Document yrYOmY3gQ51Nv9XGMJR5yVYqr

ETHYL CORPORATION Research Laboratories Detroit, Michigan THE EVAPORATION OF LEADED METHANOL SOLUTIONS PURPOSE To determine the volatility of tetraethyllead (TEL) in anhydrous and in aqueous methanol solutions* To compare the results of this investigation with similar studies of hydrocarbon-TEL systems, and to consider the hygienic hazard involved in each case. SUMMARY A sharp contrast exists between the vapor pressure relationships of hydrocarbon~TEL systems, which are essentially ideal, and methanol-or aqueous mefchanol-TSL systems, which are non-ideal. Evaporation experiments have 3hown that the degree of non-ideality of anhydrous and aqueous methanol-TEL solutions is so large that the TEL is as much as sixty times as volatile as would be expected from vapor pressure considerations alone. Consequently, the concentrations of TEL in the vapor phase are far higher in the early stages of the evaporation of leaded methanol solutions than in the case of leaded gasolines. Furthermore, the evaporation of leaded methanol solutions leaves an relatively lead-free residue, while leaded gasolines leave a heel which is rich in TEL. Because of this difference in vapor pressure relationships the evaporation of methanol solutions of TEL presents a funda mentally new type of health hazard, which cannot be directly evaluated on the basis of available information on the handling of leaded gasolines. TABLE .OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION . 9909996O4 EXPERIMENTAL eO94044C9OQO Ao M& O 3 c o q o q .o o o o o o o o o o 3, Apparatus and Procedure RESULTS *9909 009 O0 999999 A, Evaporation, of Unleaded Solutions . . . . B, Evaporation cf Vito! and Leaded Methanol SolUtIons 0000000490 o96c 0 C > ComoarIson with the Evaporation of Leaded Gasoline. . 9 0 9 0 06O994QO DISCUSSION . 9 490 094 9 99-99 9 9 CONCLUSION o.oo APPENDIX . . . . . A. Ideal and Non-ideal Systems - o .................... Bo Sample Calculation of Experimental Data . C. Gasollne-TEL and Heptane-TEL Data . . . . HE 0020752 INTRODUCTION A new type of fuel, sold under the trade name of Vitol, has recently been. Introduced to the motoring public. Vitol consists of an emulsion of a methanol"water solution of TEL with a small quantity of Penola oil and kerosene, and is designed to be used as a supplementary fuel, to be injected into the intake *y3tem of an automobile during periods of peak octane number requirement. Since Vitol contains 3.0 ml, of TEL per gallon, the health hazard involved in its handling is of sufficient concern to 'warrant a detailed study of the evaporation characteristics of this material. The chemical and physical properties of TEL are closely related to those of the paraffin hydrocarbons, TEL is miscible with gasoline, and solutions of the two materials are very nearly ideal (LTD's 44=57 and 46-47). Consequently, the vapor pressure relationships and the evaporation characteristics of leaded gasoline can be approximated by calculations based on vapor pressure data. On the other hand, extreme dissimilarity exists between the chemical and physical properties of TEL and water or methanol. As a result, solutions of TEL in methanol or aqueous methanol do not approach ideality; indeed, aqueous methanol solutions containing a high percentage of 'water are no longer miscible with TEL. Since the evaporation characteristics of non-ideal solutions cannot be calculated, che present study of the methanol" wafcer-TEL system was undertaken. A gas stream was contacted with the liquid under substantially equilibrium conditions, and the amounts of TEL and solvent 'vaporised were determined, giving reproducible data and a direct measure of the non-ideality of the system. These conditions do not, of.ccrcs, duplicate those of a spilled solution of TEL. Such non-equilibrium evaporation may lead ta a different type of distribution pattern. Thus "surface stripping" effects were noted in previous work on leaded heptane, and -analogous phenomena can be expected for the evaporation of methanol solutions. Also, commercial Vitol contains a small amount of emulsified oil, and this disperse phase, with which TEL is completely miscible, also greatly complicates the nature of the non-equilibrium evaporation. EXPERIMENTAL A. Materials Three leaded methanol solutions were studied. In each K 0020753 4 case the 3.0 ml. of TEL per gal. of solution were present as 62 Mix fluid. The three solutions were (a) methanol, (h) aqueous methanol containing 82 wt. $ (85 vol. $) methanol, and (c) Vitol. The last is a yellow emulsion consisting of 82 wt. $ methanol, 18 wt. $ water, sufficient 62 Mix fluid to give 3.0 ml. of TEL per gallon, and a small amount of corrosion inhibitor (Penola oil and kerosene). The properties of these solutions are as follows; TABLE I PROPERTIES OP LEADED METHANOL SOLUTIONS Solution Methanol Aqueous methanol Vitol g24 0,7905 .8400 .8400 TBL content, mi,/gal Inputla TOTurtigToTo Average 3.03 2.72 2.66, 3.13 2.97, 3.06 2.73, 2*70 2.94 3.02 2.72 a. From analysis of original solution. b. From lead analyses of iodine scrubbers and final residues of separate runs. c. Average used in calculations. The methanol was C.P., anhydrous, acetone-free material having a density, da4*, of 0.7893 (literature; 0.7876, Annual Tables, 1941), obtained from the E. W. Kerr Co. Distilled water was used exclusively. TEL was present as commercial 62 Mix Ethyl Fluid, Vitol was obtained from Thompson Products, Inc., Cleveland, Ohio. It x?as a lemon-yellow emulsion containing small globules of a dispersed phase which tended to settle on standing. The dispersed portion contained 12$ of the TEL, although its bulk Ttfa3 only 0.2$ of the material (LTD 48-50). Dry nitrogen (Airco) was used as an inert evaporating medium. This gas was initially saturated with water for those experiments with a water-saturated gas. The 0.1 N iodine solution used to remove the TEL from the effluent gas stream was freshly prepared and stored in a glass bottle shielded from light. Analysis showed that this solution contained no lead. B. Apparatus and Procedure The evaporation equipment (Fig. l) was essentially similar to that used in the previous studies. Dry nitrogen was passed through the solution which was contained in an evaporator, TEL and methanol were then removed in two scrubbers and the gas Kf 0020754 --5. was metered by a ifefc test meter. In some experiments a water scrubber was used to saturate the nitrogen stream. The evaporator was a 600-ml,, 3~in. frlfcted-disc gas-tfashlng bottle. Immersed in a constant temperature ifater bath. Entrainment of fog-.like droplets was prevented by placing a plug of glass wool in the neck of the outlet tube. The evaporator was connected to an U-tube mercury manometer and in series to two 500-ml., 2-in. coarse-frit gas-washing bottles containing the scrubbing solutions. The first, 'which contained the iodine solution, removed the TEL and soma of the methanol from the gas stream. The second scrubber contained distilled water, which removed most of the remaining methanol and the iodine vapor carried over from the first scrubber and also ensured water saturation of the ga3 stream for accurate measurement in the wet test meter. In making the measurements, the nitrogen was passed through the solution at 0.5 to 1.5 liter/min., a rate which was sufficiently slow to ensure saturation of the gas xvith the solution. The evaporator temperature was maintained at t25.C 0.5C. The evaporation of each solution was done In fractions of 10 to 15$. At the -conclusion of each step of the evaporation, the iodine scrubber solution was analyzed for total lead, the change in weight of the evaporator was determined and the density of the residual test solution was obtained by means of a hydrometer, (The results of a test run made'with "two' iodine scrubbers showed that one scrubber was sufficient to remove the TEL from the gas stream.) Finally, at the conclusion of each run, the lead content of the residue was determined by analysis. The pressure above the test solution In the evaporator and the pressure at the wet test meter were recorded at each stage of evaporation. The volume of nitrogen used to evaporate the test solution T.fas obtained by correcting the wet test meter reading for meter calibration and for the water vapor present. The effect of the small concentration of TEL on the density and volatility characteristics of the water-methanol system was concluded from the characteristics of the evaporation of an unleaded solution of 82 wfc. $ methanol and 18 wt. % water by both dry and v/ater-saturated nitrogen by the same procedure and in the same apparatus. This test also provided a means for estimating the density and volume of the residues from the first evaporation of a leaded methanol solution on which density determinations were not made. RESULTS ! The results of the evaporation experiments are given beloxf (Tables II-V), together with similar data previously obtained He 0020755 on gasoline and hydrocarbon solutions (Tables VI and VII). (The underlying theories and the method of calculation are explained in detail in the appendix.) A. Evaporation of Unleaded Solutions The hygroscopic nature of methanol is a complicating factor in the evaporation of methanol solutions: whenever the vapor pressure of water in the air exceeds the partial pressure of water in the methanol solution, water is absorbed into the methanol solution from the air* (Thus the atmospheric humidity is an Important factor in considering the evaporation characteristics of Vitol fluid.} Preliminary experiments were made to study this effect and to obtain density-composition and refractive index** composition data on the methanol-water system. The results of these experiments are shown in Figure 2 in which the methanol concentration of aqueous methanol solutions is plotted against the weight per cent of solution evaporated. The data from the evaporation of an 82 wfc. % methanol-l8 wt. % water solution with dry nitrogen are shown by the center curve. The more volatile methanol evaporates faster than the water with a resultant decrease in methanol concentration as evaporation proceeds. Evaporation of this same solution with water-saturated nitrogen (bottom curve) results in an accelerated decrease in methanol concentration due to the absorption of water by the solution from the nitrogen stream. The upper curve is a plot of similar data on the evaporation of methanol alone with watersaturated nitrogen. As in the former case, water.is progressively absorbed from the nitrogen stream as evaporation proceeds. This phenomenon of x*ater absorption concurrent with the evaporation of methanol has an important bearing on the solubility of TEL in the aging mixtures of methanol and water (see Discussion). 3. Evaporation of Vitol and Leaded Methanol Solutions. The evaporation characteristics and the deviation from ideality of the various solutions studied is most easily demon strated by reference to a graph on a log-log scale of tho per cent TEL evaporated against the per cent methanol evaporated. This has been done in Figure 3* The solid red line is a plot of the evaporation of a solution of'30 ml..TEL per gallon in anhydrous methanol, and shows that the experimental relative volatility, XRV (see appendix), of TEL to methanol is about 0.19. However, the vapor pressure ratio, VPR, of these materials at this temperature is only 0.0033, about a sixty-fold difference. In other words the TEL is sixty times as volatile In methanol solutions KET 0020756 as would be anticipated from vapor pressure considerations alone, cr we could say that the effective vapor pressure of TEL is sixty times the true vapor pressure. The ideal solution line is so close to the horizontal axis that it would be indistinguishable at the scale used in drawing Figure 3* The evaporation of a TEL-methanol solution with watersaturated nitrogen (broken red line) introduces the complicating factor discussed in the previous section. As a result of the hygroscopic nature of methanol, the solution dissolves water from the nitrogen stream and as the concentration of water builds up, the solution becomes still less Ideal and the XRV of the TEL to the methanol progressively Increases. This accelerates the evaporation of TEL to such a degree that 47$ is evaporated during the evaporation of 73$ of the original solution. The evaporation of Vitol (green line) demonstrates the effect of 18 wt. $ water In augmenting still further the nonideality of the TEL-methanol system. The XHV has been increased to about 1.6, with the result that almost 80$ of the TEL is vaporised during the evaporation of only 50$ of the solution. It is interesting to note that In this case a single curve fits the evaporation data for both dry and water-saturated nitrogen. It appears that a slight increase in the water concentration above 18 wt. $ has little'effect on the effective vapor pressure of TEL. Finally, the blue line shows the characteristics of an 82$ methanol 18$ *water-TEI, system. The slightly greater slope of this curve over that for Vitol is probably due to the presence in Vitol of the kerosene-Penola oil corrosion inhibitor which would act to reduce the XRV by a small amount because of its superior solvent properties for TEL. Figure 4 is essentially a duplication on a linear scale of the log plot already described. The difference in ideality of the various systems shows up to the same degree in approximately the same manner. C. Comparison with the Evaporation of Leaded Gasoline. The striking contrast between the non-ideality of Vitol and other leaded methanol systems and the ideal nature of TELgasoline systems is best demonstrated by a comparison of the concentration of TEL in the residual solutions and in the effluent nitrogen as the evaporation of each type of system progresses. The concentration of TEL in the residual solution during Kt 0020757 evaporation is shown in Fig. 5. The TEL-heptane and TEL-gasoline systems (upper green curves) approximate the shape of the curve for an ideal solution: as evaporation proceeds, the less volatile TEL is concentrated in the unevaporated residue. At 90% evaporation the concentration of TEL is approximately 30 ml. per gallon. On the other hand, the considerable non-ideality of the aqueous methanolTEL system (lower two green curves) results in such a rapid evaporation of TEL that the concentration remaining in the residue is far below that of the original material (3*0 ml/gallon). Evaporation with water-saturated nitrogen (bottom green curve) served only to increase the non-ideality of the system still further by increasing the water concentration of the residual solution. The anhydrous methanol-TEL system is more ideal than aqueous methanol-TEL systems, but less ideal than hydrocarbonTEL systems. The rate of TEL evaporation (solid red line) is increased so chat the concentration of TEL in the residual solution is considerably lower than for the ideal hydrocarbon solutions in the later stages of the evaporation. Thus vfhen 90$ of the solution has evaporated the lead concentration is only 16 ml. per gallon. Water absorbed during evaporation with water-saturated nitrogen (broken red line) increased the non-ideality of this system reducing still further the TEL concentration of the unevaporated material. Finally it is shown that the ideality of an 82 wt. $ methanol-18 wt. $ water-TEL system (bottom curve) is even less than that of Vitol due to the absence of the kerosene-Penola oil corrosion inhibitor with its accompanying solvent properties for TEL. To bring out the significance of these evaporation characteristics from the point of view of health hazard. Figure 6 shows the micrograms of TEL per cubic foot of effluent nitrogen plotted on a log scale against the weight per cent of solution evaporated. The equilibrium evaporation of the nearly ideal solutions of TEL (3 mi. per gal.) in gasoline or n-heptane produces an initial concentration of slightly more than 100 micrograms of lead per cubic foot of air. As evaporation proceeds the concentration becomes progressively greater, reaching a value of 10,000 micrograms per cubic foot after 98$ evaporation. A similar evaporation of Vitol yields an initial concentration of 10,000 micrograms of lead per cubic foot, a value one hundred times greater than that from leaded gasoline or one-tenth of the concentration which vjould be obtained from the evaporation of pure TEL. This concentration remains constant until the bulk of the K 0020758 TEL has evaporated, and then falls rapidly to zero at the end of evaporation,, The two curves cross at approximately 85$' evapora tion. The curve for leaded anhydrous methanol solutions has its origin midway between the gasoline and Vifcol curves, at a con centration of 1,000 taicrcgrama of lead per cubic foot, and increases gradually as evaporation progresses. The toxic limit allowable for continuous human exposure, 4 micrograms per cubic foot, is shown for purposes of comparison. DISCUSSION A solution of TEL In light hydrocarbons of the gasoline boiling range is entirely analogous in evaporation characteristics to a solution of a heavy hydrocarbon of the same volatility as TEL in the light hydrocarbon mixture. The chemical and physical properties of TEL make it almost as compatible with hydrocarbons as the hydrocarbons are ^y ith each other. Consequently, equilibrium evaporation of leaded gasoline results in the vaporization of a very small amount of TEL until almost all of the gasoline has evaporated, just as simple distillation would concentrate the less volatile TEL or other hydrocarbons in the undlstilled residue. The mode of evaporation of Vitoi is quite the opposite. Here the equilibrium evaporation is analogous not to a simple distillation of a hydrocarbon mixture, but rather to the steam distillation of immiscible liquids. The properties of TEL contrast so sharply with those of methanol and water that the vapor pressure characteristics of the system approach those of a system of mutually insoluble liquids. The TEL concentration in the evaporating medium approximates that which would be present if TEL alone were being evaporated. Furthermore, the TEL concentration in the vapor remains constant until the bulk of the TEL has evaporated (50$ of the solution evaporated) after which it rapidly falls to a very low level. The presence of the kerosene-Penola oil corrosion inhibitor with its favorable solvent properties for TEL is probably responsible for the fact that the TEL concentration in the effluent vapor does not remain constant until all the TEL las evaporated. During the evaporation of the first 50^~of the solution the concentration of TEL in the vapor from Vitoi is approximately 100 times greater than from leaded gasoline. After 50$ solution evaporation, the concentration of TEL in the vapor from the evaporation of Vitoi decreases and that from leaded gasoline increases until at 85$ evaporation the two curves cross (Fig. 6). Only during the last 15$ of the evaporation is the TEL concentration greater from the evaporation of leaded gasoline than from Vitoi. KE 0020759 In practical cases o? the hygienic hazard from storage, handling and spillage of solutions such as Vitol, conditions of equilibrium evaporation may or may not exist. Consequently, the effect of non-equilibrium conditions of evaporation must also be Considered. Lack of effective stirring and intimate vapor-liquid contact existing during the evaporation of spilled Vitol would result in non-equilibrium effects such as surface stripping, thermal gradients within the solution, and non-saturation of the atmosphere above the spill. Such conditions are non-reproducible and a separate study would be necessary to determine the hazards of each specific set of conditions. On the other hand, the hazard involved in storage areas can be evaluated to a certain degree by the equilibrium evaporation data of this study. For example, the air above the liquid in a partially filled tank of Vitol will be saturated (equilibrium conditions) and will contain approximately one-hundred times as much TEL as the air above leaded gasoline in a similar situation. CONCLUSION The health hazard involved in handling Vitol is radically different from that of leaded gasoline. The presence of the same concentration of TEL in the two materials has no bearing on the concentration of TEL in the atmosphere in contact with these liquids. The equilibrium concentration of TEL in the vapor state from Vitol is approximately one hundred times that from leaded gasoline due to the non-ideality of aqueous methanol as a solvent for TEL. In order to produce the vapor concentration of TEL obtained from Vitol during the first 50$ evaporation, a gasoline solution would have to contain approximately 194 ml. of TEL per gallon. Finally, it mu3t be emphasized that the results of this study give data on equilibrium conditions only. In actual practice equilibrium conditions would, of course, not always' be obtained. However, equilibrium conditions were chosen as the only means of obtaining an exactly definable and reproducible set of conditions. The evaporation of Vitol is such a complex problem, and so different from that of gasoline, that a complete experimental re-evaluation 'will be necessary to determine the nature of the hygienic hazard present under each specific set of non-equilibrium evaporation conditions. HE 0020760 APPEMDIX A. Vapor Pressure Relationships ox* Ideal and Hon-ideal Systems Theoretical considerations. - The natural laws governing the volatility of pure compounds are very simple, but those for mixtures of two or more components are quite complex. If a liquid evaporates more readily than another under the same circumstances, we think of it as being more volatile. Thus, if a current of air is passed over some methanol at room temperature (25C.) and the same amount of air over some water, 5*1 times as much methanol as water will be evaporated. It i3 therefore natural to think of the methanol as being 5*1 times "as volatile" as the water. Methanol has a vapor pressure of 122.3 nun. of mercury at 25C., and water a `vapor pressure of 2p.S mm. at the same temperature and the vapor pressure ratio (VPR), 5*1, is a measure of the "relative volatility" of the methanol and water when each is evaporated separately. The amount of one component which is vaporized from a mi: :ture or solution of two or more components is a much more complicated matter. Even though methanol is 5.1 times "as volatile' as -water, it is impossible to remove all of the methanol from an aqueous solution by either evaporation or simple distillation. The volatility of the methanol compared with water is thus much less in a mixture of the two materials than would be predicted on the basis of the evaporation of the substances separately, The ratio in which two or more compounds present in a mixture or solution will be Volatilised or evaporated depends on the molecular nature of the compounds, the temperature, and the con centration of the solutions the jjressure has a relatively minor effect. If two components of a solution are so similar that the intermolecular forces between the unlike molecules are equal to the intermolecular forces between the like molecules, then the solution is said to be ideal, and the ratio in which the components are volatilised from a solution containing equal molar concentra tions is the same as if the compounds were being evaporated separately. Mathematically, the partial pressure of each component in an ideal solution is equal to the product of the vapor pressure of the pure substance and its molar concentration in the solution. Thus, in the special case'cited above, in which the components are present in equal molecular concentration, the ratio in which they are evaporated would equal the VPR, although the actual quantity of each component volatilised would be considerably greater if each Were evaporated separately. Although ideal conditions are never completely realized, many solutions of similar compounds are very nearly ideal. Solutions of paraffin hydrocarbons such as hexane and heptane, for example, are usually essentially ideal. KE 0020761 When the constituents of a solution are different In chemical nature, and especially when the molecules are shaped very differently or contain strongly polar groups, the inter* molecular forces between the unlike molecules vary widely from those between the like molecules, and become of greater importance. In such cases the laws of ideal solutions do not hold, and the ratio in which the components evaporate can no longer be calculated from solution concentration and VPR. Such solutions are non-ideal and constitute the great majority of all liquid systems. In place of the true VPR, we must substitute a new concept, that of experimental relative volatility, XKV, which expresses the equilibrium between the quantity of each of the components in the liquid and vapor state. Since the simple laws governing ideal solution behavior are no longer valid, it is necessary to determine the XRV experimentally. A mixture of two essentially immiscible liquids such as water and TEL is an extreme sample of non-ideality. The relative rate of vaporization of the components of immiscible mixtures is entirely independent of concentration and is dependent only on the vapor pressure of the components. Consequently, in an extreme case such as this, the quantities evaporated are identical whether evaporated separately or as a mixture. For example, a given quantity of air bubbled through a mixture of water and TEL under equilibrium conditions would, evaporate identically the same amount of TEL as it would if TEL alone were present. (This discussion neglects the slight solubility of water in TEL and TEL in water.) Many true solutions * miscible liquid mixtures having homogeneous physical and chemical properties - deviate so far from ideal conditions that their vapor pressure characteristics approach those of immiscible liquids. Solutions of TEL in aqueous methanol are examples of this case. A condition of "borderline immisoability" exists which increases the effective vapor pressure of the TEL to a value approximately one hundred times greater than that in an ideal solution. A simple diagram is helpful in summarising the difference between the vapor pressure of ideal and non-ideal systems at constant temperature. In Figure 7 the abcissa represents molar concentration and the ordinate vapor pressure. Point a is the vapor pressure of component A, and b that of component 3. Then, in an ideal system, lines Ad and Ba represent the partial pressures (pg, pA} of components 3 and A, respectively, and the sum of these' components, line ab, is the total vapor pressure (Tf) of the system. Any deviation from solution ideality will gixre other than straight lines through points A and B for the partial pressure curves Ab and 3a. A typical example of non-ideality is KE 0020762 ___ >r- V. ..r .. shown in the lower part of the figure. In the extreme case of immlsclbility, the p and curves do not even pass through A and B but are horizontal, and the total vapor pressure of the mixture is equal to the sum of the partial pressures, a value entirely independent of concentration. Effective vapor pressure of TEL. - If the solutions were ideal, the amount of each component evaporated at constant temperature under equilibrium conditions could be computed from the Rayleigh equation (see Perry, Chemical Engineers8 Handbook, 2nd ed., p. 1534) by the relation: 2 - log; (100 - T) = 2 - log (lOO - M) = 2 - log (100 - W) PT PM PW where T, M, W represent the percentages of TEL, methanol and water evaporated and p.j, are the vapor pressures of the pure compounds. For any two components, such as methanol and TEL, the relation can be written: 2 - log (100 - M) ,, T7pa 2 -"log (100 ?) ~ ' " where, in this ease, VPR is the vapor pressure ratio of methanol to TEL, that is: VPR ?M/PT. Even if the solution is not ideal, the equations have the same form but the fraction is no longer equal to the VPR but to another constant, which we have termed the experimental relative volatility (XRV). That is: 2 - log (100 - M) 2 - log (100 - T) XRV. The ratio of XRV to VPR thus provides a measure of the non-ideality of the solution. B. Sample Calculation of Experimental Data The results obtained are summarized in Tsibles II to V. Instead of detailing the data which led to these results, the complete calculations for a single step in one of the evaporations are shown. The example chosen is the first step of the evaporation 0020763 --14. of Vital 'o,y water-saturated nitrogen (Run 6, Tables II and III) * The sleight per cent of the original solution remaining after the evaporation of the first fraction was equal to the weight of the residue (neglecting the relatively small weight of water absorbed from the water-saturated nitrogen stream), divided by the original solution weight, W0: ' Ml 21ILXk 100 a 81.2 v-'t <* 3 left b'o 237-0 The volume, Vi, and volume per cent of the residual solution were calculated from the weight and density of the original,' W0, d0, and residual solutions, Wi, dj.: Vi =s Mi = ~ 321 ml', of residual solution 1 di 0.8555 and 2l 100 = 221 . 100 s 00.5 vol. fo left. V0 402 The concentration of methanol, Ci, in the residual solution was calculated from the density of the solution (corrected for the presence of TEL) and Fig. 8. a plot of the densitycomposition relationship of the methanol-water system (Inter national Critical Tables, Vol. 3, p. 115)Thus, the residue remaining after the evaporation of the first fraction contained 76.2 wt. methanol and 25*8$ water* The weight and weight per cent of the original methanol remaining were then calculated from the weight of the residue and the methanol concentration: M--i = 100 and 100 a, 208.6 g. of methanol in residue JliCh . 100 - 1203.6)1-1001 = 75.3 wt. fe of original methanol ^oCo 277*1 in residue The calculation of the TEL content (as lead) of the * Experimental data obtained in this study, which are also shown on Fig. 8, are in excellent agreement with the values from the International Critical Tables. 0020764 --13. residual solution, Ri, was based on the weight of TEL evaporated, Ba (analysis of iodine scrubber), and the weight of TEL originally present, R0 (analysis of original solution): ifV5 O Ei = Ri; 335.^ - 133.3 = 201.8 mg. Pb Finally, the weight per cent of the original TEL remaining in the residue and the concentration in milliliters per gallon were calculated from the above data, the volume per cent of the residue, and the original concentration of TSL in milliliters per gallon. (Since the TEL concentration of the test solutions varied from 2.72 to 3.02 ml. per gallon, all of the figures pertaining to TEL were corrected to an original concentration of 3*0 ral. per gallon to make the data on the various runs strictly comparable.) Rx 201. S s= 6o .2 wt. $ of original TEL in residue Ro 335.^ and * 3*0 = 2.26 ml. TSL/gal. in residue The TEL analyses also provide a convenient cheek on the precision of the test procedure. Table 2 lists the TSL concentration of the test solutions calculated from both the' analyses' of the original solutions and the analyses of the evaporated fractions and final residues. The sum of the latter, calculated for both the dry and water-saturated nitrogen runs, deviated from the analysis of the original by a maximum of only 0.C6 nil, per gallon or 2.0^. The accuracy of these material balances is remarkable in view of the numerous analyses involved and the handling losses incurred during the density determinations. The data for the evaporated fractions are tabulated in Table III. The weight of solution evaporated was determined by correcting the weight loss of the evaporator, W0 - Wi, for the weight of water absorbed from the water-saturated nitrogen by the evaporating solution. Thus, W - Wi, plus the weight loss of the water saturator. Si, gave the weight of solution evaporated. Wo - Wi V fcc?j -1 337o08 - 273.71 + 7.6 = 71.0 <v of solution evaporated Division of this value by the volume of effluent nitrogen (corrected to.standard conditions of temperature and pressure) gave the weight of solution evaporated per liter of nitrogen. K? 0020765 71.0/571*9 0.191 g./I iter nitrogen The weight of methanol evaporated and the grams of methanol per liter of nitrogen were found from the difference between the weight of methanol in the original, M0, and residual solutions. Mi, and the quotient of this value divided by the volume of nitrogen. Mo Mi = 277 - 209 = 68 g. of methanol evaporated and 68/571.9 = 0.183 grams of raethanol/liter nitrogen. The i^eight of water evaporated and its concentration in the nitrogen stream were found in an analogous manner. Finally, the cumulative weight per cent of TEL evaporated and its concentration in milligrams per cubic foot in the effluent, nitrogen were calculated from the weight of TEL evaporated, Ei, the original weight of TEL present, R0, and the volume of nitrogen, Ni. . PilQ = rr = 39, 0/3 TEL evaporated. and 1 I* 10.17 rag./cu. ft. The only exception to the procedure described above 'was the measurement of the density values of the residual solutions for the original evaporation (Run 4), The nature of the problem was not completely understood at that time and density measurements were not made. Consequently, these values were calculated from the weight of the residual solution and .Figures 2 and 8. - c Gasoline-TEL and Heptane-TEL Data The data on the hydrocarbon-TEL systems {LTD s 44-59 and 46-47) necessary for comparison with the present study are given In Tables VI and VII. 0020766 P --- < c P 33 O 3 c* O 3 73 3 3P P- -*3 tx 3 H* Q 5 P 1 3 t-* <5 P3 3 CD 3 3 P M- 3 P* 3 xj 0 P (fc a Vn ro O 33 P* PC3* ; 3 r- Cv q p-vs ro v- r. r<- ro ro ro O O P" --' l--1 Ov O V- r -40-4-4 <" . 3 ro v>- v .m ?-- * r r4- 3 i-- <c P Ov-4 CD 3 rc h p k -- r: O Vw P 4- ro o 3 3 rr ro -- 3 Ci 3 c+ sJl O 3 --* v.* ro ^ o O ro ro v>` o j or P4 p - v.^ *j v `i v j i ro y-3 CT' Cv O VJ Cv P*T* vo \ji vo p p 3 ro - 4 CVVN ro vo vs- *- o O n3 o ro o O 3 o VO CD Tt r'*' cv Vn vo cv ro v n v. > ooo VJ o ro ro v n pOWN -4 ro o ro CD o VC CD CD CD CD P P Cv .vo O O VJl vji o ro \j j v*^ VQ CD ro -4 VO ~4 cv 'O P- vji H VJ> cv cc Cv CD VO O O CD CD\>J ro --4 co vo v j i ro ro v n * t P"4M VO P 0-4 -4 CD Ov Cv ro CN ro O Ov ro ro ro --3 --1 CO CD l -4 v.O .O P v n ro vo co ** *1 33 O r*- P- O 3 VMtOPO sr 3 H VX P* P--4 -4 P3 O W H^ t O 3 P* 3 H P- O -4-4-4 0 h O vji H H O cf 3 3 O P^ O v.O VO CD CD CL 4 014 P 3 t i ro C V.V O V 3>'S" 3 H V c-r ro ov covo 4 v j i ro h vo n t} o 3 * : 3 33 O C O P"V> WHO S 3 P* ro ro P- -4 ro vO vm vv sn ro ro vo vo v n o VO CDO H P o c d & ro cv v* c C6 O 3 --4 COVO VO O Vn PO P" C v j i -4 VJl CD O >-* rr 3 3 O o CD VJl CD Jr CD 4r- Cn CD ir- P* 3 H Cv Vn ro O O O vji O O 3 CD VN VJl ~4 v.o 3 cv p v" ro p r> KJ to 3 w pCv Cv VJl I l p- <0 3 3 ts3 P P- Cv CD Cv h* ft) P VN -4 CD -4 ODVO VO WPOPi CVOHP -4 -4 -4 vo CO O Co CO PP VN VJl PO 03 D 33 c+ ro O 3 VT P" VN WHO 3* f-* p* p* ro ro r? CD ro Vn Co h -n CL --4 H> VN V n --4 Vn o oh p^ o cv ro vo -4 ro -4 3' 3 5 VN XT p- Cv-4 O p* ro xr c d -4 vo o ro vn -4 ro P* O *t o r*- 3 i-^ c rf 3 CO CD CD co -4 -4 O VN H O O VO CD VN P* CD O VJl VO o o vji vn o vj. 3 - P4 <-* ro ro v n o p" cv ro -4 p * VN P P" CV--4 O VN --4 Cv CO * t Cv P* -4 fO vO CO vo vo vo vo O vn'jj cv co vo o 3 zz 33 O P V-* O 3 C4 VJl P"VN fO H O S' a CL p> p ro ro ro v n t> H4 O Vji -4 p> ffL CvP-4-4 hJ P--4 P> CD ro VJl P- On V*. ro -4 ro O vji --4 vo P 3T -- 3 ro VN VJl Cv --' (DO O Cv vji vn vo Cn o co ro c d p ro vn R* 3 4 3 oo o c* 3 --4 1 --4 1 i i --4 VO vo I t VO Xi vj p* OO Cv Vji VJ. 3 p* ro ro v n v n p pro o h p o VN VJl pro CD -4 P* p* v n o vn h vn vn ro v n vn ov--i c d o O Ovvji vn VO Cv O --4 ro c d p ro --4 P P PP P P P o o oo o o o o o oo o o o tj 0 3 >V x; o 3 5 33 CL o iro 3 > CD o 3 ?5 3O *3 o *: o P3 p p ro ro v n --4 o -4 VO -4 Vn CD--4 vo ro c d o p p ro ro to CD P VJl -4 11 .CD.-4 .ro .P VN VO CD VN p ro ro o -4 VN Vw CD VN vo VJl VN -4 p ro ro ro ro CD fO --3 ro O Vn O Co vji P"--4 VN H h h ro ro -4 P VN CD P --4 \ji o o ovnvn a: JX <M5.. Vn VO ro vn p- ro v n Vn. COO P*Vj> fo HONwWOroVJ^Jj CD CvVJ! P* o COV^J HVD O Vn P* covo v> VN P" 4T VO VN *p* V b v0o> CroD cCDc vVnO vn v n vo Co p po ro ro v n ro p> vji vo ro -4 ro Co O CD vn -^4 PO Co ro p - p - cv-4 --0 O --4 \Jl CD w o o j pro p ro ro ro ro ro v/> i-- ro v_o --co p ro -4 ro P--4 ro ro v n v n v n v n v n \pji v0_m3 CmD troo ^CN vroo vCvO vn v n vo v* ro o p ~ o ro v* o n f O CO o I --J -Cr ro -pr H M tO ro 4s-cs> CS toVN Cv --4 CD c d --o cv ro vn -4 --4 c d vo o j rj C\ co p i ro own p * o -4 CD VO vo VC VO v n P" p * v j i Cv -4 i O ro CD CD CD CD O H h M'o j COO C\WO -4 VJl C\C\0 ro ro rovjj OorcoO --4 vO CDVji O \J1 fO H O CD CD VO O ro ro ro v n Cv Vn ov cc o oop oo VJ1 v j i P p o j v .*j ro O CD O vn O P VN VN o CD O o cv vn pv s v s 'w VJl vo O p* Ow n O CD CD VO O -4 vo o rpo PP'J o. vji vn ro o o ' Li-- Vj j m p - ro P" O p- p vji -4 Co O P P- 0020767 (a ) a t 760 Iran.) 0C . (i)) p re o u u ro a t 25C. in e v a p o ra to r (c) beyond accuracy lim its o f apparatus I' m 1. leaded m ethanol : dry n l trot/on itn e tio n 1 V jD i >y 8C1 4 2 .7 2 \o_n rroo oro v i O O vji t-- O --3 ro ! W 5 oi p-v j ro h vroo H on vho vc OHHCn -J pVO VJl --3 -v] 4r roo-^o ro --3 v OVn c vo vo --3 cc c d vo ro cr 000v1j i vCj i \H h ro h roCO VJl H VJ V-. VJl H --J VJ O' CD --J VC VJ) Cn v j i h -^ ro: CD CD --3 --3 Vj \jl VN O H O' On v j i C'V.s' ro HWHF CD VJ H On CD c \h v -^ v j i 0 0^0 On On CD -P*\ji v j vji POOO VO On O O ro Co co cn m H* H Vj (-> f-1 CV> O O t* On vj V_n -v2 Vji CD On H o "H>3 --P) 'HC Vj Co H CO CO CO 00 HO HM VO Co On --3 H vji Vj Vj H 'jJHH'O CD *- -pr H CN -P"VJ1 O HHHH ON vo VO VO --3 VJI Vji VO Co CO CO ro ro v j 4=- o o CO- CO CO CD H ro ro ro --3 v j i v j on CD CD CD CD CD HOOOH O On On H VJl H P-* vro>j oo --o . 4 --3 Vj O Xo Co ro i1' VJ H ON VO c d h h rots ON CD VJ H VJ! Vj Cn VJI O O VJI o OHH On H CD o v j i ro HMHM CO VO VO VO On rO VJl On O ro ro ro v j v j CD CD CD CD CD O HHHo n o j vw ro c- P" On v j -P* ro O H O Vn Or p- ro 'O ro --3 c d v j ro ro ro ro ro ro On On On On -; ro o n -n v n h 0.270 ro v j vj o --1 On -P* CD v p o o I . .o 1--' 1--' J--' On Cn CD P" Cn Vj w v >j h VO VJl CD o HCD vj CrHoD VHrOo H H CO On VO -F^vjt p VOJ OVOP---41 On *--3 O *) VHj HON -n VD o j o n HHHP --4 CO CD CO VJl o v vo COQ 3 soo 20S VJ *-4 ro ro vj CD O VJI o 1 . . .o oo o o ho vo ro c d p-1 VJl VJl -J <j oi vo ro v* H-3 ir c. vo --3 CN VJ VJl VO H VO P'VJl \J| CD i h ro o vO vji --J ,. . p ooo HHO ro v j ---3 H VJ VJl On VJ On CD vo v j i ro CD CD H VO 1=*VJ H H VO H O VJ ON CD On HHH VJ VJ! H r\0 vji vji o ooo ro p p p- c d ro 04 ro O 4TVN On --3 On VO vo vo CD CD --4 CD On rO ro H O O ro W a>Vi o oooo HH HO H ro ro --3 CD -P"Vj VJ vji vn h c d ro --3 o n c d ON Vj H VJl H H ro vj Jr CD cT i ' o' t VJ POPP ro ro r-; O On CD v j Vj VJ v* --: P"\J Vjg ro -sj Cr h r vo Cd r* On --3 Vs w c n CD ^*VJ1 On O rQ h -h \J vj .t- v> ro O b= b ro ro ro X~ c* 3X x ac 3n ej >. <3 P-* --3vC O ONVO H ^ ON CD --3 HHH ^O O O H U4 VJ VJ VO H O VJ 0T -- O o vo O HV v j vji ro HHHH ro ro ro ro HVCVN f?- --J VJl 3 vo vji os ro ro c d ro b b Vj p Cn v> --4 O T'O O O P --3 H 03 C-'O v.v ^ CD,VJl Cr vj ro 0020768 a t evaporator . ro 0 CSa(-* (D 0 1 ---44 ---4J --CJD O---4n --C4n----44 -4 fO \-N --4 vO NN GJ a p CD CD-4 CD CO-0 -4 "~4 o o n o O O NO NO CD ro \ji vo n o vo Coro Jtj o is* P'NJi On 4=- r\0 --4 NjJ --4 CO NO H vo -P- On ^"-4 n o ro v m vs ro n p j-- v >j v_si HOCn On NPOn VSH n t o cow ro-^NO\N P- O -J CO VS NS OH OHHHMfO CDNjJ NP ~4 C H vo ro P'-J ro *r NO O' NO p- P" o H CD O NJl --4 O < H H H H H H fO i p- o n --3 -4 CO NO O * ->} H-* NS O-^Nn O NO Vs ro NP H N.M fO ON P" P" ro NP NO J -4 H VS NP -"4 O HH H H H -4 H Vs On Co NO vs ro h -4 ro n p h' Hro HP*OHn OH -HJ*H^ 0H0 ON NO NO Vs On NO NO co co co vo no no ro NO NO p - o H NO CO NO NO NO NO NO NT o oo ro -p- p ~ ro vs n p CD P CO ON NJl H CD CP CN NO o NO n o S fO H Vs H fO H vS "4 CD CT\ H P" NJl Cn o ooo o o h ro ro h ro h On O n s O O NO oooo oooo HHHH HHHH n j c d ro o o p p h 6x-- pi H ' '0 \) NM N-H -4 H Vs O HO P O NP P~ H ~4 V-1 nO NO CO NS OSH h h h rj ro n s ; vr NM -0 vp NO -4 o N'O H O -4 NS H O' VS H NJl H NP VP P~ vP v) H vn CO ro O ro vs p c n t o 'Oo p*n o -4 ro h p o O CD fO H ` ro ro vs n o n p -4 cr> vp o ro NP ro O CD n o o o o ) NO P" P" ' PPH : O NO O Np NO Co Co CD CD CD CD ro HO CD-4 ON NO -t" P" v0 H NO O Ns H o P H NJl NO. O NJl O O NO NO O o a- o *a H H r\J N>J Nn NX CD ro ~4 p* t-i --j n o P* NO vp O CD >0-1 CD cd H h Hp-'pH. -j >rop 'vr>o! NpN, oP* ON O N O vP NO CD o NS H ro n .m -P" rr\ -4 vp o H ro P 6 n o n m O ro *0 N-M p- \p -4 p O -4 -4 CD -4 p- N 0 c CNN ro ' 0-4 -4 ON Njl ' O P" NP -4 c n cro NCpN-rSo - O O CD O ro H ro ro ro CD P" O NP --4 O OU1 H H Ns O -s n o O NS V-, VO ro O ro re n c 5 Np H Vs NS ' O' oP- o i ^ Ns *.,p O o ro ro 0 zz R - o HE 0020769 Fraction 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 --20. TABLE VI - Evaporation of Leaded Hydrocarbon Solutions: Evaoorated Fractions. These data are calculated from LTDs 44-57 and 46-47 Cumulative % Fuel Evaporated Vol. % Wt. % Gasoline 10 9 20 18 30 27 70 68 90 89 100 100 Heptane 10 ' 10 20 20 33 35 70 70 90 90 wt-. of fuel per liter of air, . 1.76 0.76 39 ' .10 .07 -- --0.20 .19 -- . TEL mg. Pb./cu. ft . C urn. w t. 70 evaoorated 0.155 .102 .076 .127 325 1.274 --- 0.084 .100 .150 0.023 .060 .115 .96 3.61 100.00 0.07 . 16 .31 .85 1.66 HE 0020770 --21. TABLE VII - Evaporation of Leaded Hydrocarbon Solutions: Residual Solutions These data are calculated from LTDs 44-57 and 46-47 Fraction 0 1 2 7 4 5 6 7 8 0 l 2 7 4 5 Residual Fuel Vol. % Wt. % Gasoline 100 100 90 91 80 82 70 77 6o 67 50 57 70 72 20 22 10 11 Heptane 100 . 100 90 90 80 80 65 65 70 70 10 10 00 rA TEL cone., nl -/k s I 7.00 7-57 7-75 4.28 4.99 5.98 9.90 14.75 28.92 --4.60 10.26 29.50 KE 0020771 Distribution; G. W. Beste (2) G. Edgar ,R. A. Kehoe (3) R. Charaplin TMD s JBH,GWT:id --22 References: 1360XPa9-38 Work by; Report by: T. McDyer H. R. Weal T. McDyer J. B. Kinkamp G. W. Thomson Supervisor: Approved: . K? 0020772 a P 43 o3ft -4Pt3d o PjCs3 Si -OoP +-OfcH=t-3 ft o 9 o -fcOptj 4o3 fOt Cu 3 -P gp d --+o3PSPwo53 Pl3 TO3Offo3Ilt --pSwp3SfoPd15t3i W (*, O fol rl -3P t--wOI *,1 o *P w f=>UOoC0?5J-i *M7OH3 < 05 C Wator sorubbor s o lu tio n D Wat to s t motor to 1 43d-5 }l PcPi. CoH PO HP Cl -Qp` C < w I fUc vjCv3 c - 0020773 Fig. Z - Methanol Concentration of Evaporating Tfoter-Hothanol Solutions * These values were computed from the weight per oent of original solution remaining at each stage of evaporation. ~ho error in the plotted values due to water absorption from the wot gas stream (see text) is negligible. 0020774 30 0 82 V/t. % methanol, 18 wt. % miter ' Vitol, dry gas . Vitol, wet gas O 100^ Methanol, dry gas 80 G 1CQ% Methanol, wet gas Per Cent Methanol Evaporated Fig,, 3 " Volatility of TEL in Methanol and Aqueous Methanol Solutions R 0020775 200 r 80 f s0j si 60 r O 3 ' 4 & fi l-t C:U o fou w P TO"~tr / // / jO S2 V't. % methanol, 18 vrt,, / I % water, dry gas I TTitol, dry gas i Vitol, wet gas ! 0 ' 100 % Methaaol, dry gas | :.'i 100 % Methanol, v;et gas `Jf / i/ t i; 0 20 40 60 80 100- Per Cent Fuel Evaporated* *> Volatility of TEL in Methanol and /.quoous Methanol Solutions See note., Fig, 2. KZ 0020776 16.0 14.0 12.0 j- 1 . Heptane, LTD 48*47 | Oaeolino. ITD 4467 * j O Methanol, dry gas | Q Methanol, wot gas > O 82 ivt, $ methanol, IB wfe,, j water, dry gaa | Vitol, dry gas | Vitol, wet gas 10.0 C oncentration o f TEL in Rotsiduo, ml ,,/g a l 3.0 6.0 4.0 OSi 2.0 0.0 100 -CL SO 80 40 20 Residual Solution., Per Cent of Original Volume O Fig. 5 Concent ration of TEL .in the Residual Solution K 0020777 lonocatratioa o f Load in N itro g e n , micrograms per ou. f t 11 i ! 10* SCO 1 Pitol (32 TTfeo % methanol, 18 wh . % wter) VT3V gas stream. Vv' ,.* V'sv \ | 1) i . ij | j i1 _.y,~ " i.oeo . ;:r7._ ......... ,, ......\ m;:; iC-jl'iWVJl .... "' 100 dry gas stream .. \ --( \1 \' \ \\ \i . \ ~i \\ i! \! \1 \,; j;1 ti !i 10 \st\ -i*; __J?o:do_liait____ _________ ___ ___ _ _J C5 > 0 4>ugo/aUo .ft. i _L____ _! SO 40 SO * |ii 1 _______! 80 100 IfTaight For Cent of Solution Evaporated Pigo 6 Concentration of TEL (as Lead) in Fucl^aaturated Nitre tfE 0020778 \i 0% 3 Ideal 100$ B 7T Pa PB !t A 100$ A 0$ 3 IttEoisolble 3 0$ A 100$ B Fig, 7 Solution Ideality and Kenideality HE 0020779 1* 000 03 950 f"~ 0e 900 >> V5 0-350 S1 5$,,r T5 " /I S / ^p"' / / y y i j O a G0T. data Wxporimental data: 1 A noa-ioadod I containing 3*0 m?.. - all on 1 il i) poFl1 s !! 0,600 j- ''j 0o?50 0 20 40 B0 80 Weight Par Cent Water Fig, 8 => Density of Aqueous Methanol Solutions 100 K 0020780