Document zM0abbwKJ0beQygYqvzKmgOg

FILE NAME: General Motors (GM) DATE: 1934 DOC#: GM002 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: National Safety Council Transactions 1934 TRANSACTIONS National Safety Council Incorporated TWI-NTY-THIRD A N N U A L SAFETY CONGRESS Cleveland, Ohio October 1 to October 5, 1934 T h e Cleveland, Carter and Statler Hotels Co(>\ri);Htl 9.5, National Sa/b>' Conned. It... Publication Plan iA N S A C T I O N S of the Twenty-third Annual Safety Coninnl Safety Council, 1934, are published in two volumes, ntaining the General Sessions, the Special Subject Sessions, ustrial Section Sessions, is presented herewith. It is supy a smaller volume containing the sessions of the Street y Traffic Section, the Child Education Section, and Home : volum e is being sent automatically to the Industrial memCouncil; the smaller volume is sent automatically to mem: believed to be chiefly interested in those sessions. It may red on request by other Council members. benefit of many members who have found it advantageous copies of these T R A N S A C T IO N S to supervisors, fore- icrs am ong their personnel, who may keep them for continrce, th e following quantity prices are quoted: 1 to 10 e large volume, S i.50 each; 11 copies and over, $1.25 each, e smaller volume, S.50 each. .A N O F P U B L I C A T I O N is the same as that followed for zc years. It is a condensed record. The papers of each vision of the Congress have been assembled, edited with scernm ent to eliminate extraneous matter and abbreviate tntial portions, and the concise remainder is presented for Terence. Although not "complete" in the sense that every oduced, it is an interesting and valuable record which em- memorable parts of each paper or address. The original are on file in the Council Library, available for additional desired. the National Safety Council endeavors to eliminate from t its conventions matters which are not pertinent to its which are contrary to its policies, the Council cannot ac;ibility for the views expressed either in the papers prez discussions thereon. TIO N A L SAFETY COUNCIL, INC. 20 North Wacker Drive, Chicago C O N T E N T S Council Officers and Directors..................................................................... Council Purposes and Policies..................................................................... Annual Meeting of Members.......................................................................... Annual B a n q u e t ................................................................................................. Subject Sessions-- Dust in Industry....................................................................................... Fire Prevention in Industry................................................................. Fusion Welding and Cutting................................................................. Industiial Nursing .................................................................................. Industry and Its Motor Vehicle Accident Problem..................... Maintaining Interest in S afety............................................................. Mechanical Methods of Handling Materials................................. & New Workers .......................................................................................... Poisonous Fumes and Vapors............................................................. Safety Equipment .................................................................................... Safety Organization and P rogram ....................................................... Safe U se of Chemicals in Industry....................................................... Safe U se of Electricity in Industry...................................................... The Injured W ork er................................................................................ W hy People F all....................................................................................... All Ohio D a y ......................................................................................................... 1'ERA Safety Conference............................................................................ Industrial Safety Lectures-- Selling the Safety Idea.............................................................................. The Psychology o! the Safety Movement in Changing Times. . Accident Prevention Equipment Manuiacturers' Section ................... Aeronautical Section .......................................................................................... A. S. S. E.-- Engineering Section............................................................. Automotive and Machine Shop S e c t i o n ..................................................... Cement Section ................................................................................................... Ch e mi c al S e c t i o n ...................................................................................................... Construction Section ........................................................................................ D e liv e r y , Taxicab and Bus Section.............................................................. Food Section ........... .................................................................................. Marine Section ..................................................................................................... Meat Packing, Tanning and Leather Industries Section...................... Metals S e c t i o n ........................................................................................................ Mining Section ........................................................................................................ Paper and Pulp Section...................................................................................... Petroleum Section ................................................................................................ Power Press S ectio n ............................................................................................ Public Utilities Section ........................................................................................ Quarry Section ...................................................................................................... Re f r i g e r a t i o n S e c t i o n ................................................................................................... Rubber Section ..................................................................................................... Safety Section, A R A -- Steam Railroad Section, N S C ............................. Textile Section ...................................................................................................... Transit Section ...................................................................................................... Wood Products Section........................................................................................ I n d e x ................................................................... k 1 National Safety Council I i Incorporated HONORARY MEMBERS A - - . H I \ I m s ill [ k"N \N]> Sl 'l KI. K i K i KH.M. I 'V . I M. I ' K ' 1st>nrur W. C awi 'UH.i. A l l l l l V U W i i .u a m s OFFICERS (1934-1935) J ohn K. L ong, Pr e s i de nt . Round' I. C. vi u. w Vice-President lor Public Safety. I). 1). I ' i n n u i , V i c e - 1'resident fur Public Relations. I. m c R. P a l m e r , Vi ce-Presi dent for Safety Councils. Ai.tirur S. K s(u ;l \ , Vi ce- Presi dent t or Fnipnccrinj*. \Y. S m i t h , Vi c e - P r e s i de n t fur Industrial Safety. R. T. S oi.k.vstkn', Vi c e- P r e s i d e n t t or Membership. Du. C. II. W a t s o n , Vi ce- Presi dent f or , H e a l t h . A. \V. W h i t n e y , Vi ce-President for Education. W . F. W o r t h , Vi ce - P r e s i de n t for Finance and Tr ea sur e r . W. II C v mi ro n , Mnnn.eiuy Director and Secretary. E X E C U T I V E COMMITTEE (1934-1935) A I.. A um- i ko.ng, K a s t ma n Kodak Company C. 1!. A i.ki., P a s t Pr esi dent . J. I. B a n a s i i , P a s t President. C. W. B ekgouisT, P a s t President. F. \V. III.al `N', W o o d Pr o d u c t s Section. W. H. C ameron, Na t iona l Safety Council. R ohert W. C amtukli .. Past President. T. H. C arrow. American Railway Association. R uiikkt I. C a t l i n , A e t n a Casualty & Suret y Company. J. E. C ui .u n e y , Betl i lehem, Steel Company, I . kmts A. D f. Rloi s , P a s t Presi dent. M a r c u s A. Dow, P a s t President. D D. I T n n eel. Cons ul tint; Fnei necr . I). !.. I-'t n n e i e . K a n s a s City Safety Council. C art. F. W . F i s k k , J r., Mari ne Section. R. B. F o r t u i n, L c h l " 1i Valley Sa t et y Council. H a r r y G i . i i .r k r t . T h e Pul l ma n Company. M fri.e C. H alf , A u t o i n o t h c & Ma c hi ne Shop Section. G. T. H f/.i. m t.'Tti. Chi cago. Xortli S h o r e X Mi l wa u k e e Rail r oad ( o. H on. II \Kot.n G. H o t ! m a n , Street Hi yl i u a y Traftle Section. T homas P. K e \ u n s . Indii-trial Commission of Ohio. W m t f r G. K ing. 1'ast 1'roiilu 1 4 Officers and Directors I' k a x k u n M. K kkmi., Ki a ns t on Safety i.ouncil. Iojin K. I.oxu, Th e Del awar e N Hu ds on Railroad C<up. -Tims. H. M acR oxai.u, United States Department of Agriculture. K. J. M kiikkn. Port l and Cement Association. I \ \ \ M t u . \im. Aeeident P r e u u t i o n Mamu.Klurer.s ^ectimi. II u-ot.u P. M i n i u . K I. duPout de Xcni ouis \ Co.. Inc. A l a n e T M oki v, Past Presidi nt I I u K. P \I.m I k, Pa"! I 'r cudrnt . C . !; P i i i m:o \ i . Past Pi esuli nt ( K Is aI Io . We^t et n IVniisx l\,cina Sa l i l i (niniiil. A n n u i S R i o n i Industrial Relations CminM-lors, Ine. 1 i. < nt.. 11. A. Iv i m m .i k, Past PrcAdiiil t , I iia.i P. S w i o i n , Cenerai Khl c i i c l o>i).111\ . Rmi.iki U. `"'CM mi it. l.ouKvillc S a h t i l niinci!. I l u . k v A. Si u r n / , United States Steel CMi p<>i at ion. C i i m o i .s P S u n I, Past President. I a sii k P . Si.v.Mork. Aeronautical Section U. Wf. S \ m n . St a n d a r d Oil Company ( i n d i a n a) . W u .ti.i-! Di. vi S m i t h . D c l a u a r e Safeti t.'oumil. R. T. Si*i.i:n s i i:x`, Klliott S e n ice Company. (.) .un m i . P. T ayi.ok. Massachusetts Sai'ity Council, t *. P. T-.i m a n , Past President, j A. Vn-'S, Metals Section f u n i c . r l i W' i u m . Uni on Pacific Railroad C'eni|Mii\. Du C. It W v i s n v , Amer ican Telephi ne v\ Ti lenraph ( mop.my. \ W. \ \ ii i rxi:v. National Pu r e a u of I aMialtv S u n t i Umh r u riti rs. W K. W o ui i i , International l l a n e s t e r Compai o. \ k i i i i u l i Voi \ n. Past Pr esi . lent. DIRECTORS (1934-1935) Imi m i U K Auciu-k. Child Educati on Section. W i i m i m 1: . A i;m (\. Safeti Die.. Milwaukee Association of Commerce. \ . !.. A a m >Ikon< Kast man Kodak Company. W iii.iam li P akfk, Qu a rr i Section. .1 I. P \ \ . \ s i i , Consulting Engineer. II D. I\ nt a, Paper & Pul p Section. 1 e \ I s I \ \ . P i c k , United States Ruhher Products. Inc. W. A. I Tx x r . v r . Wo r c e s t e r Satet) Council f W. PiKCiHMsr, W'estern I'lectric ( ki mpam I ' c :ii S. P i i i k . 1 iherti Mutual Insnr ani e Comp.mi. !.. k. P i. i x k , Jones & Kaughlin Steel Corp. f I* Pou k I xii \(,rx. Kenosha Safety Conoi d. 1 W. P k i r x . Wo o d Pr o d u c t 1' Section ( Ol. Pilli H. PkOCKMAX. St. i.nuis S a l i t i Council. I'm s n , \ I). C u . i m t . Paltimore S a l i t i Council. W 11 ( i Mi uox. National Sat et i Council l . J ' . u n i y. ( h u a e o Sali ti Council. I. 11 Cu n . o i \ \ AiiKrican Ra d i i . u As>..nation 6 Ti.-nits-third Annua l Safety Congress-- National Safety Council R oiiekt I. C.v i m n , A e t n a Ca s u a l t y & S u r e t y Co. C aul C. C l e me n t s , R e f r i g e r a t i o n Secti on. R om.or. n . Cu.Nt.tN, R a i l wa y Sa f e t y Council. if. l l i e n n i r l ons ox, Safety Dej a., Nashvi l le Chamber of Commerce. J. K. C m i.i.xt.v, Be t h l e h e m St eel Company. E dward D a n a , B o s t o n E l e v a t e d Rai l way. K A. D avidson. Consul ting Engineer. R ich vita H. D u e -, B l a c k s t o n e Va l l e y Safetv Council ' C i i a k u '.s D. D a w s o n , G r a m ! Ra pi ds Sa f e t y Council. L ewi s A. D kB lois, C o n s u l t i n g E ngi ne er . J av E. D ecker. M a s o n City Safety Council.. J ames B. D ouglas, T h e Ph i l a d e l p h i a Ga s W o r k s Company. I .o m s I. D v n u x , Me t ropol i tan Life Insurance Company. C harles H. Games, Textile Section. D D. P ennell, C o n s u l t i n g Engi neer. 1>. 1.. F e n n e l l , K a n s a s Ci t y Sa f e t y Council. Dfj.NAin A. F i n k r e i xf .r. T o l e d o Sa f e t y Council. C aet. E. V . 1'i s k e , Jn. , M a r i n e S e ct i on . . I f , i\eaui( B. F oniia. B u r r o u g h s We l l c o m e & Co. I.U. S. A. ) fnc. R. B PokTi.'t.x, L e h i g h Va l l e y Saf et y Council. L. X. Cm.usTtNE. Co n s t r u c t i o n Section. O n t o M. G raves. T h e Ge ne r a l C r u s h e d St one Co. IfAimv Gtrii.uERT. T h e P u l l m a n Co mp a n y . I-AtMi H ale, T h e Atchison, To pe k a & Santa I T Rail way Co. M erle C. H ale, A u t o m o t i v e 8: M a c h i n e Shop Section. M ajor Bo u .ing H . H a n nv, Riclnnond Safety Council. D. T. H arrington, U n i t e d S t a t e s B u r e a u of Mines. G. T. H ei.l m u t i i . Chi cagof i N o r t h S h o r e & Mi l waukee R. R. Co. C has . E. H ill, N e w Y o r k Central Lines. H o n . H arold G. H o f f m a n . St r e e t & H i g h w a y Traffic Section. Ci Amir. J. He i ding, Al b a n y Saf ety Council. J r u t ' S \V. H orhe. H u d s o n Co u n t y Saf et y Council. H arry D. I.m m i .l, P e n n s y l v a n i a Dept , of Lab o r I ndust ry. l.r.N Ji x'SE.x, Be r k el ey Traffi c Saf et y Cnmint' sHui. E dgar r . K arle, Y o r k Count y S a f e t y Council. T hom vs P. K e a r n s , Tiulustrial Co mmi s s i o n of Ohio. Ix. T. K eller, D e t r o i t I n d i i ' t r i a l Sa f e t y Council. I ra V. K eener. P e n n s y l v a n i a Salt Ma n u f a c t u r i n g Co. K. J. K kf.i i , Publ i c Ut i l i t i e s Section. Fit vxKli n M. K kkml, Evam-t on S a f e t y Council. C. L. I. vF ountaix' e, Gr e a t Northern. R a i l w a y Co. F rank J. L a n a i i a n , F o r t Pi t t Ma l l e a b l e I ron Co. J ohn L \ u n t \ i vn, M e a t Packing, T a nn i ng & Leather Industries Section. Simon L a/ arus, Safety Council. Cohnuhtn. ( Ohi o! Chamber of Commerce. J oseph I . ii.i H it, R o c he s t e r Safety Council. Dit. R. M. Li n u t . New. Yo r k D e p a r t m e n t of educati on. G. 0 . L ockwood, P e t r o l e u m Section. J. L. Long, The De l awa r e & H u d s o n Railroad Corp. w . k . r .ovti. Safety Die., B i r m i n g h a m Ch a mb e r of Commerce. Offii't'rs and LUrcclors 7 A. l. I . u x n s i i m it , I >iI;vc r i , Taxicali & Pus Sedioli. T u o * , i l. M.u D d x .u .ii, Uniteli States l)ep.o umili ui Agrictilturc. !.. '1'. Mc An i n o n , Fcori a Saiety Comici!. M u n i i McCi.iNTorK, H a r v a r d I mi t c r s i t j . T. IT. M i K i;n .m :v, Illinois Steel Company, South Works. A 1). Mt.AYiionmi, Sai et y l)iv., Memphis Ch.unber <>i Commerce. 11. I. M autin", FAI- R uhi ter Company. I. O M.Mills, IimpIo\ee.s' Puhltealion Sedioli 1-, \Y. M aison:. Mimicsota Saiety Council. 1! I. Mr.iiKKS, P o r t l a n d Cemeiit Associai mn T. 0 . MlTSNCU. P o t t e r Pr ess S e d i o l i . W m. G. Mr/ivr.Kii, Mi ni ng Sedioli. I \Y. M i u .akii, Acei dci i l P r c t e u l i o n Kq mp n i c n t M a u n i a c t u r c r s ' Sedi ol i . H acolii !.. M i n i t i , K l. d u P o n t de N e m o u r s X Co., lue. H i.nhv J. M i n f i t i , llC.abetli S a l d e Col mai . L. tv, ul.nct: M. M oore, F.aslbay Saiety Council. K. 11. Moina.v, Indust r i ai AccidciU Prct eul i on Associations. J ohn A. O akti.i., Car negi c Steel Company. G ioui-.k C. A. O f f . T h e Detroit Kdison Company. I i.tt R P ai.Nini, l p i i t a h l e l.iie Assiirancc Society. J o h .n C. l '.MtKKtt, l '. r o o k l t n Saietv Comici!. I i aui i A P . v n o N, Nettarle Saiety C'otinril. C. l. P j i i i m i w ., Atf.eriean Mutual I.i.i 11ilit\ lnsttr.tnre Compai o. Gr.v. ('.Loia;;; 11, P ili..sin.KV, \ \ ;ir 1lepai Inaili. J. 1! Fornai. Seattle T r ai n e & Saiety Council. < . l K m.m o v . W e s t e r n Pennsylvania S a i d v Council. Ai.nnu S R i p u t a , Industriai Kclations Cunuselors. Ine. I. i Coi. Hr.xRY A. lsKMxr.ta, I.eltittli Portland Ccment Company. M. m i i m ' R n mi , P a l e r s o n Saiety Council. G K S antohu. Gtncral Flcteric Company. Hi.Nin G Sei i Ai TMK, l i i e Saiety Council. T . A. SciIRNUl.I., Food Sedioli. Koni i;r !.. S c h m i t t . l.ouisville Saiety Council. II Y. St 11in linai. T r a n s i t Sedioli. Il Miuv A. S c i i n . i / . Unii ed States Steel Corporation. CiiM.it:> l '>. S i o i r , Hurcuu oi Saiety, Ine. J. i . - u n i). Si.YMOt.Tt, Aeronautica! Sedioli, ltui. S. S ti .mi rxKit, Ul i ca Saiety Council. k t v II. S u l m t s , Madi son County Saiety Council. Pii. !.. A. S n o u n v , lctlilehcm Steel Company. 1Mi \ .st L. SiMOxns, Ne w H.iteli Saiety (. onncil l.v.t: h. Sieri:/., Cl evel and Saiety Council. C. \Y. S Mi! n , S t a n d a r d Gii Company ( ] ml i a na) . W m *n h Mi n i * S m i t h , I M a w a r e Sa i t y fnimciJ. K`. J. Sui i n >[ t .v, Klliotl Servire Company. U C. S m ve, C a n d i d o , ]'a. ( noma. U. S u i 'i n.Ns, Sai et y J'mte.iu, Unii.do C l u m l n r ol Commi u c . l-inin.s S. sSinaus, Uni t ed Kai l uays & Flcetric Co. <S / we n t v - fht nl . h i i n m l S a l s l y ( om//v.vy> - X a t i u n n l S a f r f y ( t:nn<i! On. I'. M. Si ' i / MAX, Tr o y Salrl> Council. \rrKn If. S u a v .vk, <ieuera! Motors Corporation. C;. mu.nck V. T an i.ou. Massachusett s Safety Council. A u r n n : M. Tom.. Consnl t mu Marine Kiiiiincer \V. M . 1 Ki'.Nfii. Schencofaily SalVt\ Council. \V. I). T r n m . v i i . S a n Antonio Safety Council. J A. \ n>5. Metal'-; Section. H. A. \ V \ i.kkr. Kuhher Section. Croue.r. H. W aupki.. Union Pacific Railroad Company I >k. 0 . \s - f u > H. W.vi sox. Amer ican Telephone A- Telcyvaph Company. H arry M. Wr.iuin, Illinois Dell Telephone (. inpany. Ai.r.KKT C. W' l u u : . Ju., SprmyheUI Safety Council. S. K. W'imtixc;. Liberty Mutual i nsurance Company. A. \ \ . \ \ tutnky. Xational Pureau of Casualty Sur et y Underwriter-' . \ \ . II. W i w w s . Union ( urhulo vK: Car bon Corp. O r. C.-K. A. W i nsi .ow, Yale Medical School. H arry WTr. . S r , Chattanooga Safety Council. J M. W oi.tz* Youngstown Sheet & Tube Company. \V. K. W orth. International Ha r ves t e r Company. K. J. Z w i t . Safety Bureau. Duluth Chamber of Commerce. Kakl W. Z i m m i r m a x , Safety 0 i \ . . S\ r a cn*c Cha mhc r of Commerce. J. D. Zr.oK, Cement Section. mal -h tu it * "imcil rcii*jrs oi t ! c to lay l'cn developed nrtmn :n 'l or r ai n for he.tes and i from the in session i'-;s and my it >ou are "roKram lo a<ly taken h, because with the e solution I itizeus is ;n^ toll ol -trim that hway coi11mrc. and ;d disaster, uend \our ion with upon our AT. I l oi mai i . a s t ma s l c r . IS. Ill New ' Ur p a s s e d , America.' dar inono. eveuiiiir; ne Council t ir r. x t y - t il i A' /> a x x i x i l s a / ; a r c o a ' o a ' l s .v A M TI n A'. / /. S A !T. TV <' (> X X ( / A ' 4 1*: D ust in Industry V FRIDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 5, 1934 Th e scs-mn rlevoted to a discussion ui Duet m iuiUwtr) was called to order 1>v Dr. K. (I. Meiler. Di rcrl nr, Industrial l k y i c u c 1.al>rat"r>. Kmpl uscrs Mutual I.la bility Insurance Co., Milwaukee, who presided. Dr. Mei ter brielly welcomed the delegates and then introduced the first speaker. Types of Dust That Cause Occupational Diseases By LEROY U. GARDNER, M.D. Director, Saranac Laboratory for the Study of Tuberculosis, of the Edward L. Trudeau Foundation, Saranac Lake, N. V. The speaker awl in art: Kxpcricncc has demonstrat ed that the bine tie-ues can Mlrr.i'c \ c r \ kir.ee amount s ot most amis <! forei-pti dust particle- without M.TDUi^ udcrierence u u h iunction ' h e inm; may lie nun- el y purmented by c*inrcd dit-l> w.ih no evidence that respiration is unpaired. lhit dn-l- composed. in wlnac i)r m {,i: t . of silica i : a \ r been shown t" lie daimerou.- became they stmuiiate toe .crow lit of the connective tisMies of the line's and lirnu; about the f ormation of scar tissue. Th i s d e - t r i p s the normal elasticity of the oruati winch is necessary t*r respiration and it thicken- the deiuMte membranes so that a free iiUcrebanec nt <sc s )s inip wIm I. I'<rt mi .tick. these re-nil* only in 11iW ilio prolmvnod mu.il at u m \ *, l\ *;11-i;111; ;i S (<t s i;ica E \l H'I'IUH u:t -- iiave ill'll!' lustrali,`d tii,it tl;e iUJOCl loll ,.U mIic.. mio the ti 'in .t - ' b d,,. r,.; iff'* b h* -nh-t'inei* ;. rk] .' \ r r ' :1 in l -ii.511\.*i- n. iicM beanti'.:r takes iTurn .i vere dense and e hai.u'U-rndie land <of se.iv tissue n Tills. M-t a 111-- 1:i k' ms in -ts pia 'dure no uidamniation and v e r 'i ini e scar.. It has I ecu nw It tL.i smil cil.-.i do nt follow die injection of silica unies.'; the par t icies arc very me. three ir.ii.nin- or less ;n diameter, and unK-s cnoi:;;h of them localize in one area Wi t h laruer particles the rate of reaction i> so slow that little chance recurs wiiiuii a \ car. As a general rule, the finer the particles, tlie mor e rai>ul the eelluiar response. T i e reaction to fine silica begins within tour or five hours and it continue- u-r a period of years. It the silica is combined with bases in the form of silicates, it rarely prodme^ ) such active and p r oerc- eKc e.h anees. 'T h e ' bhcatc of mauncsinm. asbestos, d<-.*s cause the formation of scar Iissue in experimental animals and in the human him;, hut most other ilicatr* are not uener alh recoeni/ cd ns irritntintr Recently it has been claimed that a hydrated silicate <f alumi mnn and potassium. called sericitc. is rospow-ihlc mr most of the eases of silicosis. Th i s silicate, a t ransformed feldspar, is often associated with fpiart/ and it lias been identified in the Knurs of persons suf. 23 Z \ T i \ `Otl y - i h i rd . l i u n t u i A q / r / v ( ai nj rrs. \ --A ' al i ni i a / S i i J c i Y C o ; n i a ! wring from sihc>sis. 1!nuover, ;tl least t wo tvpe* of s e n a t e have failed to excite significant changes when m j u i e d into animal". Ibxpcrimcuts with this -uh'tance arc still m progress. Kaolin. an aliitmnu-<ihontc of potash, has also produced quite characteristic chances in the lungs of rahhits. Hut our present, knowledge does nr.t permit us to assume that silicates as a class wall produce serious tissue damage. Most observers now Ih.-Ik-'<* that u i mi ml ' me l silica, or quartz. IS poisonous to the tissues because it is slnvvlv dissolved m the lhmU of die body, U e n a i n i y the muj ont v of llu- experi ment al observations suggest a chemical injury, hut it ;s r]j!ii- cult to underst and how enough of such an insoluble sub-iancc as q u a r t / could he ( h ' s n h e d wi i hm eight hour s to produce a well marked, acute inflammation. It solubility were tlie only factor one should discover a more active response a l t e r the injection of the more readily soluble silicates, hut such is not the case. F o r merly it was held that silica produced its cfleet mechanically. The hare; sharp quart/, particle-' were believed to ahrnid the lung surfaces and exeue the mrmatton of sear tissue as a manifestation of healing. 'This theory is no longer tenable for when animals are injected with other hard, sharp particles like diamond, car bo rundum or aluminum oxide, there is no inllnirmiatmn and practicallv no u rination of scar tissue. Ult imatel y it may he shown that the irritation of silica o due to some unrecognized property po-mldy related to its atomic structure When quart/ particles are inhaled they produce three specific effect" which are not excited by a n y ot her type M dust vet studied. They alter the behavior of the pul monar y phagocyt es; they stimulate the. formation of circumscribed nodules of scar tissue: and they subsequently increase the susceptibility of the l ung to infection, espe cially tuberculous inicction. H i a g o o U s that ingest too many q u a r t / particles arc killed by this it citatum sub-dance. As the cells die they liberate their burden and several new phagocytes come out to take it up agai n Iy a repetition of this process enough phagocytes accumulate so that many of them ingest ouiy a lew particle*. Undersuchcircum stances the stimulus is not strong enough to kill but merely accelerates tin- motility of the cells. The> naturally tend to Icave'lhe air spaces, enter the lymphatic ves- st K and accumul ate in tin* Ivmph nodes This process heroines more rapid under the mil ur nr e o) the i rritating silica and very considerable numbers of particles arc corisequentlv localized in the nodes After six nr eight vcais the quartz m thenodes has caused amar ked o v e r growth of the fibrous elements in these structure'*. Ultimately the reaction develops in such an extent that the unde is entirely replaced by a mass of coarse. glas'V scar tissue fibres, often several linn-s as iarge as the original node. Such inubaes e n croach upon and compress tin- Ivmphatic v v >m -K. T h e drainage system of the lung is choked and effective removal of subsequently miiaicd dust is gradual ly din midi cd 1PM now accumulates around the lymph \>scK and sheets of scar tis>ue develop in tins location. These preliminary changes do mu constitute tnc disease, silicosis; ;h, . uvnivc only the Ivmpiutie svstein. 'I he r espiratory I h s i u s ;m: not anpreei.iM \ ,t< --fed. In good s t e m X- r a y iiims t hc' c preliminary changes may he viMiali/id as a t hick ening and beading ol the shadows east by the blond vessels together with a wi den ing of the shadow of the root of die lung. T h e Mood vessels are thickened because the most important Ivmphatic vessels course t hrough their walls. T h e F a d i n g is duo to the iiuuule nodules of Alicnth: scar tissue in the lymph nodes within the lung-. Th e root shadow is widened because of the silicotic reaction in the Ivmph nodes in this location. if still more- dust is inhaled it can no longer ho effectively carried off thr ough the Ivmph vessels. 'I lie phagoevtes now carrv it into the wails of the air spaces. Often the ceils group themselves in nodules hut sometime* they arc scattered. In these locations the silica again stimulates the formation of scar tissue Tkv result is a general thickening of the septa between the spaces and Modulation t hroughout the umctioual portion of the lung. This change seriously interferes with function as interchange of gas cannot take place through the thickened walls of the air spaces and tlie tissues lose their normal elasticity. I.css involved air spaces dilate and their walls stretch, producing the condition known as emphysema, which is aKo i ncom patible with efleetive respiration. M itli the formation of silicotic nodules in the functioning parts of the Inner the .tiled m c\ i mC this sw.-t.meo produced iiiiiU' nnwdedee tissue damage. pr|vOiM'|s in Certainly the hut it is <i<?:i:i.irtZ could he immatinn i: response alter be ca<e. I; rie hard sharp to the fnrnialunger ten J d o anuuu!, carhouo mrination hca is due to ts which are havtor of the imcluies of scar infection, espe- this irritating w* phagocytes eh phaeoevtcs ' such orctiin- ' the mi ; 11ity vinpi:; me ve< rapiid iridi r ' of I'.ar t .CIVS ii.irkr.l h u t elioti rlev elf 'ps e. gin ss\ scar n<idule- c u u of tiie bing 'lv dunim died '' s Vin_v dev clop thev ii. \ o :\ c .My a f:(cted. i as a ;luck\ ith ,l w at-'iiketied h r Cull'C .ic heading iles w it h in the m the lym ph l off through lie air spaces. 'Cattcrcd. In The result n t h r o u g h o u t with function lie air spaces date and their ' a l s o incom- thc lung the / disease. sdicosis, is saul to begin. ()n tin; X-iay him sneli nodules cast clear cut. uurau siuul*)\\s ,\> t he> mcr c a' c in numlu-r and si/e they bb-t mil the lormrrlv accentuated linear shadows m the hlood vessels. In a well mar ked ease both lung lieuis may he thickly seeded will) Immireds of stieh sharply delmed, rounded. lindular shadows. Wh e r e there is emphysema. often at the bases, no mar ki ngs are vi-nble and the film appears black. Th e c n d i i M i of silicosis is a progressive niie and it continues to develop after a man lias left his dusty occupation, hu-ruuis results only follow, however when he leaves with many nodules m the lime tissue itself As such nodules increase m -uzc they replace i mportant innetioiial elements. Obviously the continued g r owt h ot only a lew nodules situated m the lymphatic system could have little eliect other than to increase the obstruction already present. Th e serious par t 01 m Iicoms is us i mj n e n l complication by tuhernilosis, '1 his * may arise trom reactivation nl a pre-cMstani latent infection or it may result from a new infection from without. The dancer of infection increases with the amount of silicosis present. T h e course r,f 11;<r infection in (he silicotic is usually chronic / and it often fails to produce characteristic symptoms for months or years a m r its onset. Many- times it s accidentally discovered m routine X- r a y c \ a u u n a t ; " n <u groups nf active workmen. Ilowevcr. evidences of disability .ire much more marked in silicotic individuals with infirtmit than m those with uncomplicated disease. Occa sionally tuberculosis may run a very acute course m the silicotic subject but tins is also true m other persons. Th e cause oi the susceptibility of the silicotic lime to tuberculosis is not perfectly understood, but it would seem that the action oi the silica on the tissues creates a medium favorable lor the growt h of the bacteria. 'The tubercle bacilli multiply and a slowly progressive tissue reaction ensues, hut the usual clinical sympt oms (lf tuberculosis are often held in abeyance lot* a long time because the chances for absorption of poisonous products or infection are mini mized bv the obstructed Ivmphatie w m c i i i It is also possible that some of these poisons may he absorbed on (lie -diea panicles, as ( ' ummi ns has suggested, L'iti- mately the infection earns the upper hand, suiiploms develop and death from tuher- ciilo-is ensues. t d lie only other type ot diM wiurii is ceneinllv t v t ogui / ed as a cause ' severe pul monary injury is asbestos, a silicate of magnesium. I lv,s substance is nhrous in charavlir and is more readiiv soluble than quart/. Apparently the |Sotec!ive upper respiratory mechanisms seem inadequate to prevent the inhalation many such Imres and even (pule lone ones mav pern-irate into the finer bronchia) tubes. 1 hew structure* have irregularities in their walls which seem to bold the fibrous dusts. In this location the asbestos particles are surrounded and iimested be phago cytes. 1 be cells do not seem to be partu nlai ly irritated for they are not espe cially immerous imr do they t inmate rapidly into clumps as in llie case of p h a g o cytes dealing with quartz Apparent l y most o| them c ar r y their burden of asbestos fragments d n r r t l v into llte wall' of the tubes in which they he. 'The mildly irri- t:1111:: dust sets up a proliferation oi the eoiineilive tissue cells m the walls result- i11j; in coil.ir-l;l;e t l mk e n me ot die n-b.-- i . m e t : < of tl'.o new i m i n u l m tissue naiT'-ws or ckse- the lube and tlierehy `.huts up the ingress m air to the more peripheral air 'pace-. These spaces then collapse, a condition known ns atelectasis 'bliis in itwit is a cause ot hhrosX or scarring <>f 1uncr tissue, 'bin* result is a iibro-ds of numerous relatively small are.is in the lime due to the collar-like constricting burn-os about many small terminal kronelu.d tubes. *]'lie lymphatic system seems to )lay little part in disposing of aslicstos dust a m L ^ - v ; nisiiniiicanl amount s of this dust arc found in the lymph node' X<.f a few eases of asbestosX die of tuberculosis or br onchopneumonia but the prevalence of the lornier infection is ptohably much lews common t han in si!cod?.. Surveys ot large groups ot ashe-ms wor ker s fail to reveal such a high incidence of tuberculosis ns found in similar studies on silica workers. The inhalation oi unusual amounts of non-dlieeous dusts apparentl y fails to pr o duce sieinticaut alterations in the lung. It is of course possible that injurious ones may ultimately he discovered, hut none are recognized today. T h e imn-siliecous particles enter (lie lung and arc invested by phagocytes as in the case of quartz. The ceils are not stimulated to move very rapidly and as a consequence many ot them remain within the air spaces for a l one time. Some, particularly (hose con- 26 1 IkCiMy - l h i n i . i):>nnil A u / p / v u Oi.'tjrrss--- `Xa!jojhil S i i j c l y Loiiucil t ammq relatively lew pait i cl cv i i u 6 : :11>*ir way into the lymphatic .sy.slem and necu- :: mat e m the lymph nmlc>. In Munctent >.i.invm rat n *u. nr pci'hap.-. I n e a u w il'_y arc mixed w 1111 Mnall .un-miits ni -diea, they >ct up <i low yradc. nMit-pru.ure>si\e chrome i.-iammatmn. h u t tins reaction rcMUL' i>I\ in a little thickening in the lymph nodes a i d about tlie lymphatic veS'-cL. Th e hmy tissue may he variously piemcnlcd, I,,ack trom coal nr red i mnt neii. 1-m okto n no i\>rmalimi ot - r ar UsSUC that ltd'" utc> with function. The .susceptibility to tuberculosis ut the person with such pig mentation is not increased Inn it ;. apparently quite definite that pneumonia is unduly prevalent in coal niincis ami tk.at viumme bronchitis results from the- mhala- f .:t ot cctuent. Th e X-ray hints ot men vvnrkme m nun-siliceous dusts shows either m-lmne, at all <r a mor e or less mar ked accentuation ot the linear shadows cast hy the hlood \esscls. This, uf course, is due to the chronic imlannnatory changes about the l unpnai i c trunks m u a l U ot blood vessels. I he eliects ot mixtures of tree stuea and wm-siliccous materials arc less cieariy -Vimcd and should receive m-ae ce nous attention. It would seem unwise to assume. has been done m the past, that the nvu-sdiccuus substances serve only as inert diluents and that only the quart/, component ot a dust is <u significance. irlxpcri- mental and clinical data a i c acoummat ine winch sueecst that at least mmuc. other i mt s may materially modify the action of qua r t / . both in U'' capacity to produce ; oiu],ir Imrosis m the limes and to increase tiio 5u5ccptih1111> to tuhci'cnlosis. I*or example, animals inhalmq heavy concentrations ot a mixt ure oi equal parts ot pure sihca and hematite dust for ciyht hour s a day over a period of 14 months have shown not even the slightest indication ot nodule formation in the hum. whereas pure quart/ dust, inhaled for only two hours a day. produces definite undulation. It a.'O seems to he true that animals mu.mm: such n mixture arc much less susceptible to tuberculosis than those e\m-->cd to pure quar t / . In the ease of the h u man iron rimer, .some limes show definite silicone tmdiiiation. others only a very few nodules and many no nodules at all. Ah e.xh hit heavy deposits of iron particles with a annular connective tissue reaction. When these undines can he correlated with civWical analysis of tin: hum t : - ' a es and the appr oximat e amount of rock work* v.'licit th-v'C minors have p e r n - mu d . '--ine relationship between the exposure to <;..ea and the h h m u s nodule r - r ma l mn i :::i v i-r i-stahlisiied. Tuberctilu-us in these ir. a ii;iiur< t< apparcutlv less prevalent and mueii less severe than in men exposed t * p ' i r mi r n. Wh a t has been -mid of iron mat ers is also probably' tru< m loundry workers and oal miners. It w ecr.eranv accepted that men m the latter occupation have h.'-s tui*rreuiosic than tin. avei.me for ti'c ;u:c period; l nnmiinv behoves that t.u-y have the imeetion hut that u is s<> atypical and bemipi m Us niamfestations p-;u it (`cape's diagnosis. M< r.tioit shouhl also he made o; mixed dusts like certain slates ami pr a mt e f ' ,:;iiiniq kir.ee amounts o| i n r <il:ca m eom.httiation with shicates b'xpermwntally -e siihspiiiees I'-cliave atypu ii!> ami do not produce muluiar fihrosic unless there is e ompi i e Mmt r infection. 'I he same mav ;d>o iie true in iuiman hemps Imqucs- t -:*a i 1\ such dusts are capable of prminemc ivpse.d sdicotie nodules :u.r, u.ev pre- in'- -im' to t .ilw i min. . -c. 11 r :'!:e;;: tr.udt.Oi.u \\,\ \ snniiid i n rive tuuc.n im re mtei;si\e study to elariiv -vir views on tin* whole subject At the pivsent time it a p p e a r s that the action of their q u a r t / component ts modified and paitiaiiv neu tral ,/cd )>v the other substances winch they contain. Using Exhaust Systems and Respiratory Equipment To Protect Workers Exposed to Dust By S T U A R T W. G U R N E Y and D A V I D S. B E Y E R Liberty Mutual Insurance Company, Boston T h e spanker said in pa r t : A number of our states have had r c i e mi r e s to (lust elimination in their labor laws for n pood many years, hut no state has as yet tl'.r*uph!y enforced these law.'.. Th e codes of live states which we investimated provide that prindinp. bulime and pol idumr wheels should ho exhausted, although two of the slates exempt from these provisions wheels on which water is used. T w c u i y - t h i r d / l a n i t a l S a f e t y L a n a r e s * -- Abi l i o m t i S a j e t y C o u n c i l ibas; revalue)) few partidle., make their way hito the lymphatic .system and aecu- ilrii: m the >mj>h m;dc<. In MUhciciU i mu c u t \ atem, or pihap because they .nc \ cd with ^n u amount o silica, tilt ) set up a low t .i1*. IMU pium'.'ssive dlluilic i,u))ii.iti''ii )hu ifus reaction ri' -nl'.'- only j<t a h u l e t^i.t-nni;; t tin* lymph ules and about the lymphatic \ e -"C>. {he Jone ti^i: may he variously |>U'inetiled, nch -oj:> i-al or red r<*tn trun, bul thcic i un nnnnti on > m ar l isw that nter- i o wuh fmn lion. I K* >ui eptihihty t>' t u b cm<h "i s <n the pewou with such py- ientat)"H i> nut increased Iml l m appa r em)> quite delante th.it [iiiciminiis.i ?s nduiy prevalent :u cwd miners ami that t li mmc bronchitis re>tihs rmn the inhala- ion o u m c n l . 'i he X- r ay films uf men work mi* in non-sihecous dusts shows eithct sot li 1:1:; at all or a m u* or h> i.itLol . M u i t i u l m u o the l ima r shadows caU by die Mood vessel.-. ! Ills, of c om- e, i> due !<* the inllamtnatorv chauucs about the lymphatic trunks m wails ot blood vecis i he effects ot mixtures of tree silica and non-silieeons materials are less clearly iehued and should receive more M-rum attention. it would seem unwise to assume. a< has hceu lone m the past, that liie mm-siliceous substances serve only as inert 'hiueets and that only the quartz component of a dust i.s o steniiie.inec. Kxpiri- mental and clinical data ar e accumulatin'.; whirl sumaest that at least some other bnMs may materially modify the at turn ot quartz. both in it- capacity to prodt uc n!u!ar hht'o.-is in the limits and to increase tin: susceptibility in tubrculos! For example, animal', mbaliny lieavy concent t a t ihk of a mi xt ur e of equal parts of pure -dica and hematite duM tor eiyht hour s a day over a period m H m*'in!h have shown not even the slightest indication -.u nodule formation in the hum. whereas pure quart/ dut. inhaled tor only two hmir a day. provinces definite Modulation h also H'uns to he true that auini.ih hiladme such a n u x t u r e arc mu<h Ic moa -tiMc to tuberculosis than th>e exposed tr; pure q u m t / . In the rnv of the human no n miner, some htnys show definite silicotic undulation, other only a very few nodules and many tin nocales at al!. All exhibit heavy d<pnhs of iron partirlos with a cellular eonmetive tissue reaction. W l u n these fimlines can he oi related with d u m b e d analysis of the Iurn: tissues, and the appi ovimate' amount of j m k work which l!u-e m i u n s have pet n irimd, mur relationship between the exposure to sbt.i and the hbioux nodule l u n n i l o n may lie c<ah!ish<-d T n h e i ; id "> m these mmers is apparently less prevalen! and nun I) lcx severe than in tnui e \ p ' " e d to pure silica. What ha. h cu aid of iron m m e r s is also probable true of foiiu!r\ workers and ual minis it is eemt.iliv acc ep n d that n u n in the latter occupation have less tubeicnlni.s than the aver age for the ace period; Cummins believe llint they have the infection hut that it i > atypical and beniyn in its nu mi e Uu t i n u s that q escapes f|;ayiin<is. Mvnt-on should also fjc n u d e of mixed dnK like certain lates ami uranite containim: laree amounts of free silica in combination with silicates. Fx p o r n m utally the>e uh-taiHes hehnvc atypically ami do not province nodular fibrosis unless there :< complicatin'.: infcctinn. Tiie ame may aMo he true in human beiuiy. UnrpKs- tioiahiy uch duls are capable <>\ producing typical silicotic nodules and they pre- dispose i-' tuberculosis. Fr o m a theoretic.il standpoint they should receive much more m'vnsive study to clarify our views on the whole subject. At the present time i! nnpeam that the action of their q u a r t / compota nt is modified ami par t i al h neu tralized by the other substance? which they contain. Using Exhaust Systems and Respiratory Equipment To Protect Workers Exposed to Dust By S T U A R T W . G U R N K Y nnd D A V I D S. B U Y E R Liberty Mutual Insmancc Company, Boston T h e speakrr said in p.n t : A number oi unr states h i v e had rei*ne> s to <lust eliminalion in t lutr labor laws for a pood many ycais, hut no state has ;ix yet thoiajiiuhly o n i oned these laws. d lie o d t of five Males which we in\etie.atv*<l provide that ^rindint;. huflim; ami pol i dnny wheels should he exhausted, although t wo of the 5tatc exempt from th<e piovisimis wheels on which wat er is used. This seems ill-advi.scd, since a s t u d y of we t and dry RriiiuuiK ... _ Wi nsl ow and <u' ccnbmg has s h o wn t h at t he ajiplii.itinn of wa t e r does not f>y ;>n> means eliminate the dust hazard. ft may lie r e ma r ked that, with everyt hin; ; else equal, ;t high Malic, sucth-n wilt e'ise a [taller velocity at the point of or i g i n nt the dust, fume or eras t h a n a Ion one; hut this alone is not a measure of the effectiveness of any e xhaus t system Wisiousin has adopted the prineiple of specifying a limit to the mmt h e r of dust particles ni respirable size j>er culm' foot of air. After all, this is wh a t we are primarily interested in. to keep the dust contaminati on d o wn to a point wh e r e it will not he harmful. '{ 1k-s> variation* and conflicting provi si ons in state codes t mue l y relleel the gen- er.'d la<J. ol authoritative st andar ds . H is accordingly f or t unat e that definite step- arc now being taken by the Ame r i c an S t a n d a r ds Association to dev chip the propel basis for such codes. T her e are two committees working on this probl em; the Ventilation Code Committee, sponsored liv the American Society of He at i ng & V e n tilating Engineers. and the Exhaust Code Committee, sponsored hy the Inter national Association of Industrial Accident Hoards and Commissions. It is also ar ranged to appoint sub- commi t tees to t a k e tip five specific su b j e ct s : Ab r a s i v e cleaning, chromium plating, granite cutting, rock drilling, and spray coating. Itl admtkm, a Sub-Committee on Fundamental Principles of Design and Operation and Maintenance of Ex h au s t Sys t e ms will be appointed. The two most important considerations in an effective exhaust system a r c: !. Velocity of air (low; 2. A r r a n g e m e n t o f the inlets (front the st andpoint of n e a r ness to the dust source, shape, etc.). Many an installation that is otherwise all right (ails to remove the du-t success fully merely because there is nut enough a i r living dr a wn t hr ough t he system. In a series of tests that were conduct ed u n d e r actual wor ki ng condit i ons hy '1 heodore F. Hat ch, Depar t ment of Indust r i al Hy g i e n e , H a r v a r d School of Public Jlv.dlii a machine used in dre-sing stone was employed, and it was noted that with an air flow t hrough the hood of 2.10 cubic t'cet per minute, there we r e over one hundr ed million dust particles in the sur r o u n d i n g air. Wh e n the a i r (low was increased to a little over 2?() cubic feet pvr minute, t h e du-t concentration had d r o p p t d to h n i \ million, a marked i mprovement . As the a i r flow was f urt her incrc.i-i d. the dr op in du-t concentration was relatively sl ower, and it took a vol ume of about .ISO cubic feet per minute to bring the du- t cones u t r a t i o n down to ten or fifteen million particles per cubic foot, which was considered reasonably safe for this type of dust. It is accordingly possible sometimes t o take an installation that is not satis factory and. if the r emai nder of the syst em is well designed, hy mer ely s p n - l i ug up the blower or adding a larger one. to bring about the desired irsults. Anot her very important consi derati on >s to get the inlets of the e xhaus t system as close as possible to the source of the dust. The drop in efficiency as wc get further a way from the inlet is real ly s ur pr i s i ng to otic who ha s not studied the p r i n ciples involved. It should be i cmcmhercd that if we have the open end of an e x haust pipe or air duct in operation, the air tends to flow in from all sides, even from behind the opening. A- vve move a w a y from the end of the pipe. the veh city drops very rapidly, so that even nt a di st ance of five inches f r om the hood the velocity may he less t han 10 tier cent of t h at right at the hood inlet T h i s is the most important consideration to keep in mi n d and one which is frequently lost sight of in designing exhaust systems, ft is not uncommon to sec an e xhaust inlet a few inches in diameter wi t h whi r l ', the per son mak i n g the installation hoped to d r a w dust from a distance of several feet, hut the air flow even a foot or two away from the entrance to the inlet may lie negligible. * Still another important cnnsi dr r nii on ha v i n g to do with !hc de-ign of the in'et is the addition of a ll.mgc. T h e effect of this flange is to cut down the ai r that would llovv in from behind the opening, t hus drawingit nearly all from the front. Thus the efficiency of the system is substantially increased and tin' scope of the r x - hatisf extended appreciably, wi t hout i ncreas i ng the power consumpti on or ot herwise adding to the expense of keeping up the system. T h e r e arc also ot her consi der ati ons of pe r h ap s lesser importance. I-'or exampl e air cannot lie "pulled" from a distance by nu-reiv directing an exhaust pipe t oward the point in question, hut it can he "p u s h ed " or blown, directionally, for a consider- 2S y - i t i r d l a n i t a l S o f r l v ( fWt/r,-<s-- . Xt i f i onol S o f c i y Co nt i c i ! i?ilo distane.* i 1?i n p i i m i p h ' mn-> he u m 1 . u h ant . i ^ coi i s h iu d i r . e t n i e t h du- t 'unni (ho openi ne or thc e\h.<M' i i n M a n d firn. i o-li me i h r dt -xind n ^ n l u wi t h : !<nwr e s h a e - t \el ' u-i i y a n d p o w e r o :i- 1rri?;iftr.rt (han u o n l d he rc' jiured i) Mietimi h-uc u c c e depcmlc' l \i]>>n 1 hix p m n - p 'e h.ix npph'cd r i l e v a c e l e iu d i d i m e m a n n a ! e u n t a n i n m axhexlnx, u b e r e 11o e \ h a i n t iui rt is pj.'iccd at mie side nf th crii! and a Munii aie jet nt t h oppnxitc side n! t!'e drill, hl nui ne. r i c t u s t h tabli Uif':i" thc partii Jos dint \ wu b d )!y mi) dm-m i bis sjdi a n d licci tx th.cm back i nt <: th e\('.e.'''t It is a h n l a m e a p p l u d f. Pii.*tdr\ dtake-nnl n m h . O t h i T enns idrr .ita tix ni d r - d i a r a ia `d i m i si U ' - l n i i s include (ile cl nuiuat i* ci o( M n ; a i c ' s j r ) heud- . e m u r x . t!e j ir \ i - 1-i i r t 1 .tu- u;t doni s. ;md th ni.per e m n U i u U i ' U " i j m n t x ' A l a r e t i a r e jx a em r a l \ m i ;l.c t m--. in vi .il i.i lm n and mu " r u u t *- e x h n iK t U ' I r f r e , care rutili }< l a k m a n- d u i } h e \ In noi e m u lic i u i \ h c a d i nth-r Altee an c v l n i i ' t s m u n t Ictx lima ma. i i l u l if sln.uM ho ( o t e d he tnhiue ai tua! rlii't counts le se.- tlint th unsi in rcnd\ lu-me, cut d\\ii tu th de-'iicd pmut. and >uch ron.uN slimj-d he taLeu nt i n h r v n h al t er th installai imi ha< b.-eii inaile, te sce flint it is stili fn>u*ti>mm; prpr!>. din- lact th.it thc dit>t partirle; rh.it cause die t nmhl e a i e xmnll deal the\ are inMrablc umici or di nar e condili!)* ( fi-ss (Imii 1() ubcrons or l/Ahddi nt ;in meli 1:1 (liameter) nitrii inak.- it ha r d in m u me e th praetieal plaid i nnunerr thal d u r e A ;iin di)'! pre-ent : U ,i!mi malo il iitipMxxihh* lo teli, uiil-.mil tlu n- r m xp,-- eia! M'iriam-ut-.. w hetiu r t!n- cnmplcu 1 e \ hauxt x\xtrin is ai lu.nl \ rem" \ m e th du-t. It minili mi-: n dia an mi Ut Pi m i n in lellmc ih e t" x.t\ ti taf atter an e c h a u ' t 'Irai h;ix uni ( he< a iiixialifd il 'di*a11d 1lic Piauitaiiird in ucu-I nprt'aline, e'U<li 1infl !'{<.er. du- m !inCC"tN C.lM'N mie enrmint ei x in th plantx u In-i <.* tht x , . h u . i i t ma K nnt carne 1 '<;)}. mdiiMl`x diat il ix n ally mie n f th ma;p-r 1 1'11x1(1 r. itimK m 0 mi u t tini! -Aldi l lie d i n una f mn ni dftxi . T iimcv (.'asrc art* m >1 ntiUm n\ n vlieve tlu- li;.l'WCT h. lx in xt.Hae iiui'.iur h'-cou'e re\.<rxrd mi flint th a n - ix h< tue r ) e ( frd and diftuMne di e c h n t . rathift' than d i a u ine n in :, alu-c instaUex w lu-t e th cicncy ni d a s> xlci e h;ix hi ri : I nu r r e d -r it \ a h le nullifu d in e .e im: np. d 'A e- Ilillrc linft or u eat ine >nt f th pjjnnc. 1 tc . aia; all too o>00 iu 'li Oli e (. <uk\ rn. nf wiiich tin u n u i'x :1:1\ - 1Hlnr.lcu le e. liax ;t 'd nam )11\ Il! x1.1}\( d m "in' n itx n n i n r \ luiixt 'U nix xn 11,;1.1E (he forcina: t nt afe! 1 mari eat: il 11 at a eiatu e u h e t h e r tlu. re are an\ ih: ime ex thal wnuld ind ite .1, f-.ve.dv- do u n in th -yNt-in A l l xiu !i instai lai iops xjjnnhl ha e r i e tilar in-pccti' m x 1y\ sniiic- compo* tmii pi;t m i : i a- a rcmtinc pari ni tlicir i:|iI n P II u d l ' e *.uf'aeicnt lu-re tn rll'.OI.s rex pM'.ltui y equipiitenf \ ef \ )if ii .0 ' D u d i r p l r d fonti 0f d m -iimpinciil n thr idu r r i x p h a t n r . Sneh CC'pirat* *fs lia w n de l'utf* \ ; t l c e io r Imuporar) 11 -e si h. l i ;is X\^ eejnni tip. cleauine Hill hnix. X In 'Veline 11:.iteri a 1x. rie . 1..ut t i u - \ rcpni: e ea:e!nl li l i n i :e ami emixtant x t i p r r \ ix imi tn sre thal the> ar e lumie pi " p e i 1>' lisi d. It js oi;r opinion. 'alter \\ ah lune 'hi- vima re (.llorts in a tuimh-r ..i pian' (n ru:'o:(( dir u.e ni dir-.e rexj >1;a !<rs. ihat it is r.ith-r imprac\'.'.dde to rcipurc them lo Ih- \ud mi fall uic- n|i. u h m , (J;u i)"!iris |]>r Mieti, nndiTllu-e e<eidi 11<um. mi t!1 pilli. >iid\ padtin-' ihe 1 t 'pii ut' a a-mlr atid e,.r-piic: in fi .v .hi li'.e a fidi mt( ul u a'er ( filande, il tfn \ are fn heinul an'y ('<mi><h r;hh hneul ol imir, feeipjint rest ji-iiiul slsuihl hf alh'ucd ufn-re th ttu-n rati jtet ut infu tire fece air [ni .1 j\-u iiinMiir. ri M'fvhii)e:;l. I fu re aie ;ihn die lare'- ,iu-'<d lu ku uidi nlinh nuo! ni in .ire i.muli.11 i!-<d !"i x.uirlMaspnv. P . uiinii iia\e rii i.inivd {,. a Im.d ,!a!<- oi priiialmn I-i `die piuji..-.e- (<i wliuh d a '. a:<- adaplml. \\ e hclauc. ho u 'e wr . thaf /mali Mime ijm- cullili ho n u d e nd\anta': medy of die t \ pe ni apparai in tl:at ic< ft:uh\av Jirtui'en di r Jjlfrr re^pi 1a !*1* and die an -fed Indine!, nanuly, th aedu. a i c - n d n';e.ratr d i l u i i m u r i th<* lume a ini tumuli atu! leave' th ro.d nf th face e.\p"M-d \ \ itii a lielu iioxe alinclniu-iit. du< d n i u ' o h e r s con-mleraMe freednm nt mnu' iiuiil. and if air millets u e r c xnpphid <<n du.* lume omt!d he rjuirhly t r anxf r r r r d troni **ne nutlet lo auniher il un u i d seem lo he praetiV.ihlc ( use tln.nt m e r a cnn-idei.iMe a r ca Th e y affimi th ad\anl.e.;es nf a pure air supjd\ w i d u u t ecci'xMce umi-ht and uitJf>iii th redMCli!) ! ht eadi ine Chat-, jniposed hv t!u? filler respirat*-v. JJ II l tu l Uil Ilti _) The Mdical Supervision of Workers Exposed to Dust By w. j. McC o n n e l l , m .d . Assistant Medical Director, Metropolitan Life Insurance Co., New York City '1 Sic speaker said in p a r t : T h e haniiftthicss ot du- t s varies widely in a c c o r d ance with ilu* physical a nd chemical nature* ot e:u h individual -nb-uante, Ce r t a i n dii' ls an* soluble or slightly soluble in t he body Hind-, and l l u i r harmful effects are pi (.pi Tt h'fta! to the toxicity of the c ompounds l u n i n d f.ead. n a i a n r v . and a r - e mc ate exampl e- of poisonous du-t. Ot h e r dn-1 - vxcvl t hen h a r n u u l i llcets 1*.ifv un tlu* >ku\ and mucous memb r an e s and throu.cb n r i u t i o u t o flu* respi rat ory ]. ai;c\-.. ( limnie aci<l and alkalies ar e exampl es. Attention recently has keen rail ed to the: probably harmful effect of dusts arising from radio-active ore". A fourth ^ruiip ot dusts which are in-oluble or very difficultly soluble in the body fluids may initiate harmful pathological hint* conditions. T h e s e may he subdivided into mm-ft brusi s and {duo-us pr oducing dusts. '1 he o r g a n i c du-!>, mainly t he vegetable fibers, such as cotton, jute, hemp, etc., a r c n<m-(ihrosts producing dusts. T h e fibro-i- producing lusts arc limited, so far a.s we have evidence, to a few of the i norganic mi ner al duo-, such as free silica, cryst al l ine silicon, luart/. and cert ai n combined si l uat e - . Of the f t L r i t * producing dusts, tUn-e havi ng a high per centage of tree silica arc admittedly (he most i mpor t ant Ix-cansr expo- ur e over a period of year s to Mich lusts distinctly predisposes tiie individual to tuberculosis. The effectiveness of dust Control measur es in pr esent i ng di-ca-es p r o d m i d In du*ls c m he determined only by careful phy-ical exami nat i on ot du* worker.- >* e x p i r e d under the gui dance of compet ent medical sup*r \ i - i on I be b<ti./iN w i t c h accrue to tlte employer and employee. alike, as a remit of the physical examination of all applicants for employ meut, as well as periodical exami nat i on of tla-so already engaged, would indicate very careful con-bdm at ion by industry oj a p r og r a m for control ot sickness. Such a procdai e p r o t t s the empl oyer ir->ni e n g ag i n g an applicant a h e a d y physically nr ment a l l y impaired who later may claim d' -;d h f for a condition either nut associated with emplnvnu nt or contracted dm me a ptvw>>us employ tuent. The appli cant ' s physical and mental condition is a 1d i -u*<t and by kvepm.g record of his Mih-ec|ueut dlue*<es and accidents, the (jne-tion of r e sponsibility for injuries and sickness m a d never arise. Th e applicant is protected from engagi ng in wor k for which he is phy -ic.dly ill a d a p t ' d which, if u nder t aken, mi ght easily indue about ceri*a- i mpai r ment of his health. Fur example, an appli cant wi t h an arrest 1 tuberc-ab'-is who w* i wor k in a certain dusty occupation, if al l owed in engage in such vv<rk might r eadi ly convert an inactive tuberculosis into an active one: thereby endangering life or at least seriously i mpai ring tfie applicant' * future rffu.i*iu*y and earning; capacity Wh er e as llu* same applicant if assi gned to a position that involves no neh e x posure. might be expected to continue for years as a useful and productive w o r k man. The examination of applicants for employment likewise p r o i u t - those that are already employed from the rides nf communi cable di-ea-'e- Mali as iub<-reulo-is and various acute respiratory and other infections brim; inirodn*'! into llui r midst by a new applicant. Mam* of the younger individuals wh o seek employment have never before r e ceived a thorough physical examination and consequently are unaware of the d e fects from win'eli they suffer. .As a result p h y -irai exami nat ion-, many d e Ua t nri: located which mav be r e move d or cor rected before they have c.m-ed u i e p a r a h l ^ damage, tlaiehv iuerea-iug tlte efieii-ney of the wor ker and - u p o a v i i 'mg 1 finite and bnaly chronic di-case-. F u r t he r mo r e . incipwut tub* roil---i' im-tr-p fed d i s eases of the heart, kidneys, and a host of aller d i se n t of a -e.ndar n.\tur*-. ar e discovered and the applicant r efer r ed for proper medical varc and treatim nt wliieh otherwise might have hecn postponed until too late. Of even more i mpor t ance t han the initial phy-ical examinai!'*'.) of appli cant - i< the periodic exami nat ion and car e of ol d employees by an i ndu- f i y. Such a jrcedure .serves to check the efficiency of preventive mcn- ui cs dc-igeu'd i n prevent occupational diseases. It offers the most effective way of coiitrolhm; the health of 7 '< v r n / \<-/Jiii d .7 nniial S i t j c tv Loitfirrss--'NalioHiil .S M /r ' v C'oiuinl Dr e e groups of workers by discovering early not only occupational di-wases. but many other c oal i ti ons that r-o undiscovered until the wo r k e r is acntclv ill or be comes r11s;1111c<1. it* the vaiions contagions conditions yo iin i a mini zed others hecome infected, thereby r,mshv-t serious economic. loss, as well as endaneenn. q the health of a iiroup of iudi\duals. Th e information obtained from physical examinations affords Mu* medical snper\ isnr the opportunity to make certain that employees are dumped in suitable work out of wlneh they are ueUine maximum results, to correct the effects oi niuiue rv- 'sure to h a r mm l rit\ ironmenta! conditions, and pencrallv to lessen all occupa tional h a / a n l s As a puhhe health measure, it is impossible to over-estimate the \ a l u r of pei lodie exami nat ions in cstablishum interest in sickness prevention T h e set-up of a proper pr ogr am for medical control nf wor ker s exposed to dust depends upon Mu* number of employees involved and individual plant conditions A s enes of articles under the title of "T h e Medical Depar t ment Ma n u a l " by Dr u t K. usher, appearin' : m cm rent numbers of '`industrial Medicine." eives a c o m prehensive account of the organization and operation of a medical department. 1. Idie establishment of a medical d cpai t ment with adequate facilities a nd med ical personnel who have quahlied in the held of industrial medicine. A process analvsis of all operations in the plant should he made and the medical supervisor should list all possible health hazar ds and familiarize himself with their pin sioh-eieal effects. If necessary, lie should conduct research studies to determine the harmful effects of new substances introduced into plant processes about which little jx known In cooperation with oilier departments, he should investigate the extent of the hazards and devise measures of control. 2 T h e cmi i n e examination ni all applicants for empl o\ ment. T h e procedure should include a detailed history of the applicant's previous illnesses and accidents class-hied under f a ) diseases of childhood. (ID general infectious diseases, fcJ r c s p u a i o r y duraM s. fd> venereal diseases, and ( c) accidents and reu?tincr physical defects A (K tailed h i sp u v m previous <u cupations r n p a cc d m is very i mportant. statement of the t\ pc of mdiisirv in which the applicant was eneneed has ht vali :r. ii ;mv. T h e r V l i ' l duties pe r i ni ni rd m each occupation should lie .d and in fo rm a t i o n ;asi ei t.1li H i 1 s to die probable i t npt h ol exposure to hazard- smista: ;ces \ tte r t hi* I li- !' >rv iias hern l.d.tn and a phot ograph for identikcai pn rp o -rs ( i l pai t ol i o n lin e ) is noi i r, the applicant slmuid iie <lirected to tiu* t i t i l l i l i rn. mi vv here ite is insti' tried to i etiinve Ins clolhine ' n r nhvsical examexaminat \>-n should in* made as complete as is considered ncceSsarv lilt' applicant's plnsicnl condition. leant lia s been or w i l l he e xposed to dusts vvliii.li m d w r b m p d is - ,r\ p i i t m c oi tiie uiest is an im portant part of the e x a m .n atio n T h i s < v a m m a l ioit nia' lie r e ie rre il to an experien ced f'-n iie e .n c io p is f . as dins h h i Ii ' mI of d ia g n o s i s depen ds up on the tvpe of p u l m r s t a k e n and e 1'i Ilie leader who iu l e i p ii l s {hem Mho e xa m in in g p h \s ir i;m also :d i ! i ' ' n a l u i i o r m . i l mu o b t .i w r d hv l . i i i o i a t o i v a n a l v ' - -a the M i n d , in me. T h e s e a id s to d i a p n o s i s s h o u l d he p r o v i d e d w m a d e a v . o b o d i i r m i m e .uni p' ac cmenl of a ppl n ani s. Tu c o o p er at i o n . !1h the P erso nn el ilcpat t m e n i . di r apphr . i ni slionld he r a t r d a nd pl.accd. u->t on!v i ; ramim: and past r x p r i u n r r s . hut a No <>n !u-> piivsica! a n d m r n t a l a h d i l i r s in i m o w s oi c u r - r m e troni l i me to tinic ddic r e c o r d oi bis Mu s i c a l a nd i nculai exammal i on should he t h romai ci )! ;.d p r o n r r t v ol t h medi cai d e p a r t me n t . 4 IVrmdic. d plnsir.n cxnmmations. ddie trequeney of periodkul rxaminations nr c r s s a n i i must depond npoii individuai circumstances accordimi to th ncod for sudi r xami nat i ons as drlrrminrfl hv th superv isim: phvsician. Wlicre phvsieal examinat i"iis aie macie l'or th iirst lime, tho emplovces of Ione: staudim: shnuld he e iveu ampie <*\planai ion ..f th henchts of sudi oxaminntions and he pivcu assur- aners that {lini j ohs m e srctirc. a. f'rovis'r.n for th disnhled. Kmpl ovrcs who d e v d o p disahil il ics dui in u llic coiirsc of rinploxnu'nl slir.nld he re-assipned tri ricciipat ops which wiil noi interfere with or migravate th dis.diihty. or thev should he prov ided for n other wavs. .injnrR X.fr.xr enty-third . 1initial S t i ff l y Coixjrrss-- National S a f e t y Council The Dust Hazards in Industry tdy DR. R. R. S A Y E R S dical Officer iti Charge, Office of In dustrial H y g i e n e and Sanitation, U n i t e d S t a t e s P u b l i c H e a l t h Se r v i c e , W a s h i n g t o n , D. C. s peaker .id in part : Kealizmg the i mpor t ance of the dust pi oblcm in \ tin- Uni t ed St at es 1hiMic Heal t h Service in cooper ati on with the Bureau es began its 11r " i n d y of the health of wo r k e r s m du-tv trader* m IVU, miner* of Jopl i n, Mi ss o u r i : and later, in 21/23. the: Publ i c He a l t h Service ated a series at duM .studies. '1 h o e later Mmbcs were all conducted in the aimer in order to permit as detailed a comparison as possible between the in\ vr.tigat i>ai.s. ly, these n n l l i o d s of stud} may he divided as follow^: (1 ) exami nat i on to ie the general physical condition of the workers under observation; ( - ) Oivsical e xami nat i on to d e U n u m c the prevalence e>f specific diseases of the rv system and the l ung pat hology resul ti ng from e x p o s u r e to the particular a r d ; 1 3) r e co r d of the n a t ur e and severity of the di sabling illnesses; (*2) and detailed study of the occupational environment; (5) occupational statistics relating to the specific dust; and (o) autopsies, irst six intensive investi gati ons carried out hv the Servi ce dealt with the : workers v\p<.svd to dusts in a ceinent plant, granite cutting industry, ? and bituminous coal ruining, silverware manufacturing plant, cotton cloth trmg. and in municipal street sweeping. Brief studies were later conducted ) slate, granite, marble and talc ipiarries, while more recently a rather study of the health of anthracite coal miners was completed. "is dn-t 'tudies s h o wed dial the wo r k e r s in the g r a n i t e c ut t i ng plants i \po-sfd !> the highest dii'T cuiUx.ntrati*'ij.N were found to suffer from an pul mo n a r y tubet culosi-s af t er 15 years or mo r e of e x p o s u r e and developed ''ini 2 to 10 r ear s, h i the group exposed to a lesser a mo u n t (if dust, eve loped onl y after prol onged exposure, with no excess of tuberculosis. :nd that a close relationship existed between the degree of dust exposure xtcut and severity of the pulmonary damage. Anthracite coal miners o m d \ s p n o o a a n d o t h e r signs of pneumoconiosis and exper i enced a high spiratory sickness; in addition, an excessive mortality from influenza- a n d possibly t uber cul os i s .was found. Bi t umi nous coal mi ne r s experincralized fibrosis of the lungs and an excess mortality from influenza mia. Cement wor ker s showed some signs of early pneumoconiosis with >i diseases of t he u p p e r r e spi r at or y tract. On t he o t her hand, wo r k e r s i cloth and silverware manufacturing plants and municipal street sweepers ve n r respiratory conditions ami other illnesses when compared with industrial population. Hint. F o r five year s, t he United St ates Bu r e au of Mi ne s studied lead ters in the Tri-State* District, Oklahoma. The ore here is high in free ic 7.722 men e xami ned, a g r o u p of 1,0-17, or 21 3 per cent, was definitely . having silicosis, nut including those diagnosed as having tuberculosis, i diagnosed as having first-stage silicosis had worked an average of l i h o - r men Marling in the mines af ter -JO vears of a g e wo/ k o d an >uly *S vears : of rock drilling in subway and tunnel construction in New ^ ork me respect s si mil ar to t hat of some of the activities in the h a r d rock tst in so far as t he m.i nner in which d i M is evolved, (lie type of resultant hazard. Recently the Jesuit of a study of rock drillers, e x c a v a t o r s w a s r e p o r t e d by the Xc w Vvrk Tu b er c u l o s i s and Heal t h A n e x a mi n a t i o n of 2nS rock drillers, bl asters and e x c a v a t o r s showed S7 per - u n t i/f the men had silicosis m various stages ot progressi on, of most of these men (75 per cent I had been for 2u t e a r s or more. X o studv* of the heal t h of snndblaMcrs ha.s hern r e p o r t e d in the , however, a study of the duM exposure of sandblasters was recvntly the United States Public Health Service in cooperation with the Otuirrx S\'ction o5i, National Safety Council. Phis im estwMtion indicated that, judged hy tito nature of the d m t and decree of the exposure, a real hazar d cx'Ats in thus occupation. This static ;ihu hrnt/.uhi oat the hu t that it is possible to conduct wandMastiny u ith safety. provided p r o p e r h designed ami well maintained equipment X u-ed. >'ui/`'iiuu .uMi.c S i h e t/ fl'c/;.a.r. Must of the data on silicosis have been patiwred inn)] studies made both in industry and experimental i\ on d m A cou'uimnq nee silica in the twim of quart / . Such studies h;n e Juen made m the q r a m t r indnsliy, p u i mn trades. Iiard /'eh dt'dlin.e. etc Ther e are ot her free silica minerals m eM-stcma ti-.al are not er\sia!line in nature hut of an a moi phuus e- *n:;u<sp>n. In Santa Ihiibara ( o u n t >. ( kd i mn u a . then* cxi-t- the kiryc-t and purvst d:mni:ta<v..us silica (Up'-sit in the world. ( his substance consist- ot about K.' ;or cent tree siiiea hec^utlv an r\amiii;i!icn was made >n lbS wo r k e r s .'elected am one those cmjdoved U " than 1 >ear. } to 2 1 cars, 2 m 5 .wars. and more titan 5 wars. All of the wo r k e r s were Mexican laborers and tiie exami nat ions consisted ot \-ra> d. t er mi n at i o n s Social and medical histories, and clinical exami nat ions of the cbist*, I hjs{ iK t enmu.it ioii< were a h o made j>m tliesc were not reported, The out-taudiny f i at nre r e \ e a h d h\ the examination wa- the splendid physical condition ot llie men. Ki ehty-four per cent of the workers were repoil ed in (.xcellciu pin steal condition. It was found that of) men showed siqns <,f ear!> pneumoconi osi s; )5 were it) the moderately ,uh itiuvd sta.ee and 0 hi the advanced -t.vac l h n latter Imdima was nm-vne wor ke r s with a history of exposure of marc than a w a r e i htsl I / azxml in the Cnni it c (Jinury / a. / ni h y. It is a common belief that " r a mi e qnarrwn.e is not so daily* rnu> an inda-urv as yr a ni t e cutting in wk'Iu.sed sh.eds; qua r r y w*rk -A done outdoors and henc" n m not be attended with very much dit't exposure. However, certain q u a i r v operation* requirethe Use of pneumatic tools, which are usually associated with the formation of considerable quantities of dint. It was thought that a study made in a represent.ili\ c emmt e quariw niieht cast M-inr hudit on mir pruhUm Xce-a'diuely. a 'tud.v of a chnie- radi>o:rajatic nature of f o <juarriers was made and occupational dmi exp.wires were also i j. t .i imd dd.e du-t determinations show that i wa r h 5S per cent, of the workers ( d n i l e r s i w u v exposed to man> tunes the amount ot di M co mi d e r u i safe at the pre-wu tune. I >r 1111 rs were th.e only persons showine pathologic !uuy ehanecs ] Jail of thc'C \ \ mk e r > with an exposure of 5 to 19 w a r s had silicosis, and A u f the 5m< n witlj l imi t t han 20 >enr< ot such t r ade liie showed lids condition T h i s stud; s u e m s t s ;h.;u quar ry diiilers may experience as Inch ,i death rate from puhu- . na n tuberculosis as do pneumatic-tool wo r k e r s in erani te enttme -heels. / An a ; .' ifstf Ma i h i e Pu.<t. The puhnonarv hhia.tie d Ki mi o due to the iuh.duihn: <e mai hl e dust appear to he skein in comparison with those caused h\ sP.m. dusj ceiitaimnii a hiiih percentage of silica in the form of quartz. A recent stud;-, made l\ i h amont; marble wor ker s showed that a' lliutieh marble <l\:st. when i nkahd in com i Mirations a\ er ayriue ahotit 25 million particles per cubic mot of ;hr pc.d'.icrd a mdd hi iat ir ah linear hbroMs in a certain n u mb e r of ;lw S(i men (xamux.d. im serious Um (diauyes were notul and there was no di>ahdu\ due to .tlu d ; t . m i l a f t i r many \ ca r s oi exposure tm-ire than dh year s in Minn ca- e- ) . d'h<- marhie d m t umler consideration consisted ,,f AS per cxrU calotte ;ual 2 p. r ecu: doleimt.. with fir; silica pre-cut. / f ust //,::,/>tl hi . U ' / i/mvc hitliKlry. Aui t wi .d u l i n i - n c i arc wiilch- used in i ndu-tiy au<l for this reason the eilett ri the inhalation of dusts pioduccd in the ui.niiu.it I:!i e or pr eparati on of these products is of p u a t importance in if;25. l (JJb .md a-.:.tin in I ' uJ. Dr ( lark of the Xk.i'tou t k t u p a n y at W o u a U e i . Ma ss , mad- liacsli'.-.id'-in oi wor ke r s exp o wd to .hmnninm oxidi and silicon ..ulede dust produced in the manuf act ur e of yr i udme v.liwk. wliieU showed tliat ilmuja a p. i i.>r1 of 15 >cars there were proportionately twice as many cases of puhe.ouaiw tuber- cuh'-is a mo: ;et those w o i k m e in the .ila.'i\i diM depar t ment s as m rio[fartu:outs where no a(*ia-i\e ilii't riceur/ed In )A>1. K< ") cr . ot New* Ji r sey. iepor:>-d the occurrence of mut lb(l c n - o of .dleeed s : l m H ' in the alirasi\o powdw.' r'du-arv. m wbiili the dust consisted of 99 p<. r cent fr.o silica I /. x ilti'iil,' I >mt It lias been the belief that the inhalation of du-ls .-'tnp< im <1 a Hu ates (combi ned si hea) . in Coinpai i-oii with sdie'a t f t ee o l u a in lb form .f ( p u n t / ) , was itmoemajs ()i u c u i t \ v a r s many i m i'lie.itor.s h a \ c become eopni/aiit oi th.e ha/arls oi silicate diM exposure. A'l-cslosts. a fibrosis i xccufy-thtni J n m n i l S i ije ty C o/o/nw.v-- X u / u n m l S a f e t y L o ttn a l v Itm^s caused by the inhalation ot asbestos dust, ha* already been described in its cluneal ami rocnie Moyr.-mhic manifestations by ins estimators in oilier -ics, but to date no s t u d i o b a s e been report ed in the Uni t ed Sl ates. Cement wine!) contain* about 22 per cent combined silica, has been studied, and the of the inhalation by w o r k e r s has keen discussed here. In Ma r ch , 1933, -eu. oi the Uni t ed St a t e s Public Heal t h Service, report ed the results of a conduct ed anioiiir t r emol it e talc ami slate wor ker s. T h e slate .lust to which w o r k e r s w i r e exposed consisted mainly cf silicates, t her e bein.LT less than rut of quartz in the d m i . 'I be talc was a hydrous calcium-magnesium silicate. -15 |k r cent talc ami 45 per cent trciuohtc. with no q u a r t / present. Th e of the >tud> st`i med to indicate a relationship lietween the a mo u n t of dust .md tb.e e k w l of thi s <hi>t on 11v lnue.s ,.f wor ker s. '/iO. iii .S///(/it's I\\c<. m!y. l.nn/n and \*am* e ' t u n a t ed t hat t her e ar c some w<rl..rs c nea ec d in t):e mining, tjuarrviiiy and man u f a ct u r i n g industries i-* 11111r\ in which an e x p o - m e to mIicu dust to a bartuful decr e e is en' I ' u i r a u . d ' si s m mo r t a l i t y experience ot twelve life iiiMiranee companies pciM-d I ' d s - l ' U n s howed that tlie actual nnii'taht> f r om r espi r at or ) luherainwiiu the 'dic.i e x p o r t ] persons wa> about t hree times that of a jionust croup. ii one consider* their data lor certain occupations in nut al md eranite and sandstone quarries, occupations known to be exposed to it'eniralioi;< of ha za rdous dusts, then the comparison is more striking, since al deat hs amMii" these w o r k e r s was found to lie ten times that of the e x eat tlis. Mur e detailed st ati st i cs on occupational mortal it y as r e por t e d bv the r-Cenvral of Kneland and Wal es 0921-1*42.3). and summarized by Prittcn. liieli rale ot 1.8SP per loO.OOO for tin and copper miners. wlule the rate occupied and r eti red ma l e s " wn.s only 150. Oilier occupation* with silica showed an excess the evidence ju>! p r e sent e d concerning the i njurious effects pr nduccd by ati'Mi 111 certain dusts, it is apparent that a knowl edge of t he properties cn dust whi i h determine its capacity to produce pulnioiian pathology is Numerous investigations of the industrial du*t jirohlem indicate that pi i ties m e the chemical am! mineral Meal composition of the dust. its tin in die indu-tri.d ati m-spl ure, and its particle dze. ear l ier port ion of t his discussion c\id-i;ce: was p i cs r u t e d whi eh indicated ose telatioii existed bet ween morbidity .md moi t al i t y rat es f r om various v diseases and the exposure to certain dust* in industry. In the study st ha z a r d in the g r a n i t e cntliimindustry, it was definitelyp m \ c d that direct r elation between t he magni t ude of the du.st exp o s u r e a n d sickness residtine from tuberculosis. it is quite evident, as a result of these at t he reined) of the du>t evil lies in the effective r emoval or Mippt e-Won t to concentration considered safe. However, no set rules may be c-tabthc mechanical protection to be instituted in an attempt to control iudus- Specific conditions encountered to be employed. in a pl ant will det er mi ne the type of utection of workers against certain dusts known to lie toxic may at . Tomplished by the substi t uti on oi a iK>n*to.\ic mat eri al for the toxic one. Ac of such a pr o c ed u r e is the possible use of a metallic or o t h e r type abrasive for sand in the sandblast me process in those operations in not essential to use sand, a substance lihjb in quartz content. Aipiin. ical enclosure of the du^l-c renting process also serves to protect the n excellent illustration of this type of protection is a/forded by the clhlust bar rel used in t h e i l enumy ot small objects. So me t i me s it is prot ect the w o r k e r by t he substitution <f wet for dr y processes, as wet cad of dry. In one instance, in the granite cutting study 4p r o ioitsly a n o p e r a t o r usini' a d i amo n d woint too} worked the stone we t ; the st a mo u n t e d t> 22 mil l ion particles per cubic foot. T h e same oper at or quested to work the stone dry; ure of 45 million particles per :\s aresult, die amount of d: M r e a d i e d cubic foot hi the weavi ng *! asbestos | been possible.* to r educe the amount of dust in the air by wet w e . i \ i n ^ j i of the amount present uh<n the process is conducted by dry methods.,| tuple of this pr ocedur e in allaying dust is the Use of a s p r a y of wa t er ( fliy. I \ .il / Itili : cv> in lecner ami jack- hamni er diillinu in ha i d PK*k. ahlxm^Ii th ncw t \ pe ni K*ri]\ diM iraj inm 111a 1uili imieli i.mm h*r dns kmd ni a n r k . *I*lie Kelly ira)) cmisist;, ni a metal diumbei d r - umed lo endose* th tirili su-el al th rock sm tace. No atlempt m inade tu si cure a medianica) svai n i d i th ruek or h et ucen th trap and (he drdi vice/. The du-'t is r eiuowd hy au air sl r eam and is c a r n e d uto an v \ i u n s t s\.stein cniuiecUd tn ihe trap. lcnpe ci dt M parlicles llirnueh npeiiin.'.'s he t u i e n die ime\eti rnek smiaccs a n i th tra] i' p r c o u l e d I) th au seal pendili ed n\ die mllnwiu" ,ur l e s i ' n u d e mi d m t rap midi r aetual uni ki ni ; euiiditi<ni' di<m tli.it th dust concentratimi al th u m k e r . s h n a d n m ; /mie mas l>e k. jJ dmn in le'--' thnn )0 indimi) partu'k's per enlne inni wilh a hi) ruhie inni pi i ninnile r.ite ni air lime t hrmiah th Imml l li h trap K a sUp l u i u . m l in th p:*-*i.un ni diM reumi d ; Irnv, ( u t . hi nudi r e nana) \ u- r l , "ia'}i a- ni mine-' .imi M huaw. dreir n ' t dl tiie i ued in s,,(u d.e pu.l.Rin ni r omp a t i d m i dnj ms. d iipupncul. Jn o n t an i l'ams, su d i a-* m th "aiidhl.i>inie ni larye castuum m "amihl.i>t n*mnv th p r a l i n a ! saie;anard In th w m h e r is In p m\ nle Inni u n i i a iii.'ok nr helme! lin jmMtne air pressure t\pe. In th s.indhhisl ui \ e st i ea t mn p n s m n s k invi- tintied. it cc.is immd thatwhen irnin 5 In h eiilnc h e t ni piaeticall) d ml - i r r e aie pi r ii,mute ar e ' i i p p l a d tn th l ulu. -t. tlie u m k u ' r e ce u es ideai pu>`o i m n ib>\v- ever. mie numi ,d\\a>s bear in mimi that tlu ultimale entern.ni ni pr..ledimi -linuld he tlie dmi ik lenniiialion ni th uir widim th Indmet d u r u m Mastini; ami nut tlu. ijiivintilv ni th .di -upply it-elt. in nnt 11u -; \ iTnees-es. l i r n u u t , tlie urnst e t l c d h e me.'iib ni tliM eliminatili:* are la. tue inv ni pruperK desiumed ( . di ami w n t d a i m n syslenis. Sinee m man' n->;.i!He u is dilucidi. cnstl\. and al times an muiecc-sar> procedure In runnu.- ai! th d m t in th ciciuity ni a u n r k e r . u e need limt tu di termine th ninimum amniint ni a t er l aa i diist \ di i di ine u n r k e r eau apparenti) tnKrate wuli imumnl) Su d i iutnrmatimi o h he inaile a \ a d a h l e hy die typr `>i sludies carri ul ma hy ih<- lV.Mic 1ealth Ser\iec. Tur e s a m p k . in th e t a mt e u<l\ air oni ) n n r n d tn. u dmt at th hre,ninna lecci ni aln'at li) indimi) p a r t i i k s p e r ct i h i c i'>t ( ny per cent Il i.e sii ii a ) Stndie> ni ihiM rui mval d n uvn med in umilile ol i t i ne panis at tlu. lime tlm v. mk u a s cmi dui l ol ' l i m m l that a l imar m !>cU\ ni 1.,sii'.) n e l per nmiulr a- iiii.isiiml h) an a mn mi n e Kl at tlii lai e u! (he dint-i i mm al Imml. umili! keep th dr.si at (In- hie.idiini; level tn au ammait k s s thau K)nullmn partici,s ])t-r cnhn. i*mi A \\nii simuli! he sani cnucei'ijnie per>njial n-spu .itur\ prntei timi amaunt dmt s lt Itas .dii.ni) hr ui s]u*un that m thv toe ni ]iusitiu- pr essur e respir.itni \ d e \ i c i ' in s.mdhl.isttne. u imjmrl.mt t<> h.i\e a u d desimied de\i ee - ui |*1u d ui l h ah-int h eiilnc k i t ni di M- i r ee air per mimile tn ; n i iull ]>r4eilmn t<; die \m u Ko W all r e i e r me e In j i spiratnrs ni th idter | \pe. there .sfili m u d i tu he a a m u p h s i n in th desimi ni an eki dent and cmiiinrtaMc m.isk iur cnntiimmrs me ( )i urea: calne are stand.ud met huds fr th tesiin.u <t th ifricieney ni respira.turi p r v tei limi k \ ices Jrinkcr advucales testina U d e d e e agallisi die p.i :t icnai' di"; u h i d i th re>]dr;uir is tn enemmter. t l i o e tisi.' tu he made hnth i:i tlu- 1.dimmi*.re and under aetual industriai cniuhlmu0 . He iurtlivr Miu.uesied that s,,;;e imp.,rt!al ;i'_'iiicy 'slmuld cumlnct ' Ud le-m and cerili) th devices tur tn*:usiru! m e da \ \ nr k beine dune mi a Cu<t lia-n. *I'he L* > Ihaiean ni Mi ne ' Ino prep.'iied. -di: a sebi dnk- iur u-Min.u and a p p r n \ m e respiratur.'. I w sii tn st r es s t he h n p u r t a n c c ni em/ d h n m e k e i ] n m j in llu. ei nrt t*> enmh.,: lite d m t l i a / a r d . l u n d i i n m e k i i pi ne simuli! imt uiil\ impl) t h venm\;. ni a c o a m m J a i i d du.sl aimiil a \ m r l . r m i i i Imi shnul d a)s,' e m h i a c e eVioeni m.uiift'ji.mei dio! i i m m a l deiices and n-spuatm-y p m u o : \ ( euutpmeiU S)'lem.i\u` ; ni all ih.i't suppressjciu e<iinpiuoU -dmnld he an a \ i m n a t i c p r i n e i n k m e \ u u d: : - n imlusti) r.idui than die i.oliai attenti.>u uhteb u imu l a m n in in.un iiM.iiius, Report of the Nominating Committee li-.e di .i i ni i.nl cal l ed inr the i i p . , r i ni die X m i n i u t m u I' niuuulti*. at this pm-.-.t an. . is tm the s e i t u n i in sVi \ e lui im; die eiisniny year we i e n* mina 11 .: