Document zG07X8qR7gMoQ9xw6QjXYmGa

LIAZ3450 LEAD INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION, INC. 292 MADISON AVCNUl NCW YORK, N. Y, 10017 TKLKRHONt - AMKA COOK ttt OR MOIO June 17, 1965 SUBJECT: Practical Sound Barriers Booklet To Members of the Lead Industries Association, Inc.: A copy of "Practical Application of Sheet Lead for Sound Barriers" is attached. This 12-page publication serves two purposes -- First, it summarizes all the favorable data obtained in testing sound barrier construction employing lead, to date. Second, it fores a concise guide to the practical application of the theory of acoustics as it pertains to lead. It has been prepared vith the typical architect and architectural product designer in Bind, though, of course, it vill also be valuable to those concerned with Industrial noise control and design of consumer products (appliances, automobiles, etc.) The initial distribution vill be to the list of approximately 12,000 architects, builders, and contractors. It vill also be used at trade shovs, publicized through a nev literature release, and offered In LEAD magazine. A good supply has been laid in vith a vlev to distribution through interested member companies. You are velccme to 25 copies free of charge or additional quantities at our cost of 15^ per copy. BF:bd Attachment /flanager, Technical Services L IA2345i /& A No. 39 CS.I. Div. 13 PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF SHEET LEAD FOR SOUND BARRIERS LEAD IS AN EXCELLENT BARRIER MATERIAL for reducing the transmission of air-borne sound. LEAD IS TECHNICALLY SOUND because It combines high den* o stty, natural limpness, good damping capacity, and Is non- porous. LEAD IS A WORKABLE MATERIAL since If Is easily formed and fitted, requires no special tools, and can be readily adhsred or fastened to other materials. LEAD IS ACOUSTICALLY GOOD because pound for pound It Is a bettor sound barrier than any other conventional building material. LEAD IS ECONOMICAL bccauso it Is reasonable In cost, takes less spaco, often saves weight. Is oasy to Install, and Is salvageable. LEAD INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION 292 Madison Ave. Now York, N. Y. 10017 u|U Lo o m Ahead with Lead A.IA No. 39 CS.I. Div. 13 N 1709.01 t f LI A 23 45 2 Practical Sound Barriers Employing Lead THC NATURI Of SOUND The x<Kjnb k < lcar ire rhe re- \ull of jr prexxurc i'e% imprnpfij; up*n -ur ulin xnxitiir tan The fie *juc."Ky (pitch) nf audible pr< NNurc NNANt-N ranges jnxn .'( oclc-c per vc,,<-ini Ih<- rnirnun W fhrv prrl sure Kates <n terms >l their phixua) energy 'JtK' n\cr j fmljstis ranee and in ordinals. n i \ expressed loya nthim. Jle m units kn<>*u ax dct:l<el\ S-uud ijn !e pleasant, jtprjh!<. *lc f aI'Ic*. Tiest (( able or itiiun'u\ N'.-ix n tin* jnu'l NotitiJ and m t. da\ x vxuiy (he control ( nciy in fa'f bv.Mrtin,: a problem ! major propof. :n-n> C.r>%uj'j-fi'xi i;'i*< mii j u x |x11y ir.n*'\jiuc, loss >d pnwM. lo ered working <tiu Kiuv, higher juei Is rrf ra.`ex in.! plu*uj| ir.-.pj.riTK ;il of iKiruii: I Ik * inSunuth-n presented lit re in xih in tam noise rather thin irnj'i't or 't ructufe tarnc n*ixr Arrta/ne- imw mludex Jamibai N-utkiN mj i h as I Ik .- tf\mc baby, TV A. 111i i xt\. ItKjk) Conservation. olhec machine*. motors. pumpx. rrunufje- turnip ope ration'. . sibrahon from heaxy machinery or (he rumble of j xihxi) (ram. -II of uhuh ire tram nutted primarily thnuph (he pnxind r* (he structure msubed. The pressure *i\(i m ir tarnc xiunj radulc m ill <hretlu>m fri*n their vnjfec muih like ripple* in i pxl radiate fn*tn i dmmxd rclblc. Ilsesc pressure *^\n Kill readily |xn- ttratc i |M.r<*m lurner They will also set j rt^nl lurncr xotn unnoticed si- hratinu which, m turn, penerate* new in K rnc sound o| Io k c t mtcnuti on iIk - pp..Mtr n u Ic <d t}< hirrur Thu t\ h'*x N-HinJ "p4"4'1 *lir*uch" i *j i!I WHAT CONST1TUHS A GOOD SOUND fiARRIt* \ x-uml l>jrr:tr j N i\ *ne xhi,h mill ri.hue i-Tfin.l-np n'sc ti.-m jil|jitnt mo ti* the lettl ( the I-1. L kr*urnl co*<x iii-rii.illj prt w ur j :n.| i. .ipttil :tr tlx iU'MftJ ijlinl Jlt-J I v;i`.e * 11l 11h lusher l<\t! xhiili .s ".'ill iuij'lil'li- !> (Ik n *u pjnt ( tin ipmt j :u ii.J lu-h Kill p.-.iiih Njxi.h pm>. i-r fitr>in If.-m 4nMo\itkir "f diNTUitM-n I `C ivjn'pli. an *" .!! (.ji. h ! } n.-iy mijMii^inp Mi j dh k j JI Kill yt n <lil< 4 Mi .lh n.-ix- mi tin Mhtf Niili It h n-rnul j iw I jn'ptt.l I<mI -l h(L^r<<uinl n*x- in tin <;uitt jrci 'n !h. n** itui'-wn>t a n\i ic/ul nr i (.fi>p'Mtr *j J1 ihif p t ni.iVe up an iJuI v^nl harrier are Inph ihriMti. Jrie*l<>n ItMii Mill nt'N. pan! iljinj'iii^ ij iu . it\ jnJ m- ti uriti a' j no(i |enncarh meinl>'arK liiil (rnhiiKN (lux JoiroJ pti'jx-rt ii n (< i LTia('r extent than am o iIk i onini<*n Ih h Mih ^ rrutcrial I he pr--jx i iix ( lcal in tKilhmafioei with tlu r nulinah Kill ronipnvate fur tlu ;r .liluHiUKA and Kill unpioNe (tic aiou'tui! pcrfoMiumc >f tlx torn- M(e harrier. HOW A BARRIER IS RATIO T<. NcUat or deM^n a burnt one nni\t ha\c i UKiNure id clfr\ti\c- -2- (k >n Ih:s i' kriviKn av it\ Trinemn\t*n I i*'N (TL) and reproent' (He riihutioii in the lead of jnr-Nnnc x<mil trinxnittcd hy a pi'en birricr j n detcrmintd uniJer (I'nirolleJ aviditi*ns `the 'I L ti exprt'xd rn JteihcH a\ a vinple ti^-ure K-huh. in turn, repre sentN tlx arithmetic a'erace ot nine xpitatc TI. niei-urenxntx taken j ! vpniti.l treijacruv rar^ex hetK<xu l(H) ocUx jxrf xc`-nil I tux fx-t tii*n oj (he x-kund xpectrutii <nc*n pjxxx (he foijuenetcx rr.oxf eommooly enki-un!i re.I and nV'xl iniual ill tffexl upxn xjx-e^h MUrlhphility Tr jiiMiiixxron l.oxx ix a fixed p;<-jxit\ ..I a lu'rier tat '-rie witli the 1 roj'.H 'ii v `f the v*und 'IHc TI. of all init< r: <1 x and Kjrncrx irwrcaxx uirh i/ojutni i hu( ai xeitnc p*mr in the tutu a plateau or dip Kill ecrur Kitti inoxt iiuiiruh xture the lurrier dt'clopx traveling aus (like rnKruxi'j'u xcroonx rf (He k j x c k in a shaken iu l I m iympathy Kith (he diiturhuu; Xi-urid k j x c i. ^ Ik n tho "eoiru idctiec ' rxeuft, the an.phtUilc of xihratu*n in (he har rier increases and more v*und (rani mitred Ihur. in apprjrxm^ (he ca pacity of 4 harrt * unc xhould eonsidcf rx*th the stated TI. hpure and tle freoiictu s pl-iftinyt of the xcp.*fJtc wluen tliat make up the figure. head, t.-y \ irtuc of i(> IinipfK v* jnd denMtv, d<e$ not exhibit thu <otninlcnir* dm in the frequency ranyjc Kith k !u Ii k t arc eotKertK-d ITiue, Kl>rn prop-rlv eonihmed with other matcrialx i( Kill rmpr<nc .r d<*rr.inj(c I tluir inherent Keak xpitx iiij nnproxc (lie ae*uxtujl ['erformanec ed the Comproto barrier LIA23A53 Three Ways Barriers Are Rated Sol'd Cu*-yf JS <Jt) NINE-FREQUENCY AVERAGE cv#*-*o tixs* 4C <j& I he ..f the II. at nine speti- Ik J frequencies (12', I To. 2'0. j>0. N0O. "OO, IOOO. .`(>00. ,nd KKKUydes fur second) iv the m>st usuil filing (*>( soonj kirncf' Note tlui tfvc solej mr\i j\trji.*cs >' dh and the dished tur\t- is crimes o dh on this hius. PRIVACY ANALYZER A stindird d< Ik IJ ' for one of sevviil tij'cs of vnsimnincnt is ijjustcd oscr i Ir - test curse until cxictlj ten d'Kv exceed the curse The index of fhc J< Ik IJ icnij'ljtc tl>cn shout the pfISUv) jnjljicf filing In this ease (sink- v.lij curse j v Nsc)t the fitir.^ uuh in N" d< lie IJ is 64. -.1 Mjyfcf.uiwf f,,' L1A23454 A MtOfC fcvcrtlly itujMC'J ITKiOt t-( cvprcv.injj lfir idcmulii'n upjttlv of i harmr i known av the S`un.1 I f jnuuivn.ft flaw (MX.) num ber Ihiv mclhorf liav gained auept- 4iuc betauve it tu\ t mote reliable \tnc1c figure mcauire i*f barntrv whuli have vhjfp Jipv in 1L j ( <tr- tain frequent ic "I Ik fc iv a further unproved o k iIh k I which cvprcwv ihc adexjuuy of i barrier in 1k f*>rm of 4 'pcvrtv Speech I'nufy Index ll narn<wv (he held of attention to the '(>0 1000 ip* rjny;e. lakcv into imnint (lie type of beik^riRjr.J and raicv tlx* harrur iunrJ'ti^ l iiv capacity to Unit *ut all hot that pt*Mu*n of the v>und whuh will tx- unintelligible wi the fxicivtnc *'d<. In ranking te^tv of varuwtv miteful' *r parnU fr harrur [xifc.'Hiiivf. an arithmetic average of the noiv rc<Uution in the vponh ranpe ff*m .*(h j i(Kitpx also provide! a use ful iin^h fipufc fating I he K'jinfvil index for a barrier in am pun Mtuatmn mill dtpenj up<n tin- jiih-unt <l hiikyfi>und noi^e presini, tlc debtee of ^unH dewred, the amount o| ahvfj*ti\c material present and the iharailef and inUnvrty of the offciidint; noise. Tor example in a typical private Hue *ithHi{ air icn>litti*ninp and while ftJ-onai'lr c^uiet iv desired, the pjititioii hamcr (r wall should prefer ably base a minimum Mf ratinq of *> dh Kcicnth revised I II A mini mum Standard Rt ijinrenvcnti for Apartment Mouse construction call for party walls with lustier SIX ratine* Sev table, below. FEDERAL HOUSING AUTHORITY "TABLE 4-6" Sound transmission ratings for Partitions location of Fartitroa living und to living unit (5) living unit to corridor (6) living unit to public space (average noise) (7) Irving unit to public space and service areas (high noise) (1) Bedrooms to other rooms within same firing unit (9) land-use intensity less than 6.0 (low backgiound noise) (?) Room adjacent to parlitioa Bedroom (4) Other CUa 50 CUa 45 land use intensity 6.0 higher (high background noise) (3) Room adjacent to partition Bedroom (4) Other CUa 45 CUa 40 CIj u 45 CUa CUa 45 Class CUa 55 CUa 50 Class 50 CUa 45 CUa 60 Class 5S CUa 55 Class <5 CIj a <5 M Clia 40 HA KOTES: (1) Sound Transmission Class as determined by ASTM ESO 61T. (?) See M301 for land use mtensrty. (3) Living units in buildings having year round air conditioning and in living units above the eighth floor, we column (or land use intensity less than 6 0. (4) Where bedrooms art separated from corridor or Irom adjacent thing units with closets or storage walls, Ik effect of such noise attenuation may be considered in partition sound transmission. (5) In high rental apartments where an erfreme tenant sensitivity is expected, an increase of 5 db over the valves shown is recommended. (6) These values assume Ho o t s tn corridors are carpeted; otherwise increase 5 db. See M5GS G ler corridor doors. (7) Public space o! average noise includes lobbies, laundries, storage rooms, stair ways, etc. (8) A'eas of high noise include toiler rooms, mechanical equipment rooms, elevator shahs, incinerator shafts, garages and most commercial uses (9) Acoustic separation of bedrooms within living units is desirable, but not re quired. ( Leaded Vii Lcadid vinyl shcxl iv a uwnpotiit material lompriunc two vinyl sheet1 wtih a filler of lead powder .-mbeddcJ in vinyl. It iv availal'lc in weights fn-m * - tii 3 Ibv per x^j ft . up to 1 m ihuknc'v anil i> completely limp in tlsc atouvtnal sense Where sheet lra| and vonsenfiona! c oiivtruc tionv arc ruled <*u. Hexh!e U.iJcd \iml shext has often answtud. Itv performance xs a freeharping septum iv pun In the curvev in plate 3. pa^e 7 and in the table PITFALLS T< The installed barrier when tested place will frequently (all short of its TL or STC rating. This can be due lo faulty installation in failing lo eliminate sound leaks in seams, doors, and perimeter joints. In many cases this loweted performance stems from the existence of numerous Tanking paths through which (he sound waves can circumvent the barr>er waif. Common flanking paths include windows, back to back electrical fixtures, medicine cabinets, convector panels, uacks or leaky rail joints, door louvres, heating ducts, ta open plenum above a hung ceiling, low U doors m a high R wall etc. failure to ap ply relatively simple corrective measures to these common defects can seriously jeopardue the performance ol an otherwise good barrier. Even hairline cracks can spoil a good barrier's effttlrveness. As the example shows, if leaks constitute 1/10 of ! per cent of (he area, a barrier with a potential Tl ol 38 db can only deliver ?9 dh. LIA23455 .:-ir -- > i..-: i lyl Barriers : unJer *vtton S. pi^c 8. VC'lulc it iv an opcmivc miteful, I * nljti'c In then Ic j J ind i^bcf builj* n^ mitefuU, it* iv often the Icivt cxjx-nmc i)' vlunp i prtb)cm ^ and rw mlrcviuent!)- the >oIjr prac- tuil volution One /;rt4t convenience to the jft lutext of tt-wf>er is the wide variety of colors, tniN"eJ textures, Of printed surface patterns available It nit i durable turfite and tan lend HanJvwnc finish to the treated of cov ered are*. PRACTICAL TIPS For Better Sound Barriers Acoustical theory shows the Importance of inass, limpness, and internal damping. Field experience shows the vital Importance of freedom from looks. Tho practical tips listed hero are based on experi ence and translate theso theoi stlcal factors Into how-to-do-If Information. Tho importance of MASS A heavy mil is normally a mot! effective barrier than i Ir^ht welt. The weight of lead in a composite skin should equal and preferably exceed that of the other material m order to offset the coincidence. The penalties of STIFFNESS As a wall H made stiffer. the likelihood of problems with a coincidence dip increcset. The presence ol studs fastened directly to surlace sluns increases the stiffness of a wait and increases transmission of sound. Resilient mounting of surface sk*rrs rs helpful Thin skins are preferable to thick.. Thin sheet lead applied to thin panel sins can sol.e coincidence problems and reduce drumming noise. Viscoelastic adhesives are better than ritid varieties for laminating leaded panels. lnt:rmjftent attachment or free harg.ng lead sheet can te benekial Stitt components ct a composite pane! are best located near the center or neutral plane. Leaded panel skms in double nails are frequently a more effective barrier than stiffer. hejner and thicker conventional mall board or plaster skins. What to do about LEAKS Air leaks in wa!*s thry correctors, back to back electrical futures, wire raceways and the like should be plugged with fibrous material and a scplurn where required. Wall or pane1 joints must te tight Gasketmg or calking is most effective. Never underestimate the irrpoMance ot small air leaks. A ihm lead membrane sra'ed at the edges is impermeable to air. Plenum barriers are essential over partitions which stop at a hung acousti cal ceiling Free hanging thin lead sheet is i most effective barrier and simple to install lightweight low cost acoustical tile can acquire barrier capacity by an over lay of thin lead sheet. Gaskets are a must around door openings Hollow core doors should te avoided The same is Irue of louvrts If in doubt about potential leaks, jacket, calk, or tape during construction. Other -considerations A double wafl is far more effective than a single one, even when the total weight is no greater. Increasing the air space between skins will improve resulls particularly in conjunction with a filler or liber glass, mineral wool or other fibrous material. Inadequate ensling walls can be substantially improved by adding a sup plemental wall comprising a tiiin overlay of absorptive material and a leaded decorative surface skin i I ! I I LIA23456 Cwv f fi rrv or C<M DC SC 8 I M ION OlK*f f*,, A.fuj# tl (p*| 125 I/O Z'/J 3W *00 700 tCOQ 2000 4000 (Jb| StC ktmvVi WOOD STUD WALLS 2i4 Wood Sluds *r A (ffiinmum jod minimum raises) V yp*uro board V IrP^ board 54 133 26 31 37 38 40 44 45 431 35 40 Riverfcaok (17 22 27 32 35 37 41 43 39) i y M" 2>4 Wood Studs tfc' jypsum board `i' )Tiuro board 114 a 35 36 45 43 47 51 56 61 plus 3 lb lead plus 3 ib lead 44 47 Rnrerbank it::TM:: ] STEEL IS' Sled Studs V jfsum lith ^'EtPsumtath plus V plaslet plus V plaster 134 STUD WAILS 27 32 37 41 4] 44 46 39 47 39 41 Catalog data I___________ __2, IV Steel Studs ,i" Cypsur lath plus lj` plaster plus 3 ib lead V ypSLm lath c'us V plaster 164 35 3S 43 45 45 47 47 49 53 45 43 R-vertank nr Steel Studs J V >psum lath plus Vi' Poster plus 3 lb lead V fjpsum lath fits T c!Js!tr plus 3 Ib lead 154 56 40 45 47 1/ 47 49 53 61 47 47 Rii-ffbank 0 a LIA23457 Barrier Walls Using Sheet Lead Cuv* No from* or Co# DfSCRJfTION On fict Ol*< fKO Rom TrmirrwiuftA Ictl it tM*d 1iiqt.cft<y u (rvO 125 1 JO 250 JW 500 700 1000 2000 4000 <ab) STC RrT**f1tJ t" IS$!eel Studs H* fypscm lath plus 4J' plaster plus 4 lb lead V rrpscm lath plus H' pl4SlC plus 4 lb lead 21 VS 39 <0 <8 48 50 55 60 CINDERBIOCK 41 50 Rhrf/bank ^ CD CZD .a yfg 4" cement Wxk paint pstrrt 40 38 40 38 40 45 48 5$ 56 45 44 R/verbank test Much lorf Tl is bf inslalted *i!ii becai.se of leaks <LV-1i l--~V---------- H--> `Cf--7 d. Y "------ V 4" cement block none 4 lb lead on Vi` pljr on I x 2 iiTfinf 4! 43 46 44 47 54 56 63 67 51 4$ Rrvrtjr* PERIMETER FRAMED PARTITIONS ANO MACHINERY ENCLOSURES VVjvi perimeter IfifT* plywood none l^i 18 18 16 21 21 24 25 27 22 21 24 R.vtrbank Tabulation of Practical Sound Barrier Walls Using Sheet Lead (continued) < fumt or Co*4 0CSCR1MI0N 0 Ik i Othn (k u t'liW'Ml'.x '<*1 *1 itJtxC WquWKf ^*Tl**f Cptl) In 170 210 JW 500 200 1000 7000 4000 (4b| SIC PERIMETER Hr FRAMED PARTITIONS AND MACHINERY ENCLOSURES Wood perimeter ^i" plywood trame plus 3 J 33 33 34 35 3 7 38 <1 44 <5 37 40 Rrrt.tmk 2 26 25 27 28 30 32 35 38 41 31 33 R<rtanii Steel ir.tft and channel Irame 1 !S(*ugesttel plus 3 lb lead none 5 33 32 .34 3S 33 33 41 u <& 3! 40 LEADED V 1 NYl S H EET Q fret harj.nj leaded vwiyl sheet fite h<*rir leaded vtnjri sheet 30 75 ?6 28 7S 30 22 35 41 45 231 S 72 22 23 23 A 30 3b 42 32 34 Rtverta'ili n28 Ricriar-k Ffit hj-ijirj leaded vinyl sheet 75 16 16 17 !S 18 21 24 30 36 27 22 Rn'fbjnk free hanjinj 50 13 13 u 13 15 18 21 26 32 18 18 Rure'tank X a c V>V Hollo* core wood (with las^eltnj) emshnj eirstinf Hollo* core wood (with jasketmf) 2 lb lead eiistm plus li" plywood Hollo* core wood (with jisketmj) Solid wood con dooc 2 lb lead plus i^" plywood 1 lb lead plus plywood existing cxislinj DOORS 2 14 12 12 15 12 19 24 27 28 18 16 Tested at Goodlnend Oste'iaard Associates 4.3 23 20 21 27 23 28 29 31 32 25 26 Tested at Goodfriend Osterjaard Associates r 66 21 23 26 30 28 29 32 33 35 ?3 31 23 26 28 21 23 21 3$ 28 31 Tested at Gooulnend aOstei.-aard As s o c uM 11 73 Tested at Goodlntnd OsWfjaard Associates LIA23459 ^ Design and Construction of Practical Leaded Walls Urur lca.lt si walls arc hem/; Je- % 11* *|X > | 40.1 Off) Ji). 11lC Iim.ih ,d jxfl.*imamc I of new c>m- il nuUn.K and methods f ..uUtti. tu u hssc vanly n.H )rt Km i<4, Ik .I Ihtiifnfe, this xition afters ik * lau word < p**d Joipn and <*n- s(fti.tio*i I: is tnUn.lcd, (jlhcT. til u,^( M to tlw Jllj t'UlIvlu s. arse pjsl Iu k s f*r irr.|*io\inp flic jx tj.'fliuil. < <| VHUld I'jfricrv. Preparing sheet lead for use. Iw j u h ! t * ((. limp material. It j.l a u v .mII\ dapped in r<4!v II is . i'<lt `ij'TiiH.l b u:>|fii|n^ if wi am ,!..n. v;v. :h mrt j . \\ In fc tui t vut v. kinks > ( Kfmkhs nui U nr.iosiJ h) ii x - ! .* r. i'.i 11 i .It, \ioA- k nh 4 paJdt J hUk > - x...dbi,< If Ik l< -{ is % t< . it ill.. .H> *-f li-uu! !* 'xlv it a Hsx r .It i.x II t a to l iii.unftd X;:t( .|!k >I||, (hi .'ll film pft stilt a i> ! . .1 v Ih < t had n'uti N fs.nv.vs-d A n ? 111 v. Iti.rn ph--.j luN of j iu Hi t .*u'i alkat .x < t 41.t r J. . s (It s s,.i. vU ! i k h >1 ;Ih j|V it. ji< U r *'f1 w;:U tuim x tt i N*l- tif- .1. ,,* 'll.,' . - I. j \ S. lx Of. j -.1 I ( .iMini.ssjt .j\l ! ..| duct has no o*l I. I ft t 41) | t f|.' (ftilllkllf MeehanitaHy fosleaed ton* stru<tion j.- s n. sp.ijl ifohhnu |v.,.x is .s S.-H. h sKxjl.l I;.-; W 114:1'. | SUtn.l xcii-.ut S.4VK M 1* of luii:.. pa,! *o JisffiK(t( (Ik load <>:htnn:<K i is liiH. tar !t ,j i> In lliri.l ih'.O.Jl a t > * f * *1 of sftuM.I Is vfis uof. Ijf^n njshtfs, il,. |( n ils.- jll.tKt to |JX j *inuii of iiilini; , ii pim.l to Kili.f slu.Js .( lulllli, sOlj's Vs t It Ii. i i s i .hut I. .1 \\|u (Ik vatlm^ J.lllis.vi III' v-HIM stflilpflt, 'hilt Ual .40 K no!..I (o ih< tool pud suth . '.It <<>t I- <a!( ilmlofs 11 j .j adh. sin h K'tiJt<1 In a wip pjiiil is uMuih iuot( i Wiu ii 11 l>1 to Volk s*ltll 411.1 pf.iVl.ll S 11 slUvIlt 4,Klstl* fl Mllll VtSMul Ivims vi:i(i 1< . I l'i nJmi; i(> djiiipine pain I v d'f .i. n i >n. i I hi f< ,d Ills |h \ o pti piod I r 141010 j ( ih i I Ik j din 'iv e < JO W uxd .`"Il' Kin^ iIk .- mjiiuf i.forir v directions Wire brushing rise lead will improve the adhesive h>nJ |j .1 i4n U ftJ.lilt adUred to thm panels i.| pl)*itl. hjrll"*jfJ. ^vp'iim >r asUstov KtiKrti KurI f*r uy as i suit jssonM) m finishing the ill Jvush lead laminates van be w.>ik<d with tl tools ippfopnitv to ihi lux- stratum anil represent the iasu%t mcth,*d of phvsnallv rttin the lead u)!o the Still I he u m of lead sheet of espial w greater weight fh-in tin, stilssli*`i \* ill u h :j I1\ < nJift l*clnnmjlc tlx .o'im.kruc dip t..;ind m Jt ;nm (.iitnxtil p*nsl mitctt4l\ To i.-.t the Kv{ J. iHJ sf H a ! |>Cfif mu'l l ff.in j ih `a j|I there 4ft four . jr.inut |S')ii:v to K i-hMfvcd Plug all teaks. 1 he amount i-f wsir.j ;hji ,4i i<4l j|ifxjs-h the- imx'f ^.up of . ij. L is only, he'il'Ic I|h jynjlti mjs..xsl In these teaks U-o )(k > r.iu.h prtatir as the aJis p r*.,i:um. e ' 'm j v .-m.I It ;s .T't i il ;:t! x I* j:.-pj'.i.fe the ir.l j , rt ni.m.t .f j ,'ia.Jtsf nail h, i.ivli-t..^. llu leak'. Vk Ik it . .! :! .... . , ,1c, . . .A'.J* D,..| .r p./ir Ih'i^n- I... 'V ill ..! n.! iij Ui-. uii n ji tu <1 . UsHU, 1 ' J. 4'. fils r\V4f\ Always ovoid construction detoifs thot needlessly stiffen the wall, iVt i. . I s irtivti'intM .oo.is tf.^o .s It j iv is s t| Ua*l n f*-dli i `J, tvd to a sttd Kill, the tm- pfovn-. nt * /`fords Kill lx minimal In ii'iii,' I. 4 I .n.j'fon j iind.fl'l.ik k j II. fo is.ruj'J/. <t iv first j .IIk red lo I,'* | !)Mio | of . ! IK f -.11 f f 4` 1 skin 4ii.1 thin irsf4U<d m tufim^ iitipv alias ll.-iti (Ik Kail llov luv |x<n 'hoKIl to V`V\ 1 (. .M' H'.piovumtst * Adlufld dil.'llk to a 11 ak till \tlri s v j II ..I Mils UIK-, fh< SJI< Ii 4>| KoulJ luvi prim(u < i,i 4 in ^l'*.i|.li unOfovr- MK nt III solid Kails. k Ii. ft thifr II IK* iM.I.itm,- j oOni iI hoij.iH-ss pi i ihr still, 't Oi4U tuls j\s ii tht n it o| the Kail. ili. on u l'i u!lv ue*r the ivtt|4M s s.i .in. 'ft f .*r ' 9- Provide an Inner olr ipoee when wait thickness allows, live sanve Kci^ht of mJlerulj propetlj1 \pht into Ik o scpAfatc lipefs and sep arated Kill nearly aljys outperform a single vhd wall lfouvtkally The m.*.`e air spate Ix-furcn the lajen, ijmcfilh, the better :he 'c^ult will be. Ihctc cut be eviepticsns *o this wbco the two layers are so mechanically tied topiiher that they a*t at <v k . la this tasc the stirfneis will be moth .Cteaitr Arvd the wall will suffer. The (fluiioo 2 x 4 stud wail is a rase in pomt Him J.suMe vail surface skim S.I phxi-.Nl, hii.ils.urj or pypvum S ar.l k Ik u baskcl wnh h^hl .eaupc k^d shcif will pis Utter pttfs'rrr.iose han unli.idid skmv .*1 anv ueclc nu- tirial of r.juiJ wc1 cht Sra^-ereJ v*udr j i.d resthmt t.;s klun the two fj.is ;hc wall will provide further iiKprosinunt to# wish walls Absorption Insido hollow walls boosts tho TL Tl>c ..rt-s sitvr.Ud ah-vc on Ost as icsv ritirc .harrjy.'v tnlus they luctain 'jfrm.int abiorptm mjfefiil Inespen s>v<* ^liv, iihr ,-r n.mcral k .s.*1 hairing n ?Ik -x vpa.tv. panicularlv when in s*nf.Hf Kith tltc lead basked panel skins, xii! provide vjUrjm.al improve fiurt l; aw* ptov;.*t-s vxra: dampmp k In. h improves the k all's impM ns.tse Khjvio* jnd hclpv pfiNh.se tU iharact.ri'fr. diadlK" awsiittd with soundpr.'.hnc* LIA 23 46 0 Lead Plenum Barriers Thin Ok x I lead makes an cvi!' !<nt plenum turner an.! is simple to install 1n<\penst\c wallbeurd has fre- ejuei.ll) Ken uw.d alvec the partition to ijff) it to ttvc slab. A well-installed b4TriCf of t hl> t)JX 14lt tC adfULUfC (K*u^ti it is openstsc in stew of the laN*f needed to pvt the rrejuirtJ lit ir *md piping, *rm^. duets, etc. In pf4ilKc 4 ps*\ tit i* stljom 4iIik ieJ and thus tin t> wasted A lc*s c\ptnv\c iiuthed cinpl.uuty; shin hud dKtt pt.sjuas letter results BLOCKING THE PLENUM PATH Win rod part if Himhcinii n r*<n* v*.-p short ol the slab ah-'c has in;: a spa.c of pl i:um Kiwun llic- hunc and the slab. there a p>--en tul s,.n,! ju:h thri-eich th>' spa.c Ni..e this i.'irili- >n e fWrUe t.-a U'tjlli niAo u h ot 4 lightweight a. ms`.i j J ic iJt .c . tlsc tl-iukiny; thr.^j^h :1k ph miiv, :> u k ;j !!; eyuilt h Iu mj s ( t:l;s arid i-th-if J.nuVi, eutfj.tr..: ;r.a tiiuls art Itch; ^nd jsi.f.ejs j v tins nu:-t Ik to l !i 'heir f *lc o| .if '- i.i.,l m the t<sTi It is this pr-jvrtv ;hjt bruits :1k niu'ed r h.-'lnd tju-JiSv m tin loom in uhuh the r.*ns*- is Ixilic pnditeed Ho! light ness and |w.r..ut\ nese"an lor il'v-ip non ,tnm< lift tin med lor a harrier nuMul Thus it is nlatoch ease Is-r n*-jw to pjs> through one e<*lin. U-s.tke tr*<n tin* \lah. mj enter a rnarK t.-tu thrwiL*h its uilrn^ Ih m diet! had is an t\ne*rue and ofis t meat material to use m hi.sLine tire plenum path lucre jrc two m.-thJs hs whuh it ean lsc ap plud It mat K- laid o'er tin- idling ides it nus he used as a eurtam to e.-ntmue the \crtieal partitHij from the huny; iclm^ is* ttc slab. The first tmth*d is usually ealleJ an `\wr the ui'ric' barrier; the scsirnd. a plenum furrier. Ventilation and hy;htuiy: systems as util as sonstrusiion details ol the stihn/; wilt usually potent tin: ehoiee Ixtseecn lhe-se- tvs( rmlhids. The case of iuttiny: arJ forming the thin sheet to a.h:esc a poosl In around hphtmp fivtutes. spruikk-r Iteads, pipmy* and UMiduit. etc . makes appheatMwi fairly sm.plv jnd inexpensive. Over the celling barriers of in pHind hud were tested under standard te*nditiem with a <cihntj of hehtweiL'ht (O < jwwind* vj |t)erihnj tile I he- 4tk*nuatii*n was improscd trim 'I db to 5V db in this test 5cc hyrufc at riyilrt INSTALLATION PROCEDURE ?or barriers with no penetrations At'j.h tss! .hat or metal partiti.n ti-ibnc shmiKl underside `f d.*or slrfb < ut dtsifi.l Ui.;;th ot hud sheet v'erjf m. he s l.-njer than plenum Ik ijh* lo! 1 t" .t t-p ed^f our llun ids? K.,:d ss > \1 haven ..r I j'Jvi: |.i tlu; w .:h Ik j u . !ut s. *t .phs > n i" . e i.U is thr- 'h :h.. Let ss*. \ . } h ad jnd ihe b m : <> :p. f \s .ill n *un.l head views j u .I l:at u.islnis on uiiM'. to iv. *:l ,binnef fed, ; dwe llin'. Lhttl.ip Ultual cdyTe s 1" Turn up oscr.'-la|ippp..nn.:j ced^; and told ir.!>> a !. L'bt st.mindomc se*Jam Drap* I"' w,ill hul!:j *w j I ; b<nm Apph tajx it desird For penctrafioni up to 2** in diameter 1 old l I.rt . .1 l~ !: !vs..:: ! the , truer i : 1 .Im.i, n orl. !ie leal r -.Ktlal.oll .llie *>. L :i. r . r Sr:, m Ill fs IK I fa 11. -II Nip r i'1 :1k tu.L tiu 1 vatiort *f ( LIA2346 1 Drape tlu- lumct 1k 1 i.Kf iIk pij-c <*r *iii Spin rc-lit tfv lead ilctmd pipe or euro Taj'c if Jew red. CoM our i!k - hl edges id the tuL j iu J ((h im i tight standing scam For tmolf circular or square penetrating duett I'olJ a urinal tui. and '!il a * abuse. Make t*i Jupfi.'l <u(s m (Ik link it jv. net ration (s-inf to ju.rftmi<Kjj(c sue of Juit I'oU the pic shaped iLj agamvt the duil and tape in place For largo rectangular duett Drape tltc turner foil ffien tlsc cleat onto the top of fle duej. Fold top edge of 4 \honcf harrier died user * VutUn *tnp and fasten lo buttom of slutt with sfscel metal screws and wjshcrv cm h** center* Male usual standing seams it sertnal edges of du.t and Upc the flips to (Ik Jut i edge* l.as t less ltd of barrier foil on lop ol tIk tinti on K*th suits of partition* In futuir drumming noise. For patching holtt C ut a pine of barrier IcaJ larger in alt dummi-wi. tlun the hole. Turn up 1" of <fiv lead barrier j II around iIk - lu te and also on (Ik piteh. Insert and told edges together and siimp lo form uanding seams. For spaces with critical require ments lj) adJitu>ria! kid barrier with I" iscrlap mcr tin- anKiMital idling (tie in the- area 6 ft frmi (Ik partitiuo in the runs) room. Precautions to keep In mind He <cnam that the- top edge of live lead barrier is folJed o'er a batten strip or hif uit>*<<h edge, ileal or bracket so that (Ik sh<d is lull)- supp<*rtcd across its uijth rather than just at points of attjihnxut. This will cffcstisely elim inate any danger of tearing at fasteners. B Miscellaneous Helpful Information WEIGHTS OF MATERIAL Weights given are average MASONRY & CONCRETE MATERIALS Cinders or ashes Granite, without modor limestone, marble, without modor Send or grovel, dry & loose Sand or gravel, dry A pocked Sandstone, bluestone, with mortor WOOO (12% MOISTURE CONTENT) Birch, red ok Cedar Douglas fir, (coast region) Oak, white Pne, longdeof southern Pine, short leaf southern CONCRETE Cinder, concrete fill Cinder, reinforced Stone BRICK MASONRY (INCLUDING MORTAR) Common LBS. per CU. FT. 40-45 158-168 165 90-105 100-120 147 44 22 34 *7 29 36 MORTAR & PIASTER Plaster EXTERIOR WAILS & WALL MATERIALS Masonry {Ind. mortar; no ploster unless noted) 4** brickwork 8" brickwork 8" concrete, reinforced stone or groel 12" concrete, reinforced stone or grovel 4`* concrete block, stone or grovel 8" concrete block, stone or grovel PARTITIONS 60 100-H5 144 120 3" Gypsum block, plaster 2$ 4" Gypsum block, plaster 2S 6" Gypsum block, plotter 2S Gypsum board, Vi" thick lath 6 ploster, 2" x 4" wood studs Ploster 2" Solid plaster partition -11 IBS. per CU. FT. 96 Ib/sq. ft. 35 74 100 150 27-33 50 60 21 25 31 2.1 14-16 4-5 18 LIA23A62 WHAT TRANSMISSION LOSS IS REQUIRED? Ideally, cjh problem would lx: M'bed by measuring the level of background noise and tbc Ic'd of die noise (o be vlivit <-ut or contained by the barrier The transmission loss of the barrier, at each frcvjuvtuy. would (hen ha\c to !< at least the difference between aN wablc background loci and the lescl of disturbing noise. The allowable Imfc^round noise is often Jistrdxitcd over the frequency sjxxtrurn with most of the sound en ergy at low ftoluene ies. In o<hcr words, the normal noise background -- the combined nmsc of traffic, air diffusers, distant and unintelligible conversation, etc.-- is wmcwhit predictable. Where no specific data is available, a "normal'* background can be assumed. The NC, or Noise Criteria, curves shown Sere arc very commonly usej to represent background level Tbc accompanying table five's a rouc.'h aope ol back* pr<anJ level by hstmq the NC curve which commonly applies to several lC JtllSOV Where intense noise- a* from a piece of ina.h'iKfv is anticipated. it is usuallc possible to ect information from iIk manufacturer about the noise levels it will proju.c This an vary width' between mmufic tort r> GarKil t disposal unit', for example, man ufactured bv two companies hid noise ratines (metal!) of V* and S' db Similar discrepancies ire often found between different makes cvf pumps, fans, air conditi*nc rs and nttuc ma chines (arc mi purchase and installa tion of such equipment will help re duce the problems of v<und transmis sion. 'X'hcre it is impocoMe to pm d*n source levels, there are data based c*n pasr studies which can be used The curves (see above) and Table (*ee below) represent such jccrape requirements * l*iojx-rl) designed harriers will reduce the sounj trinunivsun to ic- ceptahle levels fS Whnt to do obout looks. 11k unaided ear he 1*1 '!<'< to but not touching t|c walls can locate leaks rather well, better still, a doctor's stethoscope, with the head removed so tlut {Ik open rubber tube can be moved al**n over Cricks ctf joints, will locate leaks accurately. Most MKh leaks wall be /taps or cracks and the remeds is calking, spic'klmp. <r pluin/t with an ap propriate material. Where the ip dex-s n.y i\creJ aN^at 1 -It'*", duct sealmp ta|>c will do a credible job Where no jp esc crick is present and the leaky area ts larce. suspect stnct\jral ffankinc bv a nail or bolt, electrical Nix. piping, etc. There is often no simple solutn>o to such builtin riankim: Isolating the offending structural elements with air or a revdent nutcfil is desirable Nat usually vfi'nls expensive alterations--they are Km dcMirntd out of tl* wall to start an.I kept out bv clow pc-hunjj durmc cri I rue Ti<mi Painting and finishing lead looses <<:k possible pr*b!vm The mrul u sofi jnd even chocich movr parr.tv idlktc- well, it can be cut or abraded bv phwci! loniict. Veneers. laminates, fabric Imi'h. ami either imishint man rule ire N't used over exposed sur tiers of lejd Where rv- phvsieal cooiict is cvpotrd. lead mac be painted with any quality pamt <i.lf<<a < t i iporn NC Cv*.# tfp*<al Arr' fe* *^, NC ?0*NC 30 NC 10 < NC 33 NC -15 U NC 40 NC -40 NC-50 N< 50 to NC 35 Al, NC 35 (lCvtir o^ctc o**4 wl k eo*M (x 50 popW ci icifrp'-n'i *4<n. C*P*>M rMV <4 mw N !*' IMM| (C 50 pfpl Mt4ic>itJ 4<fi and Wdvltnat bvcintc) C^<t% inf raaias, *K. and d*tt- Sic<trial araat (typinf 1. accavnttng a**ii (kvw*a btvapeiat raaaw. *c Net reeamasnd*d la# any type at a*<a TIANSMIWJO* toss O* wMX io * u <tv as * to rfb. ao t as dv 45 dk. < r. rw 5 *5 (J5M) ' Look Ahcod with Lead .. t ,TJ MtAlINO CONOiTJONJ IATTHO Nooisot HIIKtl c m b IMd*'4d qvili Mutgr <4 d*i*c*ty rlc *a. le*4 pck n* b ndKi>t4 foi*4y wtl. ipmt ( K'4 kv ! mv V l#d ipnc^ k kvt li M rawly UttLg>bU. Naat tpaack co<c b k*#d mI/ toin'*^. X of l. Lovd l|X*cV ( b lainHy ti>d bvt < (r<taciW. b loovdibl*. vrjr l*vd HVO^L Ikll m Uv<J ing. h**M Mvveet *> 4 /O^I * tvH b of/ M t !. ton Vtrf Q&oJ -- IKQIMK^W fty *th C(fl!*Dl -- l*< bU coon, poc- lic i i i i i i, rd>4 |l('ll. Lead Industries Association 292 Madison Ave. New York, New York 10017 Q Fd/o*d I* USA.