Document yw60QBGego1X7yQgjMgOM9DE

rical Notes 1 PLAINTIFFS EXHIBIT i The Konicide Club (1932-1940) i A Brief History ! Theodora F. HatcH Sc.D. and Eugene P. Pendergrass, M.D. i I PLAINTIFF'S EXHIBIT i In lanuary. 1932, a small group of physician*, scientists and nemo and with the purpose of having occasional meetings to discuss engineers met Infornaftf at the Pittsburgh Laboratories, UJ. research problems on tier reUtian af dust to htakh. the club wM have no Bureau of Minas to exchange expatiences and views concerning dues. w meet anywhere or any tin* any member desire* and can per suade at least one other member not to fils own organization to moot wtth i At problem of stBcosb in US. minas and factories. No list of the participants is now tvathbk but the number probably did not ax* Nm. The meattog w* select Its own chairman aa the dub has no president and does not propose electing one. f the members present see fit. they wM t ceed 20. representing aaientirily aH the research institution* and i Md Invostigathm groups in the country at that , Particular in- I t terest centered around standardization of atmospheric dust sam* !t pfing and asteismant ot dust exposures and the parallel medical procedure tor evaluating the respiratory injury found in exposed i individuals. Thera we pm need for such standardization to in i sure comparabftty of results, derived in the same manner by all in vestigators. One recommendation coming from the meeting we I to develop a sturdy, aft-glass Impingar deigned to be easily send a notice or mfewte of their meeting to (he secretary, who wifi past k along to the other members. Any member pubfitNng an article on any phasa of the dust tywstion wlB either sand tiatwgh the secretary a reprint to each member or mail the reference to his paper. The membership will be kept srmfi and is to be elected from time to time by a commktae of Messrs. Yam and Uafce and the secretary. Until February 1.1913. Orinker wtil serve as secretary, which nutans at tempting to do the dfcty work a secretary should da Such as arranging meetings and attandtog to correspondence. On February 1. 1933 Orinker will appoint his. successor. Vote suggestions es to other members would be appreciated, but bear in ^ dupBcataWa. and to setds on a standard method of dust counting. mind that wo do ret want members not now engaged in investigative \ The modified Greeftborg-Smkh impinger resulted and is still in use. work on dust We want the membership kept unal aid above everything . i * are the counting techniques delineated at that time. Beyond to be Informal and no precedents td be established. Attached is a 1st of proposed members. Fleas* be good enough to send i thee specifics there wen wide-ranging discussions of the many the secretary word as to whether or net you wish to boeoms a member. i Other aspects of the sBicosb problem. Greet enthusiasm over this i hvo-day conference and the desire to continue such meetings i * were expressed by dt the participants with the further wish to Philip Orinker, Secretary SS Van Oyka Street Boston. Mass. ! I keep the meetings small and informal to insure lively debate and exchange of views. At the end of the meeting Drinker proposed a scheme for the calling and conduct of the meetings. Ha suggested the name 'Konicide CJub" atd on February 12.1932, ht sent the following letter to all participants, plus a few additional in- Konicide Club Members (First Mailing list -- about March 1932) Bureau of Utoei. o*pt et Manor. Washington. D.C.: Mr. Daniel O Hamngton; Mr. F. g. Meriwether; and 4800 Forbes Street, Pittsburgh. Pa.: Mr. W. P. Yam; Dr. C. L Brown. divfduab. Because of k typical Orinker style, the fotter H given in CNcaga HL 330 South Writs St; Or. C O. Sappiogton. i hi9. followed by the names on the first mailing list together with their respective institutional affiliations. ImploftfS aMuaf tosurtnee Co.. BOO Carpet Building. Mftwadcet. Wit.: Mr. f C Meiter. Harvard School of Public Health SS Shattuck St, Boston. Mass.; Mr. Philip Kanidda Club Drinker: Mr. Theodore Hatch; and Dr. W. L Clark. Tha Horton Co, Wor February 1], 1932 i i i At a recant meeting at (he Bureau oI Minas. Pittsburgh a number of us *cklad to start an infernal, sre* end very select 0) dub with the above cester, Mass. Atotiopoffran life tnsuranco Co. 1 Madson Avenue. New York. N.Y.: Dr. A. I- lama; Of. W. I McConnell; Mr.J. W. FehneL Hortfin*tem Itaiversky, Medical School Chicago. Itt: Or. June* A, Brit From the Cradum School af Subic Heakh Uuvereer of fcusburjh Or. Mck ton. i hshiw tmrriMt and the School tt Medtine. Unfcersay o> Nensrtventi. OwerK-iffinois Class Co. Toledo. Ohio; Mr. W. 0- Hazard. n>a*dtfphl* At. PwdngraM, takas' (mmuai. Pubfic Health Service. Treasury Department. Washington. D.C: Dr. I. ft. founai of Occupational MeAcm/Vol. 19, No. 5/May 1977 P-MET-282 Myers; Or. AbutLMmD: Dr. 11 JenaxMr. J.IMaemAMA 0-1-M OaflMlg. JNmc UOoratsry. tm lit, fawn trie. RY~ Or. I. U. ** OfreM Cmmiup; Or. Hamr L SwepM*; Mr. Andrew **1; Mr. the and of the second day. Or. Cardner spoke briefly on "What b Known About Asbaeeosb". an early contribution to a subject to* bom* so targe tod m the occupational heefih IMd. Is not too much to say that Mi was the most detailed seminar on toe med>- Ontario. foriMment kMttft: Dr. Cx|i MaP Brink; Dr. feta Cram Civtin|Mm Or. A. L B4M. _, ^ ^,, UHmMy * AnvwyWsnu. Unbwtity Harptol FNUdalphii. P*-~- Ot.K K. fontMat: Dr. I. P. Fendwgnua _ bat* OpSrtmwx fHmAA Kvtierri, Cornu Or. A. S. Cray: Mr. Warren A. Cook. Vtosttagtas* tbatk l UmMOuhof Co. Mwbcai Dtps- East Hto- twjfi. Dr, T. lyt* Msrittfc Mr. Edgar C Bunas- Stir addfooml names warn an tot uwnburhp Eit in toe tast days TM * Club: Mu*d Sowdhck W. C Drwmn. Uonud Craentiurg. OKar Sa*dw. R R Sehrwk and Chariai It Wtoaae. eal end radiological aspect of the pneumoconiosis problem presented in the United States op to that tone fltlS. --' The next meeting was held in Washington, January 13-14. ItJS. under the auspices of Dr. Sayers and associates. Office ofindustrial Hygiene U4SXS. Among tha topics dbcustod were: recognition of tha roentgenofogfe changaa, etc. described at toe carter Philadelphia meeting as sjpilflcant diagnostic ovens in the development of sHcosfa and the essential procedures to be recommended In both medical and environmental control of dust hazards. Or. Sayers and associates reported on the findings of the The first meeting of Die new ekib waa hold at the Saranac Laboratory on April 2. J, 1532, attended by Messrs. Gardner. Clark. Pancoast Penderpais. Clfford (guest). McConnell leak*. Drown. Mart*. fchnel. Hatch. Bloomfield and Cummings plus other mem bers of tha Saranac Staff. The first dqr was devoted to toe pathology of tiScosb and the ;acorid to dm sampSng and count ing. Soma of the Mghf*|h of the meeting were summarized as follows and give an Idea of the state of knowledge of sXcoais In 1932: the hazard from a slflcfoos dost is fci proportion to its free- sftca (SrOal content provided that no inhibitory substance h present; other compounds of tEicon have not produced fibrosis in experimental animals (except magnesium sieate which produces a different kind of fibrosis); Intravenous injection of SiOt produces fibrosis In the suprahepatic lymph node foltowed by Abrodc nodules In the Sverrno similar fibrosis b' produced by aluminum oxIda. Respecting dust counting, there was Bvely discussion ot dark-field vs. Ight-field microscopy, cspecMy with refertoce ease of particle counting in the <1 H range. To change from fight-field however, would entail a considerable series of com parative counts. There was no agreement on such a change. A seconj meeting was held in conjunction with the National Safety Congress m Washington on October 3-5, 1932. Messrs. Cardner, RusseiL Bloomfield Hatch and Drinker presented a series of "dusty address*" (Drinker's wording) to the congress. This was. perhaps, the first large gathering from US industry beiore which representatives of tht smaJJ group of pneumoconiosis specialists presented the dimensions of the sScosis problem and the needs for its control. Messrs. Thompson. Leake. RusseiL Bloomfield, Ytnt Brown, Cray, Cook. Cunnin^am, Cardner, Hatch and Drinker were present at the club meeting on October 4th. The relative merits of dark and fiyht-field Wwminatioa in dust counting were further discussed with a fowl conclusion to continue with the lat ter. AH agreed, however, that an easier method would be welcome. An important contribution was made by Dr. Clark, who outtinad recommended procedures for a continuing medical con trol program in the dusty industries. The application of these procedures, so well understood and commonplace now. was only beginning in the early 30's. ` ~ ........... ter the 1933 meeting November 11th and I2th>. Drs. Pancoast and Pendergrass ware the hosts at the X-ray Department, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa. With their recent PHS study of the health hazards in anthracite cod mining and Sayers end Malar described their findings from Jntraperitoneai injection of dusts In experimental animals. In the course of this meeting, as in earlier ones, there was much discussion of ifw need to establish Bmit* of permbsfele dustiness to serve as gukteposo for effective dust control efforts. Out of these came Cummings' suggestion of the formula used for many yean subsequently to calculate acceptablt levels of dustiness in proportion to toe bee silica content of the airborne dust starting with 5 x 10* mppcf for pura quartz. This format, with some modification, b stfl widely used In other countries as well as the US. We recall also Ms view, shared by Dr. Lanza, that no "safe" level of dust exposure could be set for individuals with any dagree of tuberculous Infection. This (fictum was laid down, of count, to emphasize tht sbsokite necessity for tuberculosis prevention along with control of toe in dustrial dust hazard TMf guttering was of particular sigplfeenc* as a praparetmy session for two meetings shortly to be held: one at the Melon In stitute. out of which came toe "Air Hygiene Foundation' ktow In dustrial Health Foundation) and tha other, the 1936 SIGcotb Con ference. sponsored fay Mbs Perkins, the Secretary of labor. Konicide dub members played leading parts in the planning and conduct of both of those meetings. In January. 1936. a dub meeting took place at Harvard, organized by Drinker and Hatch, The importance of particle size in the etiology d pulmonary dust disease was emphasized. Brown discussed respiratory dust deposition and retention; Hatch report ed on the striking variations in the composition of mtoorol dust as particle size b reduced, with particular reference to the decreasing SiOj content with particle size for dusts from granite, sandstone and other sificious minerals. Professor Larsen of Harvard* Geology Department demonstrated petrographic techniques for dust analysis end discussed size limitation in such anafyib. Dr. C KDrinker described the lymphatic system and discussed its im portance in the development of silicosis and P. Drinker reported on nasal dust filtration. latar in 1936 November 23rd and 24th), Drs. Ian** and McConnell and Bill fthnel offered a program at the headquarters of Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, New York City. The firs* day was devoted to medical questions and progress in animal studies. Speakers included Drs. Cardner. Sampson. Lanza. Pen colleagues they prepared for this meeting a very comprehensive series of subjects for discussion. The first day was devoted to clinical examination in sWcosis and the Importance of associated dergrass. During the second day Dr. Graeoburg described a New York state program of industrial hygiene and Fehnet discussed * dust control program In an asbestos plant. Decrease in SrOi con diseases, especially tuberculosis, pneumonia and Other respiratory tent with particle size found In Industrial dusts, notably k> ft*1*1* diseases. Outing the second day, discussion was directed mainly to radiological techniques and differential diagnosis between dries, was also a topic of continued interest On July 12th and 13th, 1937, the dub enjoyed the hospitality of slficosh and sllico-tubcrculoils and lesions simulating silicosis. At (he Montreal Mining Co,, Montreal. WR, with whom the Saranac 352 Tht Konicide Club/Hatch and Pendergrass , T* * tat (too n*db olem itlS. ' stria) (Oort artier tie > be dust 4 the tang sneaf ; this I n#*d >OJtJ stop' ty to free # ! t :f for idely .KW. id he ti* ofute eh- " laboratory fed dew aaaocletiott. Tie program, arranged by Or. Bngo, Medical Director, we focuaed on ta HaaMi problem of ta farrow mining Industry, with detailed "WtuNfaw V ta problems aneountared In the Montreal and neighboring mkwi Speakers indudad Dr*. Gardner and Sampson who emphetiied the significant differences In ta ptthologlcM and roentgmologle*l ' changes' *aan In thelron mloan, compared for aumplc, with granH* cutters. Tha medical (aciMaa and dual monitoring equip ment amployad at dia Montraal mine ware Impacted and dub members enjoyed an underground Inspection trip. The meeting concluded with a general review and summary of the medical and engineering problems ancountarad in tha Induetry. On January 22,1t another meeting waa hald at the University of Pennaytvenli under arrangements made by Or. Pendergrass. The program was devoted to tha health problem* of tha aibestoi induitry. Tftlai of separate lacCures were: General Surrey of the Asbestos Industry and Its Engineering Problems; Experimental Pathology Concerning Asbastosb; CBnicai and Roentgenological Survey of the Asbestos Industry; Pathology in Patients Dying with Asbcstoiis; Roentgen Studies In industries Having Asbestos*. Speakers included Drinker. Gvdner. Sayers. Dreesen and Drs. lames Sullen and Rush Shull guest Speakers. Over the years there had been frequent inquiries by non members about tha chib activities end increasing prtssue to in clude in its deflberttion* Individuals not engaged in pneumo coniosis research, especially by lawyers concerned with coro- penaation dakna. Theae widening imnMi and more perdcuhrly. wm orpntaoon cv ta Atanm MiMW nyjwt amocikiovi ti T tugjettod 16 Vfe'momtiin tat the *auive" Konfcide Ckb tad served Its purpoae end k* actMdes shotdd be concluded, inert wwt no more mviiip. R b difficult at dda late date to recapture the excitement and stimulation that one found In ta dub meetings. In tha course of ta successive conferences, new findings and new research and Investigative procedures were quite regular!y brought to our at tention- In many Instances these required abandoning old ideas and adopting new ones, but these changes did not come easly for ta proponents had to defend their proposals against much (constiuetive) criticism by their cokesgun. One of ta fortunate con tributions was to bring together from the start ta scientists and practitioners from both sides of tapreMam. respecting both man and environment -- biological science and medlelne together with physical science and engineering. The colaetive respons*bfflty of such teams of specialists for the development end appli cation of preventive measures for the control of sticosb and other disabling occupational dust diseases was constantly emphisticd. Hot tha least accompkshment was learning to talk to each other and each to recognire the essential need for the skife of the others in the joint solving of Important health problems. Tha expansion oi this concept ih dealing with other job-related diseases has given special strength and effectiveness to ihe whole occupational health effect In the United States. ory n h inConj6ot. ; and vard M in Own port- istat iling ton* Jtegy dust C. *. . Sm arted and fieri first umai PenNew ed * con tain- . i ii i i i i i i i / Regulated Progreia Scholarly review is such an effective barrier to novelty that a new idea can seldom be announced to the world until it has Test been sold to the establishment Most innovators are ffi-suitad to promotional work, and begrudge the time and effort Many kfeaa die at this stage. The innovator n*t buttonhole important people to enlist their support or perhaps sppiy far a pant to study his innovation. If successful, this gets the idea on to tha grapevine which is its announcement to and acceptance by the world Publication is a formality, tike a lettar confirming a telephone cilL By thus standing astride the channel of communication, the establishment maintains its rule and regulates progress for Its own convenience. -- ton -fvotorf Contpracy'- bf Owtet MrCvlchM in n Sefcnai MyMiouar 1*7S. itycf anac (Dtl I i tairnal of Occupational Medicine/Vd. 19. No. 5/May 1977 353