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c)-e. i 7>T, - /3 - // PLAINTIFFS EXHIBIT UC-1016 NOT FOR EXTERNAL DISTRIBUTION PIGMENTS, COLORANTS, AND EXTENDERS PIGMENT In general the term embraces not only the primary hiding and coloring pigments but also the extenders used to obtain the desired Pigment Volume Concentration (PVC). The correct selection and balanc ing of pigment combinations is essential to control hiding, chalking, tint retention, color and sheen uniformity, flexibility, gloss, scrub resistance, color develop ment, corrosion resistance, blistering, touchup and leveling. Many other impor tant properties, such as package stability and application characteristics also relate to pigment selection, o) Prime Pigment The most widely-used pigment for hiding in latex coatings is titanium diox ide. It comes in two crystalline forms, rutile and anatase. Rutile has the higher hiding power of the two and is more re sistant to chalking. Anatase has a slightly whiter color and is about 10 per cent cheaper. Anatase is used in limited amounts (10-25 per cent of total titanium dioxide content) to produce controlled chalking in exterior paints and in some industrial coatings. Interior paints are usually formulated with only rutile to get maximum hiding. Titanium dioxide is available from the following major sup pliers: American Cyanamid Company -- "Uni- tane." E. 1. duPont de Nemours and Company, (Inc.) - "Ti-Pure." The Glidden Company -- "Zopaque." National Lead Company -- "Titanox." New Jersey Zinc Company - "Horse Head." Each company has a range of grades. In addition, there are both Federal and ASTM specifications that segregate the grades by function and by chemical com position. Several other white pigments are used in oil-based paints and enamels. Some of these offer certain advantages in latex paints, but their chemical composition limits their general use. (1) Titanium dioxide -- calcium sulfate. An example is "Titanox" C-50 (Titanium Pigment Corporation), a combination of 50 per cent rutile Ti02 and 50 per cent cal cium sulfate. This type of pigment offers hiding equal to and at appreciably lower cost than titanium dioxide alone. The presence of calcium sulfate, however, may introduce ( UCAR and UNION CARBIDE are registered trade marks of Union Cor bide Corporation February, 1967 F -41541 This information is not to be taken as a warranty or representation for which we assume legal responsibility nor as permission or reconv mentation to practice any patented invention without a license. It is <jffered solely for your consideration, investigation and verification. UNION CARBIDE CORPORATION COATINGS MATERIALS 270 PARK AVENUE, NEW YORK, N. Y. 10017 A23133 PIGMENT (Continued) stability problems. Calcium sulfate has limited water solubility at room tempera ture. In plant-sized pigment grinding equipment, temperatures will typically be higher than in laboratory equipment. At these higher temperatures some calcium sulfate will dissolve. When the formula tion cools, some calcium sulfate will crystallize. These crystals serve as nuclei for further crystal growth. The resulting paint will be unusable. Satisfactory results with this type of pigment can, however, be obtained with careful formulation of selected ingredients. (2) Lithopone is a useful, low-cost white pigment that contributes good leveling and flow properties. It has never gained much acceptance in latex paints in this country although it has merit. It should not be used with mercurial preservatives. (3) Zinc oxide seems to offer promise as a combination white pigment and mildewcide in exterior paints. As with calcium sulfate pigments, stability problems can arise unless the latex and other ingredi ents are carefully selected and tested, b) Color Pigment Coloring of latex paints is usually accomplished with inorganic and organic pigments. The important properties in the choice of color pigments are as follows: (1) Permanence to light. (2) Durability in exterior exposure. (3) Resistance to bleeding. (4) Stability to heat. (5) Resistance to acids, alkalies, and soap. (6) Freedom from flooding and floating. (7) Ease of grinding. (8) High tinting strength. (9) High hiding power. There are several important differ ences between inorganic and organic pigments. Organic pigments are usually higher in price, lower in hiding power and better in tinting strength. Some organic pigments will fade in strong light and some are sensitive to acids and alkalies. The inorganic oxides are the most durable and the cheapest. c) Aqueous Color Dispersions A number of suppliers furnish com plete lines of suitable pigments as aque ous dispersions. Most of these dispersions have been designed for use in latex paints and work well in the majority of formula tions. Principal suppliers are duPont, Imperial Paper and Color, Harshaw, Holland-Suco, and American Cyanamid. Godfrey L. Cabot and Carbon Dispersions specialize in carbon black dispersions. d) Tube Colors Color pigments added at the time the paint is made are either pre-dispersed in water or specially treated to make them readily dispersible in water. Many paints are, however, colored at the point of sale by the addition of tube colors. Tube colors are added to a tint base in the store and the paint is mixed in a shaker. The tube colors are dispensed by hand from small tubes or by machines that automatically measure out the proper amount of each color. The tube color consists of pigments dispersed in alkyd resin or other oilbased or oil-soluble vehicles along with suitable surfactants. Tube colors are made in three types: (1) for use in oleoresinous paints, (2) for use in latex paints and (3) so-called universal for use in both. A universal color originally designed 2 A 23137 for oleoresinous paints can be the source of much trouble in latex paints. Universal colors such as California Ink Company's latex tinting colors, the "Tulip-Tone" colors made by Holland Color and Chemi cal Company, and "All Phase" colors made by All Phase Color Corporation usu ally disperse readily in paint formulations made with UCAR Latexes. Added sur factants are required to disperse other brands of tube colors, e) Metallic Pigments Tiny flakes of aluminum, bronze, and stainless steel are used in coatings for decorative purposes. Aluminum pigments are also used to provide heat-reflective properties and reduced permeability to moisture. Aluminum pigments will react with water to liberate hydrogen. If this reaction occurs in a closed container, sufficient pressure can develop to bulge or rupture the container. A method of passivating the surface to prevent this reaction has been developed and patented by Metals Disintegrating Company. The formulation of aluminum paints using pigments pre pared by this method is discussed in Technical Information Sheet F-40720, "Ready-Mixed Aluminum Paints Based on UCAR Latex 130." EXTENDER A wide variety of natural and syn thetic, finely-divided inorganic materials are used as extenders for the prime pig ment. Examples are calcium carbonate, talc, calci'-m silicate, silica, mica and clay. a) Calcium Carbonate Both dry-ground and wet-ground cal cium carbonates (whiting) are used in latex paints. The calcium carbonates pro vide good brushing properties, good scrub resistance, high pH (useful for buffering), and low cost. They are the principal ex tenders in exterior paints because of their low chalking rates and superior tint retention. Principal suppliers, east of the Mis sissippi River, are Thompson, Weinman and Company ("Snowflake," "Atomite," "Duramite") and H. T. Campbell Sons, Inc. ("Camelcarb," "Camelwhite," "Cameltex"). Since the cost of shipping is a high proportion of the cost of an ex tender pigment, local suppliers are often preferred. Occasional use is made of the fine particle size, precipitated calcium carbonates in gloss or semi-gloss paints. b) Talc Talc is an impure hydrous magnesium silicate. It finds limited use in latex paints because it is quite soft and, as a result, paints containing it will burnish readily. It is useful in wall patching com pounds to provide easy sanding properties. Suppliers include R. T. Vanderbilt ("Nytal"), International Talc Company ("Asbestine") and Sierra Talc Company ("Mistron" and "Fibrene" grades). Talcs in general have a rather high water demand, which must be taken into consideration when formulating. c) Calcium Silicate There are two types of calcium sili cate sold for use as extenders: (1) a syn thetic product made by Johns-Manville ("Micro-Cel") and (2) the mineral Wollastonite (calcium metasilicate) offered by 3 A23138 Godfrey L. Cabot, Inc. Neither has found large use in latex paints. Many formulations use a small amount of "Micro-Cel" to improve hiding. The water demand of "Micro-Cel" is, how ever, very high and can result in formu lating problems and in high water- and stain-sensitivity in the dried film. d) Silica Four types of silica are of interest in the formulation of latex coatings. (1) (2) Amorphous and crystalline silicas are obtained from the minerals quartz and tripoli. They are hard, abrasive substances that cause a high rate of wear on paint-making equipment. They are used primarily in trowelling compounds and in similar applications but find some use in wall paints. Producers are Tamms In dustries ("Gold Bond") and Whittaker, Clark & Daniels. (3) Diatomaceous silica was formed by the deposition of marine organisms in the distant past. The primary character istic of this type of silica is its very ef ficient flatting effect. Diatomaceous silica is most useful, therefore, in providing flatness and sheen uniformity and in re ducing glazing in interior wall paints. It is highly absorptive and cannot be used in high concentrations. Producers are Johns-Manville ("Celite") and Great Lakes Carbon Company ("Dicalite"). (4) Synthetic silica is costly and has a very fine particle size. It is used in small amounts as a flatting agent in clear coatings. This type includes "Santocel" (Monsanto Chemical Company) and "CabO-Sil" (Godfrey L. Cabot, Inc.). e) Mica The principal source of mica extender is the mineral muscovite, an orthosilicate of aluminum and potassium. It occurs in the form of sheets, which are reduced by either dry grinding or wet grinding. Mica is used in exterior paints to re inforce the paint film and prevent check ing and cracking. It also decreases the permeability of the paint to moisture vapor. Mica is useful in primer sealers and industrial coatings to improve hold out, but it is seldom used in wall paints because of the undesirable shiners or re flections from individual particles in the surface of the film. f) Clay Clay, sometimes called kaolin or china clay, is essentially a hydrated aluminum silicate. Both the product as mined and the calcined variety are used in latex coatings. Clay is one of the most widely used extenders in latex paints. It imparts good leveling and brushing properties, shows little or no tendency to settle and features good dry hiding properties. The latter property is particularly marked in calcined clay. Clay is seldom used as the total ex tender because of color uniformity prob lems, especially where areas of varying porosity are to be painted. As might be expected, the calcined variety is higher in cost. Producers of clay extenders are Georgia Kaolin Company, Southern Clays, Inc. ("Al-Sil-Ate"), Minerals and Chemi cals Philipp (ASP series) and Burgess Pigment Company ("Iceberg"). g) Other Extenders Several other materials are important as extenders. (1) "Lorite", made by the De Lore Divi sion of National Lead Company, comes from a natural deposit containing about 80 per cent calcium carbonate and 20 per cent diatomaceous silica. "Lorite" com- 4 A2313 ? EXTENDER (Continued) \ bines the good flatting characteristics of Properties Coarse Fine diatomaceous silica with the low oil ab Stain Removal.......... . Poorest . .. Best sorption of calcium carbonate. This com bination is particularly useful in exterior Polishing (glazing) . Best....... latex paints where it helps contribute good tint retention. (2) Asbestos,a fibrous mineral silicate, is used for special purposes in latex Scrubbability............. . Best....... Hiding.......................... . Lowest... Gloss............................ . Lowest.. coatings. The very short fibers serve as Sheen........................... . Lowest... reinforcing extenders in block fillers and in mastics used as insulation coatings. Asbestos is fire-resistant. It introduces thixotropy. UNION CARBIDE sells a Resin Color Uniformity...... . Poorest .. .. Best Viscosity .................... . Lowest .. .. Highest Brushability .............. . Poorest .. .. Best Grade of asbestos. (3) "Metro-Nite" is a naturally-occurring Flow and Leveling.. . Best ....... mixture of calcium and magnesium sili These generalizations are valid, pro cates and carbonates. It has very low viding particle shape and hardness and water demand and is especially useful in the advantages claimed for a distribution very high solids, highly pigmented com of various particle sizes in paints are positions for patching. neglected. For example, talc (Hardness 1 h) Influence of Particle Size on Mohs scale) polishes readily compared V The particle size of an extender pig to calcium carbonate (Hardness 4-4-5), ment has certain general effects on paint regardless of particle size. Such con properties. These are summarized ir. the siderations account for the use of combi table above: nations of two or more extenders. PIGMENTS AND EXTENDERS FOR LATEX PAINTS Pigments Aluminum Powders Iron Oxides Chrome Oxides Gold Bronze Powder Monastral Greens, Blues, Etc. Rutile Titanium Dioxide Anatase Titanium Dioxide Silicate of White Lead-45X Silicate of White Lead-EP202 Zinc Oxide AZP-222-55 Zinc Oxide-``Horsehead" ZnOXX Titanium Dioxide R-911 "Aquablack" Suppliers Metals Disintegrating C. K. Williams C. K. Williams Metals Disintegrating DuPont Various Various National Lead Eagle Pitcher American Zinc Sales New Jersey Zinc DuPont Columbian Carbon Pounds per Gallon 21.3 43.3 6.7 9.6 35.0 32.5 53.3 53.0 46.7 46.7 33.0 A23 HO 5 PIGMENTS AND EXTENDERS FOR LATEX PAINTS (Continued) Extenders "Al-Sil-Ate"-W "AI-Sil-Ate"-LO "AI-Sil-Ate"-NC "Asbestine" 3X "Asbestine" 325 ASP-100 ASP-400 ASP-170 "Atomite" "Camel-Carb" X-10-R "Cellite" 281 "Dicalite" L-5 "Duramite" "Gold Bond" R "Hi Sil" 422 "Iceberg" Cloy "Lorite" "Metro-Nite" No. 6 "Micro Cel" C "Micro Cel" T-38 "Minex" 4 "Nytal" 300 "Red Slate" Flour "Silversheen" Mica "Snow Flake" "Sparmite" "Satintone" No. 1 "Zeolex" 80 Suppliers Pounds per Gallon Freeport Kaolin Co. 21.7 Freeport Kaolin Co. 21.7 Freeport Kaolin Co. 21.7 International Talc Co. 23.3 International Talc Co. Minerals and Chemicals Phillip Corp. Minerals and Chemicals Phillip Corp. Minerals and Chemicals Phillip Corp. 23.7 21.5 21.5 21.5 Thompson, Weinman & Co. 22.6 H. T. Campbell Son's Corp. De Lore Div. - National Lead Co. Johns-Man vi lie 22.6 37.15 19.2 Great Lakes Carbon 19.4 Thompson, Weinman & Co. 22.6 Tamms Industries, Inc. 22.05 PPG Burgess 21.5 21.65 De Lore Div. - National Lead Co. Felch Quarry Co., Neguanee, Michigan 21.1 24.0 Johns-Manville 18.9 Johns-Manville 18.8 American Nepheline Corp. R. T. Vanderbilt Co. Tamms Industries, Inc. 21.7 23.75 22.0 Richmond Mica Co. 23.5 Thompson, Weinman & Co. Pfizer Minerals and Chemicals Philipps Co. 22.6 36.6 21.5 JM Huber Corp. 17.5 F-41541 A 23 1 4 1 Lithographed in U.S.A.