Document yrwbwwqBykZZXZoRkjq766n6r

ETHYL CORPORATION cc: M essrs. G. F . Kirb y D. M. Batson C. E llio t t W. L . F a i t h R . H erzog R . A. Kehoe C. G. Kr ieger M. P . Mu r d ock W. R . P e r d u e , J r C. C. Vogel F . P . Warne D. R. Warren A p r i l 21, 1965 Memorandum t o : M essrs. H. E . H esselb erg J . H . H uguet L . L . H u xtab le G. Roush, J r . R. K. Sca les Gen tlem en : As yo u ge n t le m e n kn ow, we h a ve a lr e a d y p r e p a r e d an d h a d a p p r o ve d a "W h ite P a p er " on t h e a i r p o llu t io n p o lic y o f ou r com pan y. T h is i s a le n g t h y docum en t, and i s com p lete in a l l p h a s e s. R e a lizin g t h a t ou r r e p o r t wou ld b e t o o le n g t h y fo r c a s u a l r e a d in g , we h a ve now p r e p a r e d a b r i e f s t a t e m e n t w h ich h ig h lig h t s t h e m a jo r f a c t s in t h e b a s ic r e p o r t . T h is sh o r t e n e d form was r e q u e s t e d b y D a vis Ba t so n fo r u s e w it h v a r i o u s go ver n m en t p e r s o n n e l i n W a s h in g t o n , a n d I am a t t a c h in g a co p y o f i t . D a vis a s s u r e d me t h a t t h i s i s n o t t o o le n g t h y . I t w ou ld b e my t h o u gh t t h a t t h e s h o r t form wou ld b e u se d b y D a vis and C a r l E lli o t t in t h e ir co n ta cts w it h va r io u s o ffic i a ls o f our govern m en t, an d t h a t t h e lo n g for m wou ld b e a v a ila b le fo r t h o s e who a r e a c t u a l ly en ga ged in com m ittee work t h a t m igh t in vo lve a ir p o llu t io n . I m igh t in p a ssin g p o in t ou t t h a t th e p r e p a r a t io n o f t h e s e r e p o r t s wa s n o t a s s im p le a s i t may a p p e a r * Th e wor k wa s don e b y C h r is V o g e l, who sp en t many h ou rs in r e se a r ch in g our fa c t s . S in ce r e ly, J EB:w Attch un*- aes E . Boudreau "W h ite P a p er " - Sh o r t Form V2I/ 65 An t ik n o ck com pounds a r e an e s s e n t i a l in g r e d ie n t o f m odern g a s o li n e . Th ey make p o s s ib le t h e e ff i c i e n t and econ om ica l p r o d u ctio n o f h igh q u a lit y g a s o lin e , and s a v e t h e Am e r ica n p u b l i c som e $2 b i l l i o n a n n u a lly on i t s g a s o li n e b i l l . W h ile t h e y a r e a p a r t o f th e g a s o lin e --wh ich is bu rn ed in s id e an au tom ob ile en gin e and i t s w a s t e p r o d u c t s e xh a u s t e d -- a n t ik n o ck com pounds a r e n o t a s i g n i f i c a n t fa c t o r i n a i r p o llu t io n , do n o t c o n t r ib u t e t o smog fo r m a t io n , and p r e s e n t no p u b lic h e a lt h p r o b lem . An y r e s t r i c t i o n s i n t h e u s e o f a n t ik n o c k com poun ds w o u ld i n n o way s o lv e t h e p r o b le m o f a ir p o llu t io n b u t wou ld h ave s e r io u s con seq u en ces on t h e m otor in g p u b lic , t h e o i l in d u s t r y , and t h e n a t io n a l econ om y. Th e R o le o f An t ik n o c k Com pounds An tikn o ck com pounds, w h ich a r e ch e m ica ls co n t a in in g m e t a llic le a d , a r e added t o g a s o lin e in sm a ll am ounts t o g iv e th e fu e l i t s d e s ir e d octa n e number or a b i l i t y t o p rod u ce p ow er. On ly ab ou t a h a lf t e a s p o o o n fu l o f t h e a c t iv e a n tik n o ck in g r e d ie n t i s a d d ed t o a g a llo n o f g a s o li n e , on t h e a v e r a g e . An t ik n o ck com pounds a r e u se d , in an econ om ic b a la n ce , w it h r e fin e r y p r o ce s s e s wh ich a ls o in cr e a s e ga so l i n e o ct a n e n um ber. H owever, a n t ik n o ck compounds a c h ie v e h ig h e r o ct a n e g a s o lin e a t an im p o r ta n t s a vin g in cr u d e p e tr o le u m wh er ea s o ct a n e im provem ent p r o c e s s e s r e q u ir e m or e p e t r o le u m t o a c c o m p lis h t h e sam e p u r p o s e . O ve r t h e l a s t 25 y e a r s , a n t ik n o c k com pounds h a ve co n se r ve d an e s t im a t e d 5 b i l l i o n b a r r e ls o f cr u d e p e t r o le u m , w o r th $ 15 b i l l i o n a t c u r r e n t p r i c e s . B e s id e s in c r e a s in g g a s o lin e o ct a n e n um ber, a n t ik n o ck com pounds a ls o s e r ve th e o i l in d u str y as a r e fin e r y t o o l. They h elp r e fin e r s t o b a la n ce th e r e la t iv e demand fo r prem ium an d r e g u la r g a s o lin e , t o b a la n ce t h e i r t o t a l g a s o lin e demand a g a in s t t h e demand fo r o t h e r p r o d u ct s , and t o a d ju s t t o s e a so n a l flu c t u a t io n s in p rod u ct demand. They a ls o h e lp r e fin e r s t o b e t t e r p la n and sp ace t h e ir c a p it a l in ve s t m e n t s in new p r o c e s s in g f a c i l i t i e s . I n t im e o f war o r n a t io n a l em er gen cy, a n t ik n o ck compounds do d o u b le d u t y. They g ive th e fin a l l i f t in a n tikn ock q u a lit y t o m ilit a r y g a s o lin e , and th ey h elp o ffs e t t h e lo s s o f t h e h igh o cta n e g a s o lin e fr a c t io n s w h ich a r e d iv e r t e d from c i v i l i a n t o m ilit a r y fu e ls . Thus, th ey h elp t o assu re m ilit a r y needs o f ga so lin e o f s u ffi c ie n t ly h igh octan e number, and th e y h elp t o m ain tain c iv ilia n ga so lin e q u a lit y a t adequate le v e ls . O ver t h e y e a r s , b y p r o v id in g optim um g a s o lin e a n t ik n o ck q u a l i t y , a t t h e lo w e s t p o s s ib le c o s t , a n t ik n o ck com pounds h a ve h e lp e d make i t p o s s ib le f o r more e ffic i e n t au tom ob ile en gin es t o be in tr o d u ce d . Th ese more e ffic i e n t en gin es in t u r n h ave b een a b le t o e x t r a c t s u c c e s s iv e ly more power, in cr e a se d m ile a ge , and more e c o n o m ic a l t r a n s p o r t a t i o n o u t o f e v e r y g a l l o n o f g a s o l i n e . As on e m e a s u r e o f t h i s p r o g r e s s , t h e u s e f u l p ower o f a u t o m o b ile e n g in e s h a s m or e t h a n d o u b le d s i n c e 19 3 0 . Su ch t r a n s p o r t a t io n p r o g r e s s ca n b e v is u a liz e d a n o th e r way when a llo w a n ce i s made f o r t h e in c r e a s in g a ve r a g e w e ig h t o f c a r s o ve r t h e y e a r s . Ba ck in 1930, a g a llo n o f g a s o li n e c o u ld m ove a t o n o f a u t o m o b ile a b o u t 25 m ile s w h e r e a s b y i9 6 0 a g a llo n o f g a s o li n e w o u ld p r o v id e i-5 t o n m ile s o f t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , f o r a g a in o f 8 0 $ . H e a lt h A s p e c t s o f An t ik n o c k Com pounds ' Lea d a n t ik n o ck com pounds a r e h ig h ly t o x ic in t h e i r co n ce n t r a t e d fo r m . I n r e c o g n i t i o n o f t h i s f a c t , an e la b o r a t e s ys t e m o f s a f e t y c o n t r o ls g o ve r n s t h e s e com poun ds b e gin n in g w it h t h e ir m a n u fa ctu re and co n t in u in g u n t i l a ft e r t h e y a r e f i n a l l y Kr 0005001 2- - H owever, a s o r d in a r ily fou n d in g a s o lin e , t h e le a d a lk y l p o r t io n o f a n t i k n o ck com poun ds a c c o u n t s on t h e a v e r a g e f o r o n ly a b o u t 1 i n 1,700 p a r t s b y volu m e o f a g a llo n o f ga so lin e Because o f t h e ir h igh d ilu t io n in th e g a s o lin e , a n tikn ock com pounds do n o t c o n t r ib u t e m a t e r ia lly t o t h e t o x i c i t y o f g a s o lin e . As a n t ik n o c k com poun ds a r e con su m ed i n a n a u t o m o b ile e n g in e a lo n g -with t h e g a s o lin e , th e y g ive r is e t o w a ste p r o d u cts o f le a d wh ich a r e c a r r ie d o ff in th e a u t o m o b ile e x h a u s t . H o w e ve r , o n ly a b o u t 50$ o r l e s s o f t h e t o t a l am oun t o f le a d e n t e r in g t h e e n g in e ( i n a n a n t ik n o c k com pound) s u b s e q u e n t ly e n t e r s t h e a t m o s p h e r e . An t ik n o ck com pounds h a ve b een in v e s t ig a t e d c o n t in u o u s ly , fr om t h e s t a n d p o i n t o f p u b l i c h e a l t h , f o r o v e r i -0 y e a r s . M ost o f t h i s w o r k wa s s p o n s o r e d b y t h e a n t ik n o ck compound in d u s t r y , an d i t was c a r r ie d o u t , fo r t h e m ost p a r t , in t h e K e t t e r in g la b o r a t o r y in th e C o lle ge o f M ed icin e a t th e U n ive r s it y o f C in cin n a t i. Th ese in v e s t ig a t io n s h ave shown: 1. The le a d com pounds d is c h a r g e d i n t h e a u t o m o b ile e xh a u s t h a ve n o t c r e a t e d a h azard t o th e h e a lth o f th e p u b lic. 2 . Th e c o n c e n t r a t io n s o f le a d (fr o m a l l s o u r c e s , in c lu d in g a n t ik n o c k com pou n d s) fou n d g e n e r a lly in t h e a ir o f Am erican c i t i e s a r e lo w . 3. Th e am oun ts o f le a d t o w h ich t h e g e n e r a l p o p u la t io n i s e xp o se d -- from a l l s o u r ce s , in clu d in g food s and b e ve r a ge s -- a r e fa r below h azard ou s li m i t s . 1. Du rin g t h e p a s t tw en ty-od d ye a r s , t h e r e has been l i t t l e ch a n ge, on th e p a r t o f th e average Am er ica n .a d u lt, e it h e r in h is in ta k e and ou tp u t o f le a d or in th e amounts o f le a d r e ta in e d in h is bod y. Most r e c e n t ly , th e U .S. P u b lic H ealth S e r vice p u b lish ed th e r e s u lt s o f a com p reh en sive su r vey o f le a d in th e atm osph ere wh ich i t u n d ertook in t h r e e m ajor Am erican c i t i e s -- Los An g e le s , P h ila d e lp h ia and C in c in n a t i. The P u b lic H e a lth S e r v ic e st u d y co n fir m ed t h e e a r l i e r fin d in g s and showed t h a t a tm osp h er ic le a d le v e ls a r e low and p r esen t no p u b lic h e a lth h a za r d s. E f f e c t s o f R e s t r i c t i o n s in An t ik n o c k Compound U se An y r e s t r i c t i o n s in t h e u s e o f a n t ik n o c k com poun ds-- a r i s i n g o u t o f i l l co n ce ive d e ffo r t s t o r ed u ce a ir p o llu t io n --would r e s u lt in h igh e r g a s o lin e co s t s t o t h e m otor in g p u b lic , r ed u ced e a r e ffic ie n c y , an im pairm en t o f t h e o i l in d u s t r y' s a b i l i t y t o m eet em ergen cy and wartim e n eed s, and an u n warran ted w a ste o f th e n a t io n 's o i l r e s o u r c e s . Su ch r e s t r i c t i o n s on a n t ik n o ck com pounds, m or eover , wou ld in no way s o lv e t h e a i r p o llu t io n p r o b lem , b u t co u ld make i t w o r s e . I f a n t ik n o c k com pound w e r e r em oved fr o m g a s o li n e , an d i f t h e r e w e r e n o com p en satin g ch an ges in r e fin e r y p r o ce s s in g , g a s o lin e octa n e q u a lit y wou ld r e t u r n t o t h e lo w e r l e v e l s o f 195^ I f , a s a r e s u l t , f u e l an d e n g in e p r o g r e s s w e r e h e ld t o t h e i r 19 5^ l e v e l s , m o t o r is t s w o u ld r e q u i r e 10$ m ore g a s o l i n e t o a c c o m p lis h t h e same am ou n t o f d r i v i n g t h e y d id i n 19 6 ! . T h is f a c t o r a lo n e w o u ld a d d o v e r $2 b i l l i o n t o th e m o to r ists' annual ga so lin e b i l l . B e s id e s a lo s s in o cta n e num ber, m o t o r is t s wou ld a ls o h ave t o con ten d w it h im p airm en ts in o th e r c h a r a c t e r is t ic s o f g a s o lin e , w h ich wou ld b e e vid e n t in t h e p o o r er 3- - s t a r t in g , warm -up and a c c e le r a t io n a b i l i t i e s o f g a s o lin e . In a d d it io n , many la t e m odel ca r s vou ld have t o be m ech a n ica lly a lt e r e d -- a t a co st o f hundreds o f m illio n s o f d o lla r s -- in o r d er t o o p er a te on low er q u a lit y g a s o lin e w ith o u t s u ffe r in g en gin e dam age. x The c o s t o f g a s o lin e wou ld u n q u e st io n a b ly in c r e a s e , in asm uch a s r e fin e r s wou ld h a ve t o i n s t a l l new eq u ip m en t, and t o p r o ce s s s u b s t a n t ia lly m ore cr u d e o i l , in o r d e r t o o ffs e t t h e lo s s o f a n t ik n o ck com pounds. To r e p la c e a n t ik n o ck com pounds, t h e o i l in d u s t r y wou ld h ave t o in v e s t b i l l i o n s o f d o lla r s in new and m o d ifie d o cta n e im provem en t f a c i l i t i e s . I n a d d it io n , t h e lo s s o f a n t ik n o ck com pounds wou ld s e v e r e ly d is r u p t t h e o i l in d u s t r y ' s o p e r a t io n , b e ca u s e a n t ik n o ck com pounds a r e a r e fin e r y t o o l w h ich h e lp s t h e o i l in d u s t r y t o b a la n ce t h e co n s t a n t ly ch an gin g demands fo r g a s o lin e and o t h e r r e fin e d p r o d u ct s . M o r eo ver , r e fin e r s wou ld h ave t o make m a jor and e xp e n s ive a d ju st m en t s in o t h e r ga so lin e ch a r a ct e r is t ics , p a r t icu la r ly in fu e l v o la t ilit y . M o r e o ve r , a n e s t im a t e d 200 m i l l i o n m or e b a r r e l s o f cr u d e a lo n e -- w o r t h $600 m illio n -- wou ld b e r e q u ir e d a n n u a lly t o p r od u ce t h e same volum e o f g a s o lin e t h e same h ig h o ct a n e num ber now a c h ie v e d w it h a n t ik n o ck com pou n d s. Th u s , o u r ir r e p la c e a b le cr u d e o i l r e s e r ve s would b e r ed u ced u n n e c e s s a r ily b y 200 m illio n b a r r e ls a y e a r -- and more a s g a s o lin e con su m p tion in c r e a s e s . of A l l r e fin e r s wou ld b e a ffe c t e d in va r yin g d egr ee b y t h e lo s s o f a n t ik n o ck com p ou n d s. The s m a lle r r e f i n e r s in p a r t i c u l a r wou ld be" h u r t , b e ca u s e t h e y v i t a l l y d ep en d on a n t ik n o ck com pounds t o r em a in c o m p e t it iv e . W it h o u t a n t ik n o ck com pounds t o b r in g t h e ir g a s o lin e up t o t h e r e q u ir e d st a n d a r d s , many sm a lle r r e fin e r s would be fo r ced ou t o f b u sin e ss. D u r in g w a r s o r n a t io n a l e m e r g e n cie s , a n t ik n o ck com pounds r e p r e s e n t a m argin o f s a fe t y in p rod u cin g b oth c iv ilia n and m ilit a r y g a s o lin e s . I f a n tikn o ck com poun ds w er e u n a v a ila b le t o t h e o i l in d u s t r y , t h e r e s u l t w ou ld b e a s e v e r e im p airm en t o f th e in d u s t r y's a b ilit y to m eet m ilit a r y and c iv ilia n r eq u ir em en ts. I r o n i c a l l y , t h e e lim in a t io n o f a n t ik n o ck compounds from g a s o lin e wou ld n o t s o lv e t h e a i r p o llu t io n p r o b lem . F i r s t , t h e e lim in a t io n o f le a d from g a s o lin e wou ld n o t e lim in a t e a l l le a d from t h e a tm osp h er e, b e ca u se t h e le a d in t h e atm osp h er e com es from many s o u r c e s . Seco n d , t h e e lim in a t io n o f le a d from g a s o lin e w ou ld mean a m arked chan ge in th e ch em ica l com p osition o f g a s o lin e , wh ich cou ld ve r y w e ll in t r o d u ce new an d s e r io u s p r ob lem s o f a i r p o llu t io n . Th u s, an y m an d atory r e s t r i c t i o n s on t h e u se o f a n t ik n o ck com pounds wou ld n o t a cco m p lis h a n y w o r t h w h ile p u r p o s e , from t h e s t a n d p o in t o f a i r p o llu t io n , b u t wou ld h ave s e r io u s e ffe c t s upon t h e n a t io n a l econ om y. KEF 0005003