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U. S. DEPARTMENT O DANIEL C. ROPER, S BUREAU OF M SCOTT TURNER, Di isMINERAL RE OF THE UNITED S 1931 O. E. KIESSL Chief Economist, Division of M Pa r t I--MET UNITED STAT GOVERNMENT PRINTI WASHINGTON i lA 1 sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Wa N49757 82 MINERAL RESOURCES, 1931 -- PART 1 DOMESTIC PRODUCTION Domestic production in 1931 was sharply reduced by the almost ? complete lack of demand. A few hundrod pounds of columbito were ': shipped by Philip S. Hoyt from Las Tablas, N. Mex., and a smaller quantity was shipped by Dr. A. T. Roos from the Black Hills (near ' Rapid City) of South Dakota. At Spruce Pine, N. C., the Consoli dated Feldspar Corporation sorted out, but did not sell, 200 or 300 pounds of col umbite in 1931. ... The following tablo shows the production of tantalum minerals in the United States during the past five years. Columbite, mined in the United States, shipped in 1027-1931 Year Poumis Value Your Pounds Value l, 100 34,800 22,117 $378 26,332 17,201 1930....................................................... 1031...................................................... 6,100 700 $3,350 400 IMPORTS The bulk of the domestic supply of tantalum has been imported as ore. The following table shows imports for consumption since 1927. Tantalum ores imported into the United States, 1927--1931 1 Year Pounds Value Year Pounds Value * 15,lid $20,012 1930...................................................... * 15, 250 19,4)8 * 8.474 *6,288 $7,036 6,289 1 No Imports roported for 1028. Classified as "Ores of forro-ulloying metals (tantalum). > Classified as "Tantalum and columblum ores." TITANIUM1 By P. M. Ty l e h and A. V CONTENTS Page General conditions.......................................................... 83 Domestic production.......................................................... 84 Imports............................................... 84 . Prices................................................. 85 World production............................................................ 85 The Industry Jn forolgn countries............................ HS Australia.......................................................................... 86 Canada............................................................................. 86 The Indust Czechoslo France..... French Af Norway... Russia...... GENERAL CONDITIO In 1931 noteworthy changes took place i titanium pigment industry in the United Sta are manufactured chiefly by two firms--th (a subsidiary of the National Lead Co.) a Color Corporation (formerly the Commercia The Titanium Pigment Co. was the first States to undertake the manufacture of tita to 1931 operated plants at Niagara Falls, N In 1931, however, the company transferred a to St. Louis; and it was understood that lat built at tidewater, probably in the vicin Titanium Pigment Co. manufactures titan and Titanox C pigments. The titanium pigment business of the Co poration, a subsidiary of the Commercial S consolidated with the lithopone and dry co Pigment & Chemical Co. and the pigment the Grasselli Chemical Co. during 1931, as of a new company known as the Krebs Pigm of Newark, N. J. The company manufactu titanated lithopones (Ti Tone and Duolith) product is marketed by the company sales tCo., New York City) under the trade name " Another titanium lithopone (Titanolith) Chemical & Pigment Co., San Francisco, Ca \ Although the market for most white pigmen 'by the general business depression, sales of rently continued to increase during 1031, a tionary throughout the year. In January, 19 :of one-half cent a pound was made in th titanium pigments. :; 1 Work on manuscript completed June, 1932. . Sta.t.is..t.ics on d. omes.tic prroo*tdduuoottlloonn prepared' by H. W. Davis and f by L. M. Jones, both of tho BBureau of Mines. Figures on Imports co of Mfnes, from records of thtee Bureau of Foreign and Domastlo Comm 84 MINERAL RESOURCES, 1931---- PART I DOMESTIC PRODUCTION During 1931 the American Rutile Co. (a subsidiary of the Metal. &.J Thermit Corporation) shipped ilmenito and rutile from its properties at Roseland, Nelson County, Va. The mill was operated steadily|j until cold weather. Particular attention was given to improving thef recovery of fine material through better classification and the installa-J tion of a thickener for the classifier overflow. Development work| in two tunnels-has substantially enhanced the already large volume off proved ore reserves. The new plant of the Southern Mineral Products] Corporation (described in the 1930 chapter of this series) at Pineyl River, Va., was operated throughout much of the year but not on pj commercial basis. . ,% The Titanium Corporation of America was incorporated in October,a 1931, to develop rutile properties in Hot Spring County, Ark. | The output of titanium minerals during the past 10 years, so far as? data are available to the Bureau of Mines for publication, is shown ini the following table, which, however, gives shipments rather than| production. 'Titanium minerals produced in the United States, 1922--1931 1 Kutlle concentrates --* ' Ilmenite concentrates "fi '{ Year Short tons Percentage of TIOi Value Short tons Percentage ofTlOi Value jt. 1926 *..... ............................................. 1928 .................................................... 310 96 () 6,181 62-64 ) 270 96 6, 270 4, 769 62 62 >$76,300' 46 96 '$11,000 6, 500 62 *89,0001 30 96 '7.600 4,813 62 ' 77,000' 624 96 129,861 3, 600 60 44,0001 176 93-96 37, 700 918 60 ' 21,000 ^ *! i Both rutile and Ilmenite concentrates produced in 1929, 1930, and 1931, but Bureau of Mines not at| liberty to publish figures. * Bureau of Mines not at liberty to publish figures. ' < FIjuresfarFlorida only. Bureau of Mines not at liberty to publish figures for Virginia. IMPORTS The bulk of the ilmenite consumed in the.Uuited States is imported,| In 1931 the imports registered a substantial increase, amounting tol 29,857 long (33,440 short) tons, valued at $144,951, compared with! only 22,297 long (24,973 short) tons, valued at $150,466, in 1930 and! 22,386 long (25,072 short) tons, valued at $104,887, in 1929. It will! be noted that the average declared value of the imports was $4.85 perj long ton in 1931. Ocean freight from India is usually around $6 aj long ton, and the trade journal quotations f. o. b. Atlantic seaboard! are $10 to $12 a long ton. In 1931 all the shipments were credited8 to British India, whereas in former years substantial amounts have likewise been received from Senegal and occasionally from Brazil^ According to Canadian official reports (see p. 86), however, 1,509 short! tons of ilmenite were shipped to the United States in 1931 from thg Baie St. Paul district, Quebec. Imports of rutile in 1931 were reported as 2,000 pounds, valued at $189. *- -fli..... i TITANIUM PRICES During tho past decade prices of titanium steadily. The price of titanium dioxide has to 21 cents per pound in less than 5 years formerly quoted at 13 to 13)4 cents per pound cents per pound (for the barium-base pigme 7)4 cents (for the calcium-base pigment, in Early in 1932 a further cut of one-half cent w titanium-calcium pigment. At the end of 1 : tanium was reduced from $150 per short tqn for 15 to 18 per cent titanium and 6 to 8 per Ilmenite containing 45 to 52 per cent Ti0 out 1931 by the Engineering and Mining Jo long ton, f. o. b. Atlantic seaboard, according Low-grade domestic ilmenite, 32 to 35 per ce $7 to $8 a ton. The quotation for rutile, g per cent concentrate, remained unchanged a WORLD PRODUCTIO The world production of titanium minera gathered from Government reports and oth shown in the following table. World production of titanium, minerals, Mineral and country 1930 Ore pro duced Content of TiO, Value i 'Dmen/te: Metric torn Brasil ........................................ 80 Canada (Quebec).................. 374 India (Travancore)............... 29, 238 Norway...................................... ' Portugal.................................... Senegal .................................... United 8tates.......................... 7,630 834 <4>6, 322 Rutile: Norway ............................ United States.......................... c> .46 Per cent 63 18-26 64 43 60 (*) 48 o90-93 $1,370 1, 237 160,416 63.400 3, 746 0)7, 377 (')13.400 i Values as officially reported, converted to United States currenoy a -i u published by the Federal Reserve Board. ' Y `Exports. > Data not available. 4 Bureau of Mines not at liberty to publish figures. J. `Concentrates. . THE INDUSTRY IN FOREIGN ^ Australia.--The Radium & Rare Earths T jjjwhich was formed a few years ago to exploit an (white from rutile found on its property at O (decided to abandon the project as productio (and it was more economical to import ilme (India.3 The Titanium Products Pty. (Ltd.) w bourne to manufacture titanium oxide pigme Peabody S. R., Australian Firm Discontinues Plan to Manufactur and Dorn. Com.. World Trade Notes on Chemicals, etc., vol. 5, No. 28 ,,/d h L.UlVl.tlW.. ,/i LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS By E. W. Pe j h r s o n i CONTENTS Page Summary................................................................... 211 Production.......................................................................... 212 Source......................... ................................................ .. 214 Preparation and uses...................... 216 white lead........................................................................ 216 Basic Jead sulphate............................ 216 Litharge........................................................................... 218 Red lead.............................................................................218 Orange mineral.'......... ................. 218 Zloc oxide and leaded zlno oxide......... ...................218 Preparation an Zlno sulphid Zino salts...... Producers and Tariff............. Imports and e Lead pigme Zinc pigmen Prices and val SUMMARY The total value of lead and zinc pigments ducers amounted to approximately $56,267,0 with $69,253,000 in 1930, a decrease of 19 p pigments decreased 20 por cent in value an cent of the total value, whereas sales of zin per cent and amounted to 48 per cent of the The quantity of lead pigments sold by prod to 197,079 short tons, a decrease of 22,463 ton pared with 1930 and 98,381 tons (33 p>er cen Each of the lead pigments shared in this decr (dry and in oil) decreased 5 per cent; litharge 22 per cent; basic lead sulphate,'16 per cent; per cent. The quantity of zinc pigments sold by prod to 266,127 short tons, a decrease of 34,359 ton pared with 1930 and 127,948 tons (32 pe 1929. Sales of zinc oxide and lithopone fell respectively, in 1931 as compared with 1930, oxide increased 8 per cent. Sales of zinc chloride increased 20 per cen of zinc sulphate declined 15 per cent. According to reports submitted to the Bur and zinc pigment industry is not burdened During 1931 production closely approximate of all pigments except three exceeded the qu 8 per cent. The throe' exceptions were dry w lithopone, and in each case sales amounted to of the total production. The marked decline in the pigment indust fleeted the sharp curtailment in the manufa batteries, and rubber brought about by, the g sion. In previous periods of unemployme manufacturers actually enjoyed substantial _________________________ > Work on manuscript completed June, 1932. 1 Statistics In this report prepared (unless otherwise indicated) by and exports compiled from records of the Bureau of Foreign and Do both oi the Bureau of Mines. 212 MINERAL RESOURCES, 1031--PART I 1 LEAD AND ZINO PIGMENTS AND S many idle workers paiuted their homes wliile unemployed. In 1921 the sales of white lead in oil increased 28 per cent over those in 1920. At the beginning of 1930 a similar increase was expected, blit the record now shows that in this respect 1930 and 1931 wero exceptional years. Market quotations for all lead pigments in 1931 suffered declines that-ranged from % cent to 2 cents per pound. Prices of the white pigments were maintained at the same level during tho first 11 months, but in December price cuts amounting to about 10 per cent were announced. Prices of the rod oxides responded to fluctuations in the pig-lead market. A net decline of 2 cents per pound was re corded for litharge and red lead. The average value per ton of lead pigments in 1931, as reported by producers to the Bureau of Mines, was only 11 per cent below the average in 1930, whereas the average quoted price of lead (New York) declined 23 per cent. Quotations on zinc oxide and leaded zinc oxide were maintained at the lovels of the four preceding years, although the price of slab zinc (St. Louis) was 20 per cent lower in 1931 than in 1930. Lithopono prices were maintained at the quotations prevailing at the close of 1930. Foreign trado in pigments folloff considerably during 1931. Imports of all lead and zinc pigments amounted to 7,278 tons, valued at $648,733, a decrease of 13 per cent in quantity and 19 per cent in value. Exports totaled 17,047 tons, valued at $2,005,638 (32 per cent below the amount and 40 per cent below tho value of exports in 1930). Imports of lead pigments were negligible. Lithopone, the principal zinc pigment imported, and zinc sulphide showed declines, but incoming sliipments of zinc oxide increased. Exports of all lead and zinc pigments except lithopone decreased. . An outstanding feature of the lead and zinc pigment industry during the last few years has been the severe competition between white lead and other pigments for the paint trade. The effect of this com petition is indicated roughly in the comparative sales of the pigments concerned. Sales of white lead in oil decreased from 153,000 tons in 1922 to 70,000 tons in 1930. During the same period the combined sales of zinc oxide and lithopone increased from 212,000 to 283,000 tons. As three-fourths of the lithopone and about one-third of the zinc oxide produced in the United States are used in the manufacture, of paints these figures indicate the marked degreo to which the zinc pigments have invaded the paint industry at the expenso of white lead. This trend, however, appears to have been reversed in 1931, as sales of white lead to tho paint industry increased slightly, whereas the consumption of lithopone in paint decreased ovor 5 per cent and the total sales of zinc oxide decreased 20 per cont. During the year two new plants for the production of lithopone and \ zinc oxide began operations. Tho producing organization of one large pigment manufacturer was completely reorganized to increase efficiency and effect economy. Many plants operated on a sharply curtailed basis, and others shut down completely. Some plants were permanently abandoned. PRODUCTION In this report sales of pigments and salts are considered as represent-*/ ing the production, no account being taken of the stocks on hand at; the beginning and end of the year. The amounts used by producers; at their own plants are included under sales. The total value of lead and zinc pigments sold by was approximately $56,267,000 in 1931 as compar m 1930. The total value of all lead pigments so and that of all zinc pigments sold was $27,138 pigments decreased 20 per cent in total value quantity, whereas sales of zinc pigments decrease 3 value and 11 per cent in quantity. The average v pigments sold in 1931, as reported by producers, mm cent, whereas the average New York quotation f 23 per cent in 1931 as compared with 1930. Zin only 6 per cent in value per ton, as compared decrease in the St. Louis quotation for slab zinc. 1 Sales of zinc chloride increased 20 per cent in q cent in value in 1931, whereas sales of zinc su per cent in quantity and 28 per cent in value. The following tables show the sales of lead and zinc salts from 1927 to 1931, as reported to the Bu Lead pigments sold by domestic manufacturers in the Unit in short tons 1927. 1928. 1929. 1930. 1931. White load Ba s Ic lead sulphate or sublimed lead Dry In oil White Blue 38, 669 42,049 42,169 32,648 30,922 119,026 111,923 J04,872 69,692 66,446 13,482 16,002 16,680 10,308 8,760 1,061 1.234 1.234 1,219 806 Lead pigments sold by domestic manufacturers in the United 1930 Pigment . Value (at plant, exclu Short sive of container) S tone to Total Average Basic lead sulphate or sublimed lead:' White_______ .. . Blue.................................. Red load...................... Oronge mineral.................... Litharge..... . White lead: Dry............................. . In oil................................. ' 10,308 1,210 32,041 360 72,678 $1,321,339 130,017 6,066,297 76, 066 9,713,766 32,648 4,672, 048 09, 602 16, 606, 196 $128 107 164 215 134 140 223 | 2 6 30 6 Zinc pigments and salts sold by domestic manufacturers in th . 1981, in short tons Year Zinc oxide Leaded zinc oxide Litho pone ZJnc Z!no chloride sul (60* B.) phate Year Zinc oxide Lead zin oxi 1927......... 1928......... 1929......... 161,240 100,004 160,011 20,004 24, 223 27,149 170.094 200,408 206,316 40,141 46,609 43,189 0,418 4,733 7,454 1930......... 119,142 17, 2 2931......... 95,700 18,6 214 MINERAL RESOURCES, 1931--PART I Zinc moments and salts sold by domestic manufacturers in the United Stales, 19S0 and J9S1 1930 1931 Pigment or salt Bbort tons Value (at plant, exclu sive of container) Total Average Short tons Value (at plant, exclu sive of container) Total ATerage Zino oilde1.............................................. Leaded zino oxide 1............................... Lithopone.................................................. Zinc chloride, 60 B......... -.................. Zino sulphate.......................................... 119,142 17, 279 164,066 29,043 6,249 $14, 896,883 2,072,197 16,897,683 1,247,386 276,728 $126 120 97 43 44 96,700 18, 677 161,850 34,886 6,290 $11,997,096 2,140, 864 12,999,690 1,417,010 199, 482 $126 116 86 41 38 i Zino oxide containing 5 per cent or more 01 lead Is classed as leaded zinc oxide. Statistics for lead arsenate, lead acetate, zinc stearate, and other lead and zinc salts and compounds are collected biennially by the Bureau of the Census for odd years. Details of production for sev eral years were published in the 1930 chapter of this series. -Data for 1931 were not available at the time this report was written. SOURCE Lead pigments and zinc pigments and salts are manufactured from a variety of materials, including ore, refined metal, and miscellaneous secondary materials, such as scrap and waste, from various industrial processes. . The following table gives the quantity and source of the metal contained in the lead pigments and in the zinc pigments and salts produced in the United States in 1930 and 1931'. It shows that in 1931, 96.3 per cent of the lead in lead pigments was derived from pig lead, 3.3 per cent from ore, and 0.4 per cent from secondary material. For zinc pigments and salts the proportions were 60.3 per cent from ore, 21.2 per cent from slab zinc, and 18.5 per cent from secondary material. Metal content of lead pigments and zinc pigments and salts produced by domestic manufacturers, 1930 and 1931, by sources, in short tons Source 1030 1931 Lead In pigments 1 Zinc in pigments and salts Lead In pigments 1 Zino In pigments and salts Seoondary material....................................................................... 6,689 100,182 080 197, 667 104,601 27. 090 22,304 163,066 6,722 106,328 710 172,760 74,632 20, 223 22, 799 123,664 i Includos also load rocovorod In zinc oxido and leaded zinc oxide. 'Die metal content of lead acetate and lead arsenate Js not available, as no canvass of their production is made hy the Bureau of Mines. More* over, these salts are derived from pig lend, and their metal coutout hus already been takou Into statistical account In the figures covering lend production, i Zino ashes, sklminiogs, drosses, and old metal. In the following' tables the source of the metal used in the manu facture of each pigment and salt is given. Pig load is used exclusively, either directly or indirectly, in the manufacture of white lead, litharge, red lead, and orange mineral and, to a large extent, in the manufacture LEAD AND ZINO PIGMENTS AND of basic lead sulphate. Zinc oxide is the on slab zinc is used in considerable quantity. Ore facture of zinc oxide, leaded zinc oxide, lithopon basic lead sulphate. Some secondary lead is u ture of basic lead sulphate, and a substantial p in lithopone and zinc chloride made in the Uni from secondary, material. \ Lead content of lead and zinc pigments produced by dom and 1931, by sources, in short ton 1930 Pigment Lead In pigments pro duced from-- Domes tic ore Second Pig lead ary ma teria] Total lead In pig ments Le Dom tic o Leaded zinc oxide........................ 1,963 4,693 40 87,329 30,403 67,610 222 4,628 6,686 190,182 87,329 30, 493 67,610 222 630 7, 2J7 63 4,746 40 689 197,667 1,9 3.8 5,7 Zinc content of zinc pigments and salts produced by dome and 1931, by sources, in short tons 1630 Pigment or salt Zinc In pigments and salts produced from-- Domestic Slab ore zino Second ary ma terial Total zinc In pig ments and salts Zino I p Dome ore Zino oxide..................................... 71,324 Leoded zino oilde........... .......... 11,428 Lfthopono..................................... 1 20,546 Zinc sulphate.................. ............ 1.203 27,086 '"T 149 160 14, 679 6,632 784 98,658 11,688 i35,226 6, 637 2,047 104,661 27,000 22,304 163,966 47,4 8,9 > 17,4 6 74,6 > Includes rlnc contout of a small quantity of zino sulphide produced. PREPARATION AND USE A general discussion of the properties, uses, lead and zinc pigments and zinc salts may be fou of this report. The following discussion summar developments and brings the statistical data up to WHITE T.HAT) A new process^ for the preparation of white le been developed in Germany. Litharge is groun presence of carbon dioxide. Ammonia is adde * Oil, Paint and Drug Reporter, vol. 120, No. 23, No t , 23, 1931, p. 10. 216 MINERAL RESOURCES, 1931-----PART I LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS A formation of ammonium carbonate and bicarbonate which in turn react with the litharge to produce basic lead carbonate. The white lead is said to be free from the normal carbonate. The ammonia is regenerated for reuse. A mixture of white lead, oil, and graphite has been used successfully as a lubricant of open gears, and a mixture of white lead and mutton tallow is used to lubricate and protect control wires of airplanes.4 The United States usually exports about 6,000 tons of white lead annually, most of which is manufactured in bond from foreign lead. The following table shows the sales of white lead (dry and in oil) to various industries in 1930 and 1931, as reported to the Bureau of Mines by the producers: ments which have been made in the manufacture o 1922 it was the usual practice to produce oxides o industry through the direct oxidation of metallic over impact pulverizers. The result of this plan of tion of a storage-battery oxide containing varying d dominance of rather large particles. It is a wel battery oxide, either litharge or red lead, must have that a good bond can be obtained in the plate w porosity; in other words, the maximum surface of be exposed to the electrolyte with maximum physic paratively large particles of oxide are present, the p but at the same time the total reactive surface of the This statement holds true for both red lead and lith only used in the positive plate and there only in a r The efforts of the oxide manufacturer have bee years toward producing an oxide of extreme finen Distribution of white lead (dry and in oil) sales, 1930 and 1931, by industries characteristics that proper bonding will be obtain Our studies have led us to different methods of fu improved methods of milling. * * * . 1930 1631 Summing up these developments, we find that in the lead oxides have been improved through their m Industry Short tons Per cent of total Short tons Por cent of total * 01, 03 3,300 <3,211 8(1.0 3.3 7.1 01,832 2,848 2,088 94.3 2.9 2.8 102,140 100.0 97,308 100.0 : i an extent that we have been able to increase the at 80 F. 40 per cent, with a corresponding decrease of 27 per cent and a corresponding decrease-in the 30 per cent, with no deoreaso in life. If any of us who were devoting our attention to th for use in the storage-battery industry 10 years ago to-day be producing materials for use in a battery wh such increases in capacity with the corresponding and reduction in quantity of active material, we wo ble. Now, just what has this meant to the consumin BASIC LEAD SULPHA<TE the cost of a storage battery has been tremendou l you can go on the market and buy a Jmttery for a The following table shows the sales of basic lead sulphate to various to $8 which will perfectly service your automobile industries in 1930 and 1931, as reported to the Bureau of Mines by the producers: time. At the same time it has also meant the pron in trying to start our automobile on a cold morning Doctor Schaeffer 8 also stated that the intro Distribution of basic lead sulphate sales, 1930 and 1931, by industries sublimed litharge into the petroleum refining more rapid and complete chemical reactio 1930 1931 operation. Industry Short tons Per cent of total Short tons Per cent of total The rapid increase in the use of neon light the past few years has created a larger dem a glass containing about 22 per cent of lead Storage batteries........................................................................................ 9,673 1,104 304 466 11,627 83.0 9.6 3.4 4.0 100.0 8,311697 173 505 9,686 86.8 7.2 1.8 6.2 100.0 The following table shows the sales of litha in 1930 and 1931, as reported to the Bureau o Distribution of litharge sales, 1930 and 1 LITHARGE Dr. John A. Schaeffer, director of research of tho Eagle-Picher Lead Co., recently has called attention to the rapid advance made in storage-battery pigment technology during the past decade. After pointing out the improved performance of a battery in 1932 as com pared with one in 1922 and the economy that lias been effected in the use of lead oxides, ho states: ` The question you will rightly ask * * * is a proper one: "Just how has this tremendous increase in capacity been obtained with a lowering of the weight of aotlve material used in the plate?" Such a question brings us to the develop-* Industry 1930 1 1931 Short tons Per cent of total iShort tons Per cent of total Industry Storage batteries... Insecticides............... Oil roflnlng............... Ceramics.................... Obromo pigments- 33,173 6,000 12,028 4,089 3,286 46.7 8.3 16.6 6.6 4.6 31,005 7,608 7,361 4,124 3,682 49.6 11.8 11.5 6.6 6.6 Rubber........... Varnish Linoleum... Other............ Sohaeffer, J. A., work cited, p. 7. ' * Lead, vol. 2, No. 2, March, 1032, p. 3. < Sobaefler, J. A., The Newer Developments In Lead Pigments and Their Uses: A paper presented before the Chicago ohapter of the A. I. M. M. Mar. 19, 1032 (privately distributed), pp. 3-4. j M 218 MINERAL RESOURCES, 1931--PART I" LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS AN RED LEAD LITHOPONE A summary of recent developments in tlie use of red lead and A calcium-base lithopone has been develo litharge in the storage-battery industry is given in the discussion calcium sulphate is substituted for barium su under litharge on page 216. .. The following table shows the sales of red lead to various industries lower specific gravity of calcium sulphate, the of the pigment can be increased and at the sam in 1930 and 1931, as reported to the Bureau of Mines by the producers: values obtained. This type of pigment has v Distribution of red-lead sales, 19S0 and 1931, by industries and is especially adaptable where flat finishes Lithopone producers reported the use of over 1930 1031 in the manufacture of titanated lithopone in 1 Imports of lithopone into the United States Industry Short tons Per cent of total Short toos Per cent of total 5,674 short tons. Exports amounted to 3,82 import of 1,853 tons, the equivalent of. 1.2 pe 18,098 10.000 835 .2,202 32. p41 07.7 33.1 2.5 0.7 100.0 13, 700 0. 250 811 2,086 25,853 sales. Of the quantity imported 88 tons were 53.0 1 containing 30 per cent or more of zinc sulphide 36,8 3.1 The following table shows the sales of lithop 8.1 tries in 1930 and 1931, as reported to the Bu 100.0 ducers: Distribution of lithopone sales, 1930 and 193 ORANOE MINERAL The following table shows the sales of orange mineral to various industries in 1930 and 1931, as reported to the Bureau of Mines by the producers: Industry 19 Short tons Distribution of orange-mineral sales, 1930 and 1931, by industries Industry . 1930 1931 Short tons Per cent Of total Short tons Per cent of total Other'-T-...................................................................................................... 88 188 . 80 350 24.7 62.8 22.6 100.0 no 42.2 IH 40.4 49 17.4 282 100.0 ZINC OXIDE AND LEADED ZINC OXIDE The most recent source of data on the consumption of zinc oxide in the manufacture of rubber is the Census of Manufactures for 1929. According to this report 66,838 tons of zinc oxide were used in the manufacture of rubber goods in 1929; this was equivalent to 42 per cent of the total sales of zinc oxide reported by domestic producers in that year. Eighty-three per cent of the total was used in the manu facture of tires and inner tubes, 4 per cent in rubber boots and shoes, and 13 per cent in miscellaneous rubber goods. The data indicate that the average zinc oxide content of all rubber goods is about 6 per cent by weight. . According to the Census of Manufactures for 1929 the paint industry consumed 65,603 tons of zinc oxide in 1929. This quantity probably includes leaded zinc oxide also; thus the tonnage represents 30 per cent of the total sales of zinc oxide and leaded zinc oxide as reported to the Bureau of Mines for 1929. Exports of zinc oxide in-1931 amounted to 5,131 short tons (5 por cent of the total production). Approximately 1,400 tons were imported. Paints, varnish, and lacquers. .... . Floor coverings and textiles.............................................................. Rubber......... ................................ . . Other.......................................... , .. .. ,, 126, 070 23, 660 6,997 8,336 164,065 >. ZINC SULPHIDE Zinc sulphide imparts to lithopone most qualities, but only during the past decade ha separate pigment received general recognition. nized as one of the best white paint pigments; enamels, and lacquers is increasing, particular Eaint products, where it is especially desirab iding power. It is also used in the manufac linoleum, printing inks', and writing fluids. P United States in 1924 with an output of only output had increased to 126,000 pounds during 1928.7 Subsequent data on domestic produc for publication. Domestic quotations for zin from about 70 cents per pound in 1924 to 13 c while, imports had increased from about 10,0 631,000 pounds in 1929, indicating a domestic mating 1,000,000 pounds. Since 1929 imports h Effective June 18,1930, the import duty on zinc from IX to 3 cents per pound. A unique use of zinc sulphide in luminous p oped in Germany.8 Exceptionally pure zinc s 1 Tarld Readjustment, 1929, Hearings Be/ore the Committee oa Wa sentatives: 70th Cong., 2d sess., vol. 1, Sob. 1, p. 822. Bureau of foreign and Domestic Oommeroe, World Trade Notes: V 40088--:84--------22 220 MINERAL RESOURCES, 1S31------PART I sulphide possess marked phosphorescence, the period of luminosity varying with the color tones and composition of the pigment. The luminous paints are used in making signs, show cards, and various types of ornamentation. The dry pigment is used in printing, the powder being sprinkled over the text which is printed in gold size. An advantage of these luminous paints is that they contain no radium salts, phosphorus, or other poisonous substances. ZINC SALTS The quantity of zinc sulphate used as a depressing reagent in the flotation of complex lead and zinc ores amounted to 1,425 tons in 1929. 1,410 tons in 1928, and 1,010 tons in 1927. Sales of zinc chloride increased during 1931, but the record shows that the production decreased, the excess sales having been made from stocks accumulated prior to 1931. PRODUCERS AND PLANTS The following companies reported having sold or. used lead and zinc pigments and zinc salts of their own production in 193/: White lead: Anaconda Lead Products Co. (electrolytic process)____________________ ________________ East Chicago, Ind. Carter White Lead Co:------------------------------------ West Pullman, Chicago, 111. E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co......................... Philadelphia, Pa. Eagle-Picher Lead Co_________________ _____ - East St. Louis, 111. * Do---- -------------- --------------------- -------- ---------- Cincinilati, Ohio. Euston Lead Co------------------------ -------- -............. Scranton, Pa. W. P. Fuller & Co.................................................... South Han Francisco, Calif. John T. Lewis & Bros. Co____________ _______ Philadelphia, Pa. National Lead Co Chicago, 111. Do________________ _______________ St. Louis, Mo. Do_______ _______________________________ Perth Amboy, N. J. Do----------- -------- -------------- -------- ---------------- Brooklyn, N. Y. Do________________________ __________ ____ Port Richmond, N. Y. Do....................................... -...........-................. Cincinnati, Ohio. National Lead Co. of California____________ - Melrose, Calif. National Lead & Oil Co. of Pennsylvania------- New Kensington, Pa. Sherwin-Williams Co Chicago, 111. Wetherill & Bro__________ _____ --............... - Philadelphia, Pa. ' Basic lead Bulphate, or sublimed lead: Eagle-Picher Lead Co........ ..................... ............... Joplin, Mo. Eagle-Picher Mining & Smelting Co--------------- Galena, Kans. St. Louis Smelting & Refining Works of Na tional Lead Co Collinsville, 111. Red lead, orange mineral, and litharge: Andrews Lead Co----------------------------- ---------- Long Island City, N. Y. Eagle-Picher Lead Co East St. Louis, 111. Do Joplin, Mo. Newark, N. J. Doi:::::::::::::::::::::::: ::::::: Cincinnati, Ohio. Evans Lead Co------------------------- --------------------- Charleston, W. Va. W. P. Fuller & Co........ .......... ................................ South San Francisco, Calif. Morris P. Kirk & Son________________ _____ Los Angeles, Calif. John T. Lewis & Bros. Co.................................- Philadelphia, Pa. Metals Refining Co................................................ Hammond, Ind. National Lead Co-------------------------------------------- Chicago, 111. Do______ ________________________________ St. Louis, Mo. Do______________ ____________ ___________ Brooklyn, N. Y. National Lead Co. of California................. ........ Melrose, Calif. National Lead <fc Oil Co. of Pennsylvania____ New IConsington, Pa. Sherwin-Williams Co Chicago, 111. Wetherill & Bro................................ ................... .. Philadelphia, Pu. ' LEAD AND ZINO PIGMENTS AND SALTS Zinc oxide and leaded zinc oxide: American Zinc Co. of Illinois Hillsboro, American Zinc Oxide Co_____ ________________ Columbus, Englo-Pichcr Lead Co Hillsboro, Empire Zinc Co.___________________ _________ _ Canon City Grasselli Chemical Co_______________ East Chica International Lead Refining Co. (French process) Do. Do________________________ _______________ Akron, Oh Mineral Point Zinc Co Now Jersoy Zinc Co. (of Pennsylvania) Mineral Po Palmerton, Do. (French process) Freemansb Ozark Smelting & Mining Co Coffeyvillo St. Joseph Lead Co Josephtow Lithopone: ' - Chemical & Pigment Co. (Inc.) Oakland, C Do Collinsville Do__________________________ ____ ______ St. Helena, Eagle-Picher Lead Co Argo, 111. Krebs Pigment & Color Corporation Newport, D Dol_________________________ Newark, N Mineral Point Zinc Co^ Depue, 111. New Jersey Zinc Co. (of Pennsylvania) Palmerton, Ozark Smelting & Mining Co Coffeyviile, Sherwin-Williams Co Chicago, 11 United Color <t Pigment Co Zinc salts: ' Newark, N American Smelting & Refining Co Selby, Cali Do Durango, C Do_______________________ Omaha, Ne Do.______ _______________ ________________ Perth Amb Charles Cooper & Co Newark, N General Chemical Co_________________________ Chicago, III Grasselli Chemical Co East Chica Do_______ _______________ _ Cleveland, Do Weirton, W Great Western Electro-Chemical Co Pittsburg, Harshaw Chemical Co: Cleveland, Charles Lcnnig & Co. (Inc.) Philadelphi Merrimac Chemical Co Everett, Ma Ozark Smelting & Mining Co Coffeyviile, ' The Ozark Smelting & Mining Co., a subsidiary o j Williams Co., began producing lithopone at its new p viile, Kans., during 1931. The St. Joseph Lead Co. at Josephtown, Pa., began zinc oxide in January, 1931. The plant, which has a ; of 120 tons of concentrate, was designed to treat zin from the company's mines in St. Lawrence County, electrothermic process. Sulphuric acid is manufacture product sulphur gases. The zinc oxide was sold ch manufacturers. ; The Commercial Solvents Corporation, E. I. du Po & Co. (Inc.), and its affiliated company, the Grasselli have formed a new company known as the Krebs Pig Corporation, to consolidate the lithopone and dry-co the Krebs Pigment & Chemical Co. and the pigment division of Grasselli with the titanium pigment busines mercial Pigments Corporation, a subsidiary of Comme : The now organization will combine the technical k : research facilities of tho companies interested.0 * Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, News Edition, vol. 9, No. 17, Sept. 10, 1 222 MINERAL RESOURCES^ 1931---- PART I LEAD AND ZING PIGMJLNTS AN The new company has taken over the Newark (N. J.) plant of the Grasselli Chemical Co. and the Newport (Del.) plant of the Krebs Pigment & Chemical Co. The Grasselli Chemical Co. reported that pigment production has been permanently discontinued at its Grasselli (N. J.) and Philadelphia (Pa.) plants. The Eagle-Picher Lead Co. discontinued the production of red lead and litharge at its Cincinnati plant in April, 1931, and white lead manufacture was suspended at the East St. Louis plant in June, 1931. The New Jersey Zinc Co. was reported 10 as planning a $150,000 addition to its zinc sulphide plant at Palmerton, Pa. TARIFF , No changes were made during 1931 in the import duties estab lished by the tariff act of 1930, details of which wero given in the 1930 chapter of this series. IMPORTS AND EXPORTS White lead and red lead exported from the Unite Year White lead1 Red lead* Short tons Value Short tons Value Year S 1927................ 1928................ ? 1829................ 6,047 6,476 6,908 $047, 226 962,316 621,600 1,429 $271,376 2,084 364,996 2,860 603,243 1930 ........... 1931 .. 1 Export figures for 1627-1031 may includes unknown quantity of b 1 Exports of red lead and litharge not classified separately for 192 unknown quantity of Htharge; the figures for 1928-1631 include also an u While lead 1 exported from the United States, 1980 a Destination 1930 1931 Short tons Value Short tons Value Destination LEAD PIGMENTS ' Imports of lead pigments into the United States are relatively unimportant. Exports of wliito lead pighients decreased 23 per cent j in 1931 and amounted to 5 per cent of the total sales of domestic , white lead; exports to the United Kingdom decreased 11 per cent and amounted to 85 per cent of the totpl. Combined oxports of red U lead, litharge, and orange mineral decreased 25 per cent in 1931 and amounted to over 3 per cent of the total sales by domestic manufac turers. The principal customers in 1931 and the percentage of the total taken by each follow: Canada 63 per cent, United Kingdom 8 per cent, Argentina and the Philippine Islands 3 per cent each, and Panama and Belgium 2 per cent each. Exports to Canada and Argen tina increased 21 and 8 per cent, respectively, whereas those to the United Kingdom decreased 47 per cent. Netherland West Indies, which took 22 per cent of the total in 1930, took less than 1 per cent in 1931. Basic carbonate while lead, red lead, litharge, and orange mineral imported for consumption in the United States, 1927--1981 Year Basic carbonate white lead Pounds Valuo 1927.................................... 1928.................................... 1929.................................... 1930.................................... 1031.................................... 330,421 100, 236 195, 478 147,132 135,922 $26,601 15,889 18,086 13, 400 12,114 Rod lead Pounds Value 51,088 24,676 10,167 19,116 062 $4, 403 1,510 746 1,334 44 Llthnrge Pounds Value 1,182 2,100 3,763 668 204 $133 153 270 60 48 Orange mineral Pounds 44,800 02,400 62, 122 26,338 23,714 Value 1 $3,816 6, 227 3,886 1,665 1,637 to Chemical and Metallurgical Eugluoeriug, vol. 38, No. 7, July, 1031, p. 430. North America: Canada............. Cuba................. Mexico............. Panama........... Other...... .......... South America: Argentina____ Brazil................ Colombia.... Uruguay_____ Venezuela____ Other................ 66 $10,008 87 9,404 68 21,041 101 16,809 66 11,879 388 69,141 434 67, 890 33 4, 668 3 702 43 6,727 11 2,406 61 7, 666. 676 89,848 81 $11,191 9 1,424 39 7,409 1 163 .22 4,449 162 24,716 67 8,800 1 116 2 471 1 166 6 1,028 6 738 83 11,318 Europe: Netherlands. United Kingd Other............... Asia: Philippine Isl Other............... Africa................... Oceania, inclu Australia........ ` Exports of white lead and basio lead sulphate or sublimed lead no figures may include an unknown quantity of baslo lead sulphate or su ZINC PIGMENTS AND SA Imports of lithopone, the principal zinc pigm United States, decreased 19 per cent in 1931 a per cent of the domestic sales. Of the total tons were classified as lithopone containing 3 zinc sulphide. Imports of the zinc oxides inc were equivalent to less than 2 per cent of the do of zinc sulphide, which increased rapidly from 75 per cent in 1930 and 17 per cent m 1931 pigments imported in 1931 came from Euro supplied 91 per cent, Germany 7 per cent, and the lithopone. All of the high-strength lithop the zinc sulphide came from Germany. Impo nated as follows: Belgium, 52 per cent; Franc Kingdom, 12 per cent; Germany, 11 per cen 3 per cent. .... Exports of zinc oxide, the principal zinc pigm United States, decreased 52 per cent in 1931, principal consuming countries showing declines and the United Kingdom fell off 38 and 68 Canada took 55 per cent and the United King 224 MINERAL RESOURCES, 1931--FART I 1931 total. Exports of lithopone increased 4 per cent in 1931; Canada took 87 per cent of tho total, the United Kingdom 6 per cent, and Cuba 3 per cent. Zinc oxide, lithopone, zinc sulphide (white), zinc chloride, and zinc sulphate im ported for consumption in the United Slates, 1927--1931 Zinc oxide Llthopooe LEAD AND ZINC FIGMENTS AND PRICES AND VALUE Tho total value and tho average price .receive salos of load and zinc pigments and salts are give of this chapter. The range of market quotation Oil, Paint and Drug Reporter is shown in the follo Range of quotations on lead pigments and zinc pigments 1929-1931, in cents per pound Year Dry Short tons Value Id oil Short tons Value Short tons Value 1,390 1,348 1,267 1,056 1,352 $220, 427 208,667 203,080 148,891 170,169. . 77 107 110 70 105 $18,619 26, Q20 27,145 16,614 19,308 7,979 9,885 8, 409 7,018 5,674 $056,166 808,200 725,654 695,697 428,623 Year Zinc sulphide * ----------------T Pounds \ Value % Zinc chloride Short tons Value Zinc sulphate Short tons Value 132. 223 338, 030 630, 566 169, 533 133.002 $22.984 47,235 84,200 . . 23, 552 16,600 470. 563 038 * 351 278 $40,009 47,185 50,324 28,811 20, 868 205 $9,390 083 28, 866 900 32,127 510 17,819 208 7.248 1 Zlno sulphide Is stated In pounds rather than tons teenuse of its high value and sinallor quantities. Zinc oxide and lithopone exported, from the United States, 19%7~1931 Year Zinc oxide Lithopone Short tons Value Short tons Value Year Zinc oxide Lithopone 8hort tons Value Short tons Value 1927................ 1928................ 1929................ 14,494 $1,821,788 14,799 1,849,889 17,638 2,301,643 2,110 $222, 585 3,320 337, 665 4,656 463,235 1930................ 1931................ 10.753 $1,440,004 5,131 717,224 3,605 $380,047 3,821 341,257 Zinc oxide exported from the United Slates, 1930 and 1931, by destinations Destination North America: Canada............ Cuba................. Mexico............. Panama........... Other................ 8outb Amerl a: Argentina----Brazil................ Other................ 1930 1931 Short tons Value Short tons Voluo Destination 1930 1031 Short tons Vuluo Short Ions Value 4,547 01 20 101 63 $628,178 13. 90C 4. 3H 18,037 8.010 2.818 $398. 615 58 9, 489 49 7, 301 08 (0.988 c 84) 4,812 073, 105 2, 998 427. 294 ===== ------ --- -------~~ 68 12,060 171 24, 113 9 1.02J A ), 178 28 6,381 42 7,378 105 20,376 217 32,600 Europo: Francs...................... Italy.......................... United Klugdom. Othsr........................ 428 116 4,719 110 $52, 376 10, 66) 678, 82u 18,024 1 56 1, 623 134 $308 8,638 101,806 16,580 Asia: Philippine Islands Other......................... 5, 378 00 107 605, 879 1,713 217, 322 8,720 20, 244 22 3,608 71 14,482 no 28,073 03 18,090 Africa............................ 14 3, 400 8 3,048 Oceania, including Australia................. 268 65,106 102 18,801 10,763 1,446,904 6, 131 717.224 Product 1929 Basic lead sulphate, or sublimed lead, dry, casks.. White lead, or basic lead carbonate! Dry. casks.................................................... ..................... In oil, carload lots........................................1.111111 Litharge, American, commercial, powdered, casks Red lead, dry, casks............. ............................................. Orange mineral, American, casks.I____ Lead acetate, browD, broken, barrels___1.-1111111 Lead arsenate, powdered, drums.......... ........................ Zinc oxide: .................... American process, lead-free, bags, car lots American process, leaded, barrels, car lots French process, red seal, bags, car lots................ French process, green seal, bags, car lots........... . French process, white seal, barrels, car lots... Lithopone, American, bags, car lots..... Zino chloride: ........... Solution,1 tanks............................................... Fused......................................................... Illllillll'I Zlno sulphate, crystals, barrels.....................I.'.'.'.11.1. 7. 76- 8. 2510. 73-1 8. 76-1 9. 76-1 11.76-1 12.00-1 13.00-1 1 1 6 2. 76- 3 5. 26- 5 3.00- 8 1 At works. Quotations on dry white lead and basic lead tained at levels prevailing at the close of 1930 fo of 1931; but in December, 1931, quotations d fourths of a cent per pound. The price of white m January, 1931, than in December, 1930, but until December, 1931, when a reduction of 1 cent ihese declines represented decreases of about 10 the red oxides fluctuated with the pig-lead mar clined steadily during the first 5 months, then ' June to levels that were maintained until Oct , decline began The quotations for red lead an ; cents per pound net during the year, and orange cents per pound.. Quotations on lead acetate a 1 declined in sympathy with the falling price of York quotation for pig lead declined from 5.10 January 2 to 3.75 cents on December 31, or 26 Quotations in 1931 on the various grades of z tauped at the level of the Tour preceding years, a zinc (fat. Louis) declined from 4.12% cents at the 3.12h cents at the end. The quotation for ord I "emtamed at 4.5 cents per pound throughout 1 , cruoiide and zinc sulphate responded to the drop Quotations for zinc sulphide ranged from 16 to 3 1930 and from 13 to 16% cents in 1931. 270 MINERAL RESOURCES, 1031--PART I Rolled zinc available for consumption in the United States, 1930 and 1931 ' 1030 1031 Founds Value Total Average Pounds Value Total A verage Sheet zinc not over 0.1 Inch Boiler plate and sheets ovor Strip and ribbon zinc.................. Total zinc rolJecf.............. Sheet zino Imported for con- Avallable for consumption-----Blab zinc, grades B, C, and D. 37,612, 636 63, 376,194 1,771,412 148,008 63,486,048 5,146,606 102,700,005 S, 671,408 130,870 7, 735,247 06,166,618 6,420 761,007 30.000 .084 .081 .084 . .008 .047 .037 30,935,389 $2,681,636 1,002, 868 89, 607 84, 641,678 5,642,181 116,069,926 8,313,383 39,352 6,518,392 111, 190,886 2, 283 461,130 $0.084 .082 .067 .071 .084 .037 .034 A substantial quantity of zinc foil was produced in 1931, but as yet the market for this product is limited because of its dull finish and its effect on foods. . ,, The quoted base price of sheet zinc, carload lots, f. o. D. rolling mills, ranged from 8.75 to 9 cents per pound during 1931. These quotations, however, are subject to discounts winch may fluctuate, whereas the base quotations remain steady. The average price actually received by rolling mills reporting to the Bureau of Mines was 7.1 cents for all classes of rolled zinc compared with 8.4 cents in 1930, a drop of 15 per Cent. The average price of the grades of slab zinc used in rolling mills decreased to 3.7 cents in 1931, so that the value added by rolling was 3.4 cents per pound m 1931 compared with 3.7 cents in 1930 and 2.4 cents in 1929. . ... *, V The companies reporting production of rolled zinc in the United States in 1931 were the same as for the preceding year and are listed on page 438 of Zinc in 1930. _ ; . ( j ; ' s . ZINC DUST i Commercial production of zinc dust in the United States began in 1910 and reached a maximum in 1920, when it was about 11,500 tons From 1922 to 1927 tho annual production averaged about 8,000 tons. In 1931, 10,611 tons were produced, 15 per cent more than in 1930. > ;; Zinc dust 1 sold by producers in the United Slates, 1987 1931 Short tons Value Total Average per pouud Primary zinc re covered asduzsint c (short tons) 1 Year Short tons Value Total Average por pouud Primary zinc re covered as zino dust (short tons) 1 1027......... 8,008 $1,346,105 1928......... . 0,172 ), 475, 875 1929......... . 11,060 1,864,672 $0.083 .080 .084 3, 2-19 2,068 > 3,263 9,237 $1,205,740 1031........... 10,611 1,148,162 $0.005 .054 2, 660 2,820 i In 1027 "blue powder*' only was produced. From ^28 to J03I some "atomized drTt"S P.*2I7n2c. ludes a small quantity of zinc In dust made from slab zinc dust aJso was pro- mam ' zin c The following companies reported the prod dust in 1931: . Producers of zinc dust in the United S ... The Alloys Co ---------------- --------------------American Smelting & Refining Co........................... Ho-- - -- Federated Metals Corporation______________ John Finn Metals Works.................................... 1.-11 GrasselH Cheniical Co_ --.-- -------------------------New Jersey Zinc Co.. ........................................... Superior Zinc Corporation.................. .................... .. ZINO PIGMENTS AND SA Zinc oxide, leaded zinc oxide, and lithopon ments of zinc, and the chloride and sulphate Theso products are manufactured from various res, metal, and secondary substances. In 193 of all zinc pigments ana salts produced in 123,554 tons (20 per cent less than in 1930) an following sources: Zinc content of zinc pigments and salts made in the by sources, in short tons Source 1027 1928 Domestic ore: > For pigments...................... For salts................................. . i Metal.......................... . Secondary materials............................................... 121,890 867 122, 766 24'080 181, 764 003 124,770 1 20,861 ' 186,219 , derlved Irom primary drosses from zinc.reductlo The use of zinc ore and metallic zinc in the m and salts decreased 29 and 3 per cent, respect the use of secondary material increased 2 per c was used rn the manufacture of the follow in 1931, the percentages representing the pr recoverable zinc content of the ore used in ea process zinc oxide, 64 per cent; lithopone, 23 oxide, 12 per cent; and zinc salts, 1 per cent. Practically all the metallic zinc was used i French process zinc oxide. The secondary zinc was distributed as follow cent; zinc salts, 31 per cent; and zinc oxide a 3 per cent. Further details of the production of zinc p Mineral Resources chapter, Lead a SECONDARY ZINO . Secondary zinc production as reported by includes zinc recovered from industrial scrap a 272 MINERAL RESOURCES, 1931---- PART I zinc recovered in the same plant in which the industrial scrap is made is excluded. The accompanying table, compiled in large part by J. P. Dunlop of the Bureau of Mines, shows the quantity of secondary zinc recovered in the United States as metal and in zinc dust, zinc pigments, and zinc salts, 1928 to 1931. Secondary zinc recovered in Ike United States, 1028--1931, in short tons 1628 1020 1030 1031 , J, t..l J ' 48, 000 22,034 Total secondary tine recovered unalloyed............................ Recovered line In alloys, excluding old brass remelted................... 70,700 12,600 00,000 Total secondary lino recovered as metal................................... Secondary ilno recovered In ilnc dust.................................................... Secondary sine recovered In pigments................................................... HO, 200 6,000 14,000 12,000 Total secondary line recovered...................................................... 181,700 47, 348 i 34,840 18,052 14,451 05, 400 11,000 06,070 40.300 7,700 42.300 142, 070 6,700 10,000 10,800 00,300 6.800 16,000 7,300 176,200 127.400 i 21,626 13,175 34,800 7,400 30,000 72, 200 0,700 16,000 7,100 102,000 i Includes 22 tons ol secondary electrolytic dno. i Includes 312 tons ol secondary eleotrolytlc line. i Revised figures. * j The recovery of secondary zinc decreased 20 per cent in 1931 and was the lowest output since 1921. Production- of domestic primary zinc decreased 40 per cent. Secondary zinc recovered in the form of metal decreased 27 per cent, due to decreases of 38 per cent jn redistilled secondary zinc, 9 per cent in remelted zinc, 4 per cent in alloys other than old brass, and 29 per cent in remelted brass; tlia|, recovered in dust, pigments, and salts increased 6 per cent. BY-PRODUCT BULPHURIC ACID The following table gives the total quantity and value of sulphuric acid of different strengths produced and sold by plants associated with zinc-blende roasting operations. Bu-vroducl sulphuric acid produced at zinc-blende roasting plants in the United y F Stales, 1928-1931 1928 1920 1930 1931 Add reported as fiO'-CO* B.: Produced (expressed as 60 B.)................. short tons.. Consumed at works (expressed as 60 B.) -- do-- Sold (expressed as 60 B.).......................................do-- Value of acid sold-- Add reported as 60 B. and strouger; Produced (expressed as 06 B.)................. short tons.. Consumed at works (expressed as 66 U.l----- do...- Value of acid sold-- Total...................................................................................... 21 643, 407 32, 680 018,010 $0,109, 450 $0, 80 384,445 34,742 365, 506 $5,077,476 21 21 004,090 33,474 667,786 648, 000 28,200 618, 005 $0,330,444 $4,990, 276 $0.03 ' $9.03 482, 607 67, 070 441,617 386,038 61,314 362,880 $0,381,560 $4,807,630 Total acid sold, equivalent In 60 U.: Quantity-short tons.. 1,050,726 $11,180,034 Total acid oonsumed at wotks (60 B.)...short tons.. 74,370 1,187,720 $12,718,000 942, 128 $0,803,811 80,783 21 390,278 10,376 373,254 $3, 278,609 347,904 46, 473 294,034 $3,884,404 $13. 21 720,004 $7,102, 013 ZINC The .total production of sulphuric acid ( ^ofnmgJplunts.^1931 wa8 8,07'834 tons, 20 the Urdted1 States5 ^ C<mt f th t0taI outP The quantity of acid sold by zinc plants in 1 tnan m 1930. Ihe average price received for per ton lower than in 1930. The average sa stronger acids decreased 4 per cent. The t decreased 27 per cent. Sales of 60 B. acid de production 29 per cent. Sales of 66 B. acid de Koauction 10 per cent. Statistics indicate th slightly ^ I93imamed constant and those of The following statement shows the quantity used and the quantity and value of the acid m Production and value of sulphuric acid made from blende roasting plants m the United States, 193 Number of establishments Acid made, equivalent la 60 B ........... T' Value at average of sales of 00 B .................. Sulphur used................................... ............................................ Add made, equivalent In 60 B.............................................................. Value at average of sales of 00 B ........................................... ..short t ............. d Total quantity of acid made (00 B.)....... Total value of acid made.. . ......................... .. ...................... ' "'* ..short to i Includes small quantity of pyrites. * Includes acid made from small quantity of pyrites. In 1931, as in 1930, 53 per cent of the acid m derived from blende and 47 per cent from sulph cent less blende was used, and 20 per cent less blende m 1931 than in 1930. Acid made from 10 per cent of the total production of the Unite tity of sulphur used at zmc plants decreased 20 the acid produced therefrom decreased 20 per A list of operators in; 1931, with the location follows. I lants at zmc smelters are also indica reduction plants on page 276. The American Ooiumbus Ohio, has a zmc-roasting plant and d gases to the neighboring plant of the Farmers bm, plftnt of,the 4mLenan ZiQC Co- of Ill 1931; ,The aow Pjant of the St. Joseph Lead Co which began production in December,. 1930, o per cent capacity during 1931; zinc concentrate company mines m New York. Producers of by-product sulphuric acid at zinc-blende roa States in 1931 American Steel & Wire Co____ American Zinc <fc Chemical Co" American Zino Co. of Illinois.. American Zino Oxide Co____ "" 1' LEAD1 By E. W. PEHRSON 1 I CONTENTS Fan General summary......................................................... 361 World aspe Production....................................................................... 363 General......................................................................... 363 Summary lead-p Primary lead..............................................._............. 364 Austral Refinery production............................................ 354 Belgium Geographical source of lead raw materi Canada als smelted or refined in the United Germa 8tates.................................................................... 366 Great B 1 Specifications for pig lead................................. 366 India.... Soft lead.................................................................... 366 Mexico Anttmonlal lead.................................................. . 366 8 pain... Secondary lead.......................... ................................ 367 Imports...... Pigments....................... k........................................... . 368 Exports....... Mine production..................................................... . 368 Consumpti Lead smelters and refineries............................... . 360 Refined p Tariff.................................................................................. 360 roestlo c World aspects.................................. .............................. 360 Consump World smelter production.................................... 360 Prices........... World consumption......... ..................................... . 362 GENERAL SUMMA Salient figures of the lead industry in the Un Production of refined primary lead: From domestio ores.......................... ............................................................. From foreign ores and base bullion......................................................... Recovery of secondary lead: As pjg lead.......................................................................................................... In alloys........................................_..................................................................... V Total production of pig lead (primary and secondary)......................... Imports (general): Load In baso bullion...................... Load In ore............................................... Exports of refined pig load.................................................................................. Refined primary lead available for consumption..................................... Estimated consumption of primary and secondary lead...................... Prices per pound of refined lead at New York: Highest monthly average.................................... ..................................... Lowest monthly average.............................................................................. < Average for year............................................................................................... Quotation at ond of year.............................................................................. Mine production of recoverable lead.............................................................. Southeastern Missouri district..................... ...........................................p Utah Coeur d'Alene region................................................................ Joplin (trl-State) region............................................................................ All other............................................................................................................... World smelter production of lead..................................................................... United States...................................................................................................p Mexico.................................................................................................................. Australia....................... Canada............................. 8pain...................................................................................................................... All other........................................ * Work on manuscript completed October, 1032. i Statistics prepared' (unless otherwise indicated) by H. M. M compiled from records of tbs Bureau of Foreign and Domestio .O Bureau of Mines. 352 MINERAL, RESOURCES, 19 31---- PART 1 The unfavorable condition of the lead industry in 1930 was in tensified in 1931 by further decline in industrial activity. Again, as in 1930, producers failed to adjust production to steadily de clining consumption; in consequence, stocks increased and prices fell. In the United States the production of refined primary lead from domestic ores decreased 32 per cent and that from foreign ores and base bullion 24 per cent, making a decrease of 31 per cent in total primary output. Total production in 1931 was 45 per cent below that in 1926 (the year of peak production) and 1 per cent below the 1921 output. Production fell rapidly during the first six months of the year but during th4 latter half it was relatively stable. The New York quotation declined from a high of 5.10 cents per pound at the beginning of the year to 3.75 cents at the end of May. Announcement of the debt*moratorium during the latter part of June caused an upward movement which brought the quotation to 4.40 cents, where it remained throughout July, August, and Sep tember. In October the downward trend was resumed, and at the close of the year the price was again 3.75 cents. The average for the year was 4.24 cents, a decrease of '23 per cent from 1930 and the lowest yearly average since 1914; it was less than half the record average of 9.02 cents in 1925., Erom January to December, 1931, the average monthly price of lfead decreased 21 per cent, whereas the general price level declined pnly. 12 per cent. The recovery of secondary lead in pig lead and alloys declined only 8 per cent in 1931 and was equivalent to 60 per cent of the domestic production of refined primary lead. This ratio exceeded the previous high of 49 per cent in 1928 and emphasizes the im portance of secondary lead in our domestic lead supply. The consumption of lead in the United States in 1931, as esti mated by the American Bureau of Metal Statistics, declined 26 per cent from 1930 and 42 per cent from 1929, the year of record con sumption. Among the principal consuming industries, cable cover ing and building showed the greatest declines; whereas storage bat teries, white lead, and ammunition were fairly well maintained. Storage batteries, in which the use of lead declined only 4 per cent in 1931, again became the principal outlet for lead, replacing cable coverings which declined 44 per cent. White lead was third in im portance with a decline of 8 per cent; building ranked fourth and ammunition fifth. Building and ammunition declined 40 and 11 per cent, respectively. According to the American Bureau of Metal Statistics, stocks of refined pig lead and antimonial lead at smelters and refineries in the United States increased from about 103,000 tons on January 1 to about 151,000 tons on December 31, 1931. At the beginning of 1930 stocks amounted to 51,000 tons. General imports of lead in base bullion decreased 16 per cent; imports from Mexico increased 58 per cent, but those from Peru decreased over 99 per cent. Receipts of lead in ore and matte de clined 47 per cent. Very large decreases in shipments from Canada and Mexico were partly offset by increased imports from Newfound land. Exports of refined pig lead declined 55 per cent and were the lowest since 1920. T.mn Mine production of lead decreased 2 the lowest since 1910. ^Missouri, Idah per cent of the total but decreased 20, tively. Oklahoma, which again ranked and Colorado, which ranked fifth in 19 to a decline of 69 per cent in output. World smelter production of lead tons, 16 per cent less than in 1930 and t 1924. The United States share of the compared with 33 per cent in 1930 and period'1925 to 1929. Smelter product clined 32 per cent in 1931, whereas p only 7 per cent. Mexico showed a s whereas Australia, Canada, Spain, G showed declines ranging from 6 to 11 p The London price of lead in 1931 a the lowest yearly average since 1910. price was equivalent to 2.64 cents per 1930 average and the lowest since 19 1931, as in 1930, was 1.60 cents below 1929 the differential was 1.79 cents per p According to press reports, effective lead cartel agreed to a 15 per cent cu 1930 production; on July 1 it was incre During 1931 the decline in the foreig Australian, and Spanish currencies aid in those countries. In spite of low pric began at Mount Isa in June. A new refining 6,000 tons of Mount Isa lead b duction during the latter part of the tional milling capacity was under way mine, Newfoundland, and at the Stant PRODUCTI OENF.RAT Pig lead produced in the United Sta export is derived from three main so ore and base bullion, and secondary m The following table shows the quant each of these sources from 1927 to 1931 Pig lead produced in the United State 1027. 1628. 1020. 1030. 1931. Year Fr me an b . 354 MINERAL RESOURCES, 1931--PART I The total production of pig lead in the United States in 1931 de clined 26 per cent from that in 1930 and was 38 per cent below that in 1920 (the year of peak production), but exceeded the 1921 out put by 16 per cent. Production from domestic, ores and base bullion decreased 32 per cent and from foreign ores and base bullion 24 per cent, whereas that from secondary materials decreased less than 1 per cent. ' PRIMARY LEAD REFINERY PRODUCTION Pig lead is classified by the Bureau of Mines as primary or secondaiw, according to whether it is derived directly from the smelt ing of ores and from base bullion or is reclaimed from junk and in dustrial lead s<|rap. Details of the Bureau of Mines classification of pig lead were given in the 1930 chapter of this series. The following table summarizes the refined primary lead produced in the United States from 1720 to 1931. Refined primary lead produced in the United States, 1720--1931 Year '. Short tons Desilverized Desilverized lead 1 * 4 soft lead Soft lead 1 Total pro duction i From do- mestlc ores and base bullion 1720-1900................................................. 1901-1910................................................. 1911-1920................................................. 1821-1926................................................. 1926........................................................... 1927........................................................... 1928........................................................... 1929........................................................... 1930........................................................... 1931........................................................... * 3, 676; 591 2,896,684 3, 214, 732 1, 734, 683 484,669 607,009 600,003 483.622 396.094 203,910 14,162,696 * 75,882 186,653 488,932 300, 765 55, 707 55, 487 49, 406 66,600 46, 678 40,456 1,353,691 1,091,820 940, 105 1, 062, 821 1,021,687 268, 566 233, 944 225,003 236,346 201,361 138,389 6,599,100 5, 443,293 4,021,602 6,350, 486 3,057,035 798,941 790, 630 781,071 774, 633 643,033 442, 764 ^2,116,287 4, 620,766 3,140,115 4.768,076 2, 632,137 080, 686 008,320 020,202 072,408 673, 740 300, 260 18,762,788 Short tons--Continued Value Year From foreign ores From foreign base bullion Average per pound Domestic Total 1720-1900.................................. ;........................ 1901-1910............................................................. 1911-1920.................................................-.......... 1921-1925............................................................. 1926....................................................................... 1927....................................................................... 1928...................................... -................ -............ 1929....................................................................... 1930....................................................................... 1931................................ ...................................... 822 637 881 387 106,140 492, 270 138,716 280,183 48,210 70, 046 32.369 95. 841 26,032 128,237 29,676 72,460 34, 348 34,946 22, 254 30, 250 3,352, 409 $0,043 .046 .069 .070 .080 .003 .058 .003 .050 .037 $408, 002.000 287.468.000 663.002.000 368.121.000 108.010.000 84.208.000 72, 639, 000 84, 736, 000 67, 374, 000 28.879.000 $471,998,000 366.494.000 032/432,000 429.463.000 127.831.000 100.363.000 00,604,000 97.604.000 64.303.000 32, 765,000 .066 2,003, 098.000 2,413.867,000 t Tbe lead qoaleut of autlruoulal lead la excludod (see p. 367). * DesllverlzS! ^oft^ad^s^ucluded uuder "Desilverized lead" prior to 1894. Separate figures not available. The total production of refined primary lead in the United States in 1931 was 31 per cent less than in 1930, 45 per cent below 1926 LEAD (the year of peak production), and the 1908. The total value of the output in from 1930 and 76 per cent from the rec owest, since 1903. Curtailment was produced from domestic sources, which the total primary lead in 1931, compare Ihe production of refined lead from dom cent in 1931, amounted to only 57 per c output in 1920, and was the lowest since 2 per cent below the 1921 output. Lead of foreign ores declined 35 per cent and the total, whereas lead derived from th bullion decreased only 13 per cent and wa ' GEOGRAPHICAL SOURCE OF LEAD RAW MATER ' THE UNITED STAT The following table shows the source o bullion from which refined lead was prod from 1929 to 1931. Much of the base bu ern States is shipped to the Mississippi for refining. In reporting the productio refiners make the distribution on the bas the total lead gfven in this table as from base bullion and refined lead and thus co antimonial lead produced from domestic given here for 1931 exceeds by 3,339 ton refined lead.from domestic ores shown in 1931 antimonial lead produced in the Un tons of lead derived from domestic ores. Primary lead smelted or refined in the United S short tons Source of ore Source Domestic ore: Alaska...................... Arizona................... Arkansas California____ Colorado......... . Idaho............... Illinois `................... Kansas 1.................. Kentucky i............ Missouri *............. Montana................. Nevada.................... New Mexico......... New York Oklahoma ........... Orogoo..................... Texas...................... Utah......................... Virginia 1................ Washington........... Wisconsin 1............ 1,266 8,163 1,469 23,676 147,696 777 * 26,104 303 211,346 26, 796 13, 266 12,249 * 46, 653 16 559 167,086 (') 447 1,729 1,320 4, 223 41 1,848 25.091 136,411 268 1 13,103 87 201,066 16,412 14.091 . 11,260 * 2<3*,)398 7 240 122,311 () 677 1,832 1,607 2,086 21 1,893 6,311 100,970 162 6,601 161,369 4,766 8,348 11,046 (*) * 12,312 3 6 76,207 <) 1,314 740 Domestic Undistri Zlno res Foreign or Australia Canada. Europe.. Meiloo.. South Am Other for Foreign ba lion: Mexloo... South Am Gran bJ l?680 *Ltat.es *3 QDargentllerous or soft c$iu 'roai ,,0and New Mexico ores Is also nonargentiferou rinwian Bi K tpUi? * Iead *n Kansas and Oklahoma Is separ ^ub 9i^,ob4aln aa separation 1Included under "Undistributed." Bureau of Mine* not at lib 356 MINERAL RESOURCES, 19 31---- PART I The foregoing table shows large decreases in lead production in 1931 in most of the important lead-producing States. Foreign ore smelted in the United States came largely from Newfoundland (in cluded under "Other foreign "), Mexico, Canada, and South Amer ica (chiefly Bolivia); all but Newfoundland showed large decreases. Refined lead produced from Mexican base bullion increased ^2 per cent, whereas that from South American base bullion decreased 99 per cent as a result of cessation of shipments from Peru. SPECIFICATIONS FOR PIQ LEAD The American Society for Testing Materials' classifies pig lead in three grades--corroding, chemical, and common. The requirements as to cnemical composition of each of these grades were shown in the 1930 chapter of'this series. SOFT LEAD ' Nonargentiferous lead ores of high purity, from, which a soft lead can be produced without elaborate refining processes,,.are known as soft lead ores. Most of the soft lead ores produced in the United States are smelted into pig lead; but a substantial quantity is used each year in the manufacture of lead pigments, principally basic lead sulphate (white sublimed lead) and leaded zinc oxide. About one-fifth of the pig lead produced from soft lead ores is desilverized and used largely in the manufacture of white lead where high purity is required. Undesilverized soft lead containing relatively high copper is extremely resistant to corrosion by acids and is known to the trade as chemical lead; it is used chiefly in the manufacture of cable, pipe, and sheets. . . The following table gives the production of soft lead during the past five years. Soft lead, produced in the United States from domestio ores, 1927--1931, in short tons Year Soft pig lead Undesil Desil verized verized Total Soft lead recovered Total soft Id pig- lead meats Total domestic lead i Soft lead percent age of do mestic lead 233,044 225,003 236,345 201,361 138,386 65,487 40, 465 65, 666 45, 678 40, 466 286,431 274,468 201,011 246, 030 178,845 13,133 10, 465 0,420 6.686 6,722 302, 667 284.633 300,440 253,825 184,667 696,600 652,403 666,678 588,042 300,610 44 44 43 43 46 i includes domestic refined lead, domostic lead lo antimonial lead, and domestic lead In pigments. Domestlo lead in antimonial lead computod on different basis In 1031. (See table on p. 367.) a n t i mo n ia l l e a d Antimonial lead or hard lead is an important by-product of the refining of base bullion, but the amount derived from this source is only a small part of the country's yearly production. The principal uses of hard mad are in the manufacture of storage batteries, bearing metals, corrosion-resistant alloys, and type metal. A large percent- LEAD age of the metal so used returns as scrap when become worn out or obsolete. The smelting of su the major part of the antimonial lead used, the supplied by the refining of base bullion and by mix mony 'with refined soft lead. Several lead-smelting plants operate on scrap ma Production data from such plants are summarize Resources chapter on Secondary Metals. A large lead scrap is also treated at primary smelters and production of antimonial lead at these plants is s that follows. Prior to 1931 the chapters of this ported separately only primary antimonial lead, domestic or foreign according to the origin of the was derived. Owing to the increasing amounts o being smelted at primary refineries and the fact th lead ratios in the various materials charged to t from the ratio in the final product, the above metho has become rather arbitrary. For this reason it advisable to adopt a simpler method of present with 1931 the total production of antimonial lead eries is reported, and its lead content is classified ac As the smelter has a complete record of the lea various materials charged to the furnace, fairly ac of primary and secondary lead can be obtained. Antimonial lead produced at primary lead refineries Year Production (short tons) Antimony content Lead co Prom From domestic foreign ore ore From scrap Total Short tons Percent age From domestio ore 1927................. 1028................. 1920................. 1030................. 1931................. 16,040 17,030 17,002 8, 018 (0 8,307 15,128 8,607 4,703 (*> 0,602 12,418 17,676 11,086 (V 33, 030 45,476 43, 244 24,797 21,842 3,776 4,787 4,036 2,907 2,438 11. J 10.6 11.4 12.0 11.2 1 3,628 i Not recorded. 1 Segregation discon SECONDARY LEAD Much of the lead consumed in the United State manufacture of articles from which there is a larg ondary metal. This applies particularly to the st dustry, a leading consumer of lead and the source rapid return of secondary metal. This industry is much of the increase in the ratio of secondary lea domestic primary lead production. In 1914 the s was equivalent to only 12 per cent of the primary mastic ores; in 1931 the ratio was 60 per cent, an i per cent in 1930. Other important lead-consumi which there is a large return of secondary metal inc facture, building, bearing:metal manufacture, and ty facture. . 358 MINERAL RESOURCES, 1931--PART I The following table shows the recovery of secondary lead and its ratio to the refined primary lead produced in the United States from domestic ores. Further details of the secondary lead industry may be found in the Mineral Resources chapter on Secondary Metals. ` . Secondary lead recovered in the United States, 1921-19311 Year Pig lead (short tons) ** 1928................................................................... 4-----1031.1"................................................ *.............. - - 119,000 138,000 138, SOI) ' 129,000 128,800 Lead In alloys (short tons) Totnlrocovorod ] oad Short tons Value Ratio to domestic refined pri* m&ry lead (per cent) 167,000 ' 170,600 172,600 126,800 105,900 276,000 $34, 776,000 308,600 35.797.000 311,000 39,186,000 255,800, 26,580,000 234,700 17,307,800 41 40 46 45 60 i Compiled by J. P. Dunlop, of the Bureau of Mines. FIGMENTS Lead pigments manufactured in 1931 contained 172,760 tons of lead from the sources shown in the following table. Refined pig lead is used in the manufacture of white lead, litharge, red lead, sublimed lead, and orange mineral. In 1931 about 166,000 tons of the lead contained in lead pigments were derived from refined pig lead; white lead accounted for 47 per cent; litharge, 36 per cent; red lead, 14 per cent; and sublimed lead and orange mineral, 3 per cent. Sublimed lead and leaded zinc oxide are the principal pig ments in which the lead content is derived from ores. Further details of the production and value of lead pigments in the United States are given in the Mineral Resources chapter on Lead and Zinc Pigments and Salts. Lead in pigments,1 1921-1931, lv sources, in short tons Year Lead In pigments from-- Domestic Metal ore 1 Scrap Total Year Lead In pigments from-- Domestic ore 1 Metal Scrap Total 1927.................. 1929.................. 13,136 10, 465 9,429 242,713 242,914 248,667 1,240 257,005 661 264,033 2,427 260, 613 1930.................. 1931.................. 6, 886 5,722 190, 182 160,328 689 197, 657 710 172,760 1 Includes also lead recovered in zinc oxldo and leaded tine oxide. 1 No pigments from foreign ore. MINE PRODUCTION Mine production of lead decreased 28 per cent in 1931. Eightyfour per cent of the total was produced in three States; Missouri contributed 40 per cent, Idaho 24 per cent, and Utah 20 per cent. In 1930 these three States produced 80 per cent of the total. Com pared with 1930 outputs in 1931 decreased as follows: Missouri 20 LEAD per cent, Idaho 26 p'er cent, and Utah 31 pe again ranked fourth, declined 43 per cen ranked fifth in 1930, fell to eighth in 1931 cent decline in output. Production in Was bled as the result of increased activity in the Detailed information on the mining activ tricts of the United States can be found in chapters dealing with the mine production lead, and zinc in the various States. The following tables show the mine produ by States and by districts from 1929 to 1931 Mine production of recoverable lead), 1929-1931, State 1629 1030 1931 State Alaska.............................. * Arizona............................ Arkansas..................... ... Oalllomla........................ Colorado.......................... Idaho.............................. . Illinois.............................. Kansas............................. Kentucky....................... Missouri............. ,.......... Montana......................... . Nevada............................ New Mexico................. 1,315 8,027 61 716 24, 445 148,696 443 26,696 287 198, 469 10,607 0.846 11,130 1,366 4,246 63 1,780 22,180 134,058 248 12,010 101 190, 632 10,663 11,629 10,378 1,661 982 78 1,879 0,884 60,866 206 7,082 160,121 4, 430 7,930 11, 269 New York..... Oklahoma...... Oregon.... ........ Term............... Utah................. Virginia........ _ Washington.. Wisconsin....... Undistributed Included under "Undistributed." Bureau of Mines not at liber * Bureau of Mines not at liberty to publisb figures. .1 Exclusive o( the output from Virginia, figures for which the Burea Mine production of recoverable lead in the principa the United States, 2029-1931, in District State Southeastern Missouri region.............. Missouri.............................._........ Coeur d'Alene region............................ Idaho................. ............................. Bingham......................... ................ .............. Utah.............................................. Joplin region....................................... .......... Kansas, Missouri. Oklahoma. Tintlc................................................................. Utah................................................. Park City region........... .......... .......... Bush Valley................................................... ......... do............... .................... .. Willow Creek................................................ New Mexico.............................. .. Tybo..................................................... ............ Nevada......... ................................. Eagle County............................. ... ... Colorado........................................ Eagle.................................................................. Montana................................. ...... Central................................................... .......... New Mexico............. ............ ...... PJoche............... ................ ........................ .. Nevada...................................... .. Inyo County.............................. .......... California...................................... Leadville.......................................................... Colorado........................................ Metallne........................................................... Washington............. .................... Pend d'Oreille.................................. ............ Idaho............................................... Upper Mississippi Valley........................ Iowa. Northern Illinois, Wisconsin. San Juan Mountains............................... Colorado........................................ 6an Francisco................................ .. Utah.................................... ............ Yellow Pine.................................................... Nevada.......................................... BIsbee (Warren).........................IT. Arizona......... ................................. Jack Rabbit.............................................. Nevada........................................... Kentucky-Southern Illinois........... .. Kentucky-IJlinols...................... Aspen.................................................... ............ Colorado........................................ Northport...................................... IIIIIII.I Washington.................................. Big and Little Cottonwood.......... Utah................................................. Texas................................................................. Idaho............................................... Eureka............................. *............................. Nevada........................................... Port Hill.............................................. ............ Idaho............. ............ .................. .. Warm Springs.............................................. .. --..do.............................................. Montana..................... Montana........................... ........... Spruce Mountain....I...II.ll'.l.'.lY. Nevada.......................................... 360 MINERAL RESOURCES, 1931--PART 1 Mine production of recoverable lead in the principal lead-producing districts of the United States, 1329-1931, in short tons--Continued District State 1929 1030 1931 Vulture............................................................. Utah................................................ Austinville1................................................... Virginia.......................................... 1,177 777 6,137 369 26 344 49 8,239 2,938 1,870 481 0) <`> (v) 120 80 4,678 29 18 26 2, 640 929 829 479 168 8 0) 26 22 21 18 13 7 a CO CO (0 1 Bureau of Mines not at liberty to publish figures. > Not listed according to rank. : LEAD SMELTERS AND REFINERIES - A list of primary lead smelters and refineries in the United States, Canada, and Mexico was'given in the 1930 chapter of this series. During 1931 primary smelting operations were discontinued at the Balbach plant at Newark, N. J. TARIFF The tariff act of 1930 established duties as follows: 1^ cents per pound on lead content of ores, 2$ cents per pound on lead content of refined lead, base bullion, scrap, etc., and 2$ cents per pound on lead sheets^ pipe, and wire. In February, 1931, the Tariff Commis sion was directed by a resolution of the United States Senato to in vestigate the differences in foreign and domestic costs of producing lead, but in December the resolution was rescinded and the investiga tion discontinued. WORLD ASPECTS WORLD SMELTER PRODUCTION The following table shows the world smelter production of lead from 1927 to 1931, so far as statistics are available. Official figures are used wherever possible. The figures for countries where official data are not yet available are taken from the Year Book of the American Bureau of Metal Statistics and other reliable sources, but in later reports the official statistics will be substituted as received. Duplication in figures showing world production is always pos sible, as some countries send " work lead '' or base bullion to other countries for refining. Furthermore, secondary lead and antimonial lead are often included in the figures showing the foreign produc tion, whereas the figures for the United States represent only refined primary lead that was smelted in this country, whatever the source of the ore; refined lead produced from foreign base bullion is excluded. LEAD ffl* World production of lead, 1927-1931, in [Compiled by L. M. Jones, of the Bureau Country i 1927 1928 Argentina.................... Australia....................... ' Austria........................... Belgium......................." Canada.,........... ............. ' Chosen................... CtochoslovakJa........... France............................ Germany *..................... Oreat Britain........ Greece............................. India ([Burma)____ Indo-Cbina............... Italy................................. Japan............................" Mexico............................ . Northern Rhodesia.*! Norway ....................... . Peru.............................. "! 1 Poland............................ Portugal........................ '' Rumania.........................' Russia............. South-West Africa Spain................................. Sweden................. Tunisia.................I.I Turkey..................................... United States (refined) Yugoslavia.......................... 7,800 167,016 8,086 01.710 134,167 824 2,602 32,076 84,000 6,132 6.326 67,026 4 23. 774 3, 394 230,782 6, 951 300 171 29,674 60 828 * 1,217 3, 636 144,023 330 18,662 6,631 636, 661 10,672 8,201 167, 666 8,136 86, 2eo 130,661 710 3,066 22,656 87,000 8, 038 7, 306 79, 042 10 21, 220 3, 653 227,800 4, 761 300 14, 406 37,078 84 637 2,692 5,004 130, 950 17,606 6,062 502, 238 13,876 1.723,000 1, 680,000 I Py cfP,?,lrl6! w5ero .melted but not necessarily refined ApSorlmateVroduoUon163 "3ted Chlna ,melts ,eod> but tellable i Y^ar^ed0 SepCtn30ary (M^lgesellschaft, Frankfort.) ' M?r- 31 Fear following that stated. base bl"l"n0Soflncrded!0 r6fln6d "d le"d refln<ld ,rom rrel`n r The world smelter production of lead, as dete 1A11'00imetric in l931> 1 output atl 4oToRH^^-UrTU * Metal Statisti XTrld 0u`l,ut ** `WTM to. *!*> 16 pe e ton.s and 10 decreases amou cjnt i,, both SSSay1 P" 362 MINERAL RESOURCES, 1931--PART 1 the 1931 output exceeded the yearly average from 1925 to 1929; and in only 2 countries, the United States and France, was the percent age decline greater than the world average. The lead production of the United States in 1931 was 41 per cent less than the yearly average from 1925 to 1929, whereas that of the rest of the world decreased less than. 1 per cent. For the same two periods the share of the United States in world production dropped from 38 to 27 per centj whereas that of the British Empire, Mexico, and Germany made large gains. .Recent trends In smelter production of lead in the principal producing countries . of the world x Per cent of rworld-total Index (1025-1929 average-100J Country . 1925-1929 average 1930 1931 1030 1931 United States....................................................................,.......... Mexico.................................................... ......................................... Australia.......................................... v f...................................... Canada................................. .................. ........................................ Germany..................................................................... .................... India................................................ j ............................................... Italy................................................................................................... Russia............................................................................................... Tunisia.................................................................. ;........................ France.............................................................................................. All others......................................................................................... World total........................................................................ British Empire............................................................................. 37.7 12.4 9.7 7. 6 8.0 6.0 6.2 3.9 1.9 1.4 .1 1. 1 1.4 4.0 100.0 22*1 33.0 13. 1 10.2 8.3 7.4 6.0 6. 1 4.8 2.4 1.6 .6 I. 2 1.2 4.0 100.0 24. 2 26.6 1A.0 10.8 -9.0 7.8 7. 2 6.7 6.4 2.3 1.8 1. 4 1.3 1.3 3.9 100.0 26.2 87 ` 69 100 106 106 94 108 99 86 76 133 122 98 92 122 116 129 100 105 108 435 702 109 107 84 83 113 82 100 84 109 100 WORLD CONSUMPTION World consumption of lead in 1931 was estimated by the Ameri can Bureau of Metal Statistics at 1,270,600 metric tons compared with 1,539,900 tons in 1930 and 1,693,000 tons in 1929. The 1931 consumption was 17 per cent below that in 1930 and 25 per cent below that in 1929. The consumption of zinc in 1931 was 27 per cent less and that of copper 33 per cent less than in 1929. In the table that follows the lead consumption of the principal consuming areas of the world is shown for the 5-year period, 1925 to 1929, and for 1930 and 1931. In general, the. figures represent production plus imports minus exports. Except for the United States and Great Britain, increases and decreases in stocks have not been taken into account for any countries separately listed. As there probably has been some increase in stocks in most of these countries, the trends shown are not precisely comparable. Neverthe less, the data indicate the severity of curtailment in the United States compared with other nations. World consumption in 1931 was 315,000 tons below the yearly average for 1925 to 1929; and consumption in the United States dropped nearly 286,000 tons, 91 per cent of the total decline. Comparing relative decreases in the same two periods it is found that consumption of lead in the United States decreased 44 per cent, whereas consumption elsewhere de- LBAD dined only 3 per cent. France and Rus tion at rates considerably above the averag sumption in Europe was maintained re being most seriously affected. Europe's sumption increased from 49 per cent duri cent in 1931, whereas that of the Unite 41 to 28 per cent. Recent trends in co'nswnption of lead in the prin the world 1 Metric tons 5-I Area 1926-1929 average 1930 1031 By countries: United States................ ' Great Britain................ Germany................ .. France.............................. Russia.............................. Japan................................ Italy.................................. Belgium.......................... AH others........................ World total................ By continents: Europe............................. North and South America....................... Asia................................... Australia......................... Africa............................... 647,380 262,180 199,960 92,640 36,660 63,180 44, 040 37, 100 208,440 1,686,040 782, 720 706,020 77,260 16,000 3,140 621,800 270,000 166,300 146,400 61,000 69,000 42,300 41,900 232,200 1,539, 900 871,200 678,200 76,200 12,000 3,300 361,600 260,000 130,800 132,300 62,000 67,600 40,400 31,800 188,100 1, 270,600 777,900 400,100 73,600 10,000 3,000 1 Based on data shown on p. 66 of the 1931 Year Book of the Am SUMMARY OF LEAD INDUSTRY IN IMPOR COUNTRIES AUSTRALIA The smelter production of lead in Aust long tons, a decrease of 11 per cent from includes 133,306 tons of refined pig lead South Australia, and 17,130 tons of lead b being derived largely from the smelter a which operated in 1931 for the first time. and bullion declined from 152,216 tons in 1931. Ninety-seven per cent of the 1931 tota Exports of lead in the form of ore totaled 19,907 tons in 1930; Belgium was the princi The mine production of lead in 1931 wa of 24 per cent from 1930. Eighty-six p derived from the lead and zinc concentrates Hill district, about 12 per cent from Mo from Tasmania. In the Broken Hill distr (Ltd.), Broken Hill South (Ltd.), and N were the only companies operating in 1931; of ore, from which were obtained 125,736 40098--34------31 ' 364 MINERAL RESOURCES, 1 S> 3 1--I>ART I and 172,079 tons of lead concentrates; the latter contained 120,722 tons of lead, 8,088 tons of zinc, and 5,386,457 ounces of silver. The ore treated in 1931 averaged approximately 15 per cent lead, 12 per cent zinc, and 7 ounces of silver. . Owing,to extremely low zinc prices, only one company was saving the zinc content of the ore at the beginning of the year, and the continued decline in metal prices threatened to cause a . complete shutdown of all activities in the district. This was averted, and zinc production was resumed by all active companies after adjust ments in wages and freight rates. Another favorable factor was the 39 per cent decline in the exchange rate on Australian currency (United States gold basis) during 1931, which largely mitigated the effect of falling metaf prices. In Queensland, production of lead at Mount Isa began in June. Because the low price of zinc rendered its recovery unprofitable, the company decided to confine operations to ore containing as little zinc as possible. This led to utilization of a much larger percentage of zinc-free.lead carbonate ore than was originally contemplated in the design of the plant, and in consequence metallurgical difficulties wore encountered which prevented operation at full capacity. In stead of a monthly output of 6,000 tons of lead as planned, only 3,000 to 3,300 tons were obtained. The American Smelting & Refin ing Co., which owns a substantial interest in the controlling company and which acts as technical manager, was reported as having agreed to lend up to $1,000,000 for acquiring additional smelting equipment to raise production to rated capacity. As a result of low metal prices the company reduced its estimate of ore reserves from 30,554,000 to 19,120,000 tons by the exclusion of 11,000,000 tons, assaying 4.8 pSr cent lead and 2.6 ounces of silver, mining of which was considered unprofitable at present metal prices. The recalculated reserves include 3,655,000 tons of carbonate ore assaying 9.4 per cent lead and 3.5 ounces of silver and 15,465,000 tons of sulphide ore assaying 8.4 per cent lead, 8.8 per cent zinc, _ and 5.1 ounces of silver. In Tasmania lead production was derived largely from the North Mt. Farrell mine. The Rosebery mine was shut down in January, 1931, owing to low metal prices. 17 t i. 3' < > i I BELGIUM Belgium ranked third in European lead production and seventh in world production in 1931 with an output estimated at 80,000 metric tons, 6 per cent under that for 1930. The lead'smelted in Belgium is derived very largely from foreign lead ores; 56,000 tons were imported in 1931 compared with 40,160 tons in 1930. Much lead is also derived from the residues from foreign zinc ores smelted in Belgium. In 1931 Belgium imported 56,000 tons of pig lead, scrap, et6., and exported nearly 59,000 tons of lead in the form of pigs, pipes, sheets, etc. CANADA Canada ranked fourth in smelter production of lead in 1931, and contributed 9 per cent of the world total. Mine production declined 20 per cent, from 166,447 short tons in 1930 to 133,671 tons in 1931. j * : J LEAD British Columbia contributed 98 per cen Territory less than 2 per cent, and Onta per cent. Exports of pig lead were 108 Britain took 44 per cent, Japan 26 per cen By far the largest part of the Canad from the Sullivan mine of the Consolidat in British Columbia. In 1931, 1,621,143 t or about 300,000 tons less than in 1930. L were maintained in 1931 in spite of redu increasing production in the higher-grade At the company metallurgical plants at T were treated, from which were obtaine 6,572,119 ounces of silver, 608 tons of co 101,124 tons of zinc, and 162 tons of cad slag fuming plant to treat the slag from makes possible recovery of 23 per cent mor lead from the ore at lower cost than that o directly from Sullivan ore. This plant a flexibility in the lead-smelting operation w The Kingdon Mining, Smelting & Ma mine at Galetta, Ontario, permanently in its smelter. Development at the Erringto until metal prices recover. GERMANY Germany ranks third in consumption of production. In 1931 it consumed about smelted about 101,000 tons, but mined o the requirements of industry and the expo lead and 49,000 tons of lead ore were impor 22,000 tons of ore and 30,000 tons of pig 18 per cent of the lead ore imported, Sw 9 per cent, and Italy 7 per cent. The pr lead were Australia, with 38 per cent of th 27 per cent. Most of the leaa ore exported duced in Upper Silesia and shipped to ne The pig-lead export went to neighboring E During the current depression primary been fairly well maintained, in spite of sumption. Comparing 1931 with tne 5-ye it is found that consumption dropped 32 production increased 22 per cent and min Mine production was maintained by Gove of the principal producers during 1930 an half of 1932 the policy of Government aid tinued on a broader basis by the creation to be advanced to privately operated lead GREAT BRITAIN Great Britain produces less than 1 per but ranks second in consumption; in 1931 of the total. Nearly 300,000 long tons o 1931, of which 66 per cent came from t >. . - . 366 MINERAL RESOURCES, 19 31---- PART I Australia, Canada, and India and 27 per cent from Mexico and the United States. Approximately 18,500 tons of pig lead were reexported, and lead stocks increased greatly during 1931. The new lead refinery of tho Britannia Lead Co., which was designed to refine base bullion from Mount Isa, began operating in October. The plant has a rated capacity of 6,000 tons per month, but owing to the failure of the Mount Isa smelter to make the pro duction expected, the full capacity of .the refinery was not realized. Abandonment of the gold standard in September, 1931, had no appreciable effect upon tne British lead trade. Imposition of a 10 ' per cent tariff on March 1, 1932, succeeded in greatly curtailing imports of non-British lead during April and May, but subsequently the importation of foreign lead was resumed. Lead consumption in Great Britain has held up remarkably well during thJ current depression. During the 5-year period 1925 to 1929 the yearly* consumption averaged about 258,000 long tons; during 1930 it was about 266,000 tons; and in 1931, 256,000 tons, the latter being equivalent to 99 per cent of the average for 1925 to 1929. In the British Empire as a whole production has also been well main tained. From 1925 to 1929 the yearly output averaged 364,000 tons. In 1930 the output was 398,000 tons, but in 1931 it declined to 364,000 tons. The lead consumption of the Empire in 1931 was estimated at approximately 300,000 tons, indicating a surplus production of 64,000 tons (about 21 per cent of the total consumption). INDIA The Burma Corporation, the only lead producer of any importance in India, curtailed production as of May 1, 1931, in accordance with lead-cartel agreements. During the fiscal year ended June 30, 1931, the company mined 462,184 long tons of ore averaging 21.9 per cent lead, 11.4 per cent zinc, 1.62 per cent copper, and 19.5 ounces of silver. The tonnage was 7.7 per cent below that of the preceding year. Production of refined lead declined 3.5 per cent to 76,520 tons. Other products included 6,512,780 ounces of silver, 52,685 tons of zinc concentrates, 17,274 tons of copper matte, 3,44.9 tons of nickel speiss, and 1,655 tons of antimonial lead. Ore reserves, as of June 30, 1931, were estimated at 4,233,120 tons assaying 25.5 per cent lead, 20.1 ounces of silver, 15.3 per cent zinc, and 0.76 per cent copper. MEXICO ^ Smelter production of lead in Mexico increased nearly 1 per cent in 1931, but mine production decreased nearly 3 per cent. Among the factors that made possible maintenance of production at such high levels were decline in the foreign exchange value of Mexican currency and revision of the labor laws. It was also reported that Russia had purchased large quantities of Mexican lead during 1931. About 230,000 tons of lead were exported in 1931--84 per cent in the form of refined lead, 12 per cent in base bullion, 1 per cent in antimonial lead, and 3 per cent in ores and concentrates. Much of the ore and base bullion is shipped to the United States, and most of the refined lead goes to Europe. LEAD SPAIN Notwithstanding the low prices for lead and ances in Spain the decline in lead production was expected. Smelter production declined tons in 1930 to 109,630 tons in 1931 (11 per ce tion, according to Metallgesellschaft, fell fro tons (8 per cent). Exports of pig lead de 83,000 tons. France took 41 per cent of the 19 20 per cent, Russia 16 per cent, and other coun 19 per cent decline in the foreign exchange va ing 1931 (United States gold basis) favored most of the lead was exported. IMPORTS The United States normally imports much .principally in base bullion and ore. Some o mediate consumption: most of it, however, is e is smelted and refined in bond, and is then ree lead or in manufactured products. The following table shows the general imp United States, by classes, including both im consumption and imports tor warehouse. Of t in 1931, 61 per cent was in base bullion, 39 pe than 0.1 per cent in reclaimed scrap, etc., impo fication "pigs, bars; sheets, and old." Impor showed declines, shipments of base bullion fa ore 47 per cent, and pigs, bars, etc., 95 per ce lead in 1931 were 32 per cent below 1930, 6 record year 1927, and the lowest since 1916. Lead imported into the United States, 1921-1031, (General Imports] Year Lead Jo ore Lead in bullio 1927................................................................. 1928......................................................................... 1929......................................................... 1930.............................................................................. 1931......................................................................... 81,276,126 61,829,630 62,661,371 78,763,878 41, 776,674 236.667 256,936, 166,141 77,260 64,639 1 Reclaimed scrap, etc. No imports of pigs, bars, etc., recorded for 183 f The next table shows general imports of lead supplied 73 per cent of the 1931 total, Newfo Canada 5 per cent, and South America (report cipally Bolivia) 4 per cent. Imports from America decreased 85 and 90 per cent, respe ments from Mexico and from "Other coun large increase in the " Other countries " total w ments of lead concentrates from the Buchans m ' 368 MINERAL RESOURCES, 1031--PART I Lead imported into the United States, in ore, base bullion, and refined, 19271931, bp sources, in pounds [General imports] Year * Canada Mexico Bouth America Europe Other countries Total 1&7 .................................................... 1923............... ....................................... 1929.............. ................................... 1930....................... -.......................... 6,214,867 14,362,967 9,023. 627 34, 636,897 6,230.264 300,634,815 275,184,287 176,872, 302 73,442,691 77,410,674 14, 683,613 20,408,674 47,052.018 44,943,694 4,342,077 1,226,040 66,406 29,441 226, 294 118,833 85,916 141.480 3, 283,888 > 19,446,230 322, 778,127 310,088.149 232,118, 768 166, 433,364 106,436,146 i Of Mils total 19,415,646 pounds were from Newfoundland and Labrador. The following tables show the impbrts of lead in ore, matte, and base* bullion, by countries. Lead imported into the United States, in ore and matte, 1927--1931, by countries, in short tons [General imports) Country 1927 1928 *. 1929 2, 658 Chile................................................................................................. Mexico............................................................................. ................ 3,877 30,616 Newfoundland and Labrador................................................ ""3'4i5" Other countries.......................................................................... 173 40,638 7,131 604 17,055 65 26,915 3,953 2,295 23,416 ' i?oo, 07 31,331 1030 17,257 3,313 16,341 831 1,636 39, 377 1931 2,614 1,806 6,495 9, 708 104 11 20,888 i 671 pounds. Lead imported into the United States, in base bullion, 1027--1931, by countries, in short tons [General imports] Country 1027 1928 1929 1030 1931 117, 938 330 10 118, 284 119,935 8,625 8 128,408 63, 458 19, 605 8 83, 071 20,350 18,280 38, 630 32, 210 110 32, 320 Statistics on imports for consumption, as shown in the tables that follow, include imports entered for immediate consumption and withdrawals from warehouse for domestic consumption. As most of the lead imported is smelted and refined in bond and reexported, the total imported for consumption is considerably less than gen eral imports. In 1931, imports for consumption were equivalent to only about 41 per cent of the general imports of lead. l ead Lead remaining in warehouse in the United States pounds (Stated In the form in which the material was ent Year Ore (lead content) Base bul lion (lead content) Pigs, bars, and old Year 1927............... .. 99, 626,339 126, 669, 674 i 19, 326.011 1928................. 97,645,207 137, 600, 624 8, 278,733 1029................. 120,413,999 160,868.776 2,656,648 1930................. 1931................. i Includes 397,712 pounds of lead In reclaimed scrap. Correspondin separately. * Pigs, bars, and old included with base bullion; not recorded separa Lead imported for consumption in the United Sta Year Lead in ore and matte1 Lead fa base bullion Pigs, bars, and old Pounds Value Pounds Value Pounds Value 1927... 70, 260,478 $4,203,897 14,629,606 1928... 46.511.608 2,626, 231 13,397,466 1929... 21.646.609 1,160,633 12,396,696 1930... 30,915,964 1,461,360 20.846,713 1931... 21,467,418 1,194,191 20,871,628 $926,328 9,933,679 660,983 20,488,373 627,465 20,178,922 1,127,920 1.141,442 671,002 19,863 $635,80 808,36 1,062,08 60,49 * 1,76 1 Classification as follows: Jan. 1, 1927, to June 17, IB30, "Lead In o 1931, "Lead In ores, flue dust, and mattes, n.s.pX" 1 Reclaimed scrap, etc. No Imports of pigs, bars, etc., recorded lo Miscellaneous products containing lead imported fo States, 1927-1931 Year Babbitt metal, solder, white metal, and other combinations,containing lead Gross weight (pounds) Lead content (pounds) Value 1027....................................................... 1028....................................................... 1929....................................................... 1930....................................................... 1931....................................................... 2, 627,186 1,876,432 3,010,466 2,797,463 1,812,663 1, 237, 277 845,199 1,326,102 1, 060, 656 619,861 $932,056 669,486 777,364 693,103 436,674 EXPORTS The chief lead export of the United Sta derived from treatment of foreign ores and decreased 55 per cent in 1931, amounted to record export in 1927, and were the lowest 85 per cent of the 1931 total, South Americ per cent, and North America 2 per cent. creased 7 per cent due mainly to larger ex shipments to Europe decreased 97 per cent. importer in 1931 with 80 per cent of the t second with 6 per cent. United Kingdom, 370 MINERAL RESOURCES, 1931--PART I France each took several thousand tons in 1930, but in 1931 the combined exports to these countries amounted to only a little over 700 tons. 1 Refined pig -lead exported from the United States, 19S0 and 1931, by destinations ' Destination 1930 1031 Short tons Value Short tons Value Mortb America: South America: nhiiA ............................................................................. Uruguay........................................................................................ Europe: United Kingdom...................................................................... Asia: Philippine Islands................................................................... Other.............................................................................................. 9 $1,262 107 10,962 40 6,464 91 10, 640 71 8, 600 318 37, 708 68 $20,714 40 3, 109 171 13,409 120 11,672 37 3,640 436 62,344 934 874 224 26 <*> 11 364 10 2,443- 76,400 66,642 #21,673 3,071 01 1,286 30,242 1,271 198.676 226 1, 382 96 *6 18 146 31 1,003 12,646 70,271 7,030 . 606 776 7,461 2, 631 101,416 670 6, 2f* 3,001 823 632 22 7, 667 9,167 1,026 27.809 61,916 308,106 230, 444 08, 766 41,070 2,200 601,336 710,080 79,662 2,202,026 17 847 318 17,711 62 2,386 13 1,400 302 21,727 3 092 706 44,702 653 16,663 643 140 17,289 368 1 48, 307 78,843 1,293,142 40,208 11,310 0) 17, 301 400 823 1, 432,603 32,667 243 3, 004,213 "" IS, 624 8 21,666 20 973,368 28,210 41.266 1,042,864 606 r241,881 i Leas than 1 ton. Refined lead exported from the United Slates, 1927-1931 Year Pigs, bars, and old Short tons Value Foreign lead exported In manufac tures with benefit of drawback (short tons) Year Pigs, bars, and old Short tons Value Foreign lead exported in manufac tures with benefit of drawback (short tons) 1928............... 1929............... $12,817,264 lie;269 10,369,221 73,261 7,178,337 12,004 13, 224 13,086 1930............... 1931........ 48,307 $3,004, 213 21,666 1,241,881 12, 161 10,603 LEAD CONSUMPTION REPINED PRIMARY PIO LEAD AVAILAB CONSUMPTION . The manufacturing industry of the United in four main forms--refined primary pig lead form of ore, antimonial lead containing both p lead, and secondary pig lead and alloys. The following table shows the refined prima consumption from 1927 to 1931. It is intende mary lead or lead smelted directly from ore. some small discrepancies which should be poi mary lead smelters produce from secondary ma is inseparable from the primary lead in the fin of lead as reported in this table may therefore c lead. There^are also some inaccuracies in the exports, and. warehouse transactions. Neverth ' the data available, the table gives approximatel refined lead available, to American industry ea does not consider fluctuations in producers' an indicates the trend of consumption only in a g Refined primary pig lead available for consumption in : 19S1, in short tons 1927 1928 Supply; Stock In bonded warehouse Jan. I................................. 10,711 2,467 796,630 Withdrawn: Exports-- . In manufactures, with boneflt of drawback.... Stock In bonded warehouse Deo. 31........................' 809, 708 125, 267 12,004 9,464 146, 736 Supply available for rnn.sumptl<?n.-- .. 662,973 9,46 66 781,071 791,197 116,269 13,224 4,139 133,632 667,666 1 Stocks of pigs, bars, etc., lo bonded warehouse not separately reoorde with base bullion. (See table on p 369.) * For purpose of calculating quantity available for domestic consumpt mated to have remained unchanged from the beginning of the year.  ,72 ' MINERAL RESOURCES, 1931---- PART I CONSUMPTION BY USES The quantity of lead in all forms consumed by American industry : * estimated each year by the American Bureau of Metal Statistics, i'he following table is quoted from the 1931 yearbook of that bureau. Lead) consumed in the United States,1 1927-1031, in shoi~t tons Purpose 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 oil*' ......................................................................................... Hheruses 1.................................................................................... 120,000 38,000 175,000 161,000 88,000 12,000 3,350 200 34,000 3,900 30,000 31,000 35,000 16,000 30,000 17,000 40,600 840,950 123,000 31,000 220,000 180,000 96,000 17,000 2,500 100 30,000 4,400 35,000. 32,000 37,000 17,000* 32,000 .18,000 40,000 119, 700 83,000 30,000 32,000 210.000 163,000 220,000 96,000 18,000 208,000 67,000 11,000 5,700 300 41,100 6,200 500 33,300 2,700 Vaf 26,000 33,000 20,000 37,000 27,000 18,000 31,600 16,000 21,000 18,000 12,000 50.00Q 40,000 930,600 072,300 768,600 77,600 18,000 167,000 117,000 40,000 0,000 1,000 400 20,700 2,200 20,000 12,000 20,600 14,400 16,000 7,000 30,000 667,700 i Souroe: Americas Bureau of Metal Statistics. These estimates are for the total consumption of lead, irrespective of whether Jts origin he primary or secondary. AntlmoniVl lead is Included and the manufac- j are of lead for export undor drawback provisions Is included. i From data of sales reported by U. 8. Bureau of Mines for 1927. Later figures have been determined by ;tn improved method, a Exclusive of oxides for storage batteries i Based on reports from a large proportion of manufacturers in each industry. * Based on estimates of manufacture and the quantity of lead used per unit of manufacture. Under the lead of building is included the lead used In chemical construction. Based on the estimated consumption of lead for this purpose by the railways, i Estimates of persona engaged in the trades. 1 Conjectural. According to the foregoing table the lead consumed in the United States in 1931 was only 567,700 tons, a decrease of 26 per cent from 1930 and 42 per cent from 1929, the year of record consumption. The 1931 consumption was 9 per cent greater than that in 1921. As these two years represent periods of marked curtailment in in dustrial activity, it is interesting to comparo them from the stand point of the relative importance of the principal lead-consuming in dustries. In 1921 white lead ranked first in lead consumption and accounted for 26 per cent of the total; storage batteries ranked sec ond with 17 per cent, cable covering third with 13 per cent, and building fourth with 9 per cent. By 1931 white lead had fallen to third place, accounting for only 14 per cent of the total; storage batteries ranked first with 28 per cent, cable covering second with 21 per cent, and building fourth with 7 per cent. If tonnages of lead used in these four industries in 1921 and 1931 are compared, it is found that white' lead and building declined 43 and 17 per cent, respectively, whereas storage batteries and cable covering increased 80 and 75 per cent, respectively. Consumption of lead in storage batteries was fairly well main tained in 1931 compared with 1930, the decline amounting to only 4 per cent, due to the importance of battery replacements in automo- LEAD biles. The American Bureau of Metal Statis duction of automobile storage batteries at 1 13,000,000 in 1930. Virtually all this decline the decline in manufacture of automotive u from 3,355,986 in 1936 to 2,389,730 in 1931 (2 tion of radio storage batteries declined from in 1928 to 60,000 in 1930 but rose to 80,000 storage batteries of all kinds decreased from about 314,000 in 1931; in 1925 only 207,000 exported. The 157,000 tons of lead used in storage batteries in 1931 included approxima pig lead, 83,000 tons of antimonial pig lead, a m the form of oxides. A possible competitor of the lead storage ba battery recently invented in France. The inv battery is superior to the present lead or nicke Said the plates do not disintegrate, there is no to spill, no dangerous gases or vapors are giv maintenance is not necessary. The iodine batte easily transported. A disadvantage is high in high output is obtained by placing a numbe The development of this new battery apparent the commercial stage. The second largest use of lead in the Unite cable covering, which ranked first in 1929 a cent decline in this outlet for lead in 1931 refl power and communication businesses during th stallation of new cable and replacements ge capital investments and are usually made with normal increase in demand. As demand show the past two years, many companies probably large capital commitments until prospects fo were brighter. Possibilities for consumption lead in cable covering during the next decade fact that one company operating in the New Y estimates its requirements for new lead during 60,000 tons. Compared with most of the principal leadmanufacture of white lead was well maintaine ment has suffered a steady decline in product competition from cheaper white pigments, b 1931 seems to indicate that at the low prices p white lead more than held its own in the paint t lead to the paint industry increased slightly i sumption of lithopone in paint decreased over sales of zinc oxide decreased 20 per cent. Consumption of lead in nonindustrial uses ( metal) was maintained at a much higher rate t uses such as building, solder, foil, bearing m construction. No outstanding new uses were Science News Letter, voj. 21, No. 584#June 18, 1982, p. 88 374 MINERAL RESOURCES, 1931--PART I ' PRICES The two major markets for lead in the United States are New Yprk and St. Louis, and a large part of the lead produced in the United States is sold at prices based on quotations in these markets. The New York quotations are influenced to some extent by the lower prices usually prevailing on tho London market, so. that the New York price seldom exceeds the St. Louis price by as much as the freight differential. 0.35 cent a pound. The following table shows the average monthly and yearly quoted prices of lead at St. Louis, New York, and London for 1929 to 1931. to Average monthly and yearly quoted prices of lead at St. Louis, Noio York, and London, 1929-1981, in cents per pound 1 1829 * ' 1930 1031 Month St. Louis New York London St. Louis New York London St. Louis * New York London January........................................... February........................................ March............................................. April.............................................. May................................................ June................................................. July.................................................. August............................................ September..................................... October........................................ November...................................... December...................................... Average.............................. 6,60 6. 73 7.38 7.03 6.77 6.80 6.61 6.66 6.69 6.67 0.13 6.10 6.66 6.66 6.86 7.60 7.20 7.00 7.00 6.80 6.76 6.89 6. 87 6.28 6.26 6.83 4.*79 6.01 6.5Q 6.37 5.19 5.13 4.94 6.02 6.10 5.06 4.71 4.66 >5.04 6.10 6.09 6.66 6.43 5.41 6.31 6.15 6. 33 5. 36 6.00 4.95 4.96 6.38 6.26 6.24 6:67 6.63 6.51. 5.39 6.23 6. 49 6. 49 6.16 6.10 5. 10 6. 62 4. 08 4.60 4.08 4.09 3.86 3.89 3.94 3.98 3.89 3.42 3. 45 3.31 *3. 92 4.00 4.33 4.28 4. 17 3. 65 3.76 4.22 4.22 4. 22 3. 78 3.76 3. 69 4.05 4.80 4. 64 4.63 4.39 3.82 3.92 4.40 4.40 4.33 3.90 3.94 3. 79 4. 24 3.01 2. 92 2. 86 2.69 2.60 2. 62 2. 76 2. 69 2.41 2. 30 2. 42 2.29 >2. 64 i 8t. Louis: Metal Statistics, 1832, p. 348. Average daily quotations of soft Missouri lead, f. o. b. St. Louie (open market), a reported dally in the American Metal Market. New York: American Metal Market, daily issues. Pig lead. New York (outside market), prompt ship ment from West. London: Metal Statistics, 1832, p. 363. Average price of foreign lead. Price per long ton, as published In Metal Statistics, converted to cents per pound at average exchange rate reported by tne Federal Reserve Board. * * London quotations In pounds sterling per long ton as follows: 1828, 23.246; 1930, 18.076; 1831, 13.029. To facilitate the settlement of its buying and selling contracts for lead the American Smelting & Refining Co., which controls a large part of the United States lead production, at frequent intervals pub lishes an official contract price based on the New York market. Fol lowing are the company's quotations for 50-ton lots, f. o. b. New York, in 1930 and 1931, in cents per pound. 1930 1931 Feb. 87.............. 10 Mar. 3................ 6.00 Mar. 6................ 6.85 Mar. 7..............5.75 Mar. 8................ 6.60 Mar. 10............5.60 Mar. 26.............. 6.66 Mar. 26............5.75 Apr. 4................. 6.60 Apr. 7...............5.60 May 13............ 6.60 May 20............ 6. 50 June 17.............5.40 June 23............ 5. 26 Aug. 1.............. 6.35 Aug. 4.............. 6. 60 Oct. 1............... 5.35 Oot.4............... 6.25 Oct. 8............... 6.20 Oct. 9.................6.15 Oot. 10............... 5.10 Jan. 5............... 6. 00 Jan. 7.................. 4.85 Jan. 8............... 4. 76 Feb. 3............... 4. 60 Feb. 4............... 4.50 Feb. 19............... 4.00 Mar. 10..............4.60 Apr. 23............... 4.35 Apr. 24.............4.25 Apr. 28............... 4.10 Apr. 29............... 4.00 May 8.................3.85 May 11............ 3.75 Juue 22.............4. 00 JUD6 23............ 4. 16 June 24............ 4. 25 June 25............ 4. 40 Oct. 2..................4.25 Oct. 5..................4.00 Oct. 20................ 3.75 Oct. 28................4.00 Nov. 2................ 3.85 Nov. 9................ 3.95 Nov. 10.............. 4.05 Nov. 10............3. 95 Nov. 23.............. 3.85 Deo. n............... 3.76 l ead The average price of lead (New York) d .per pound, a decrease of 23 per cent from 1 average since 1914; it was less than half t cents in 1925. The quotation at the be 5.10 cents, but by tho end of May it had de nouncement of the debt moratorium durin caused an upward movement which cont reached 4.40 cents, where it remained throu September. Early in October, as a result market, a downward trend was resumed, year the price stood again at 3.75 cents. The London quotation (gold basis) ave The London average for December was 0.7 average, whereas in New York the declin As in 1930, the yearly average of London q cents below New York.