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FILE NAME Riley Stoker RS DATE 1942 Apr 16 DOC RS001 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION Trade Journal Article - Protection Against Industrial Dust Vol 66 WITH WHICH IS INCORPORATED THE IRON - JOURLY Thursday April 16 1942 JOURLY Killy Esta fill fill fill fill puts JOURLY ee Stokes Stokes with fad press ponent No. 1339 THE FOUNDRY TRADE JOURNAL Council of Ironfoundry Associations of standardisation ol design Ripley methods of moulding composition and 01 of metal 4. Wellington Street Londan W.C.1 Chairman Fitzherbert Wright The Butterley Company near Derby fuel economy and technical help in WARTIME ADDRESS to which all communications should be sent Westminster F until further notice Secretary V. Delport 2. Caxton Street 5.W.I. achieving the production of high grade - 3 Amersham Road HIGH WYCOMBE Bucks fighting Telegraphic Address ; " Zacatecas High Wycombe Telephone HIGH WYCOMBE 1792 43 lines @ PUBLISHED WEEKLY Subscription Terms Home and Oversees Zie All Subscriptions are payable in advance per annum Participating Associations National Ironfounding Employers Federation Bratish tronfounders Association Association National of Malleable Ironfounders Ironfounders Ironfounders Ironfounders National Confederation British Bath Manufacturers Association British Malleable Tube Fittings Association Cast Iron Chair Association castings It would advise the Director of Steel Castings and operate with the services in the simplification of design We leave the obvious utility of such an organisation for post development to the imagination of the leaders of the steel foundry industry The American counterpart of the General Stee OFFICIAL ORGAN OF The Council of Ironfoundry Associationi The institute of British Foundrymen Enamellers Enamellers The Instiute of Vitreous The Welsh Engineers and Founders Association The Foundry Trades Equipment and Supplies Association Greensand Pips Founders Astociation of Scoriand Cast Iron Heating Boiler and Radiator Manufacturers Association Cast Iron Segment Association National Ingot Mould Association Cast Iron Axlebox Association Institute of British Foundrymen affiliated British Cast Iron Research Association affiliated British Grit Association affiliated Castings Association has provided all the neces sary pointers It is obvious that by the creation of such an organisation as we have outlined that the industry will gain in status for it mus be borne in mind that employers association except those negotiating with the trade unions exist for three purposes only One is to ensure an economic return for their efforts the second Institute of British Foundrymen PRESIDENT : 1941-42 Major R. MiesM.Eng Head Wrightson & Company Limited Thornaby LIST OF SECRETARIES Ganaral Secretary T. Makemson Sait John Deansgate Manchester 3. London Office Street Deansgate Street Chambers > 49. Wellington Agricultural Engineers Association affillated One More Committee It appears to us that for the better prosecution of the war there is need for the creation of still one more committee This superficially to provide a voice to speak for the industr in matters concerning Governmental orders and other influential bodies and the third which w rate us of equal importance the giving of service to its customers At the moment the all- important customer is the Government through its various departments and we have overv reason to believe that the step we propose will BRANCHES Birmingham Coventry and West Midlands A A Timmins F.JC 21-23 St. Paul's Square Birmingham 3 Ear Midlands S. A. Horton " Three Mostyn Avenue Little over Derby Lancashire : A. Boyer ** Roseville 7 Kirkstall Road Davyhuime Manchester London V. C. Faulkner 3. Amersham Road High Wycombe Middlesbrough pro tem J. K. Smithson Essgarn from Refining Company Limited Stillington Stockton : Newcastle C. Lashly Sir W. G. Armstrong White worth & Co. ronfounders Ltd. Close Works Gateshead Scottish : J. Bell 60 Sc Enoch Square Glasgow Sheffield W. Webb B.Sc. 20 Brookfield Avenue Swinton Mexborough Yorks Waier and Monmouth : J. J. McClelland 12. Clifton Place Newport West Riding of Yorkshire S. W. Wise 110 Puilan Avenue Eccleshlil Bradford South Africa : and Commissioner F. C. Williams Mutual Building Corner of Harrison Johannesburg Streets Johannesburg SECTIONS Bristol ; A. Hares 167 Ridgeway Road Fishponds Bristal Burnley : H. Buckley Ellsmere Norfolk Avenue Burnley Lancs Anglian East : 1. L. Francis 12 Glenhurst Avenue Colchester Road Ipswich Falkirk : T. R. Goodwin " Viewfield Falkirk Road Bonnybridge Scotland Lincoln E. R. Walter M.Sc. The Technical College Lincoin The Institute of Vitreous Enamellers President : Professor 3. H. Andrew D.Sc. Department of Applied Science The University St George's Square Sheffield Chairman W. H. Whicde W. H. Whicle Limized Eccles near Manchester Hon Secretary Dr. G. T. O. Marc~-n 21-23 St. Birmingham 3 Paul's Square does not have the appearance of adding to our popularity but there is a serious gap in the Organisation of the steel foundry industry which requires filling Through lack of foresight on the part of past Governments the not inconsiderable steel foundry industry of the last war was allowed to shrink during the slump to dangerously small proportions Just before and during this war there has been a very considerable expansion moreover established firms are being required to tackle new types of jobs and some make an immediate success of them Whilst others require more time than can be spared at the present for getting into production The weights of some castings vary in order to take care of machining allowances by more than 25 per cent This inter alia causes much coming and going between foundries in specting each other's methods A comparison with the iron foundry organisation reveals exactly where the steel foundry industry is weak In ironfoundry research work is carried on by the B.C.L.R.A. which additionally and probably preferentially is undertaking much development work That is it makes itself familiar with new Jobs and where difficulties in production arise it sends its officers to the actual foundries to get things going Then the Directors of Iron Castings have their own technical advisory committee and so has the Council of Iron Foundry Associations Moreover a committee of the be enthusiastically received by the clientele we sincerely hope that our proposals will be equally well received in steel castings circles Book Review New Methods for Sheet Metal Work by W Cookson Published by The Technic Press Limited . Piccancot Gloucester Road Kingston Hill Surrey Price 7s 6d The reviewer often wonders whether or no an engineer's patternmaker could derive advan tage from a study of the methods used by sheet metal workers in setting out their jobs The main difference of course is that metalla sheets can be bent and wood cannot yet when . one examines the patternmaking for a propelle consisting as it does mainly of sweeps on sees that there can be a connection This book appeals to the reviewer as being much more practical than the average treatise on the sub ject the illustrations which are so very im particularly portant in this type of book are clear Added interest is given by the fact that entirely new methods are disclosed Contents One More Commutter Book Review Foundry Trades Equipment and Supplies Association President G. E. Halifax Acting Secrecary : Surrey France August's Miss L. Cox 52. Limited Surbiton Thorn Tree Works Hill Park Surbiton Welsh Engineers and Founders Founders Founders Association President W Clement C.B.E. Moria Youndry New Dock Llanelty Secretary : . D. D. Davis 9 Royal Metal Exchange Swansea Institute of British Foundrymen has been ener- getically employed in creating what eventually turned out to be a group of steel foundries The steel foundry is well served for pure research work through the joint auspices of the British Iron and Steel Federation and the Iron and Steel Institute supported by the Genera Steel Castings Association there is no development and advisory work in progress such as there is with iron castings and this is the very committee we suggest should be formed Moreover the committee we visualise would not Old Metal and New Notes from the Branches . Random Shots . : wee Foundry Production Problems with Special Reference to High Alloy Cast Iron War Directory of the Enamelting Industry Tin Smelting in South Africa 24 Metallurgical Literature Warture oe 24 The Foundry Industry and Air Warture 241 Protection Agamat Industrial Bust 24- Conditioned Blast 254 2 A Ministry of Fuel Magnesium Dust Extraction . 25 The New Patents and Designs Act 2 Cathodic Protection of Pipe Lanes Organisation of Production : : De Wholesale Price Changes in 1939-1941 28 be merely a periodic assembly of dozen BRITISH CAST IRON RESEARCH ASSOCIATION or so of the hetter known foundry managers The Registered Office and laboratories of the B.C.J.R.A. are but the reinforcement of such a body by a high Laboratories 11-25 ST PAUL'S SQUARE BIRMINGHAM grade competem official supported by a staff Telephone Colmore 4274-4275 Telegrams CIRA The work of this permanent and perhaps some The B.C.I.B.A. Scottish Laboratories are what curious committec would include questions - Foundry Technical Institute Mok's Road Falkirk Phone 332 South African Iron and Steel Wiring of Foundries Patent Specifications Accepted Workers Clothing Coupons for Industrial Workers Fer ochureme American Ferrochureme : The Wook's New in Brief Steel Higher Prices for Speed Steel Strop .. Raw Material Markets Protection Against Industrial Dust coal sugar destine cocoa various cered dusts york shoddy and rags sulphur wood flour vittaes resins and dyes and plastics malt tea magnesium and alummium to name but few By KENNETH L. GOODALL M.Sc. F.Inst.P. Oxidation of combustible material is surface phenomenon and so is most rapid and capable of Causing explosion with material in the finely divided Industrial dust presents two main hazards to the Sworkers in factory and nune 1 tasks to health risks to life and lumb through fire and explosion from certain types of dust Many factory opera- ions give rise to dust the chief including crushing breaking disintegrating grinding abrading drilling sawing turning muxing seving rumbling sand- for blasting and almost any operation in volving material which is itself a dust or contains 2 percentage of dust The risks to health from industrial dusts arise from the damage they can cause to the respiratory system and from the action of certain dusts as general systemie poisons or skin irritants Thus the finhalation of silica on ashestos dusts which is cumulative in effect can cause the incurable lung diseases of silicosis and asbestosis respectively in which the lung tissue is gradually destroyed with the result that blood aeration diminishes the Finhalation of animal or vegetable dusts and ot some mineral dusts such as limestone glass cement passages catarrh and and The emery may affect the respiratory give rise to bronchitis asthma of breathing of certain metallic oxide fumes such as zinc oxide magnesium oxide manganese dioxide and copper oxide can give rise to metal fume fevers while the inhalation or swallow zing of certain toxic dusts such as lead arsenic cadmium or manganese and their compounds leads to poisoning Of these dangers to health the most serious are undoubtedly those due to silica and asbestos dusts and to the poisonous dusts such as lead Physical principles are involved at many stages in the estimation and control of dusty conditions in the working atmosphere Protection Against Industrial Dust By a suitable combination of the chemical methods which are the Paper a fair assessment of the nature of the dust clouds being physical and described amount and breathed by workers in any particular case can be made Methods of protection to suit can then be devised This is the ideal approach to the problem which can only be adopted at present in a limited number of cases on account of the time involved in such surveys In practice a selective survey of dusty conditions associated with typical processes in an industry offers valuable guidance for more general application of protective measures to generally similar conditions in a whole industry E In the normal individual the human nose throat Sand lungs in themselves provide a defensive mechanism for arresting fine dust and preventing s reaching the ultimate air sacs in the lungs The nose traps large particles in the nostrils and finer particles in the maze of passages above the nostrils in which dust is deposited from eddy current action particle aggregation and from impingement on the E sticky secretion of mucus which lines all the air passages from the nose downwards The wind B pipe and air tubes of the lungs are also lined with E minute whip processes known as cilia whose function is constantly to sweep upwards to the windpipe for expectoration the mucus and the dust B particles it has trapped the process being aided by the rhythmic contraction of the smaller muscular air tubes Fine particles which succeed in reaching the air sacs of the lung are attacked and ingested by phagocytic cells some of which manage to carry the dust back into the air tubes where they can be expelled The importance of nose breathing in dusty atmospheres in order that all the natural deferces of the respiratory system may be brought into full play will be appreciated though individuals differ widely in the power of these defences of The main methods of protection against indus- trial dust take a wide variety of forms The purpose of general ventilation is to dilute with fresh air the dust laden air hable to be breathed other pa of the room or the plenum system in which clean warmed and possibly humidified air is blown unto the workroom under slight positive pressure through a ducting system the air finding its way out the doors windows or other openings These methods of dealing with dust in worktoumis or a combination of them both are of strictly limsted application and are only successfully applied where the dust concentrations are generally diy seminated in the workrooms Even then the use of general mechanical ventilation is often a confession of failure to provide what is more effective namely adequate localised exhaust ventilation Localised Exhaust Ventilation Localised exhaust ventilation is the commonest and most usually effective way ol protecting workers against local dust concentrations The basic idea is to capture the dust or fume as near as possible to its point of origin by means of concentrated air currents flowing into suntable ex- haust hoods which need to be designed on sound physical principles to suit each individual case The collected material is sucked away through ducting by a fan and passes to filtration plant It is found that most industrial dusts can be captured by exhaust hoods designed to produce a linear an speed of from 100 ft to 500 ft per min at the point of origin of the dust Ducting resistance is an important item contri- buting to running costs and proper application of the laws governing the flow of laden air in pipes will enable resistance to be reduced to a minimum by securing a symmetrical layout of adequate small vided sectioned piping fed by branch ducts at angles in the direction of air flow and prowith gradual bends tapered connections to fans cleaning panels suitably sited smooth joints and the like The type of fan used for dust exhaust systems is the paddle type receiving the dusty air approximately radially and discharging it tangentially against resistances which may reach as high as 14 in w.g. In many cases the fans are placed downstream from the air cleaning plant which is thereby kept under suction an advantage where fillers are against the best practice some times located in workrooms The fan itself also thereby handles practically clean air The main types of dust collecting apparatus are all based on physical principles and include gravi tational and centrifugal settling chambers inertial separators viscous type filters wet scrubber filters bag filters and electrostatic precipitators Considerable use is also made of the wetting of materials to prevent dust creation but Watson has pointed out that in certain cases this practice may be more dangerous than dry working In some cases safe material may be substituted for dan- gerous dusty material for example in the classic cases of the substitution of steel shot for sand in the operation of sandblasting iron castings and of alumina for powdered flint in the process of china bedding in the pottery industry All dusty processes should of course be separated from other processes so as to limit the number of workers exposed to any particular dust risk By what is called good housekeeping a great deal can be done to protect workers from dust for example by widely spacing dust producing machines by storing dusty materials not in imme- diate use outside workrooms and by keeping plant and workiooms as clean as possible preferably with the aid of vacuum methods of cleaning The periodical medical examination of workers now required statutorily in a number of dusty industries is of great value whilst much may also be achieved by the education of workers in the risks they run and in their personal responsibility for preventing and suppressing dust clouds A respirator of good design and with high filtering emciency for low breathing resistance is useful as a secondary line of defence against dusty conditions state tr with dusts and particularly when these are in suspension in all as dust clouds The in crease of Surface area with decrease in constituent particle size for 4 given weight of dust is striking thus Berger on the basis of certain assumptions shows that the surface of a cube of aluminium weighing 1 grm is approximately 3 sq cm whereas weighing the cube is comminuted until the thickness of the resulting lamelle 35 10. coarse staraped powder the surface increases to 429 sq cm Tl the process is continued unal the thickness of the lamella is reduced to 0.6 tfine stamped powdery the surface of the 1 grm of metal becomes 14,2901 cm while for the finest powder prepared industrially in large quantities with lamellas thick ness 0,3 the surface of a gramme becomes 28.570 sq cm The increase in intensity of explosion of dust clouds with decrease in constituent particle size ws also of interest in this connection Glwitzky obtained the following figures from expermental explosions of three types of commercial aluminium pigment powder in a bomb of 53.000 . capacity for two powder concentrations Particle size K 12 8.6 0.3 | Duration of Explosion explosion sec tor 700 mg 700 mg pet part part pressure ) alm pe 580 mg : edi 03 ' 0 012 ~~ 8.h Ua) 7 9 11.6 The maximum pressure of 11,6 atmospheres for a powder concentration of 580 mg.'l is higher than the maximum pressures recorded for the explosion of gas mixtures including the hydrogen mixture with which 9.7 atmosphere has been obtained Pressures up t ' 18 atmospheres have been recorded for coal dust and flout explosions at certain concentrations and finenesses Much greater values still have been measured for starch dast The dangerous potentialities of the finely divided carbonaceous and metalle dusts for fire and explosion are manifest since factory buildings unlike mines are not capable of withstanding such high pressures and rates of pressure rise For each combustible material there is an upper and a lower limit of concentration and beyond these limits the material will not burn Within these limits there is also a minimum temperature or ignition temperature below which the material will not ignite Safety measures against dust cloud hres and explosions therefore aim fundamentally at keeping concentrations outside and in practice usually be- low the inflammable concentration limity and avoiding sources of ignition and if this should not be successfully achieved and a fire or explosion should result one should aim at so designing the plant concerned and arranging the manner of working the process that there is a minimum of damage 10 workers and plant Electrostatic Charges is of interest in connection with sources of ignition ignition to mention that electrostatic changes are known to be formed when powder issues fromN nozzles or is blown into a dust cloud or rubs frie- tionally against machine surfaces Belts running over pulleys also accumulate charges Discharges of such accumulations may ignite dust clouds and although very little is known about this danger it needs to be taken into account Safety measures take the form of keeping the ad as humid as pos sible or in special cases ionised using electrically conducting belting or suitably earthed collectors and of bonding all plant to earth to prevent accumulation of charges 1 has also been claimed by Wolf that where aluminum foil or powder is prodiced it can be ignited not only by fire and sparks but also by the effect of light In the case of grinding particularly dangerous so that the resulting dust concentration is_below is_below Fire and Explosion Risks dusts such as magnesium the only safe practice as the toxic or otherwise harmful limi Such ventilation can take two forms the extraction system with wall fans removing the contaminated workroom air which is replaced by warmed fresh air fentering through suitably disposed openings in * Extracts froin Paper m the " Journal of Spientific Listen- F The extent to which protection is needed against the risk of fire and explosion from many industrial dusts under certain conditions is not generally realised yet such dust fires and explosions frequently involve serious loss of life and injury to workers and extensive damage to factory premises and plant Examples of dust liable to burn or to prevent any worker being in the mill 100m whilst grinding is in progress to which end the grinding mill door should be so interlocked with the elec- rical control to the grinding mill motor that unless the door is shut the gunding plant cannot be set in motion and the door cannot be opened until the current has been switched off and the mill has ments March 1912 HM HM Engineorius Inspectoorf Factories exploite under appropriate conditions are pulverised come to rest CONVERTOR STEEL CASTINGS The quality of convertor steel castings depends on the skill of the steelmaker and the grade of raw material at his disposal The regular application of the Sodium Carbonate Process to cast iron before blowing ensures a low sulphur content and freedom from objectional metallic inclusions so that the finished product possesses a high degree of ductility and shock resistance Skill is thus enabled to build on a sound foundation For further information apply to IMPERIAL CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES LIMITED LONDON S.W. CN 1037 A new circulating FAN for HEAT TREATMEN FURNACES A very strongly made propeller type fan for internat Circulation of high temperature gases and air in various types of heat treat- ment furnaces PATENTED | FURNACE CIRCULATICIRULNATNG G Blackman CIRCULATING KEITH BLACKMAN ITD MILL MEAD ROAD LONDON N.17 In sheet or cast metals Expressly designed high for handling extremely high temperature gases WRITE for PARTICULARS TN TOTTENHAM 4522 TA KEITHBLAC PHONE LON INDEX TO ADVERTISERS PAC J. & Co. t^ PAOX PAGE PAGE 2 Roper E A. & Co. Ltd 2 Core Olls Ltd. . 7 Jackman W. o . Howland F. E & Co. Ltd Adaptable Moulding Machina Co. Coru Products Ltd Ltd. _ Jacks William & Co. I.r. . Huntless tron Co. Ltd. Tho Ltil The Ltd. ory A. E. ~/Products Ltd. Aer graph Co. Ltd Albion Man Rand Co Alldaye & Dulons Ltd. Allen Edgar & Co. Ltd. Allen T. Fearmiey & Son . Andern Co. Ltd .. oe - o . 20 Cumming W. & Co. Ltd. Devidson & Co. I.td. Co. Ltd. Jiptingtor Hematite Iron Co. Ltd. The , Chenilraft Co. 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British Pigirons Lid ws o Hrish Rema Manufacturing Co. Gadd Thos Electric se The General Electric Co td The 1 1 General Galvaulzers It . General Refractories Ltd. . Gibbon Bros. Ltd Ltd. Gray Thoe B. & Co. Ltd. Greet Grorge o o Guest Keen Baldwins Iron & : Steel std .. Britan Steelmaker The Thomson Bouston AritlahAritlah 2 -Co. : Co. Ltd : . : Hammond Alex ( Willen Hamer W. Son & Co. Willen w Land tall Lid T. C^ +. a Brockhouse Casting- Ltd .. Butterworth Bros. Ltd. Carborundum Co. td The an Yih . Worke Climax Rock Drill & Eng Worke Ltd. Equipment Paundry Equipment Coggen Paundry Equipment Ltd Cohen Hons & Co. Lt George ... ... Foundry Equipment Co ' Coleman Commipretal Structur^'s3.td. 12 l Consett from Co. Ltd. ae .e Constructional Constructional Engineering Co. Ltd Development Development Association Copper Development Association 22 Baukinn & C^.. Bengal Sand Co. Ltd. The Herbert Allred Itd Ltd. Heywood H. & Co. Ltd. ... Hill Jones Thop Lid : All Patent Haring Co. Ltd. Holmes W. C. & Co. Ltd od Ikord Ltd. Chemical Industries Industries Imperial Chemical Industries Jurandescent Heat Co. Ltd. International Alloys ltd . It^ It^ G od 10 -- International Furnace Equipment Co. Ltd. . a + Keith Blackman Ltd. Ltd we King Uro Stourbridge Ltd Latstge Co. Aluminous Aluminous Cement LatsgLeatstge Aluminous AluminoAluuminouss Cement Co. , 15 - = Sk 2 Bugluzera St. Georga'a Safety Products Ltd. Ltd ne septrlige Coal & Iron Co Ltd Smith Albert & Co Labi Trew & Co. Lsd Langley Alloys Ltd . Lavin Loudub td toyd FH & Co. Ltd. . 7 '* 2 23 21 i) = Streeton John A. Ltd. Smooth Mig Co. Sommerke ... Spencer & Halstead Ltd. Lord 8. 1.rd. . Lukt & Spencer Ltd. . [. Coe SStpaenrtmoonliInroLntwdorks Co. Ltd. The . a Macnah and Company Limited .. Staveley Coat & Iron Ltd. . Major Hobiuron & l'o td wo Steel John . : Mansfield Standard Saud Co. Ltd. Steels & Cowilhaw .. an = Marro Conveyor & Evglucoring Co. Stein & Atkinson Lt^ a id Stein JG Co. Ltd. - t . Electrical Co. Lu Metropolitan Metropolitan Electrical Co. Sterling Foundry Specialties . 22 Sternol Ltd. + > Mkland Bunolithic Furnace Liping Co. Lid The . 1 Stewarts and Lloyds Ltd. Surrey Industries The a Mircles fife karton & Nay td Marlees Watson Co. 1 bd..The Furnaces and Stoves Ltd. ~ Telen Th : Eqaipment 7 Eqaipment & Ragg co Thermic Compressor Tiebman's Co. Molhraux Foundry Equipment Air Ltd. W . : Moud Nickel Co. Ltd. The wo =+ Tilghman's Patent Sand Blast Co. ' Morris Ltd. : - dt 1.10 Ltd. Herbert Ltd. Neild C. .. Noteutt P. Ltd 8 Tretmans L^ ^ @ Tungum Sales Co. Walter Wharf Co. Ltd - Caited Steel Companies Ltd. The - NortonNorton Grinding Parish J. ' on . Jones & Co Parker Frederick Ltd. owe Paterson Hughes Engineering Co. 28 VViacutgohraR n ay Corporation Ltd 1.1 Pearson ltd E. ltd PkfiHJ. W. C. 3. td Plekford Hulland & Co. Ltd J'veulco td C. . . Precision Prenswork Sons Co. Ltd. Precision , Ltd. oe Prenswork Prace J. Co. Ltd. : Rapid Magurtting Machine Co , Ltd. Revell A Co td Ltd. Rihardaun 3 & Son Ltd. Kidsdale & Co Ind : 7 Illey Stoker Co. Ltd . Rolson Retractories Ltd. .. Walsall Sandblasting Walsall Sandblasting W. Co. Ward Thow , Waring Bros. Warner & Co Iud Co. Lt.Lt. . TThhe e oat Watson's Metallurgists Ltd Webster Webster & Co Co SkSkeemmeellddii Ltd : & Bengers 1.ta . Refining West Midland Refining Co` Ltd Co Wilkinson Thus & Co Lt^" Wconward Brus & Copeau Laa 50 Workington Iron Steel 50 = Hranch of T'he United +81 - Companus Lt to war as an conditions indication made of raw materials in short supply owing are advertised in this paper should not be taken that they are necessarily available for export eee