, and the particle size cut-offs are also slightly different. Be cause the findings of Cartwright in connec tion with determining what he calls the Mass/Number Index suggest that the par ticle size distribution varies from place to place and depends on the operation, we will take simultaneous control samples, as nec essary, to provide a reliable conversion factor for each part of each survey. It is not our plan to abandon casually or reject the midget impinger--light field count ing method of dust measurement. We will utilize it in a parallel fashion in laboratory studies to provide a bridge of knowledge with previous surveys and with all the other valuable data developed in the United States over the years. Some of you may feel that I've outlined a situation in which we appear to be groping in the dark. This isn't true. Advancements of the last few years make it possible to reduce considerably the uncertainties which have plagued dust work in the past arid have brought into focus the problems and methods of sampling and analysis in terms of reli ability and meaningfulness. To anyone who still feels that darkness surrounds a program leading to the establish ment of sound recommendations of maxi mum dustiness, I'd like to say: "Let us remember that there have been dark days in the past. There was a famous one in New England in 1780 when the sun scarcely appeared at all. Thousands of people took it for the end of the world. Among them were many in the Connecti cut Assembly, in which Colonel Abraham Davenport was sitting. It was proposed that the Assembly adjourn. Colonel Daven port said, `The Day of Judgement is either approaching, or it is not. If it is not, there is no cause for adjournment. If it is, I choose to be found doing my duty. I wish therefore that candles may be brought.' '' WILL THAT EXTINGUISHER WORK WHEN I NEED IT? B y S. E . A U C K A sso cia te M an agin g E n gin eer, U n d erw riters' Laboratories, C hicago, 111. I am sure that many times, you have looked at a fire extinguisher, all shiny and bright, hanging on the wall, and said to yourself, "Will that thing work when I need it?" If we assume that it will work, the next question is usually, "How good is it?" or "How much fire can I extinguish with that device?" All of these questions are important be cause, if the people who will someday be called upon to use these extinguishers have no faith in them, they will not be used. Let us examine these questions in the light of the methods used in rating the efficiency of fire extinguishers, the test methods used to insure that an extinguisher will work, and a brief history' or resume of how these various tests and methods were developed. For over 30 years, Underwriters' Labora tories, Inc. followed a classification program of its own invention in evaluating fire ex tinguishers. The results of this program were reflected in a le tte r and numeral designation on the UL portion of the extin- 26 guisher name plate. The letters, A, B, and C, were intended to denote the ty'pe of fire for which the extinguisher was suitable. The numerals were used as a measure of the effectiveness or extinguishing potential of that extinguisher. The numerals were used also by the National Fire Protection Association as a means of indicating the number of such appliances required to form what was then called a "Unit of First-Aid Fire Appliance." That is to say, an extinguisher which was rated B-2, would be located in an area to protect against flammable liquid hazards in that area on the basis of two such devices for 2500 sq. ft. of floor area to be protected. If it was rated B-l, then only one such device was required for the same 2500-sq. ft. area. This system was of service for many years, but as the science of fire protection progressed, the system began to develop serious weaknesses. For example, the old classification method for flammable liquid fires had only two basic Class Ii fire tesis .1 Volume 16 MINING NATIONAL SAFETY CO UN CIL 425 N. Michigan Avenue Chicago, Illinois 6061 I Mining Industty alternative, but be assured that our national Welfare would be seriously jeopardized with out mineral products and survival could well dictate such actions. Even though Agricola pointed up our problem over 400 years ago, little progress has since been made in appraising the public of our importance to them. Our vote poten tial is so much less than "other minority groups" that our voice is seldom heard or our problems considered in political circles. Commitments of national minerals signifi cance are too often made without painstaking consultation and analysis which under emer gency circumstances can dangerously deplete our existing mineral supplies without feasible plans for replacement. I cannot help but repeat again and again --we must not let another 400 years go by before effectively appraising the public and its political representatives of our industry's significance to national well-being, its oppor tunities, its challenges, its security, its true family environmental advantages, and its working conditions. You men in this accident prevention field, closely cooperating with industrial relations people, have laid a firm foundation and have built a sound structure. You have a mar ketable product for America and the world. Our job is now to sell ourselves. Only in this manner can we hope to have men in the mines and minerals available to avert national disaster and meet our world com mitments to bring an enduring peace to a mineral-hungry world. DUST HAZARDS RELATED TO HEALTH By R O BER T L. H A R R IS, JR. F ield Investigations Section, A batem ent Branch, D ivision of Air Pollution, U .S. Public H ealth Service The overall problem of dust hazards re lated to health is only partially solved. Much has been learned in the past and put to use ; much remains to be done. The complex problems which rem a in require combined efforts in the fields of engineering, physics, chemistry, toxicology, physiology, pathology, and medicine. One link, or relationship, between hazards and their adverse effects on health is the assessment of exposures to predict their bio logic effects. Precise and specific means of assessment would permit accurate predictions of effects, and economical and effective con trol of the hazards. Completely satisfactory methods for the assessment of exposures to dusts are not yet proved or in use. Precise definition of the cause-and-effect relationships in the pneumoconises is espe cially difficult, because disease may first appear a number of y e a rs after initial exposures. This discussion reviews some of the rela tionships between dust hazards and health by considering the nature of dust, the way the respiratory system copes with dust particles which are inhaled, some of the aspects of sampling to measure degree of exposure, and some of the effects on health which may result from excessive exposures. The Nature of Dusts Dust particles which are hazardous to health when inhaled are invisible to the un aided eye. The smallest particles ordinarily seen without magnifying devices are about 30 or 40 microns in size; those which arc hazardous are ordinarily smaller than 5 or 10 microns. (1 m icro n is approximately 1/25,000 inch.) Small particles, those in the range of lmicron diameter, behave in air mush differ ently than do particles-'"which arc largo enough to be seen. These small particles, once airborne, remain in the air for long periods of time. For example, igiart* jif* tides of 1-micron diameter settle only G,0J foot per minute in still air. In turbulent all', if sedimentation is the only mcChiUtlsth (Si removal, half of the 1micron quart! pur?, tides in a 7-foot-high spnee would #tl|b>*"' 1965 National Safety Congress airborne 8 hours after generation of dust had stopped. A 1-micron quartz particle projected into still air with an initial velocity of 10,000 feet per minute (about 100 miles per hour) will lose its momentum in a distance of 0.01 inch and will thereafter settle or move with air currents. Particles smaller than about *4 micron (0.3 micron for quartz, 0.7 micron for coal) in diameter are affected more by forces of diffusion than by the force of gravity. At ordinary tempera tures, the Brownian displacement in air of particles of this size is about the same as their Stokes settling velocity, about 1 milli meter per minute. Thus, the dynamic char acteristics of small particles are such that once airborne, for all practical purposes, they move with air currents. Sedimentation has a negligible effect upon dust particle concentrations in normal work situations, and the kinetic energy they possess at gen eration is quickly dissipated. Particle size is also important in matters involving the composition of dust. Dust pro duced by drilling or crushing rock does not necessarily have the same composition as a sample of the parent rock. Even in dust which has become airborne the small par ticles may have composition different from the larger ones. Three kinds of samples, host rock, settled dust, and airborne dust were obtained from each of nine locations in metal mines. Two fractions of the settled dust samples were analyzed; one fraction contained all particles which passed through a 325-mesh screen (--325 mesh fraction), the other contained only particles smaller than about 5-microns diameter (--5 fi frac tion). The airborne samples were taken well downstream from the points of generation to permit large particles to settle prior to sampling. These results indicate decreasing free silica content with decreasing particle size. Data from some coal mines show more ash in airborne dust than in the coal being mined. In the airborne dust from these mines, the sample fractions containing only particles of small size have a lower per centage of free silica than do the fractions with particles of larger size. For example, the fraction containing only particles smaller than 5 microns may contain 2 percent free silica, whereas the gross airborne sample may contain up to 20 percent. 8 The coal seems to break along seams of high impurity or high ash content, but in the dust generated, the particles of quartz tend to be larger than those of the other minerals. These data illustrate that mechan ics and particle dynamics have effects upon the composition of dusts. Respiratory System The respiratory surface in the lungs of a normal man ranges from about 300 square feet at rest to about 1000 square feet at deepest inspiration. The membrane sepa rating the alveolar air space from circulating blood may be only one or two cells in thick ness. In the course of an 8-hour day of moderate work, a man breathes about 300 cubic feet of air. Contrast the forced ventila tion exposure of the large delicate lung surface with the ambient air exposure of the skin, which has some 20 square feet of surface and a thickness measured in milli meters. It is evident that the lungs represent by far the most extensive and intimate contact of the body with the ambient atmosphere. The respiratory tract of man branches successively from the trachea to some 25 to 100 million ultimate branch es . These branches terminate in some 300 million air sacs, or alveoli. The cross section of the trachea is about 2 square centimeters, and the combined cross sections of the alveolar ducts, which handle about the same quantity of air, are about 8,000 square centimeters. The aerodynamic b e h a v i o r of particles varies with size, density, and shape. Discus sion of dust deposition in the respiratory system is simplified by th e concept of "equivalent size" of particles. The equivalent size of a particle is the diameter of a unit density sphere which has the same terminal falling v el o ci ty in still air as does the particle. The respiratory tract, with its successive branches and t o r t u o u s passageways, is a highly efficient dust collector. Essentially, all particles greater than 4 or 5 microns equiva lent size which enter the respiratory system are deposited in it. About half of those of 1-micron equivalent size appear to be de posited and the other half exhaled. The sites of deposition in the system are different for various sizes. Some studies indicate that particles greater Mining Industry than 2y2 or 3 microns equivalent size are deposited, for the most part, in the upper respiratory system, that is the nasal cavity, the trachea, the bronchial tubes, and other air passages; whereas particles 2 microns in equivalent size are deposited about equally in the upper respiratory system and in the alveolar or pulmonary air spaces. Particles about 1 micron in size are deposited more efficiently in the alveolar spaces than else where; essentially none are collected in the upper respiratory system. Although the respiratory system is a very efficient dust collector, all of the dust col lected is not retained. The system has a. highly efficient mechanism for removing the collected dust. For example, during 30 years of work a coal miner may inhale and collect in his respiratory system 10 to 15 pounds of dust, but after this 30 years, his lungs may contain only 0.1 to 0.15 pound of dust. The efficiency of removal is thus in the order of 99 percent. The primary mechanism of clearance in the upper respiratory system is ciliary action. The respiratory tract, from the epiglottis to the terminal bronchioles, is lined with cells having minute hair-like processes called cilia. The cilia, by continuous whip-like mo tion, cause a blanket of mucous-like fluid to flow upward on the surfaces of the air passages. This blanket carries dust particles and other foreign material upward and out of the respiratory tract to be swallowed. Surfaces in the alveolar spaces do not have cilia. The primary clearance mechanism here is phagocytosis. Phagocytes are cells which engulf foreign materials such as dust par ticles. These cells appear in the lungs, possi bly by disengaging from the surface lining, and migrate with their burdens of foreign material either to the pulmonary lymph system or outward to the ciliated air pas sages, where they are carried away by the ciliary action. Because the efficiency of lung clearance is so great, a small decrease in it may result in a great increase in the amount of material retained in the lungs. Several observations on interference with lung clearance have been made. The efficiency of lung clearance appears to decrease with increasing lung dust burden. Irritant gases have been shown to decrease or stop ciliary action in animals. Some materials which appear to be toxic to phagocytes reduce their effectiveness in re moval of material from the pulmonary spaces. The mechanism of pulmonary de position and clearance deserve, and undoubt edly will receive, a great deal more study. Dust Sampling Any program for control or reduction of exposures to dust requires a means of asses sing exposures. Since the etiologies of some occupational diseases, particularly the pneu moconioses, are not fully known, it is not possible to define all the characteristics that contribute to the toxicities or biologic effects of dust. All of the sampling methods used in different parts of the world for estimating exposures to mineral dusts are empirical. None is an absolute method which will yield data from which the hygienic significance of exposures can be precisely judged. In the United States, the American Con ference of Governmental Industrial Hygi enists promulgates Threshold Limit Values for toxic materials for use by industrial hygienists as guides in devising control of occupational exposures. T h r e s h o l d Limit Values have been developed for a number of toxic dusts. The Threshold Limit Values for dusts with systemic toxicities, lead or cadmium, for example, are ordinarily ex pressed in mass units, i.e., in milligrams per cubic meter of air. Sampling for such materials may be by filter or other means which collect all of the airborne material. The T h r e s h o l d Limit Values for pneumoconiosis-producing min eral dusts, on the other hand, are expressed in terms of particle count; the customary unit of concentration is millions of particles per cubic foot of air (mppcf). The Threshold Limit Values for mineral dusts can be used to judge only data yielded by a standard procedure of impinger sam pling in liquid medium and lightfield micro scopic counting of the collected dust. The Threshold Limit Values for mineral dusts cannot be applied to data from other particle count methods of sampling. The standard method of impinger sampling and counting was presented in 1942 at a meeting of the National Conference of Gov ernmental Industrial Hygienists. Because the method is empirical, it must be followed closely by all its users if data obtained by one person are to be comparable to those 9 1965 National Safety Congress obtained by another. Even then, variables in sampling and counting within the method as it is described may permit two investi gators, both applying the method skillfully and conscientiously, to obtain quite different results to represent the same environment. Sampling m ay have different purposes, which merit employing different techniques. These generally fall into two major cate gories: (1) sampling for engineering sur veillance, testing, or control and (2) sam pling for health research or epidemiologic purposes. Engineering applications of sampling may include locating so u rces of contamination, monitoring performance of environmental control systems, or doing research in such problems as co lle c tio n efficiencies of air cleaners. A sampling program for engineer ing purposes should be designed to yield the specific information desired. For example, one might need only a single sample before and another after a change in ventilation to determine whether the change has had the desired effect. Hygienic applications of sampling, on the other hand, may be directed a t ' predicting the health effects of an exposure by compar ing sampling results with hygienic guides, determining compliance with health codes or regulations, or research to define as precisely as possible environmental factors for com parison with observed medical effects. In the latter case, sampling may provide the basis for development or refinement of hy gienic guides such as T h r e s h o l d L i m i t Values. Sampling for atmospheric particulates pre sents quite different from those of sampling for gases and vapors. Gases and vapors, when inhaled, can penetrate all portions of the pulmonary system and follow the laws of distribution by diffusion and absorption. The sizes and densities of particles, on the other hand, are major influences in deter mining the sites at which they will be deposited in the pulmonary system. Since the effects produced by particles trapped in the nasal passages or deposited in the ciliated portions of the pulmonary system may be quite different from those of particles which are deposited deeper in the pulmonary sys tem, size-selective sampling is generating increasing i n t e r e s t amo ng i n d u s t r i a l hygienists. 10 At the Pneumoconiosis Conference held in Johannesburg, South Africa, in 1959, in which experts in pneumoconiosis from all over the world participated, it was concluded that in the light of present available evidence the best single parameter to measure in the case of coal dust, is the mass concentration of respirable dust, and in the case of quartz dust, is the surface area of the respirable dust." The respirable fraction of a dust cloud was then defined as all particles smaller than 1 micron, half of those of 5 microns, and none of those 7 microns or larger in equiva lent diameter. Sampling devices have been developed to sample this respirable fraction. They either reject particles too large to penetrate to the deeper portions of the lung or collect larger particles in a pre-sampler so that the respirable portion can be collected separately for weighing and analysis.1 The results of sampling for dusts using such devices, either for gravimetric determi nations or for determination of composition, cannot be interpreted by use of our current Threshold Limit Values or similar guides for judging exposures. Such sampling, how ever, may represent a sensitive method for predicting the disease-producing potential of exposures to mineral dust. The devices might also be used to dis tinguish the portion of an exposure to toxic dusts which results from pulmonary absorp tion and the portion which results from absorption through the gastrointestinal tract Such samplers are worthy of much greater study and use than they now receive in this country. Some Effects from Exposure to Dust The two types of occupational diseases which may result from exposure to dust are the pneumoconioses and chemical intoxica tions. Pneumoconioses are diseases of the lungs which result from exposure to dust. Chemical intoxications are not limited to the lungs and are characterized by local or sys tematic effects, which result from reaction to, or absorption of, toxic material. The most common pneumoconioses are silicosis, coal workers pneumoconiosis, and asbestosis. These diseases are characterized by pulmonary fibrosis, which is detected by chest X-ray examination, and by impairment of p u lm o n a r y f u n c t i o n as the disease progresses. Mining Industry In 1963 the Public Health Service pub lished a report by the Service and the Bureau of Mines on a study of silicosis in the metal mining industry.2 In this study some 14,000 workers at some 50 metal mines were ex amined. X-ray examinations showed a crude prevalence of 3.4 percent silicosis among the study population. The prevalence of silicosis among underground workers was about twice that among surface workers, 4 percent versus 2.2 percent. U n d e r g r o u n d face workers showed an overall crude prevalence of about 5 percent silicosis. In a further breakdown of these data the rates for face workers according to years of work were: less than 10 years of work, 0.1 percent silicosis; 10 to 20 years, 2.5 percent; 20 to 30 years, 11 percent; and more than 30 years, 26 percent. It is reasonable to suspect that older men suffered higher dust exposures in earlier years than are common in the industry now. This matter was examined in some degree by comparing silicosis rates among men who worked in metal mines at some time prior to the year 1935 with rates among men who worked only after that year. The examina tion showed 8 percent silicosis among men with 10 to 15 years of total work in metal mining, but with some work prior to 1935. Among men with all of their work experi ence after 1935, 20 to 25 years of work produced a silicosis rate of 7 to 8 percent. Thus, the earlier exposures seem to have resulted in the 8 percent rate of silicosis with about 10 years less work experience than did the later exposure. In May of this year, the Division of Occu pational Health, Public Health Service, an nounced the results of a study of coal workers pneumoconiosis among a sample of Appalachian bituminous coal miners. The prevalence of the disease among the active miners examined is about 10 percent; among retired and other inactive miners examined the rate is almost 20 percent. More than 20 percent of active miners in the 55- to 64 age group are affected. The duration of exposure seems to be very significant, the prevalence of cases increase markedly among groups with more than 20 years of underground work. The problem of pneumoconioses is far from solved. Control of the disease depends upon control of exposure. All presently available knowledge should be applied toward control, but this is not sufficient to assure that the disease can be economically con trolled in all cases. Additional medical and engineering studies are needed to find the most reasonable, economical, and sure means of control. Relatively few problems of intoxications from dust arise in actual mining operations, but they are not infrequent in milling and smelting operations. The effects of absorp tion of toxic dust are extremely variable. Effects may range from muscle and joint pain from antimony compounds to chills and fever from zinc fumes. Some chromium compounds may cause lung cancers and perforation of the nasal septum; manga nese may cause staggering, high stepping, and other gait disturbances; mid mercury may cause irritability and emotional insta bility. In contrast to the pneumoconioses, which do not regress with any known treatment, most chemical intoxications respond favor ably to medical treatment and cessation of exposure. Summary Human lungs are size-selective dust col lectors. Only relatively small particles, gen erally those less than 5 microns in diameter, reach the alveolar spaces. Such small par ticles move with the. air currents; they settle very slowly in still air, and even when thrown into the air with high velocity they travel through the air only a short distance. The lungs have a very large surface, 300 to 1,000 square feet of very delicate tissue. This surface is exposed to contaminants in the air breathed. The lungs have good de fenses a g a i n s t particulates; when unim paired, these clearance mechanisms remove about 99 percent of the insoluble dust de posited in the lungs. The control of exposures to dust requires a means of assessing dust.concentrations in the air. Methods used for sampling and quantitating mineral dust concentrations are empirical, and results yielded by one method cannot be judged by standards based on another. Even with a single method, for ex ample, the impinger sampling and counting method, differences in application car cause differences in r e s u l t s obtained by two investigators. 11 1965 National Safety Congress Dust sampling may be undertaken for either of two rather distinct purposes, for engineering testing and control or for health studies. The objectives of sampling program should be kept well in mind while it is being planned and carried out: Because only the re la ti v e ly fine dust reaches the lungs, size-selective sampling de vices intended to simulate the deposition characteristics of the lungs have been de veloped. The mass concentration or surface area of particles of such size that they penetrate to, and are deposited in, the deeper portions of the lungs may prove to be a sensitive index of hazard from exposures to pneumoconiosis-producing dusts. Although data derived from such sampling cannot be interpreted by standards based on count, size-selective g r a v i m e t r i c sampling may eventually represent a major refinement in assessment methods. The effects of exposure to pneumoconiosisproducing dusts is similar for the various dusts and are irreversible. Chemical intoxi cations vary with the toxic material absorbed and ordinarily improve with medical treat ment and removal from exposure. R eferences 1. Davies, C. N. editor. I n h a le d P a r tic le s a n d V a p o u rs. Pergamon Press Ltd., London, 1961. 2. Flinn, R. H., et al. S ilic o s is in t h e M e ta l M in in g I n d u s tr y . Public Health Service Publication No. 1076, 1963. 3. Gafafer, W. M., editor. O c c u p a tio n a l D is ea ses, A G u ide to th e ir R e c o g n itio n . Public Health Service Publication No. 1097, 1964. 4. Hatch, T. F. and P. Cross. P u lm o n a r y D eposition and R eten tion of In h aled A ero so ls. Academic Press, New York, 1964. 5. Orenstein, A. J., editor. P r o c e e d in g s o f th e P n eu m o co n io sis C on feren ce, Johannesburg, 1959. J. & A. Churchill, Ltd., London (Lit tle, Brown & Co., N. &.), 1960. CAN COST CONTROLS SABOTAGE SAFETY?-- FACT OR FANCY B y J. E D W IN J. F A H L G R E N President & General M anager, Cochenour W illans Gold M ines Limited Cochenour, Ontario To eliminate waste in administration, cost control is absolutely essential. Without it management lacks the foundation for know ing which costs are excessive or unproduc tive, and the mechanics for keeping them under constant observation. Top Manage ment has no other proper means of con trolling and fixing the responsibility for excesses. A cost control system has as its objective a means by which intelligent management is kept informed. The system of control in itself will not solve problems, and solutions are derived from the system only after enthusiastic administration and intelligent in terpretation. If the controls are properly administered, any variations between the actual and estimated costs will become con spicuous in time to be corrected before significant losses develop. Complete cost control is based on certain criteria or standards which are used as a basis for 12 comparison and as measurement units to provide essential information for the modern functions of management. When a significant variation appears, man agement is in a position to analyse it and determine where it occurred, why it hap pened, and who was responsible. The fact that, because of a proper cost system, management can put the finger on the person or a new policy responsible for the variation is one of the greatest factors in efficient operation. It eliminates "guessing" or "pass ing the buck." The establishment of cost control within an organization sets in motion cost reduction. They are different entities and should not be confused as being the same thing. Cost control is concerned with the maintenance of costs in accordance with standards that have already been established through cost reduction programs; it is a device to hold the line in accordance with these standards, National Safety Congress Transactions Volume 20 PUBLIC uriLims NATIONAL SAFETY COUN CIL 425 N. Michigan Avenue Chicago, Illinois 60611 OFFICERS OF THE PUBLIC UTILITIES SECTION NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1965-66 General Chairman-- W arren L. Clifton, Director of Accident Prevention, The HydroElectric Power Commission of Ontario, Toronto, Ont., Canada First Vice-Chairman-- Charles S chweickart, Vice President, Hoosier Engineering Co., Columbus, Ohio 43216 Second Vice-Chairman--Kenneth G. Cregar, Safety Director, Metropolitan Edison Co., Reading, Pa. 19603 S e c r e ta r y -- F rank E. Johnson, Safety Administrator, General Telephone Company of Michigan, Muskegon, Mich. 49443 Program Committee--T. L. P owers (Chairman), Safety Engineer, Gas Department, Public Service Electric & Gas Co., Newark, N. J. 07102; J ohn R. Y eaman (Vice Chairman-- Electric), Division Safety Engineer, Virginia Electric & Power Co., Alexandria, Va. 22314; W illiam J. Bryan (Vice Chairman--Gas), Safety Engineer, Michigan-Wiscon sin Pipeline Co., Detroit, Mich. 48226; John E. F randsen (Vice Chairman--Communi cations), General Plant Supervisor, Personnel, Northwestern Bell Telephone Co., Omaha, Nebr. 68102; John T. Cappio (Vice Chairman--W ater), Safety Officer, City of Phila delphia Water Dept., Philadelphia, Pa. 19107 Technical Publications Committee--B. J. L orenz (Chairman), Manager of Safety. Northern Indiana Public Service Co., Hammond, Ind. 4632S ; J. E. A ppel (Vice Chairman-- Electric), Safety Engineer, Commonwealth Edison Co., Chicago, 111. 60690; A lex P ierson (Vice Chairman--Gas), Safety Engineer, Philadelphia Gas Works, Philadel phia, Pa. 19122; T. H . E dwards (Vice Chairman--Communications), Safety Practices Supervisor, Southern Bell Telephone & Telegraph Co., Atlanta, Ga. 30301 ;. George C. Sopp (Vice Chairman--W ater), Director of General Services & Assistant.Manager,.Los Angeles Department of Water: & Power, Los Angeles, Calif. 90054 Training Committee--Robert W ard (Chairman), Safety Director, Omaha Public Power District, Omaha, Nebr. 68102; Ernest W. T raut (Vice Chairman), Safety Coordinator, General Telephone Co. of Pennsylvania, Erie, Pa. 16512; R. P. Bolerjack, Safety Director, Illinois Power Co., Decatur, 111. 62525 ; T homas V. Keane, Safety Representa tive, Philadelphia Electric Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 19105; Colon F. Stanley, Safety Manager, General Telephone Co. of Florida, Tampa, Fla. 33601; R ichard V. M olen, Safety Training Instructor, Consolidated Edison Co. of New York, Inc., New York, N. Y. 10003 Audio-Visual Aids Committee--H . C. P otthast (Chairman), Field Safety Officer, Rural Electrification Administration, Menomonie, Wis. 54751 ; James D. H oag (Vice Chairman), Manager, Safety Division, Union Electric Co., St. Louis, Mo. 63166; D onald E. R yan, Safety Engineer, Washington Gas Light Co., Washington, D. C. 20001; V. A. S ielert, Safety Administrator, General Telephone Co. of California, Santa Monica, Calif. 90406 Membership Committee--Robert F. M ills (Chairman), . General Plant Safety Supvr., Mountain States Telephone & Telegraph Co., Denver, Colo. 80202; O. R. Bowers (Vice 41 Chairman), Safety Engineer, Central Illinois Light Co., Peoria, 111. 61602; T homas C. McK elly, Dir. of Training & Safety, Laclede Gas Co., St. Louis, Mo. 63101 Newsletter Committee--Marvin B. T raVis (Chairman), Director of Safety, Northern . Natural Gas Co., Omaha, Nebr. 68101; H arry W. B ecker, Safety Mgr., American Gas Association, New York, N. Y. 10016; R. C. N ew m an, Safety & Training Supvr., Pacific Telephone & Telegraph Co., San Francisco, Calif. 94105 Off-the-Job Safety Committee--W. W. W illiford (Chairman), Plant Supervisor--Safety, Chesapeake & Potomac Telephone Co., Washington, D. C. 20001; H arry D. H arman, Vice President & Assistant General Manager, Gary-Hobart Water Corp., Gary, Ind. 46401; E ugene H. W essels, J r., Safety Supervisor, Western Massachusetts Electric Co., Springfield, Mass. 01109 Publicity Committee--M. H. M a x w e l l (Chairman), Safety Supervisor, The L. E. Myers Co., Villa Park, 111. 60181; H ugh M cChesney, Senior Safety Representative, Detroit Edison Co., Detroit, Mich. 48226; Bob Cooper, Assistant Manager of Safety, Texas Power & Light Co., Dallas, Texas 75222; P aul W indsor (Secretary), Bureau of Safety, Chicago, 111 60606 Contests & Awards Committee--J ohn R ithmiller (Chairman), Staff Safety Engineer, Lumbermens Mutual Casualty Co., Chicago, 111. 60640; H. H. S m ith, Safety Super visor, Lehigh Valley Gas Div., United Gas Improvement Co., Bethlehem, P a . ; M. H. I ngraham, Director of Safety, Central Maine Power Co., Augusta, Maine 04332 Nominating Committee--T. F. W ickord (Chairman), Safety Supervisor, Commonwealth Edison Co., Maywood, 111. 60601; P aul W indsor ; J. E. A ppel Cameron Award Coordinator-- Kenneth G. Cregar Staff Representative--Ralph M. Coe, National Safety Council, 425 N. Michigan Ave., Chi cago, 111. 60611 Special Representatives--American Gas Association-- Chari.es R. W illiams, Director of Personnel & Safety, The Gas Service Co., Kansas City, Mo. 64142; American Public Power Association--H iram T ripp, Safety Director, Chattanooga Electric Power Board, Chattanooga, Tenn. 37402; American Water Works Association--John T. Cappio, Safety Officer, City of Philadelphia Water Dept., Philadelphia, Pa. 19107 Active Past General Chairmen--1950-51, E. S. H annaford; 1954-55, W. S. K itch en; 1955-56, H . T. Ja y n e ; 1957-58, J. E. A ppel; 1958-59, E. M. Ch a se ; 1959-60, R. S. L owe; 1960-61, R. E. McE ldowney, Jr.; 1961-62, V. L. W omeldorff; 1962-63, Erroll D u n ba r ; 1963-64, P aul W indsor; 1964-65, T. F. W ickord 42