Document yppQNV0Y61XQrQ8eJy2yDRK03

ADDITIONAL COPIES For additional copies of this brochure, contact your local Johns-Manville office, or write to: Johns-Manville Environmental Affairs Department P. O. Box 5108 Denver, Colorado 80217 USA. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION For additional information on the safe handling of asbestos fiber, we suggest you write to: U.S.A. Asbestos Information Association/NA 1680 "L" Street, NW Washington, D.C. 20006 CANADA Quebec Asbestos Mining Association 5 Place Ville Marie Montreal 113, Quebec Canada UNITED KINGDOM The Asbestos Information Committee 10 Wardour Street London. WIV 3HG England IN OTHER COUNTRIES, contact the asbestos industry association or government unit that deals with occupational health. 1/51 Johns-Manville Greenwood Plaza Denver, Colorado 80217 A 11 P-3711 Litho in USA r4V PLAINTIFF'S EXHIBIT Q-91I Od? Handling Asbestos nber ID Johns-Manville V 16196 ffimm DDO(BDD(jM] Handling Asbestos Fiber GENERAL PRECAUTIONS In all stages of handling -- packaging, trans porting, unloading, storing, and in-plant moving -- asbestos fiber bags should be handled care fully and in such a manner as to prevent damage of bags and the generation of dust. Damaged bags should be immediately repaired, resealed or put into closed receptacles. Any spillage of asbestos fiber should be cleaned up immediately -- either by vacuum equip ment or, after thoroughly wetting, by sweeping -- and should be deposited in suitable closed receptacles. Consult and observe OSHA regulations govern ing asbestos in the workplace; EPA rules on dis charge to the ambient air; and other local codes, rules or regulations controlling the handling and use of asbestos fiber. UNLOADING Unitized loads should be lifted intact to and from holds of ships, and off and on land transport by forklift trucks or other suitable handling equipment. Care should be taken to avoid puncturing the asbestos fiber bags during unloading from ships, railroad cars, trucks or other modes of transpor tation. Hooks or other sharp instruments should not be used. Loose fiber accumulated during transit should be picked up by vacuum cleaner before unloading. STORAOC For storage, fiber bags should be stacked and moved with care to avoid breakage; protected from puncture by moving vehicles; and, if pos sible, should be isolated from traffic in the ware house and covered to prevent dust generation. To prevent deterioration of stored bags, the prin ciple of first-in, first-out should be followed. HANDLING Maximum possible enclosure and fully effeclivt dust control systems should be provided at al stages of in-plant handling where dust i< created, such as in bag opening, fiber dumping and bag disposal operations. Loose fiber shoulc be cleaned from work areas by vacuum cleaner or after thoroughly wetting, by sweeping, anc then deposited in covered receptacles. PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT * Wearing of respiratory equipment approved fo protection against asbestos dust should be re quired at all stages of asbestos fiber handling where quantities of dust are generated which cannot be kept within the Threshold Limit Value by dust control equipment or other methods. TRANSPORT Where the use of asbestos requires the transport of loose fiber in open carts or buggies, cover: should be used to prevent spilling and dusi generation. WASTE MATERIALS Waste materials, such as collected dust anc empty fiber bags, should be placed in specia closed receptacles and disposed of in such s manner as to prevent the release of dust. Safety practices outlined above in the HANDLING anc PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT sections should be followed during these operations. All dust from exhaust systems should be col lected and safely disposed of, being careful noi to release dust into the outside air. Particular attention should be paid to the protection oi employees whose job it is to dispose of collectec dust from fabric filter dust collection and simi lar cleaning operations. 1 61 97 Johns-Manville Sales Corporation Greenwood Plaza Denver. Colorado 80217 '3031 770-1000 November 15, 1973 Mr. E. Witkowski Quigley Company Old Bridge, N.J. 08857 Dear Mr. Witkowski: Johns-Manville would like to assist you in telling your employees the proper procedures to follow and precautions to take when handling asbestos fiber. As part of the continuing services of the Asbestos Fiber Division, we will make available to J-M customers free of any charge the enclosed poster on "Recommended Safety Practices for Handling Asbestos Fiber", suitable for posting on bulletin boards and in areas where asbestos fiber is handled. We also will provide free the enclosed brochure-- containing the same information--which can be distributed to super visory personnel and employees. If you would like to order copies of the poster or brochure, please fill out the attached order form. Your order will be filled promptly. Yours very truly, N.W. Handry General Sales Manager / 16198 ORDER FORM Recommended Safety Practices for Handling Asbestos Fiber MI_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ SEND THIS ORDER TO; Johns-Manville Service Center Attention: Bill Edmonds 1601 23rd Street Denver, Colorado 80216 CRD 1095 SHIP TO: (Please print or type) QUANTITY: Copies of Poster (EA 9P 3710) Copies of Brochure (EA IIP 3710) 16199 * )'O X -a-ay 'L L T Q - a ^ V ? 3 \ ; ' ( ) U V \7 s_ j v *3V ^. - ^ 0 ^ 5- s - o r )^ W ^ 0 0 (4 '3 *? b ? )3 n \J > '^ " d < \ ) t ) i Z> c ' \ aP bA o ni Ti-\ $ or 'tL x o C_o o i to R.e_r>o .Li> s L FV. CF. O C. \ '( ' <-/"'(Hi 1I1'. '?- ' 'L X;J\J'' '* 11// ' ;'. 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X \t ^ 1 62C0 Johns-Manville Devoted to solving in plant ( n ' onn ental problems caused by cl'js 1., vapor, fumes, noxious gases, noise. In-plant Surveys _ rE- ngineering nHecommen- dations & Costs Detailed Drawings & S'pecifications Turn Key Con ,(ruction Training of an Indust Hygiene Staff Periodic Monitoring Industrial Environmental Engineering Service The very air you breathe on the job can be safer and more pleasant, thanks to the new Johns-Manville Industrial Environmental Engineering Service, and J-M offers this service to outside concerns. Johns-Manville Industrial Environmental Engineering Service is backed by well over 50 years of solving environmental control problems. J-M's experience is world-wide, gathered from environmental problem-solving in hundreds of facilities in such diverse fields as hard rock mining, fiber glass production, consumer product manufacturing, chemical processing and other related production. Johns-Manville is fully experienced in the handling, collection, recovery, and/ or disposition of atmospheric contaminants of all types. Over the years, Johns-Manville's experience has been tested by every type of climate, geographical location, every problem in dust control, noise abatement, odor and fume control. In solving them, J-M created systems fhat have become industry standards. Industrial Environmental Engineering Service is a function of the J-M Environmental Control Systems Department. There is a staff of 30 specialists. 14 of them are devoted exclusively to industrial hygiene evaluations. They're backed by a team of 50 professionals: engineers, scientists and technicians. Over the past six years alone Johns-Manville has successfully completed over 1,200 pollution control systems at a cost of nearly $32,000,000. In addition, this staff has extensive experience in designing and constructing systems that comply with both EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) and the Occupational Safety and Health Act. ufe to keep dust virtually at zero level in the milling opera tions at the Johns-Manville Jeltrey Mine, Asbestos, Canada --- 1 6202 \ Part ol the materials research and testing Johns-Manville's new and mcst scphis- laboratory located at Newport Beach, ticated laboratory tor research and test- Cahtornia mgin tbe held ol product evaluation and environmental control, Denver, Colo Ancther df the Johns-Manville research laboratories at Waterville. Ohio It is used tor testing liber glass Dozens of specialists on treatment of pollution are represented, and at their disposal are outstanding research facilities at Denver, Colo., Newport Beach, Calif., and Waterville. Ohio. Regional industrial hygiene centers are located in California. Illinois, and New Mexico, and Quebec Province, Canada. 4. Preparation of detailed designs and specifications for control systems. 5. Supervision of construction and installation of control equipment. 6. Industrial hygiene monitoring service. t-t This data processing center in Denver aids, too, tn J-M's comprehensive service to clients. J-M Industrial Environmental Engineering Service offers a comprehensive list of services to client companies: 1. In-plant surveys including sampling and analysis for dust, fiber, vapor, fumes, and noxious gas. 2. In-plant noise surveys including recommended corrective measures 3. Corrective recommendations, including equipment specifications and cost. In-plant noise measurement 7. Training of an industrial environmental staff for clients. Johns-Manville Industrial Environmental Engineering Services are available on a fee basis anywhere in the U.S. and at overseas locations. For more information or consultation, call or write: Industrial Environmental Engineering Service, Environmental Control Systems Department, Johns-Manville. Box 5705 EES, Denver, Colo. 80217. Telephone (303) 770-1000. Cable: Johnmanvil. 1 6203 m Johns-Manville ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL SYSTEMS DEPARTMENT Graanwood Plaza, Danvar, Colorado 80217 (303) 770-1000 IH 1A RWC 10-73 Htho In USA 1 6204 EPA REGIONAL OFFICES REGION I; REGION II: REGION III: REGION IV: REGION V: REGION VI: REGION VIII: REGION IX: (Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Vermont) John F. Kennedy Federal Building, Boston Massachusetts 02203. (New York, New Jersey, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands) Federal Office Building, 26 Federal Plaza (Foley Square) New York, New York 10007. (Delaware, Disctrict of Columbia, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia) Curtis Building, Sixth and Walnut Streets, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19106. (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, Kentucky, North Caro lina, South Carolina, Tennessee) Suite 300, 1421 Peachtree Street, Atlanta, Georgia 30309. (Illinois, Indiana, Minnesota, Michigan, Ohio, Wisconsin)* One North Wacker Drive, Chicago, Illinois 60606. (Arkansas, Louisiana, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas) 1600 Pat erson Street, Dallas Texas 7S201. (Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska) 1735 Baltimore Street, Kansas City, Missouri 64108. (Arizona, California, Hawaii, Nevada, Guam, American Samoa) 100 California Street, San Francisco, California 94111. (Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Alaska) 1200 Sixth Avenue, Seattle, Washington 98101. 1 6205 NEW EPA AIR POLLUTION REGULATIONS FOR ASBESTOS On April 6, 1973 the Administrator promulgated National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (asbestos, beryllium and mercury) in the Federal Register. Existing sources (affected sources in categories 1 and 2 below which commenced construction or modification on or before December 7, 1971, and category 3, must achieve compliance with the standards on or before July 5, 1973, or obtain a waiver of compliance for the time necessary to install controls (but in no case later than two years from the date of promulgation). New sources (affected sources in cate gories 4 and 5 below, and those in categories 1 and 2 below which commenced construc tion or modification after December 7, 1971) must be in compliance with the standards immediately. Affected Sources of Asbestos Emissions The following categories of stationary sources are affected by the standard for asbestos: 1. Asbestos mills 2. Manufacturing of these asbestos-containing products: a. Cloth, cord, wicks, tubing, twine, rope, thread, yarn, roving, lap, or other textile materials. b. Cement products c. Fireproofing and insulating materials d. Friction products e. Paper, millboard and felt f. Floor tile g. Paints, coatings, caulks, adhesives, and sealants h. Plastics and rubber materials i. Chlorine (diaphragm process) 3. Spraying of asbestos-containing insulation or fireproofing 4. Demolition of institutional, commercial, or industrial buildings or structures (including apartment buildings having more than four dwelling units) which contain any boiler, pipe or loadsupporing structural member that is insulated or fireproofed with friable asbestos material. 5. Surfacing of roadways with asbestos tailings Waivers of Compliance, Reporting Requests for waivers of Compliance should be submitted in writing to EPA within 30 days following the promulgation of the standards to be assured that action will be taken on the waiver request prior to the 90th day after promulgation. Continued operation in excess of a standard after the 90th day without a waiver of compliance is a violation of the Clean Air Act of 1970, as amended. The regulations require owners or operators of exising sources in categories 1 and 2 to report certain information to the appropriate EPA Regional Office by July 6, 1973. Forms which should be used for reporting are available from the Regional Office. In addition, owners or operators of sources in categories 3 and 4 must report certain information to the appropriate EPA Regional Office no later than 20 days prior to the Initiation of each project. Sources to be constructed or modified in categories 1 and 2 must receive EPA approval prior to construction or modification. More detailed information, copies of the regulations, and reporting forms are available from the EPA Regional Offices (list attached). 1 6206 V If you buy safety clothing for the protection of your workers, you will find this message im portant. Recent public discussions of the health implications of asbestos dust have led to a num ber of erroneous and misleading impressions concerning hazards associated with the use of asbestos protective clothing. The major purpose of the OSHA standards for asbestos is to protect workers from exposure to potentially hazardous dust in their work en vironment. A new section, 1910.93a, has been added to Title 29 of the Code of Federal Regula tions limiting the permissible air-borne concen tration of asbestos fibers to which any employee may be exposed. While these regulations are ap plicable to all users of asbestos-containing prod ucts, it is generally recognized that the problems are most prevalent at the level of the prime producer. That is why Raybestos-Manhattan has invested millions of dollars in equipment through the years to protect its own employees. Caution labels are not required by OSHA reg ulations on finished products which effectively entrap asbestos fibers so that they are not re leased in normal use. Raybestos-Manhattan manufactures a full line of specially treated or coated asbestos doth which is sold to producers of protective clothing. Our trade names for these fabrics include NOVATEX, Silvabestos, Tri-Bestos, Polybestos, and Eleven Thirty-Three. Products made from these fabrics need not be labeled. Employees must be protected against exposure to hot metals, whether from direct contact or from molten splash. In fire fighting and rescue work, and in many industrial jobs, they must be protected against high radiant heat. Under these severe conditions, there is no known ma terial which affords the worker protection equiv alent to asbestos. To anyone concerned with the safety of the American worker, the substitution of lesser fabrics could be disastrous. When buying safety clothing, keep in mind the protective value of asbestos. Each of the specially treated or coated fabrics made by RaybestosManhattan is designed for the protection of your workers in hazardous occupations. Ask your sup plier for gloves, mitts, or clothing made from Raybestos-Manhattan asbestos fabrics... there are none better. 1 6207 Asbestos News Letter 74-2 Highway Safely yes, asbestos: A positive statement...to say the least. This head line which was used by Raybestos-Manhattan in the attach ed advertisement demonstrates one company's attitude and efforts to underline the positive facts about asbestos. Asbestos is used in a variety of products which protect man from hazards and accidents. kbMaatBBSs- by a variety of binders or special ments, the fibers and products present no risk to the general public. As indicated in the advertisement, caution labels are not required by OSHA regulations on finished products which effectively entrap asbestos fibei so that they are not released in normal use. Take a look at your products... and accent the positive with your customers. Passenger Car Safety Pipeline Protection FIBER HANDLING - THE KEY TO SAFE WORKING CONDITIONS OSHA standards were designed to assure workers of safe and healthful working conditons. To assist fiber users in meeting these standards, J-M has developed and is developing packaging and fiber handling techniques to eliminate or limit dust problems. The key to dust-free work facilities is the elimina tion of operations which create dust ------ manual bag open- (More) Lti Johrts-Manyilie Asoestos Fiber Sales GreenwoodPlaja-Denver. Colo 80217*(303) 770-1000 Af-atA 12-73 ^ L'tho in USA 1 6208 ing - manual car unloading - excessive handling of bags. J-M has devel oped packages such as the pulpable paper bag which can be dumped, un opened, into the hydropulper or similar mixer. This package limits a worker's exposure to fiber dust and has gained wide acceptance in the paper industry. It lends itself to any wet system with high intensity mixers. Polyethylene bags are being used in the floor tile and asphalt paving industries where they can be added to the mixer without being opened. The bags melt at 250 F and become a part of the mix. The success of these packages depends on the bags being delivered to your plant in a damage-free state. To assist in accomplishing this, J-M has developed systems such as palletized units, shrink wrapping with polyethylene, and the assigned rail car. The assigned car system utilizes rail cars assigned solely for the customers use, palletized units of bagged fiber and ii___atable dunnage to stabilize the load. There is a charge for each pallet and dunnage bag with a partial credit for pallets and full credit for dunnage bags when they are returned in the assigned cars. Experience with this system over the past year has been excellent. One of the most promising experimental fiber handling methods now being evaluated is pelletized fiber. Pellets have been produced with Group 6 & 7 fiber at our Jeffrey Mine and experimental quantities are available on request. The pellets normally contain 10-12% moisture but can be dried to 2% moisture if necessary. The concept of pellets lends itself to bulk shipments in hopper cars, but our program will evaluate bagged pellets and also packaging in 2-ton "Super" bags. Pelletized fiber is virtually dust free and appears to be one solution to the fiber handling problem. If any of these fiber handling innovations are of interest to you, drop us a note or contact your local J-M Asbestos Fiber Sales repre- (More) 1 6209 sentative. We will be glad to work with you on your fiber handling problems. DO YOU MEET THE STANDARDS? Many people hesitate to contact OSHA for free advice...and right fully 'so. Once an OSHA inspector visits a work place, he is obligated to make an inspection and recommend penalties for unlawful working conditions. But there is an arm of the federal government that can and does offer free consultation and advice especially for the small company The National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) a part of the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare provides numerous services that will assist an employer in eliminating hazardous working J conditions. NIOSH has, as its major duty, the responsibility of developing and recommending standards and criteria for the Department of Labor and the Department of Interior; but NIOSH can also help you identify and solve many of your occupational safety and health problems. Three NIOSH pro grams of particular interest to asbestos users are the: 1. Hazard Evaluation Program 2. Industrial Hygiene Service Program, and 3. Technical Information Service. The Hazard Evaluation Program provides an employer with on site evaluations of potentially hazardous working conditions ... and with recommended corrective procedures if possible. You can apply for this service by contacting your nearest NIOSH office (list attached) and submitting a Request for Health Hazard Evaluation form. The Industrial Hygiene Service Program provides free advice on ventilation, fumes, and noise level. NIOSH industrial hygienists can measure levels of exposure to asbestos dust and other hazardous mate- (More) 16210 rials and recommended effective control measures. The Technical Information Service can, upon request, provide answers to specific questions and can provide reference lists, reprints and abstracts on subjects of occupational safety and health. NIOSH also offers training programs for employers and employees. These short courses, usually 5 days in length, are taught by experienc ed professionals and cover occupational safety and health, occupational hazards, industrial hygiene, sampling and evaluating airborne asbestos dust, and numerous other subjects. Further information is available from NIOSH, Division of Training, 1015 Broadway, Cincinnati, Ohio 45202 Johns-Manville, too, is interested in helping you meet the stan dards. Besides the J-M Industrial Environmental Engineering Control Department whose services were described in our first newsletter,; J-M has also established an Environmental Affairs Department h aded by Jack Solon, Vice President, Environmental Affairs. This group was estab lished to assist both J-M and its customers on the subject of environ mental and occupational health problems. The two Environmental facts papers included with our first newsletter were representative of the efforts of Jack's group. A copy of the latest paper Asbestos; No Risk to the General Public is attached. If you need information on environmental problems and with asbestos problems in particular, con tact the J-M Environmental Affairs Department here in Denver. They will be glad to be of assistance. 16211 VENVIRONMENTAL FACTS/Asbestos Asbestos: No Risk to the General Public INTRODUCTION In a wide variety of demanding uses, people all over the world benefit each day from asbestos. This fibrous mineral is somewhat unique since its pri mary function is to protect human life and property in most of the 3.000 different products in which it is used today. Crowing demand for this natural mineral in our modern society has focused attention on the possible health risks to the general public. This concern has been stimulated by medical evidence connecting the excessive inhalation of asbestos dust in occupa tional settings to increased risks from certain human diseases. Questions have been asked about the health risks, if any, presented by asbestos in our na tural atmosphere, and for more than half a century doctors and scientists have searched for the answers. Although hundreds of different animal, vegetable and mineral fibers are present in community air and their effects on human health are under scrutiny, many of the answers on asbestos already are docu mented. To the extent that any asbestos libers are present in our natural atmosphere, scientific evi dence has not shown any health hazard for the gen eral public. Strong support for the conclusion that asbestos poses no risk to the general public came in a report trom the 33-member Advisory Committee on As bestos Cancers of the International Agency for Re search on Cancer, which is a division of the World Health Organization. Followinga 1972 conference on the Biological Effects of Asbestos, this committee noted that there is no evidence, either from experi ence or trom scientific research, that anyone in the general public has ever contracted anv asbestosrelated disease from exposure to the minute amounts of asbestos found in communitv air. The Commit tee also pointed out that these amounts in commu nity air were many times lower than the le considered safe in an occupational environme Understanding how asbestos can be hazarc to those who work with it and yet not pose any c ger to the general public requires a knowledgi how and why asbestos is used, and of the scien research that has been conducted with regarc people with occupational exposures in contras the general public. ' ANCIENT USES OF ASBESTOS The peculiar properties of asbestos have cinated people since the mineral was discovei Deriving its name from the Creek word mean "unquenched" or "incombustible,'' asbestos ir raw state is as dense and compact as the rock wh encases it. Yet, it can be separated into light, si fibers resistant to fire and to extremely high temf atures, and able to withstand great tension with breaking. Asbestos fibers can be woven into o combustible fabrics for fireproof curtains for th ters or protective garments for firefighters, or tl can be added to other materials to produce fh and ceiling tile, roofing shingles, siding, asbest cement pipe and many other useful products. Archeologists in Finland have unearthed obj< which indicate the earliest known use of asbei goes back some 45 centuries when the mineral \ used to hold together pieces of pottery before clay was baked. According to legend, the Emperor Charlema, owned a "magic" asbestos tablecloth which stewards cleaned after royal banquets by throwir into the fire and then retrieving it intact. History i records that Marco Polo found asbestos cloth on journey to Asia. PROVIDES SAFETY AND DURABILITY In the twentieth century, asbestos has become 16212 m ENVIRONMENTAL FACTS/Asbestos increasingly essential material in our improved way of life and expanding industrial economy. It has many vital functions in construction, transportation and industrial processes. It provides built-in protec tion against fire and deterioration in scores of com mon products in daily use. Through the years it has saved countless lives and billions of dollars in prop erty damage by preventing or checking the spread of fire. Electrical installations are safer because of asbestos insulation materials. When used in pack ings and gaskets, asbestos promotes the efficient operation of industrial machines and pumps. In transportation, the brakes on cars, trucks, buses and trains protect lives because asbestos enables them to resist extreme heat and friction. OCCUPATIONAL RISKS AND CONTROLS To meet the increasing demand for this valuable fiber, a worldwide asbestos mining and processing industry came into being. As in many other mineral and materials industries, it became necessary to protect employees against occupational health hazards. It was found that some workers exposed to excessive asbestos dust over a period of years developed a nonmalignant lung disease called asbestosis. As with many similar con ditions. asbestosis is time-and-dose-related--that is, it develops only after inhalation of excessive con centrations of asbestos dust over a long period of time. Some medical studies have reported an associa tion between the disease asbestosis and an increased risk of a certain type of lung cancer (bronchogenic). These studies have shown that bronchogenic can cer, with but one recorded exception, has occurred only in asbestos workers who smoked cigarettes during the time they experienced heavy and pro longed dust exposure. However, even though the number of such cases among workers heavily ex posed to asbestos fiber is only a small fraction of the total employed, the industry considers the prob lem serious. Bronchogenic cancer is the subiect ot consider able scientific research through statistical, clinical and pathological studies of exposed workers; through experimental studies with laboratory ani mals; and through studies of the physical and chem ical nature of asbestos and associated minerals. Health research also has indicated an association between asbestos exposure and mesothelioma, a rare cancer of the lining of the chest or abdominal cavities. This disease has a latent period that ranges from 30 to 45 years after initial exposure. Although widespread research is being conducted into the mesothelioma problem, the studies are complicated by a number of factors including the rarity ef the disease and the fact that diagnosis still is considered a problem among medical experts. It appears lhat a variety of asbestos called crocidolite is more likely to cause mesothelioma than any of the other six vari eties, including chrysotile asbestos, which accounts for about 95SE of the world's production. Addition ally, studies also indicate there are other causes of mesothelioma besides asbestos. In recent years, the asbestos industry has invested millions of dollars in equipment and techniques to prevent the inhalation of asbestos dust by workers in the mining and milling of asbestos and in the manufacture of asbestos-containing products. A program of education and training is conducted for asbestos fabricators and applicators to provide them with a thorough understanding of potential risks and to encourage general adherence to sound industrial hygiene practices. Studies in asbestos-using industries in England and the United States indicate that where dust con trol measures have been taken, the risk of lung disease among the workers has been greatly reduced. STUDIES SHOW NO RISK TO PUBLIC Because of the occupational health hazards asso ciated with asbestos, some people who are con cerned about general air pollution have raised the question of whether there is asbestos dust in the air in sufficient quantities to constitute a health risk to the general public. 16213 I/Sl ENVIRONMENTAL FACTS/Asbestos Studies of asbestos exposure and human health have produced no evidence ot any health hazard to the general public from the use of finished asbestos products. Asbestosis does not occur among the general population; it occurs only among those with heavy occupational exposure. There is no evidence that anyone has ever contracted any disease from exposure to the wearing or weathering of brake lin ings. floor tile, rooting, or other products containing asbestos. Brake linings in particular were the subject of a 1968 United States Public Health Service report, leremiah Lynch of the National Center for Urban and Industrial Health, U.S. Public Health Service, conducted the tests.' He concluded that any asbes tos that might come from brake lining wear was "an inconsequential health factor in urban air pollu tion." The study provided scientific evidence refut ing unsupported speculation that the wear of brake linings might be releasing many asbestos fibers into the air: "Except in all but the most extreme driving conditions, only a very small fraction of the 30 to 50% asbestos present in brake linings escapes into the atmosphere as free fiber... the remainder is converted into some other mineral as a result of the extreme temperatures generated at small spots on the lining surface. Thus, although urban air contains a few free fibers as a result of brake lining wear, they represent a very small proportion of the total asbestos used in the manufacture of brakes. Many sources of the respirable fibers not asso ciated with asbestos products have been iden tified, and the free fibers from brake lining wear appear to be an inconsequential health factor in urban air pollution." Other medical and scientific reports show that the occupational health risks from asbestos dust expo sure do not extend to the public. In 1967, P. E. Enterline, Ph.D., and M. A. Kendrick, Ph D., reported on the reduction of asbestosis among workers in asbestos fabricating industries where protective measures have been taken.1 They pointed out that the small amount of asbestos to which people in general may be exposed isot "little importance": "...if very low-level exposures of populations to asbestos dust play any part in the patho genesis (development) of disease it must be very small indeed....Asbestos dust at levels to which general populations are exposed prob ably is of little importance in the etiology (causation) of disease." "ASBESTOS BODIES" STUDIED In the mid-1960's the que-tion of public exposure was discussed in studies x reported finding socalled "asbestos bodies" in tne autopsied lungs of some city dwellers who were not known to have been exposed directly to asbestos dust. The studies emphasized that these so-called "asbestos bodies" had no relation with either the cause of death or with any history or symptoms of pulmonary disease. The authors of one such study, Drs.). C. Thomson and W. M. Craves, noted that it would have taken a tremendous increase in the number of "asbestos bodies" found in the autopsied lungs to constitute even a minimal case of asbestosis.1 They said in their 1966 report: "It should be stressed that in spite of frequent asbestos bodies in the lung bases, none of this group had pulmonary disability and all died from other causes...to convert the scanty or very scanty bodies which we have demon strated to be present in so many urban dwellers to the frequency present in a minimal basal asbestosis would require an increase by hun dredfolds and to get a more diffuse classical asbestosis with pulmonary disability the mul tiplying factor might well be in many millions." In a similar study the same year, Drs. Lily Anjilvel and W. M. Thurlbeck noted that there is no risk of cancer to the general population irom asbestos ex posure.4 These researchers said: 16214 *jZ\ ENVIRONMENTAL FACTS/Asbestos "In our series there seemed to be no particular association between malignancy and the pres ence of asbestos bodies...asbestos bodies are not more common in patients with malignant disease in the autopsy populations we have studied, and thus casual exposure to asbestos is not an important cause of malignancy in the general population." Other studies have raised the question of the real identity of these so-called "asbestos bodies." The term has for years been applied loosely to describe a tiny body of tissue in the lung containing a core of some inhaled particle--asbestos, talc, man-made fiber, or certain other common substances. The term "asbestos body" is misleading if the core sub stance has not been positively identified. Thus, it is not necessarily so that the find ingot such "bodies" in city dwellers' lungs means that these people in haled asbestos. Because the cores of such "bodies" do not always contain asbestos, and because the over growth tissue contains some identifiable iron. Dr. Paul Cross, who has studied the problem exten sively, has suggested that a more accurate name would be "ferruginous (iron-like) bodies."5 Other specialists have now begun to refer to "ferruginous bodies" in their papers. Dr. |. M. C. Davis, in 1967, deplored the "current furor over asbestos bodies--which recently ap peared in the professional literature and was widely reported in the news media with varying degrees of sensationalism."* He commented specifically: "...the basic assumption that asbestos-like bodies can only be produced from asbestos has proved incorrect and this casts consider able doubt on the theory that has been the chief basis of the asbestos `scare.' " OTHER CAUSES OF FIBROUS "BODIES" Much research work is going on to develop ways of identifying the particles that may be the core of these "bodies." It has been shown that a number of substances can cause "bodies" in both humans and experimental animals. L. J. Cralley and associates in the U S. Public Health Service have discussed the great number of substances which might produce "bodies" in human lungs.' Publishing in 1968, they said: "On the premise that the fibrous bodies ob served in the lungs of persons at autopsy are all "asbestos bodies" and that coated fibrous bodies are a specific reaction to asbestos fi bers, some investigators have conclude^ that asbestos fibers are significant air contam inants....Respirable fibers may be mineral, vegetable or animal in origin and may come from both natural and synthetic sources. There are well over a hundred different natural min erals with some degree of fibrous structure.... Respirable fibers of vegetable origin may be \ ) from both live and dead plant tissues....Ani mal fibrous materials include animal hair and scale, insect hair....Synthetic fibers include the newer ceramic fibers...as well as a wide range of established and emerging organic types used in textiles, fillers, containers, fila ments, structural materials, etc." Whatever their origin, the "bodies" that have been reported have not been connected with any disease, or with the cause of death, in the subjects studied. Even if some asbestos is among the variety of fibers in the air breathed by the public there is no evidence that it has any health significance. 0 SUMMARY People throughout the world benefit from the many uses of asbestos--in schools, houses, thea ters, ships, aircraft, offices and other public facil ities, furnaces, boilers, firefighting equipment and in a myriad of everyday products. With the twentieth century growth in the use of asbestos has come recognition of the need to cope with occupational hazards associated with exces sive inhalation of asbestos dust. Much progress has Q e 16215 ENVIRONMENTAL FACTS/Asbestos USI been and is being made in protecting workers who handle asbestos fibers in mines, mills, factories and in some building and insulation trades. Medical scientists studying the occupa tional health hazards of asbestos see no evidence that asbestos poses any risk to the general public. There is no evidence that asbestos dust is present in the general air in amounts of any significance to hu man health. PERSPECTIVE It is important to view in its proper perspective the expressed concern of some people that asbestos in the ambient air is a health risk to the general public. Asbestos is by no means alone in being investi gated as a possible health hazard. Literally hundreds of substances--as common and everyday as fuel oil, charcoal-broiled steaks, iron rust and egg yolks --are known or suspected of being cancer-causing agents under certain experimental conditions. To forego the many benefits of these and other products of modern technology--simply on the basis of suspicions that are unsupported by medical evidence--would be a great and unwarranted dis service to the American public. REFERENCES ' lynch, "Brake lining Decomposition Products." Meeting, AMERICAN CONFERENCE OF GOVERNMENTAL INDUS TRIAL HYGIENISTS. St. Louis, May, 1968 1 Enteriine, P. E., and Kendrick, M. A,, "Asbestos Dust Expo sures at Various Levels and Mortality," ARCHIVES OF EN VIRONMENTAL HEALTH. August, 1967. 1 Thomson, |. G., and Graves, W. M,, "Asbestos as an Urban Air Contaminant," ARCHIVES OF PATHOLOGY. May, 1966. 4 Anjilvel, L. and Thurlbeck, W. M., "The Incidence of Asbestos Bodies m the Lungs at Random Necropsies in Montreal," CANADIAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION IOURNAL, December 3, 1966. i ' Gross, P., Cralley, 1.1,, and de Trevilie, R. T. P., ''Asbestos Bodies: Their Nonspecificily," AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ASSOCIATION IOURNAL. November/Dfccember, 1967. * Davis, J. M. G., "Asbestos Bodies and Bioeffects--A Detec tive Story" presented at the meeting of the INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE FOUNDATION. Pittsburgh, Pa., October, 1967. ' Cralley, l.Keenan, R. G,, Lynch, |. R,, and Lainhart, W. S,, "Sources and Identification of Respirable Fibers." AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE IOURNAL, March/April, 1968. c 16216 !J31 ENVIRONMENTAL FACTS/Asbestos For further information on this subject please contact Environmental Affairs Department. Johns-Manville Greenwood Plaza Denver. CO 80217 0 0 0 Printed ,n 1 621 7 3 What Every Employee Should Know about ... ASBESTOS AND WHAT YOU SHOULD TELL OTHERS * I l 1 6218 16219 3- 3 -D S g = 2. 3 <?< !5 er " o2. a U'* I3t 3 r- S 3 vt ?O" <3a* ID C (0 H rr CO o 2 m 1 6220 CO rsj o5 S m 9 0 n 5"3 I n ? 5 <8 CD 0 o' Si o ? 3 s? o = 2. >4/1 o A> 9o -a J+ 5' 3" 3 2Cl *c-* O3 3* oJ a' oQ* 5v oz lm3i' fOt 5<QB. = * 0) w 3 s< f Si's 3 a 5` 0o -* Q> i 0) 3 ^ " (D 33 a *B_ re i" 8 o 3 o <o W X" ?. a Qeo. =CreT !i: lv (V O { si so o< O jr S; S `2. ,, c/> -% i Q) o ** re J2 CD s 5 < 3re ^ Is ^ 5.' Sfr-3* o0 "I * I1 = S I'D "4 5T Si. 5- o o 3-' co5sr.-Ss> 3 CD -- "1 - Si. 35 8*|* cr i 3 5-0 0. ow <o 3" Sg y<,/> <3 05 CJ1 L 1 6221 A t the employee's request, his medical exam records can be made available to his own family physician. NO u2 Hi? 2 l > 3 33 3 of o Q) O o 'C 5 (/) C -z | 0) O o 3 2. ~ T > c(/> 3 uw 5` 2. 8- 0?r o' 3 2 HI< oj. 1 0) 0-0)-. cr5T Ss- aC*. o3 - 35* " 0X> O O <t> 3 o (5 "o> C -33 CD ` O . -Io? 5 5 ska= --o 6) x C r> =< O 08 cI 5 0> 3 s 5' *" IQ 1 W: 3 aQJ < o- 0 l3as ft) --> o 3'# IQ _ <a0 o ^2y o =a *=f? o &" 0 0 '(vf#t 1H "0 5'ia 0 CD CO * 3* ii *o S 1 3 *32, o < O 3 o' <<35** 03) a. * 8 f <_ o 2a^ *o* a3 3 5a' V*c3*) $"<<5?, 0"3)** 3/i" i| y -- 5v> s.aa s 3- a 3 ^ o cf* a* 5o3' c^<a0. a Nra ft) Nft) 3. o 3 f ?(0 <oc oO*' 1 "O fii-3S " ,, s * <ofD < 5 < s *2 1 .8 1 5- 8 yS1-is- ?8- jo's -1 2. | re _ i388 3i<2 1 i S ^ * -o Q' ^3 J $ a sra 03 ,, ^o 3- 3 I > H m m 2 -< 0 c oo ,r\Q effort of industry and labor working together to solve their mutual problems. aever be the responsi the employer and the provide a safe and areas, detailed w to .assure compli. i\s ain employee, ork practices at hat may endan 1 6222 This tiooVii'i i-, pi.'p.in'il the , -i t*' f >*. t kjf b*'I t*'i yjf >'f , l >r j< (n C-, for (he proift Inin , iiM'fi jn<J vvomicm wo1 K. o.J in Jr 'J s i'IsO'wio.J .l.bi'stosmj tenjO js A''H .r. f.>* thus** who ,:.m m fo'Hl Oth.'is With J II.vd to Know Tor fuMfu-i I'lfijuM.itiO'i. iijni.n t F O' John-. Mjr.v t nio'oy W>n , jin H R.m.v M.in.l.j.'r, Am .,!rnr I ruin.! i V Hf.ll rh Johns Mjr-* O-'.J.ul P'o O'.......... .. CO Hd.M ! . F O' J| |h M.ii'v' ' C-j .'.I".,., , A .ti>-i, F .>)'. So1' . j,,'"., r.T On of Pi.I/.I (V .m CO HO.' I / IZ\ Johns-Manville Groonwood Plan Otnvar, Colorado 80217 I * CA-1JL-37U "T J LithO mUSA 162.24 Handling Asbestos mar GENERAL PRECAUTIONS In all stages of handling -- packaging, transporting, unloading, storing, and n-piant moving -- asbestos flbar baga should be handlad carefully and m such a manner as to prevent damage of bags and the generation of dust Damaged bags should be immediately repaired, reeealed or put into dosed receptacles. Any spillage of asbestos fiber should be cleaned up immediately -- either by vacuum equipment or. after thoroughly wetting, by sweeping -- and should be deposited in suitable closed receptacles. Consult and observe OSHA regulations governing asbestos m the workplace EPA rules on discharge to the ambient air: and other local codes, rules or reg ulations controlling the handling and use of asbestos fiber. UNLOADING Unitized loads should be lifted intact to and from holds of ships, and off and on land transport by forklift trucks or othar suitable handling equipment Cere should be taken to avoid puncturing the asbestos fiber begs during unload ing from ships, railroad cars, trucks or other modes of transportation. Hooks or other sharp instruments should nof be used- Loose fiber accumulated during transit should be picked up by vacuum cleaner before unloading STORAGE For storage, fiber begs should be stacked end moved with cere to evoid break age; protected from puncture by moving vehicles: and, if possible, should be isolated from traffic in the warehouse and covered to prevent duet generation. To prevent deterioration of stored begs, tha principle of flrst-in, first-out should be followed. HANDUNG ___ Maximum possible afcfeeure and fiiit^affarn s' iloar r mum aAna titould be provided at all stages of fn-piant handling where duM Is ere dll such as in bag opening, fiber dumping and beg disposal operations. LooesRfcar should be cleaned from work epee by vacuum cleaner, or after tftorougN} wetting, by sweeping, end then depoerted in covered receptacles. PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT Wearing of respiratory equipment approved for protection against asbestos dust should be required at all stage* of aabeetoa flbar handling whara quantities of dust are generated which cannot be kept within the Threshold Limit Value by duet control equipment or other methods. TRANSPORT Where the use of eebeetoa requires tha transport of looes fiber in open carta or buggies, covers should be used to provent spilling and duet generation. WASTE MATERIALS Waste materials, such as collected duet and empty fiber bag*, should be placed In special closed receptacles and disposal of in such a mannar a* to prevent die release of duet Safety practices outlined above in the HAMDUNQ and PHOTtCTIVi tOUM/tHT sections should be followed dur ing toeee operations. AH duet from ediaust systems should be collected and safely disposed of. be ing careful not to release duM into tits outolde air. Particular attention should be paid to toe protection of employees whose job K is to dispose of collected dust from fabric Mtar dual collection end slmHer cleaning operations. riasetas areas asm. PAbsaliei Oamr.CWw--iSMiT UAA. 1 6225