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ACCIDENT PREVENTION MANUAL FOR INDUSTRIAL OPERATIONS NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL Chicago 11, Illinois 5:.vt .. . -*-* - x,+\^. vm<5C,* *r- ; . y.-r-*- .* -sCr .,. ,lr? jp.lJi j-r-v *!*', *:':.4_- -~3. Ss^.--. 7 -K 1 '41^" "V 1* >k` -VJ u JL. * -a. t 4 PLAINTIFF'S j EXHIBIT t f 1533(2) COPYRIGHT, 1959, NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL All Rights Reserved No portion of this book may be reproduced by any proc ess without written permission of the National Safety Council, 425 North Michigan Avenue, Chicago 11, Illinois. . V k n Nl QI1NIU4 { ,i < . ii Hr*t/^)k ---- - oi aanssi " rj "Jv 31VO 331.823 N17 1959 National Safety Council Accident Prevention Manual for JndU3.tri.aX_Opecations._ 4u>ed._1959- 1 -I isiuro lo 'uito-- v r ^ ----- __ _ u^q i ..----~+-r\-Jln A ... _ . _ A Sot* Law specifics full benefits Arkansas* ............................ California ............................ District of Columbia.......... Florida .................................. Hawaii Minnesota ............................ Mississippi .......................... Missouri .............................. Nebraska .............................. Nevada1 ................................ New Hampshire ................ New Jersey .......................... New Mexico ........................ New York .......................... North Carolina .................. North Dakota .................... Ohio ................ ................. Oklahoma ............................ Oregon .................................. Pennsylvania ........................ Rhode Island ...................... South Carolina .............. .. Texas* ...................... ........... Utah1 .................................... Washington* ........................ W iscoasia ............................ Wyoming ............................ United States: Federal employees ........ Longshoremen ................ ft> No Ye* Yea Yea Yea No Yea Yea No No No Yea No Yea Yea No Yes No No No No Yes No Yes No No No No No No Yea No Yea Yes No Yea Yea law limits period or amount but au thorizes adminis trative agency to extend without limit <i> Yes State Alaska .................................. Colorado .............................. Kansas .................................. Yes Kentucky .............................. Yes Yea Yes* Yea Period Amouot 6 months 4 years 6 months to weeks* 120 days1 56 months 20 weeks I year 60 days1' $1,200 1.500 1,125* l,500f 2.500 2.500 2.500 2,500* 3001* 1.500 2.500 1,600** Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes* Yes Yes Yes* Yea Yes Ye* i 1 1 Yes Source: U. S. Department of labor. Bureau of labor Standards, August. 1957 1 Limited benefits for occupational diseases: Arizona and Utah, limited or no benefits for silicosis and asbexosis: Arkansas. Illinois, Maine, Nevada, Texas, Vermont, West Virginia, in West Virginia no allowance for medical treatment foe silicosis. 1 Full medical aid, in the judgment of the Arizona Industrial Commission, is authorized through a com* binjtiun of the medical care and rehabilitation provisions of the law. 1 Maryland and Ohio laws set no initial amount or period; alt medical benefits authorized by adminis* traii'e ageocy. . 4 Initial amount authorized for surgical and medical services and supplies limited to $450. To add!* tion, hospital services and orthuPvdic appliances and prustheses are allowed for the first 6 months. The Board may order further medical, surgical, and hospital services after end of the first 6-momh period if further care will jubttaaujlly restore earning power. * Under certain conditions, medical benefits terminate. * Period may be extended for additional time, and in additional amount not exceeding $573. .1 $1,000 maximum for hospital sen ico and.supplies and $500 for medical and surgical services. Commit* >ion may authorize an additional $1,000. . I In extreme eases. Commissioner mar require employer to furnish care foe a longer period. In case or silicosis, such additional period is limited to 90 days. . * fn cases of total disability where the $2.500 is insufficient to meet sll hospitalization expenses, addi* tional benefits may be allowed. . ** Also, hospital benefits not to exceed $700. II May be extended for year including the first 60 days. '* Additional )K00 may be authorized. *1 WW0% r ... ' rr5fcj=i -r^r-i- It '.*- ' ~ 1 i4r^: vy;.- : ! *$*. ` ? ^ ,r-- j iad* 2CcLk ** c-iJafrA*- - i| i* -- 'Vfe: * v:' v**.- i*;.. : _ ^ ", y- r s * iJ** !/: -ir>^ I ; y-.zr .. f I . * i! ; - -s lii . it- -* f' ; rr . t'S: Jy - ` - -f *. >i 'ox. X '(' ;.* /*- -r>.a* n-io COMPENSATION INSURANCE AITING PERIOD IN VARIOUS JURISDICTIONS Waiting Period None. Oregon Jurisdiction Compensation Retroactive II Disjfailir Lasts Period Indicated Not applicable 2 day*. Hawaii (temporary total only) . More than 7 day* 3 dayj. Alaska ................................................. No provision Delaware (no waiting period in case of 7 days, including date of injury amputation of a member of the body, or a part thereof, or when the injury^ results in hospitalization of the em ployee) District of Columbia.............................. More than 28 days Maryland ................................................ More than 28 days Missouri .................................................. More chan 4 weeks Rhode Island (total disability only) . . More than 2 weeks Utah ................................................... .. No provision Washington ............................................ JO days Wisconsin................................................ More than 10 days Wyoming (temporary total disability More than 8 days only) United States--Federal employees (tem More than 21 day* porary disability only) United States--longshoremen .............. More than 28 days 4 day*........ Florida .................................................... No provision Puerto Rico (temporary disability only) 2 weeks 5 days. Mississippi ... Nevada .......... North Dakota Oklahoma .... 14 days 5 days 5 days 3 davs 7 day*. Alabama (temporary disability only) .. 28 days Arizona.................................................... More than 2 weeks Arkansas .................................................. 4 weeks California ................................................ More than 49 days Colorado.................................................. More than 6 weeks Connecticut ............................................ 10 days Georgia.................................................... No provision Idaho ...................................................... More than 4 weeks Illinois (temporary total disability only) More than 28 days Indiana (temporary disability only) ... More than 28 days Iowa (permanent total, temporary total, Compensation not retroactive, but cc and temporary partial disability) pensation increased by one-third 4th, 5th, and 6th weeks of disabi Kansas.......... No provision Kentucky ... More than 2 weeks Louisiana ... 6 weeks Maine .......... More than 28 days Massachusetts 8 days Michigan ... 4 weeks (also retroactive from first c if death results from injury) Minnesota (temporary disability only) 3 weeks Montana ................................................ . 3 weeks (6 weeks if injured worker no dependents residing in the Un States) ` Nebraska .......... 6 weeks New Hampshire 7 days New Jersey .... More than 4 weeks New Mexico . .. More than 4 weeks . New York........ More than 35 days lisease is Sc lime, usually ular emaccident apational 'n to the ailit>- ocover an hich the mployers e to the hat occupeosated, is made ie of the ed, while rases. In s tiituit, Ht> provides for f hiss been under workr diseases. WORKMEN'S COMPENSATION INSURA 11-29 recent years, there has been increasing use important problem is thrvrecerociling of time k of general coverage. limitations for filing di^ibili/y benefit claims In the case of occupational diseases, the amounts of compensation for disability or death, medical care, or coverage are usually and the fact that in moj^aftes manifestation of disability due to radiation injury is de layed for an extended time. the same as those for accidental injuries The states having full coverage of all except with respect to silicosis, asbestosis, occupational diseases would cover Injuries and other dust diseases. due to radiation. Some states specifically So that employers can obtain information relative to occupational diseases suffered by applicants for employment, some states have include such injuries in their schedules. Eight states do not cover any injury due to radiation. placed considerable responsibility upon the employee. An employee in these states is penalized for false representation, for failure General Liability Insurance to give certain information, or for mislead Several types of public liability insurance ing omissions from his previous health his have been designed to protect a person tory. against the various liabilities which face him . Since occupational diseases develop or "ac cumulate" over a long period of time during which a worker may have several different employers, some provision must be made for in his business and personal life. A person's liability to others may be cre ated by statute, may result from common law precedents, or may exist by way of a con fixing responsibility. In most states, the tractual obligation. employer under whom the employee was Most liability insurance policies have two last injuriously exposed is held liable for the types of coverage: coverage for bodily injury compensation. Some states provide that the liability and coverage for property damage last employer may appeal to the commission liability. Each type of coverage is separately to have the costs for compensation properly rated, and a different limit of liability may apportioned among the other employers who be purchased for each. The policy may also are liable. be written for bodily injury coverage only, In any event, it behooves an employer to without protection against property damage require physical examination of all new liability. employees at the time of hiring, not only to Under bodily injury coverage, the policy fix responsibility for occupational diseases, undertakes to pay on behalf of the insured existing hernias, and other physical weak all sums which the insured ! .omes legally nesses or disabilities, but also, of even more obligated to pay by reason - the liability importance, to facilitate proper placement. imposed on him by law for bodily injury, if- Periodic re-examinations should be made including death, sustained by any person as when specific operations include silica, lead, the resuit of an accident. asbestos, and other similarly hazardous ex Under property damage coverage, the pol posures. icy undertakes to pay on behalf of the in i* There is much controversy concerning whether loss of hearing should -be consid ered an occupational disease and, if it is so sured all sums which the insured becomes legally obligated to pay by reason of the liability imposed on him by law for damages considered, how payments should be made. to property caused by accident. Studies show that certain noisy occupations To provide proper liability protection, it cause deafness. However, the situation is is usually necessary to combine the basic complicated by the fact that nearly everyone coverage of the premises w-ith one or more suffers hearing impairment with age. An of the other forms of insurance and to select important question is whether the worker suitable limits of liability for both bodily should be given a monetary award before injury and property damage in each case. he sustains an economic loss as distinguished The comprehensive general liability policy from a physiologic loss. provides automatic coverage for many new With the growing use of sources of atomic hazards that may develop after purchase of energy for industrial purposes, the full pro the desired coverage. tection of workers who are injured by radia Liability insurance is commonly purchased tion on the job presents new problems. One on a scheduled form. The policy is made 'k ' t.iT : -1 :t .> ' .'I ' : PLAINTIFFS EXHIBIT I 1533 (7) i! 11-30 R K MEN'S COMPENSATION INSURANCE up of several diisAons with each covering a specific set of hazards. The following dis cussion will merely indicate the primary di/Tcrences in the divisional coverages.* Owners, landlords, and tenants liability Owners, landlords, and tenants liability insurance is designed to insure owners and lessees of buildings, vacant land, residences, mercantile premises of all kinds, both whole sale and retail, and various types of service businesses and operations like amusement parks, bazaars, shows, banks, clubs, libraries, newsstands, and similar occupancies of a nonmanufacturing nature. The policy covers the ownership and maintenance or use of the premises for the purposes stated in the policy. The term "premises" includes all buildings and struc tures on a described site and the ways im mediately adjoining it. Division 1 of this type of liability policy also covers all operations necessary or inci dental to the insured's operations. The policy would, therefore, cover not only accidents which occur on the insured's premises but also those which occur away from the prem ises, provided that they arise out of the insured's regular operations. Thus, if the insured's employees in delivering a product to a customer at his home injure someone, the policy will cover. Manufacturers and contractors liability Manufacturers and contractors liability insurance is designed to provide indemnity against claims in connection witb manufac turing or contracting operations on account of injuries or losses to persons not employed by the insured. It covers various types of service or con tracting operations in which construction, installation, repair, or maintenance work is done, in manufacturing risks, machine haz ards and the hazards in the operation of a railroad sidetrack must also be considered. The public hazards on contracting opera tions are highly varied because of the loca tion and nature of the work and the manner in which operations are conducted. Such operations include demolition, moving of 'Digest of coverages from Property end Casualty Insurance, A Guide Boot for Agents and Brokers, by Philip Gordis, 1953 (The Rough Notes Company, Inc.). buildings, excavation, and construction work of all kinds. Elevator liability Elevator liability insurance pro ides in demnity against loss hy reason of the liabil ity imposed by law upon the insured for damages on a<count of accidents to persons not emplosed by the insured as the result of the existence, maintenance, and use of any elevator, hoist, escalator, or similar device described in the policy. Certain types of lifting equipment are not Considered elevators within the meaning of this coverage. Thus, hoists within a build ing which arc not operated through a hatch way, manually operated hoists outside the building, hoists used to raise automobiles for service lubrication, dumb-waiters not over 4 feet in height, and similar equipment are not considered elevators. Product liability Product liability coverage indemnifies the insured against claims for bodily injury or death to any person not employed by the insured, by reason of the consumption, han dling, or use of any product manufactured, sold, handled, or distributed by the insured, as listed in the policy schedule. Product property damage coverage in demnifies the insured against claims for damage to or destruction of the property of others by reason of the consumption, han dling, or use of any product manufactured, sold, handled, or distributed by the insured, as listed in the policy schedule. It is not generally appreciated that a man ufacturer may be held liable for conditions in the goods he produces which cause injury to persons or damage- to property. Manu facturers have found themselves directly liable to the ultimate consumer of their product, even though it had passed throu gh many hands after it was sold by them. Liability for injury or damage is particu larly enhanced when products are "inherently dangerous" or are made for human consump tion-preparations like drugs and medicines. Some court decisions have held that the very fact that a product causes serious in jury demonstrates that it possesses the power to become dangerous if defectives made. Manufacturers have been held liable lor damages to remote purchasers with son the manufacturers have never dealt, or notn A:'i i t INDUSTRIAL POISONS 41-7 cells, which appear as a dark or bloody ? million particUl pej cubic foot has been urine. The kidneys may then become coo suggested, precisely a for pure free silica. dogged to operate at all. Barium, in theOon |i of its soluble salts, The possibility of arsine formation should is toxic on botn%ergestion and inhalation always be considered when there- is hydro and highly caustic when applied to the skin. gen formation around the active metals or The carbonate and sulfide are sufficiently around ores of the heavy metals, since ar soluble to be toxic, although not very caus senic is widely distributed in small amounts tic. The sulfate, which is used as a contrast and only a trace of it is required to pro- medium in X-ray work, is too insoluble to `duce enough arsine to be troublesome. show any toxicity, and soluble sulfates are i One of the more common sources of arsine specific antidotes for ingested barium salts. incidents in recent years has been the han Since these salts produce violent stimula dling of dross from the aluminum refining tion of ail muscle, upon ingestion they pro of metals.* Probably the most significant duce severe disturbances of the digestive observation about these cases, aside from the system. After absorption, the barium salts fact that the moisture in the atmosphere is produce an increase of blood pressure by enough to form arsine, is the fact that the constriction of the arterial muscle, a slow people involved in them have not been aware heart beat by an action similar to that of of the garlic-like odor which is supposed to digitalis on the heart, and first excitation be a warning of the presence of arsine. and then paralysis of the central nervous sys The extremely high acute toxicity is re flected in the maximum acceptable concen tration of 0.0? ppm. Arsine, in very small amounts, is. also capable of producing a chronic type of poisoning, but it is more typically a source of acute episodes. tem. In spite of the high inherent toxicity, there are few cases of industrial poisoning with barium. The maximum acceptable con centration for soluble barium compounds is 0.7 mg/m.1 Barium is a heavy metal, and the dust of Asbestos is a hydrated magnesium silicate found in the minerals chrysotile, amianthus, actinolite, and tremolite. Practically all the commercial asbestos is either chrysotile or amianthus, and about 90 per cent of that used in this country is chrysotile. It is used almost exclusively for heat insulation or for textiles which must resist high temperature, such as heat-resistant clothing and brake linings. the insoluble salts will collect in the lungs and give rise to the condition known as baritosis. Its nodular appearance on X-ray film may be mistaken for that of silicosis. Men showing the sign of baritosis are ap parently not disabled or inconvenienced in any way. Banxena is a colorless, flammable,.volatile liquid with a rather pleasant aromatic odor. Its fire hazard is between that of ethyl alco hol and that of ether. The greattsi hazard Inhalation of excessive quantities of as is that of chronic poisoning by inhalation of bestos fiber can produce a fibrosis in the comparatively small amounts over a long pe lungs similar to that found in silicosis but riod of time. It is one of the two or three somewhat milder and usually not so rapidly most* dangerous organic solvents in com progressive. Like silicosis, the condition de mercial use. . velops slowly and advances slowly and is equally resistant to treatment. The action is primarily on the blood forming organs, producing severe aoemia, Prevention is essentially dust control. A bleeding under the skin, and great reduc maximum acceptable dust concentration of tion in the ability of the blood to clot. "Arsine Poisoning, Epidemiologic Stud The extent of chronic exposure to benzene ies of an Outbreak Following Exposure to may be determined qualitatively by measure Casts from Metallic Dross," Louis \V. Spot- ment of the ratio of organic to inorganic yar, R. N. Harger, AMA Archives of Indus trial Hygitue and Otcnpalion.it Medicine, 8:119-\$(> (I'JSn). "Arsine Poisoning in the Smelting and Refining Industry," K. M. Morse and A. N. Setterlind, AMA Archives of Industrial Hy sulfates in the urine. The most convenient measurement of damage is given by a blood count. People who may be exposed to benzene vapor should have blood counts at regular i giene and Occupational Medicine, 2:148 intervals. Consistent change in the blood (August, 1970). . count should be closely investigated. Par- I i i '! i i' 41-8 INDUSTRIAL POISONS ticularly significant tljL^ are diminution in the total numbers or red cells, platelets. Headaches, dizziness, fatigue, loss of ap petite, irritability, nervousness, nosebleed, and other signs of abnormalities of the blood may or may not be present in chronic poisoning. A single heavy exposure to benzene vapor may produce a serious acute poisoning. In such a case the action is that of an anes thetic with special affinity for the central nervous system. The first sign is usually exhilaration, followed by sleepiness, dizzi ness, vomiting, trembling, hallucinations, de lirium, and unconsciousness. ' The main first-aid requirements in acute poisoning are removal of the person to fresh air, inhalation of oxygen, and maintenance of bodily warmth. Skin contact with benzene should be avoided, partly because like other powerful solvents it produces dryness and cracking of the skin, but primarily because it will al most certainly entail excessive inhalation of the vapor. The maximum acceptable con centration is 25 ppm. Benzene hexachtoride--see Hexaehloroey. elohexane. Beryllium. Among the occupational dis eases produced by beryllium, the first condition observed was an acute chemical pneumonitis, which occurred among workers exposed to beryllium compounds. This acute form of ben-Ilium intoxication was first reported in this country in 1943 and was attributed largely to the fluorides.* A delayed reaction to beryllium, character ized as chronic and appearing as late as two or three years after the exposure which caused it, was reported some time later by Hardy and Tabershaw.** Even more recently,. Dr. Hardy has reported that the delay be tween last exposure to beryllium and the '"Chemical Pneumonia in Workers Ex tracting Beryllium Oxide: Report of Three Cases," H. S, Van Ordstrana. R. Hughes, and M. G. Carmody, Cleveland Clinic Quar terly, 10:10 (1943). . "Delayed Chemical Pneumonitis Occur ring in Workers Exposed to Beryllium Com pounds," H. L. Hardy and I. R. Tabershaw, Journal of Industrial Hygiant and Toxicol ogy. 28:197 (1946). appearance of symptoms may he as long as ten years.* This condition showed a granulomatous lesion of the lungs as the most striking effect, accompanied by general metabolic disturbances and anemia so that the individual had continuous weight loss and great weakness in addition to a chronic cough. A large number of cases of dermatitis attributed to beryllium and beryllium com pounds have also been reported. Although beryllium was thought in 1940 to be reasonably harmless, it has since been declared that:** "Not only is beryllium un questionably a toxic agent but it is toxic in such small quantities as to be among the most toxic chemically of all elements yet in vestigated. As seen from analyses of tiv sues, responses have been brought about in animals with beryllium in quantities in the order of millimicrograms. Such small quan tities require a reorientation in our toxico logical thinking, and these amounts give rise to acute effects. It is reasonable from field survey evidence to believe that still smaller quantities produced the chronic dis- ease in human beings and that 'safe' levels of beryllium exposure may ultimately be set well below one microgram per cubic meter of air." . It has also been established that a worker may carry home enough beryllium compound on his clothes to result in illness in some member of his family.** ~ Stnkinger and his co-workers demonstrated that tffe presence of fluorine enhances the toxic action of beryllium. Recommendations issued by the Atomic Energy Commission for the control of beryl- "The Disability Found in Persons Ex posed to Certain Beryllium Compounds," Harriet L. Hardy, AAIA Archives of Indus trial Health, 12:174-181 (August, 1955). "Acute Inhalation Toxicity of Beryl lium. I. Definitive Studies of Beryllium Sulfate at Exposure Concentrations of 150, 10 and 1 Milligram Per Cubic Meter," Her bert E. Stokinger, George F. Sprague III, Robert H. Hail, Norman J. Ashenburg. James K. Scott, and L. T. Steadman. AMA Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Occupa tional Medicine, 1:379-397 (April, 1950). "Current Knowledge of Beryllium In toxication," H. L. Hardv~ Occupational Safety and Health, International Labour Office. Geneva, Switzerland (April-June, 1958). a National Safety Council ' 331.823 Accident prevention manual for industrial operations* 3rd Edition. 1955. Accidents & Prevention