Document yrO96jD8pQ5y7QDwp9ZR5wn6X

EVALUATION AND CONTROL OF ASBESTOS EXPOSURES IN THE INSULAIING TRADE* >7 W. Clark Cooper, Z-I.D.*7* and J. LeRoy Balzer, M.S.'~ It has been recognized for a number of years Chat Insulating workers have an Increased risk o'f asbestosis (Leathart and Sanderson, 1352; Marr, 1964;' Selikoff al.. 1965; Ahlaan, 1956; Keane and Eavon, 1566; Ferris, 1967; Kleinfeld et al.. 1967; and others) and also that they * exhibit a higher than expected incidence of lung cancer and other malignancies (e.g., Selikoff, 1964, and Dunn and Weir, 1965). During tha past three years, we have had an opportunity to study intensively both the health status and the vosk practices and environmental exposures of nan engaged in the insulating trade in the San Francisco area. Medical findings will be raptfttad subsequently in greater detail. In the present report, pertinent laca will be summarised to verify the magnitude of the problem and to indicate the probability of such epidemiologic studies answering current major questions relevant to asbestos as a health hazard. We will then turn to the practical problems of describing environmental conditions in the trade and appropriate measures to correct them. * Prepared for presentation at the Second International Conference or. the Biological Effects of Asbestos. Dresden, Germany; April 22-25, 1963. Dr. Cooper is Professor of Occupational Health in Residence at the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California. 5C Mr. Balzer is an Associate Specialist in Industrial Hygiene Engineering, School of Public Health, University f California, Berkeley, California. THIS DOCUMENT WAS NOT A RECORD Of PPG INDUSTRIES, INC. DID NOT COME FROM IT'S FILES AND CANNOT BE AUTHENTICATED BY PPG INDUSTRIES, INC. 1_bb_ooIo573'7 | 3066 Studies Directed Toward ehe Insulating .Workers Although information is being collected on sore Chin 1, 00 members of tho International Association of Heat and frost Insulators and Asbestos Workers who work In California, Washington, Oregon, and portions of Nevada., Arizona and Montana, the present report will be United to those in San Francisco and adjacent areas. local IS of the union, whose official territory this is, has approximately 400 active members (See nap). Its jurisdiction, however, does not covar shipyardsJj^erated by the U.S. Navy where there are small local unions but where unia*membership is not abllg^jLory. The latter employ about 110 Insulators in the San Francisco CO ;ju ***** Local IS was organized in 1911. Like other local unions in the asbestos * J txada, it has been characterized by stability, excellent pay, pride- in craftsmanship, and a 3trong father-to-sen tradition. There has been a .liberal pension plan since 1958-as well-as a health and welfare program which provides comprehensive medical care by physicians and hospitals chosen by the individual members. Both, these programs are jointly sponsored and controlled by union and management. The local is the collective bargaining unit for insulating workers employed by private industry within its jurisdiction. Members may work for any one of tho seven major insulating contractors in the area, of may be assigned by the union for work by other contractors as needed. Thus, one man. usually works for many employers over a period af years and union records provide the only reference point for a study that has continuity. THIS. DOCUMENT WAS NOT A RECORD OF PPG INDUSTRIES, INC. DID NOT COME FftOM IT'S FILES AND CANNOT BE AUTHENTICATED' BY PPG INDUSTRIES, INC. |_BB 020574TM 3067 Selection of Group for Study Inforalcion was obtained from union records on all sen who were members of the local at any time during the period January!, 1946, through '"7" December 31, 1565. Information on deaths, lapses, withdrawals, retirements, '*r~ ttaasfers, new members, returns to activity-end transfer-<n or out were collected and used to develop a picture of the work force available for study. Ihere were 161 active insulators as of January 1, 1546; 433 entered during the period until 12/31/65, while 214 left the pcpuSjfElon .for various/,,.-~^7^\ Ti_ reasons. Thus, 594 individuals were active members at some or another;.. . ;- during the 20-year period, with active membership ranging from 161 in 1546/.-; to 3S0 in 1966 (Table 1). * Chart 1 summarizes the time of entering the insulating trade of the 594 men available for study. Only 91 (152) started before 1956; so this is the maximum number who could possibly have reached 30 years of observation by 1966. Actually, only 72 individuals with this much exposure were observed. - The influx of craftsmen during World War IX shipbuilding raised new members . to the point that a total of 290, or ..492, had^joined prior to 1946. Thus, A nearly one-half could have had 20 or more years of observation by 2956 and 250 of those under observation had passed 20 years since joining the trade. These figures are Important in interpreting current findings, particularly with respect to malignancies with long latent periods. All men with 30 years since .joining the trade have worked in the shipyards the majority having worked there for 5 or more years. Of those with over 20 years in the trade, less than 12 have never worked in the shipyards. Caly when one comes to men who have joined the trade since 1945 do we encounter THIS DOCUMENT WAS NOT A RECO^r IT S FILES AND CANNOT BE AUTHENTIC? BY PPG INDUSTRIES, INC. U'H'yT^ I BB 00 20575~7 2068 4- significsnt numbers with no shipyard experience. Evidences-Hf Asbegtasis in the Group There has been e program of voluntary annual chest roantgcuagrcms for all active and retired members since 1957. Films have been taken by any-- UJ one of several radiologists selected by the Administrator of the Health and f Welfare Plan who kept films and interpretations in a central file. Approximately 1,500- films, taken over a 10-year period, have been nj ' 4-- reinterpreted, without prior knowledge of work histories, symptoms, or ~~ other information.* Films with definite or doubtful changes have been - Independently reviewed by a radiologic consultant who is participating in the CICC-USEHS asbestosis classification project. * 3 ^ '- O For purposes of the present report, negative films were those wirtrno evidence of increased linear Us nodular shadows, nor thickened, distorted, *~) j or calcified pleura or pericardium. Definite changes consistent with asbestosis included increased linear markings or definite evidence of thickened, distorted, or calcified pleura. Where findings were equivocal including minor pleural changes such as obscured costophrenic angles or questionable parietal thickening, changes were celled doubtful. Excluding all men who died or were lost from the union by transfer or leaving the trade prior , to- institution of the x-ray program in 195S, there were 480 eligible for films. Of these, 3S6 took advantage of the opportunity to the extent of having had at least one film. Table 2 illustrates the peitlc5.paic\\ ` 7*. .Vi J V ; vut a w.iitc% uhuugua, grouped by putloU wi; uncaring tXadil. THIS DOCUMENT WAS NOT A RECORD OF PPG INDUSTRIES, INC. DID NOT COME FROM IT'S FILES AND CANNOT BE AUTHENTICATED BY PPG INDUSTRIES, INC. I_BlL2017Li ' . 2069 Period of Entering Trade Number Available fo^%Films Tabla 2 Number Having Film(s) Number with Definite Changes Consistent with Asbestosis Number 2 1906-10 1911-15 1916-20 1921-25 1926-30 1931-35 1936-40 1241-45 1946-50 1951-55 1956-60 1961-65 0 2 3 7 19 17 49 117 61 69 74 57 0 2 5 3 13 1341 ioi. 47 57 55 49 ' li 0 2 5 2. 8 6 17 33- 7-> 12 5 2 1 ... A 1002 672 622 462 412 332 262 92 42 22 on i __ l ****** :0 ,, ' * .j .'4) i ,} Total 480 386 93 242 Pleural changes predominated over parenchymal. Including Individuals In whoa there was evidence for both types of change, 41, or- 442, had definite parenchymal and 79, or 852, had definite pleural abnormalities. Calcified pleural plaques were demonstrable in 17 individuals, all of whom had been in the trade for- 20 years or more. Nine of the 36 Individuals examined who had joined the trade prior to 1S36 showed definite calcification. As will be pointed out in analyses of mortality, four deaths from cor pulmonale associated,with pulmonary fibrosis were reported over the 20-year period from 1946 to 1965. Mortality Analysis There have been 72 Imown deaths in .the group of 594 men during the THIS DOCUMENT WAS NOT A RECORD OF 1_TMMIZZ1 PPG INDUSTRIES, INC. DID NOT COME FROM IT'S FILES AND CANNOT BE AUTHENTICATED BY PPG INDUSTRIES, INC. period 1946-1965. Death certificates have hear, obtained for 64. Table 3 summarizes current information on causes of death for the entire group and for the 250 individuals in whom 20 pears or more had elapsed since their joining the trade, either at the establishment cf the 1946 cohort or subsequent to that date. All of the 14 deaths from lung cancer occurred in chose with 20 years or more since loining the -- ' VJ trade. Expected rates were based on California mortality rates for " d * ** a*. T* white males, the 1949-50-51 races being applied for the years 1946-55, '-J j and 1959-60-61 rates for the years 1956 through 1965. Observed lung cancer deaths were 7.87 times expected. Two cf the deaths from tumors of' the respiratory tract were due. to pleural mesothelioma. No peritoneal mesothelioma have been reported. Two malignancies of the gastro-intestinal tract (one of stomach and one of colon) have occurred. Tour deaths from cor pulmonale and pulmonary fibrosis were included in the cardiovascular renal category in men with 45, 41, 27, and 21 years in the trade respectively. Table " Analysis of Deaths in Study Group (January 1, 1946 through December 31, 1965) Cause of Death Total Population In 250 Hen with Over of 594 20 Years in Trace Observed Observed Excacted Malignant Neoplasms (140-205) Digestive system (150-159) Respiratory system (160-164) Ocher 6 Unspecified Mijor Cardiovascular Renal Disease (330-334) Violent Deaths (300-389) All other causes Not Known 1. International Classification of Diseases. * Includes 2 pleural mesotheliomata ** Includes 4 cor pulmonale THIS DOCUMENT WAS NQT A RECORD OF PPG INDUSTRIES, INC. DID NOT COME FROM IT'S FILES, AND CANNOT BE AUTHENTICATED DV PDO I MTV ICThirr- IMA 13. 13 2.54 21 14* 14* 21 CO t-l ISA* 19.09 11 5 5/ o1** C 72 45 35.13 7th Edition, wliO, Geneva, 1957. | BB 0020578~T 3071 Smoking hisCories are inadequate on many of the early deaths; and meaningful analysis related to this trill he possible only with prospective observations. The possibility of useful data is enhanced by the relatively low smoking race for those currently working. In the half of the current population so far interviewed on this: Table 4 Never Smoked Cigarettes Stopped Smoking (at least one year) Currently Smoke Cigarettes IcZ 36Z 431 O :n Uj Q O Whether this is the result of active campaigns against cigarette smoking in this trade, we do not Imcw. If the pattern persists, prospective studies on the interrelations between smoking and malignancies should be of great interest during the next decade. The foregoing data confirm that insulating workers in San Trancisc resemble similar workers in New York and New Jersey and in the United Kingdom in their risk of both asoestosls and lung cancer. What are the . prospects of better defining etlologic factors and reducing the risk through environmental studies? Environmental Studies General. The insulating worker, or lagger, handles a variety of insulating materials, described below, in jobs that range from commercial and major industrial construction to marine construction and repair. ilost insulators are trained and qualified in all phases of their craft and for all materials. Some specialize, but over the years a great variety of jobs is the rule. THIS DOCUMENT WAS NOT A RECORD OF PPG INDUSTRIES, INC. DID .NOT COME FROM IT S FILES AND CANNOT BE'AUTHENTICATED BY PPG INDUSTRIES, INC ' ------------- -- 3072 vJa have found it convenient to classify jobs under rvo tajor headings: (1) light and heavy industrial construction, which Includes covering pipea and ducts in office and factory construction as well as applications of insulating materials to boilers, cracking Covers end stem turbines; and jr" (2) marine construction and repair, which involves application of insulating materials to pipes, ducts and boilers in ships, but because of the more rigid specification of materials and their use in preecniaantf^ confined spaces and special difficulties in ventilation deserves to be i " regarded separately. ;E The insulator's job when working with asbestos containing materials can be divided into 6 general operations: (1) the prefabrication of 5 materials (10% of his time), In which molded pipe covering or blocks are cut and shaped to fit, using either hand or power tools. (2) Application (about 40% or his time) includes fitting, hammering into place, carving. and/or attaching materials by wire or glue. (3) Finishing (30% of his time) where insulating materials are coated with asbestos containing cement, resins, asbestos, or cotton doth, or petroleum-based scalers. (4) Tearing out (10% of his time) where old insulation is removed or unusable materials are taken off prior to reinsulation. (5) Mijrtng (5% of his time) in which asbestos fibers, fibrous glass, mineral wool, and cements are mimed in various combinations in buckets or troughs or in automatic miming machines. (3) General work occupies the remaining 5% of his time and includes cleaning up of old insulation, transporting materials and moving equipment. .The foregoing .are averages based on timing many workers during ~-~y jobs using asbestos containing materials. Obviously, they vary from situation to THIS DOCUMENT WAS NOT A RECORD OF PPG INDUSTRIES, INC. DID NOT COME FROM IT'S FILES AND CANNOT BE AUTHENTICATED rv ppc tMrvicTBirc ivr 1-TM2222522-i 3073 situation; new construction for example would not involve tearing cut. At present, less than half the lessor's tine is spent with wcrl: involving the use of asbestos materials; our current estimate is 452. Insulating Materials TJsad Asbestos containing insulation satariaIs were introduced into California In the early 1920's, with Canadian chrysotile being used in mast products. ' After the United States Navy accepted cnosiue asbestos in the oid-1930's, amosite gradually became the predominant type of LU. >~rj asbestos used. It was used both to cake amosite blankets and in combimreibn- with chrysotile in the manufacture of molded insulation materials C,,> (Magnesia and Asbestos). Marina construction and repair created the magor demand for this type of insulation during the early 1940's. The use of * amosite as the predominant asbestos fiber used continued until scon after i _ .I960 when chrysotile was reintroduced into some melded products. (Chart 2). The use of pure amosite blankets has now nearly ceased. Today, molded insulation materials, which contain 10-152 by weight of asbestos, cay have pure chrysotile, pure amosite, or a mixture of the two. The S5-5CZ is usually calcium silicate, made by mixing amorphous diatomacaous earth with lima and curing with heat. This heating is not sufficient to convert the diatomacaous earth to cristobalite. Crocidolite and anthophyliita arc not t used in insulating materials in our area. * Only about 402 of the insulating materials now being used are asbestos containing; fibrous glass is widely used, accounting for 45 to 502 cf insulating material applied in San Trancisco. The glass most widely used has a fiber diameter greater than 4 microns, but some speciality materials are in the THIS DOCUMENT WAS NOT A RECORD OF PPG INDUSTRIES, INC. DID NOT COME FROM IT'S FILES AND CANNOT BE AUTHENTICAI ED BY PPG INDUSTRIES, INC. |BB002Q581| "" nOTfA C17 1 to 2 micron range. Other materials, which occupy about 10% of the average insulator's tine, induce the use of foam glass, cork, rubber., polystyrene ar.i polyurethanes. 5e also has potential dermatologic one inhalation problem associated with solvents, adhesives, and coating materials. Environmental Surveys The dust exposures associated with various phases of the trade ware appraised using sanpies collected by midget impinger and by membrane filter. For the midget impinger counts, methods used were these described Q in Public Health Service Bulletin No. 217, with 95% ethyl alcohol as the sampling medium. Sampling times ranged from 10 minutes to 3C minutes representing a raximua sample volume of 3 cubic feet. Nillipore type Ai filters for the stated pore sine 0.3 micron were used in filter holders, 37 millimeters in. diameter with an approximate surface area of S50 square millimeters. These were used with either Casells or USA battery operated personal samplers., with templing rates of 1.3 -- 2.2 liters per minute. The personal samplers were worn by insulators, while at work, over periods ranging from 30 minutes to 2 hours, fibers were counted by a modified technique of the TJS7ES, in which a segment was cut from the filter and placed face up over a crop of 50% dimethyl phthalatc and 50% diethyl exylate, and a cover slip applied. The counting field was defined by a graticule using phase contrast illumination with a 4 millimeter (43:: phase contrast objective). Tibart defined at particles having a 3:1 or greater length to width ratio were counted and placed in the following categories: lass than 3.5 microns in di_natcr and lass than THIS DOCUMENT WAS NOT A RECORD OF PPG INDUSTRIES, INC. DID NOT COME FROM IT'S FILES AND CANNOT BE AUTHENTICATED bv ppr; irjm strips INC. | BB 0020582 1 3075 5 microns in length; less than 3.5 nicrcns in diameter end acta than 5 ailerons in. length; none than, 3.5 nierons in diameter and less than 5 .microns in Iensth; and core than 3.5 microns in dianttan and more than 5 microns in iensth. The 5.5 micron diameter cute-it was chosen because of Timbrell* s calculation indicating probable respirabiliry of fibers, below that stated diameter. The mininun fiber diameter routinely counted by this method approximated 0.2 microns. Dust Counts A. total of 197 midget impingar and 1C2 membrane filter samples collected O CO in breathing cones while asbestos containing materials were in use are summarized in Tables and 7. Variations in materials, .jobs, individual** week habits, other construction nativities nearby, temperatures, humidity, air movement, complicated the strategy for environmental appraisal. Samples were in most situations deliberately taken under conditions where the highest dust concentrations representative of a particular job were being developed. I-iidget impinger samples were taken during the course of the collection of the membrane filter sample for the same --- and operation. Comparison of this data did not yield useful correlations between- the counts obtained by midget iapinger and membrane filter. It Is of interest chat time-weighted averages were not unusually high and that current TLV recommendations in the United States for asbestos containing dust (5 million particles per cubic foot) would net have bean exceeded, even for a man working 1CCZ of his time with asbestos. The fact that most man work less than half of their time with would be an added safety factor, figures 3 and 4. THIS.DOCUMENT WAS NOT A RECORD. OF PPG INDUSTRIES, INC. DID NOT COME FROM IT'S FI1ES AND CANNOT BE AUTHENTICATED BY PPG INDUSTRIES, INC. I BB 0020583 J 2QjQ :n< Those in industrial operations averted washia a range chit vault he categorised as me dim by Eritish standards. Tl^ura 5. Those for marine construction and repair ware somewhat higher. Vi^urt d Tha clearcue evidence of pneumoconiosis and increased lung cancer make it obvious that aliasc workers have had enposurcs chat cannot he tolerated, Introspective analysis at this tine cannot differentiate effects of (!) peak surges as contrasted with tine-weighted averages and (1) the possibility that exposures, particularly in narine construction were higher in the period precaeding and during World Warr XI than they are now. We have no evidence, however, to support the letter point, "arris or uH ."V have reported comparative studies cone in Xev England shipyards in If1C and 1365 using similar instrumentations which indicate no significant fLu reduction in average dust counts, which had not been found to he excessively - high In 1340. These findings suggest that a prudent course would he to lower threshold standards and improve present work practices. Industrial Hygiene Successful reduction of environmental exposures necessitates as combination of industrial hygiene measures, which nest be taken seriously ti'* > and forcefully implemented. Methods to consider include; (1) substituting * less hazardous materials; (2) enclosing cartain work areas; CD providing local exhause ventilation; (4) requiring personal respiratory protection; (5). changing work habits and improving general housekeeping. These points will be taken up in sum. Substitution of materials,- particularly fibrous glass, has been going THIS DOCUMENT WAS NOT A RECORD OF PPG INDUSTRIES, INC,. DID NOT COME FROM IT'S FILES AND CANNOT BE AUTHENtlCATED BY PPG INDUSTRIES. INC. --------2077 on for maty years, although rot for health reason*. `fa. marina mvi heavy industrial work, Caere is, however, re suitable substitute for tub as too insulating products, vkieh 'cave actually bora increasingly used it cur area in recant years because of the increase in baavy industrial eonstraction. Unless it could be shewn that asbestos cannon be used safely, nbenioning it or prohibiting it would be a drastic reccnaaudaticn. In cur crdrier; efforts to use it safely have net yet bean vigorously tried. Inclosing operations entirely or partially.is appropriate far- prefabriention cf fittings and blocks, Muds and ccranes should ba mined in enclosed booths or automatic miners and carried to work sites in containers that would prevent eva-oruticn. O__ CO local exhaust ventilation at application sites as impractical in mostC-b situ&tiozs, potrer bollar stesn cculd, 7^ use local eshaust systems since there work often mains fr. cna location for ; =su7 hours or weeks. Ultimately, it will probably be found practical, even essential, to ventilate more energetically in marine construction and repair, not only to prevent intolerable- dust concentrations but also to analiorata extreme temperature and humidity conditions under which work is barer performed. The technical problems to do this can be solved. Personal respiratory protection is an important adjunct to other measures. Present masks are not worn regularly, cv__ when provided, because they are hoc, uncomfortable, increase the effort of breathing, and interfere with communication. Many filter materials, despite this ri/e resistance, do not adequately filter cut fibrous materials. Research leading to the development of better-fitting, low-resistance, fiber-removing masks im# THIS DOCUMENT WAS NOT A RECORD OF PPG INDUSTRIES, INC. DID NOT COME FROM IT'S FILfS AND CANiMOT BE AUTHENTICATED BY PPG INDUSTRIES, INC. | BB 0020585^j 2Q78 imperative. In some situations, the insulating *'orker any have to de;: _ed upon a supplied air system; bus because of the naad far here and casprassc::, it3 usefulness is liaised. Personal air cupnliad respirators with their can power units would be acre versatile and could, be used for .ere particularly dasty exposures such as tearing out aboard ship. I.\_er.:.eh as fitting sad aadn0enar.ee of casks is recognized as essential if personal respiratory protection is to be effective, the independent nature of neap insulators' work cakes it unrewarding to thi . 1* J* * ~z.2 idea of an efficient but chess throwaway cask is being eonlores by sons. Changing work practices offers great potential. Examples inelude Increased use of properly designed, praaoldad and cut fittings, the use of water sprays to vet material before cutting, the enclosed nixing of cuds, the use of industrial vacuum systems for cleaning up and whan tearing cut. It is believed that a eachinstica of all the fartgoing, properly O zrs liji ~-S planned and tailored to meet the different requirements of the rosy and varied jobs the insulator must do, could drastically reduce C3 anposuraii - Vi.* It would also protect the members of many other trains was work near the insulator and who are subject over the years to dust created and dispersed throughout construction sites. Discussion The pattern of incidence of asbustosis cad the nearly d-ieli ratio between observed deaths from cancer ci the lung and pleura and the number . expected arc in general agreement with other jtuiias cf insulating verh-ru. Thus, Selikoff ct ci. found 5.2 tines the expected nualar of respireeery cancer deaths and Xleinfcid et el., 2.4 times, quite -inilar to cur finning THIS DOCUMENT WAS NOT A RECORD OF PPG INDUSTRIES, INC. DID NOT COME FROM IT'S FILES AND CANNOT BE AUTHENTICATED BY PPG INDUSTRIES, INC. JJ3B_00 20566~7 3079 of 7.9 times. Our population was exposed to both chrysotila and anosite. There is no evidence that they have ever had significant crccidclite exposure. Frospactiva studies =2.7 develop pa teams that relate to the changing usage of chrysotila and tsocicej'cut the use of various combinations of types and the variable latency of tumors take it unlikely that these, causative factors can aver be satisfactorily separatee. Ihe relatively large number of currently employed insulating workers who have never stroked cigarettes or who have quit for at least 1 year provide an extremely- valuable population for prospective study relating to the interaction between asbestos and cigarette sticking (Saiikoff; 1S57). Existing dust levels, whether treasured by nidget inpingar or fiber counts froa aambrane filters, ware net as high as had been anticipated. Tha time-weighted averages were within the present threshold limit value of O' OJ 5 alii loa particles per cubic foot, even for ten working fulltine with asbestos i. In reality, most nan work less than half of this with such materials. Fibac :J counts were on the average between 2 and 10 fibers/cc. Nevertheless, there was evidence, as pointed out above, for both ashestosic ^*4 excessive tuaor incidence. The possible explanations are (1) exposures in the past ware higher; (2) tha peak dust and fiber counts are sore important than tha averages; (-3) there are other substances present in insulating materials which augment the asbestos effect; end (4) our present permissible levels are too highland (5) the shipyard exposures during the period 1940 to 1945, being- largely amosite and continued at rather nigh levels over several years, say be major contributors to the present situation. In our opinion, in the absence of any evidence that work practices have THIS DOCUMENT WAS NOT A RECORD OF PPG INDUSTRIES, INC. DID NOT COME FROM IT'S FILES AND CANNOT BE AUTHENTICATED BY PPG INDUSTRIES, INC. | BB 0020587 J 3080 -lo- changed sufficiently to blame present asbesttosis on extreme conditions in the pest and uncertainty as to levels necessary to reduce cancer rates, ve think it is prudent, that insulating workers not be permitted ' to work under any conditions that exceed 5 mppcf by midget impingers and that industrial hygiene and personal protective equipment be geared toward these objectives. Due to the changing work sites and relatively independent nature of the insulating workers, providing adequate industrial hygiene is difficult. Our experience suggests that at least in the United States' joint union-management programs will be necessary for the education V. of workers and contractors and for the effective implementation of rules for satisfactory work practices. A medical program to maintain appropriate surveillance over insulating workers should include periodic chest films and estimates of pulmonary 1 function, the latter fpr comparative purposes, and to detect other 1 .t .The effective early detection of lung cancer is a discouraging problem * at present. It is our conviction that sputum cytologic study needs much' further application and study than it has here-to-for received. The working environment and health status of insulating workers in the San Francisco area and In several other metropolitan areas of the Western United States were studied during the period 1965-67. The installation of insulating materials in these areas is done by members of a single International union with a stable membership now numbering approximately 1,800 men. Their job assignments can be classified as heavy and light THIS DOCUMENT WAS NOT A RECORD OF PPG INDUSTRIES, INC. DID NOT. COME FROM IT'S FILES. AND CANNOT BE AUTHENTICA'I ED BY PPG' INDUSTRIES, INC. ` ' | BB 0020580 | ---------------------- ` " `. 17- industrial and marine construction and repair. Major insulating materials used are asbestos containing (45Z); fibrous glass (45Z); with foan glass, cork, and other materials accounting for only 10Z, During the past eventy years, amosite has been the predominant type of asbestos; but chrysocile use is again on the increase. Ho crocidolite has been used. Added environmental problems arise from adhesives, noise, and heat exposures. Work patterns have been analyzed And show that most men now in the trade have performed in all major job classifications and have used all basic materials. Dust concentrations were studied by midget impinger and membrane filter sampling. The farmer indicated time-weighted averages in nearly all work situations below the present threshold limit value of 5 million particles per cubic foot. Nevertheless, there are roentgenographic changes consistent with asbestosis In 25Z of the membership, ranging from none in men under 1Q_ o*' -- dj years in the trade to^50Z in those with over 30 years in the trade. The O incidence of cancer of the lung and pleura during the period 1946 to 1965 "... In men with over 20 years since joining the trade was 7.9 times expected. ' Two deaths from pleural- mesothelioma occurred in 1963 and 1964 in men with..' r 43 and 46 years since joining the trade. Recommendations are included for*' Improved industrial hygiene, relating to work practices and respiratory .- protection, for medical surveillance. Including periodic sputum studies. I Part of a study supported by Grant 01-00432 from the Division of Urban and Industrial Health, Public Health Service, Department of Health, Education, and Welfare; and by General Research Support Grant 1-S01-FR-05441 from the National Xiutltuces of Health to the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California. THIS DOCUMENT WAS NOT A RECORD OF PPG INDUSTRIES, INC. DID NOFCOME FROM IT'S FILES. AND CANNOT BE AUTHENTICAiED BY PPG INDUSTRIES, INC*. fIT 0020589_i 3082 REFERENCES Ahlman, SC.: Asbcstosis Among Insulating Workers in Finland. Proceedings of the 14ch International Congress on Occupational Health, Vienna, 1966, pp. 237-240. Ahloark, A. K. J., Bruce, N. E. T., Nystrom, A. E.: Silicosis and other Pneumoconioses in Sweden, pp. 353-357. Scandinavian University Books, Sweden, 1960. Ayer, H. E., Lynch, J. R., Fanncy, J. H.: A Comparison of Ispinger and Membrane Filter Techniques for Evaluating Air Samples in Asbestos Plants. N. Y. Acad. Sci.. 132:274-287, 1965. Air Hygiene and Manufacturing Committee, Asbestos Textile Institute. Method for Determining Asbestos Dust Concentrations Approved by the Asbestos Textile Institute. 1963. Cochrane, A. L.: Industrial Pulmonary Disease. Brit. J. Radiol.. 37:334-336, 1964. o, \n Committee on Hygiene Standards, British Occupational Hygiene Society. Report on Hygiene Standards for Chrysotile Asbestos Dust, pp. 1-56. rd 1967.^ /' -U Dunn, J. E., and Weir, J. M.: Cancer Experience of Several Occupational "... Croups Followed Prospectively. Amer. J. Public Health. 55:1367-1375, - 1965. - - '. Fitzgerald, J. J.-, and Detviler, C. G.: Optimum Particle Size for t ,> ' Penetration Through the Millipore Filter. AKA Arch, of Industr. Haaleh. 15:3-8, 1957. ; Fleischer, W. ., Vilas, F. J., Glade, R. L., Drinker, A Health Survey of Pipe Covering Operations in Constructing Naval Vessels. J. Industr. Hygiene and Tox.. 28:9-16, 1946. Fraser, D. A.: Absolute Method of Sampling and*Measurement of Solid Airborne Particulates - Combined Use of the Molecular Filter Membrane and Electron Microscopy. Arch. Industr. Hygiene and Occuo. Mad.. 8:412, 1953. : '/ 1 .. Frost, J., Georg, J., Holler, P. F.: Asbestosis with Pleural Calcification Among Insulation Workers. Danish Med. Bull.. 3:202-204, 1956. THIS DOCUMENT WAS NOT A 3? SJSSSSa BY PPG INDUSTRIES, INC. J bb 0020590 I 3083 12 . Hourifcane, D. 0., Lcssof, L., Richardson, P. C.: Hyaline and Calcified Pleural Plaques as an Index of Exposure to Asbestos. A Study of Radiological and Pathological Features of 100 Cases with a Consideration of Epidemiology. Brie. Mad. J.. 1:1069-1074, 1966. 13. Keane, W. T., and Zavon, M. R.: Occupational Hazards of Pipe Insulators. Arch. Environ. Health. 13:171-134, 1966. 14. Kleinfeld, 11., Messite, J., Kooyman, 0.: Mortality Experience in a Group of Asbestos Workers. Arch. Environ. Health, 15:177-130, 1967. 15. Leathert, G. L., and Sanderson, J. T.: . Some Observations on Asbestosis. Ann. Occuo. Hvg,. 6:65-74, 1963. 16. Lieben, J.: Malignancies in Asbestos Workers. Arch. Environ. Health. 13:619-621, 1966. 17. Lindekcn, C. L., Palrock, F. K., Phillips, W. A., Taylor, R. 0.: Surface Collection Efficiency of Large-Pore Membrane Filters. Health Physics. 10:7, 1964. 18. Karr, W. T.: Asbestos Exposure During Naval Vessel Overhaul. Aner. Industr. Hvg. Assn. J.. 25:264-268, 1964. ' 19. Ministry* of Labour, HM Factory Inspectorate. Problems Arising From the-,. ^ Use of Asbestos, Memorandum of the Senior Medical Inspector's Advisory Eu Panel. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 34 pages, 1967. : 20. Murphy, R. L. H.,-and Ferris, B. G., Jr.: Fersonal Communicaticn, 1967. r/j 21. Selikoff, I. J., Churg, J.,'Hammond, E. C.: Asbestos Exposure and, * Neoplasia. JAMA. 188:22-26, 1964. * * 22. Selikoff, I. J., Churg. J., Hammond, E. C.: Relation Between Exposure to Asbestos and Mesothelioma. New Eng. J. Med.. 272:560-565, 1965." `,, r . ^ r) I 23. Selikoff, I. J., Hammond, E* C., Churg, J.: Asbestos Exposure, Smoking* and Neoplasia. JAMA, 204:106-112, 1963. 24. Selikoff, 1. J., and Hammond, E. C.: Community Effects of Non-Occupational.. Environmental Exposure. Presented at the Environmental Epidemiology Session of the 95eh Annual Meeting of the American Public Health Association in Miami Beach, Florida, October 25, 1967. 25. Subcommittee on Dust Procedures in Air Analysis, 1935-36. Dust Procedures in Air Analysis: The Sampling and Analysis of Industrial Dusts. Anar. Pub. Health Ass. Yearbook. 26. Subcommittee on Standard Methods'. Transactions of Fifth Annual Meeting of the National Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Washington, 1942. THIS DOCUMENT WAS NOT A RECORD OF PPG INDUSTRIES, INC. DID NOT COME FROM IT S FILES AND CANNOT BE AUTHENTICATED BY PPG INDUSTRIES, INC. I BB 0020591 1 -------------------------------- Table 1 Active Members as of January 1, 1946 ............... 161 Entered to December 31, 1965 .............................. 433 Total in Population.......................................594 Less Those Who Left ..................................... 214 Active Members as of December 31, 1965 .... 380 o cn Uul O __l 1 1o THIS D0~UME.,T WAS NOT'A RECORD Of PPG INDUSTRIES, INC. DID NOT COME FROM IT'S FILES AND CANNOT BE AUTHENTICATED BY PPG INDUSTRIES-, INC. I BB 002C592 | ~ 3085 Table 2 Period of Sneering Trade Number Available For Filins Number Having Fila(s) Number virh Definite Changes ConsisCana vith'Asbestosis Number %. 1906-10 0 0 1911-15 2 2 1916-20 3 5 1921-25 7 3 1926-30 19 13 1931-35 17 13 1936-40 49 41 1941-45 117 101 1946-50 61 47 1951-55 69 . 57 1956-60 74 55 1961-65 57* 49 Toeal 480 386 . 0 --2 1002 5 1002 2 672 8 622 6 462 17 412 33 332 12 262 5 91 2 42 22 93 242 * O CO l. '**_L#* i 4 , - \* * * *.'---ijj t . ... ; - j \ i "..j ^. if tim * irsfilesandta^P' 010 NOr 1 !mB_00 20 593~J 2086 ANALYSIS OF I. IN STUDY CROUP (January 1, 1946 avouch December 31, 1965) Cause of Death Malignant Neoplasms (140-205) Digestive system (150-159) Respiratory system (160-164) Other 6 unspecified Total Population of 594 . Observed 18 2 14* 2 Major Cardiovascular Renal Disease (330-334) 30 Violent Deaths (300-889) 11 All other causes 1 pot Known 5 8 j la 250 Han with Cvaz; j 20 Years in Trace j i: Observed | Exacted! i 16 2.54 j 1| | 14 1.73 ! 1 < f !j * j tm IS** * r 19.09 ; \ i 4 6 1 i 4 %V 5 H w 1t 72 49 I 35.13 j _ 1 --------------- 1 1. International Classification.of Diseases. 7th Edition, ISO, Geneva, 1957. * Includes 2 pleural masotheliomata ** Includes 4 cor pulmonale THIS DOCUMENT WAS NOT A' RECORD OF PPG INDUSTRjES, INC. 010 NOT COME FROM IT'S FILES AND CANNOT BE AUTHENTICATED BY PPG INDUSTRIES, INC. 0020594 | 2087 ru FILES Tab la 4 Never Smoked Cigarettes * Stopped Smoking (at least one year) Currently Smoke Cigarettes 153 253 4S3 O c: t Cl:-. , *f t, .. <::: ` _v t << a c; ;"> THIS DOCUMENT WAS NOT A RECORD OF PPG INDUSTRIES, INC. DID NOi' COME FROM IT'S FILES AND CANNOT BE AUTHENTICATED. BY PPG INDUSTRIES, INC. 7~b1To020595 | 2088 Table 5 The Insulator's Job Prefabrication Application Finishing Tearing Out or Replacing Work Mining General 10Z 4QZ 30Z 10Z 5Z 5Z O CO o o THIS DOCUMENT WAS NOT A RECOTD OF PPG INDUSTRIES, INC. DID NOT COME FROM IT'S FILES AND CANNOT B AUTHENTICATED BY PPG INDUSTRIES. INC. L-iLTM-2fL! 3089 Midget Impinge? Duat Concentrations by Job Classification Job Classifications Light and Heavy Industrial Number of Samples Mppcf Mean Range Marine Construction and Repair Number of Samples mppcf Mean Range Prefabrication Application Mixing Finishing Tearing Out General 21 4,1 0.8-14.0 14 24 2.4 0.4-7.5 19 17 4.4 0.9-9.8 15 21 1.4 0.2-3.9 20 17 4.5 1.0-8,6 15 24 0.77 0.2-1.8 14 9.2 1.4-28.8 3.4 1.6-5.9 8.3 1.9-29.0 2.6 0.1-6.2 9.1 4.8-28.0 1.2 0.5-1.8 \l\ I lot if'T vui f uvJi- L i i vuivi tJPG FILES MEMBRANE FILTER FIBER CONCENTRATIONS BY JOB CLASSIFICATION 0-C9 H i "O TP if) CD T"UJ 2-n --z a-- mCD D ct ^ r| oh<2m/j>oa>z-zcloFoz_n 2o: cg> HH im2oosamQ B"S 3 mD 2SO'* Light and Heavy Industrial Job Classifications Number of Samples Fibers/cc Mean All |Length Lengths ! >5li Range - Marine Construction and Repair Number of Samples Fibero/cc Mean All Length Lengths >5u Range Prefabrication Application Mixing Finishing Tearing Out General 23 36 17 19 8 16 10.1 6.6 1.6-19.4 7 3.1 2.0 0.2-18.3 25 4.7 3.1 0.1-19.4 19 0.9 0.6 0.1-6.3 i 18 12.8 8.4 1.2-49.3 14 t 1.0 0-14.0 i, 30.4 6.2 21.2 . 0.6 31.5 0.3 20.0 4.2 14.2 0.4 20.3 0.2 3.5-100 0.2-47 0.7-120 0.2-1.3 1.4-126 0-2.9 U lwi 1st !i *o!i LICO q II voOs II I a;;' _> k DIDI ft 3 *1* i/ 3 J.vi rf'G FILES Relative Use o Chrysotile and Amosite in Insulation Products In the Western United States. THIS DOCUMENT WAS NOT A RECORD OF PPG INDUSTRIES, INC. DID NOT COME FROM IT'S FILES, AND CANNOT BE AUTHENTICATED PP.G INDUSTRIES, INC. 2092 Insulating Workers in Local 16 During 1946-65 Grouped by Years They Entered Trade. 140 130 120 __ j j Pre 1936 110 ___ 100 1930-45 1mm -- Post 1945 (304) 010 IM j a VOi o 2a Qo_e uocc. ots(if Oo Sy Pz S8S J<- Sz S< zOQI" aLlIio. y, a j- Z ?3 VZtj zzo yw~ LzU W- <Ot hcc H!q i htDo<t**oQ--^ q% 5 c 8- o"; t-ibiii 190.106- 11- 16-21- 26- 31-36- 41-46- 51- 56- 61-* 190510 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 YEARS 2093 . THIS DOCUMENT WAS NOT A RECORD OF PPG INDUSTRIES, INC. DID NOT COME FROM IT'S FILES. AND CANNOT BE AUTHENTICATED BY PPG INDUSTRIES, INC. Midget Impinger Counts in Light and Heavy Industrial ^ Construction by Job Classification (95% Confidence Interval?- uua --J 10 -22A-?V T J .A-Mein T -9- ' T -O- coo.. s '-0= i...1 " ; <, / %' 'i t/ rO U f Estimated Time-Weight e* Average f Lf.LSozmoTJ 2034 0.1 1 1 I 1 1 Prefiabrication Mixing Tearing Out Application Finishing General JOB CLASSIFICATIONS ^ THIS DOCUMENT WAS Nnr a n PPG INDUSTRIES INC nirPiLi REC0RD OF ,T'S FILES AND CANNOT RrA?/T^0ME FR0M BY PPG INDUSTRIES ,Nc. AUTHNT'CATED Midget Impinger Counts in Marine Construction and r Repair by Job Classification (95% Confidence Interval) 7 CFl U4 --l f^r ;1 O IV, "E i Mean USA-TLV -O- EstimtftetT i Time-Weighted Average Z 1 i nppof ---L20602~7 2095 0.1 i 1 1 1 Prefabrication Mixing \ Tearing Out Application Finishing General JOB CLASSIFICATIONS --i- . 'Stess*0F Fiber Counts in Light and IHTe% ^aWvWy 7Indusmtr4iaa^l Construction by Job Classification <95% Confidence Interval^ ^ LJ O -J t'ltH U 'S Fiber Concentre.Lions in Marina-conscruc tiou ana licpair by Job Classification (95* Confidence Interval) 60 J .40 30 .A-Mean THIS DOCUMENT WAS NOT A RECORD OF Jpg INDUSTRIES, INC. DID NOT COME FROM IT'S FILES AND CANNOT BE AUTHENTICATED BY PPG INDUSTRIES, INC. 20 -Q* 10 .a h Estimated Time-Weighted Averages cO a- uj O TMJ tu 5? r; " a'- j... -Q- 2_BB_0020604 | o.l 1 1 1 1 1 JT Prefabrication Mixing Tearing Out Application Finishing General 3097