Document ypakeaVnJBgXVBG2omJwKgKY2

Uit*V C>' {(a.KQ INTB FI NATIONAL HAD ZINO RIBIARCH ORGANIZATION, INC. ! MAOiIH< N*w TO*N. H r TiiHOM art-Mte <*** coo* >tw M*il *O0MM NfiilA* HW VON o ''4 4 Kerch 15, 1967 To: All Hnbn of th# Lead Pro*raa Arrtev Ccnnlttee All Hasfcare of th* Lead Enrironaantal Health Ccamitt** R*t "laptop* Studio of Ancient Lead* V* hare aacured for you a copy of an article froa th# Acarlcan Journal of ArcKr-lc<rt which artlcU la attached. You vlll not* that th* tecbclcju# of aeaeurin* leotople ratio* ha* been erpaoded h*ra to a c*v ua* aod eaa# out tslnestly raccr*#ful. Heelde# learnIn* where a lead eourc* originated the technique alao poaltlvaly exclude* certain other eourcee \d>lch are queatlocahla la oriels. There la alao an lota re# tin* dlacuaa loa of the poeetbl* pitfall* and pre* caution* Dtcnury la ualn* the technique of lectopic ratio nraeuraaante. Dr. Vaaplar, cea of th* co-authore, 1* a epaclal coneultant for cur con tractor laptop*#, loe. Very truly ycuri, rornv attachaeot Don 0. fovlar Project Mu*i#r / id A k: -v i Aarlcnn Journal of Archeology Jaounry *$&l Isotope Studies of Ancient Lead ROBERT H. BRILL n J. M. WAMPLER Mo n archaeoloyiati tit familiar with tbc km fmmpe bom their ltaowkdjp of nLeaitiM ditfof. iiofopo tn timpiy eioate of the tame chaniai dement which bin ibghtiy ddterent mtuet. Leaf, foe ouiflc, bit four wabk iuxopet, deiif. sated by ibt lymbolt TV*4, IV, ?V, and IV, which repr-rtctu atoma weighing, ropectiniy, *04, aod, 107 u4 x4 awic man inio. For ibt (ml majority of chemical clnwii, tb reItem propottxAi of ibr>/ ttotopn arc ibe wm rtgardku of where tbe dementa ui found ia tbc anb'i (t u n . For ioaunce, copper io natural min eral* liwap contain! (be lime propo-cioo* of Cu** tod Cu"; and b>tr aiwayt cnou-at tbc aune propomeru of A("* ta4 Aj"*. Lead, boomer, it tsui>a ia that tbe Kaon poponaoi of tU it^ topet ary ocxbM among orta occurring m ddfrrroc grographeal treat. Thoe tuouoi KMfl iitmoca a the geological age* of tbe ore dcpooti tad ttrro (tota l>a (art that 1*3"*, Ptf"'* tod Pb*" ate formed at cod pmbm of tbc lafowix decay teriea of uranium and thorium. Tbc itcupi ttOjOwa#1 of a tpreimrs of Scad ran V* drtrro*t<d ua a (s-ttt t;vui<acic, uf ktbwpm wfoch caruume talf >tj minute tam pan. One tbc part thirty yrvi maoy bundrtdt of Mb dncrmtoMjooa ban been evade for Itaft taken from naturally occurring galena om (kad tulhde). Tbcic arc nry uwfol for interpreting tbc (eofof-caj batteract of ore drpccaU aod tbc tcxka ub wluck they art undated.* A lump of inch data 1* tbc imUaual attftlrrc a frar year* >p tuggfued to OOC of the MMTt (taaa) tbat tbc daf(rirrxrt between tbe ttwpl lomfcau-oet of kad ia (tknt Orft thould W tufrcM to allow tre to &MaAftattb Wtatrn kadt (tuned in Greece, Ertg. land, aad Spa. Tba in taro tuggrtrrd tbat meat- urrmetua of the itoeopae eompociuooa of archie*. fopcaf objrdi made of kad would be of brlp in tracing pofubk location* of tbc mine* from ttiwlt tbc kid* coufd ban ben ubn. Therefore, wr b-n coiketed a group of 170 temple*, coouinog of pr tpecaaaent of Orta from tnrieoc mioio| amt aod Ito aampka of kad from ordvieolofkil ob)eaa. bUittaraxntt of tbc itnnpat arntpotitaona of (o of tbcic aampka were made during tbc period tfdp- l</r$ at the Cberrutr<7 Drpartmcai of Btookban* Nataoeai Laboratory uun( a tbermabtmiwion mat* tprcirorDeter.*-* Tbc meaturemrnu made on ibnc tampka arc oniy tbc fjtt tugc of tbu Btady. Tbc brvebop an btvnj reported now became it^ia to be a few ytart'brforc tbr remairunj work rso be crenpkled, aad r hope that tbia puhirtaiioN"might aid in tb coiketaoo of adduwral taanpka. Tbt ttape of tbc work wo* bmtttd 10 two ob- ject-frv Tbc hru waa to make a (umr of mint kadt irom a dcLbcrauiy broad aampkop of pbcx\ pmodv end nuiehab, in order to tec whai raape of ittwpt (npokwni ra.rU and bae ten of (fwp^pt itujM eaocrye. Tbe tceood ofepsan wta to c&aiwta eipcrimentaBy that tbc iaetopic Cam- peutwAi of irthaeofogitil 0br/tta known to ban been made from kad (tuned in tprtahc amt couSd be matched to ibeae of om from then u m treat. la brief, the rctwka of tboc cariy cipenmerua ban keen nry wcwinpnp They ban thews that the itcaofuc tootpowuona of tbc arebtookyuad tbjerti do vary onr a ctmidcrabic nape, but tbat many of them (ad into one of three definite jrosjn. Thaw tame (roupc tbo inchtdc (mm aero frock three of the tru known atcjwM kadnunir( tmC' lawm, Jouchcro Spl^ fof Roma* BritaiA.* *e to* W ft JftW fom/o * ** *4 (to to to h A# **< * |L & tn-Nli t*4 A. H (/W f-aAwftn 14 C*i^. tor (>to T* . U'*'**--, *4** |* ( Hb K *Tto ito to* +4 ** **w%. i mPl imI to t* VoNyfoC, friwf Hvft-- *4 *4 lib* Ww4 tto* A*** (<*>.< 4 ^41**>' Wj-rl ft* to* >*HN4 Mft ^dOftftftto * Ok* tf A* ftoftto *4 Ur-rt 0 InrtV a Cknutw i(lt r/r tc (itttj itv >4 * A^VwgV ] to** 4>Weore( ma^'ml M toft* ft to* *vk _ . . r. ... *#k toft 4*W O (V**t #-H*-*4 4A*N* ** C'*rn*>W fHftft. *>H)| ^ 1 Nrto toft * f tn-jorfy ft*-knm, |L | lr*k, *' 4 f- TtWi<^ a* ! ftnmuAo/p (In lift. A**m4 l*A (tit), v (WftO, Ito ttofttoff 4 UU ftto to i>to% *. Uto>/ * L ,* :* :'--5vT VVs"-j'.'*:w5 r''e*--r*v\fva:n%-( ;tie* *Syn- mju'.-uiMiwmwffJi11 y: N 478.01 ROBERT IL itRILL AND J. XL WAXIFLER [AJA Jl Xbttowr, the InufK {MijvitiiioAi of icwil oX Since later mining operationa bav< obEterttcd aB -: Cf?. . jcctt nude of Wad known to havt come from ipo uteri of many of the ancient mine* it it aery diffi tifie mining jreat were found to match tlioae of cult to obtain samples which can definitely be laid a from the tame nru. At wit anticipated, a to bo rtpreaetuative of ancient workings. In meat number of tampk* fell bnWeen die group* or near cate* It it neceitary to ttudy ore* from nearby !. the bordertoo, which are not at Jet wtU defined. regiont worked more recently and atttunc that Bo c j u k the optrimtii were detigned to tmil they art repretentative of ores from the ancient nit' the broad picture father dan to define accurately mine*. At will b aten from the retuk* pretertted My m uu, defiAt* and uitful concluaiona about below, thia assumption sterna to be generally valid. \V-/C^t-vVV- iJ f&r t,-' ; "1V' aU of the umpkt erudied cannot be expected at Tbt group of lit oret toward the right of th. promt. Tbc Xul interpretation of the reiukt for graph came from Laurioo, Turkey, Iran, and Italy. many of thetc unpin mtut be reserved until adds- The diilercxes between the om from Laurion cional ldt and ore* hart been ttudied, and the (77) and thotc from Turkey and Italy (Sj. It) and grouping! and telationtbipt on be established 19J) art greater than the estimated analytical error, wrr firmly. so there art tome aignifieaM variation* among era from these region*. 1 loweser, the analytical uncer la order to explain the findings in at clear a wap tainty Ax* no* permit us 10 d-uinguith betwern M potubic. the data art prexmud in a acriex of four tbc Iranian ores (lit and in) and that from Du> graph*. Before d.atut*ing the results, however, it lion, even though it it unlikely that any of the** will be helpful to outline bow the graph* were con. temple* art truly identical in isotopic composition. ' atructed and bow they art to be read. Three of the four ye*nu from the central group Tbc aun spectsoeneirie mcaturemenu provide art orta from England, while the fourth (ttS) ia there rspcrimcnuSy independent ratio* which rep- from northeastern Turkey. This ia a* -ever.`lent rtacne the adopt abundantet rtLstivc to ooe an- ilkat/abon of the way in whuch ores from widely other.* The dao are plnrJ in lie 1-4 at the ratio* arptrated geographic*1 rrgioat can be itvd.KioguUb- -% xyyjv* w i v /i v and iv/iv **. able at far a* thru nutapK compositions are cott IV**VWr*". To u>( space two trparatc grapha art er/ned, and trrvt* kt a (War warning that one muM platted ro eaeh ilkrntori. In eaeh care the upper ute conuderablc ca<e wo m interpreting this kind of tenet it the dau and the lower ia the IV*/)V" dm. The parti on the Up;e tenet are pioord ijnar the tealet to the left of the graph* and thow ora the lower terica agw>< the data. The tame wsrrortg inherent in the plot! of prints by and (a. Three are iiotnficaBy titralar (ex cept for a ponihW Aikmct ia lV"*/lV*'),but one tumca fruro Spam and the other from Wake. A fur bs.e. i tealet to the right The honroetal tealc at the bet ther mnpieitieo, the convene of that alw-e, |* ters, showing ratios, h common to teen in the scries 13A ij j , if) and 179. Akhovgb both (loo. Tbt points t/r numbered according to these leads are aS from the I-nuia Desert in the earaVigue of unpin at the end of the article. Fgvp* (esetpe for tpy whveh it from Saudi Arabs*), When dmpirag two kadi, the data mud be in they are of widely Avergmt itotepie coropwuooo*. b j' ogrreweM to both of thee pin if the leadt are The** Iradt tame from oets other rmplaced in or to bf com-dered Hctopieatly urmlar.* H l show* the range of rtperimenul valuta dcttmuMd Id a teirctaon of fourteen galena ore*. derived from roeka of the Firoambrun Era, the car Lett of the geological eras, hromleita roeka occur m both udea of the Red Sea. and potwbly in r.;\ .1 <* ly Ua. let U- N fiMftW (^4 lV>) M< www W I ' tjmM bfrd |e 11 >oJo< j* li4 |d * TW owf I (`toa.Mia.^ iXwr < >* > ....... Hwr'-f fc U-yot * ** W*M 0k tw <n *4 ^Haugdiowl t*4 Pad |# V* <,* 4 )m4 *"wA A >wt t>d MpO<M*fJ M *4 * |Mt*twA llOOdt l *04 Mtawr^o l p,UnM wa M#r * g* .......I* Wwl lo* fcnglw * |I| l"|W m ^4 * O* mV ^4 * V* (* !* M #m*> im ti N x**WV tM k rf. A* U U* #4 *>< )rw*V *4 Mfoof t M (W lit1a* ifc 4 irfuW t*`**-fd M fXf MS<W >|tadh It J W Mfj DM l4 / fV** rt *awwaj vA |*mM lafa'iry god fV** / f\** f**a- r\ )n 4 tNorw p TV* fV#* M R-'W Wrt-* M f* t> MA*r*ya ffc+f t#< laf ^awtd *4 M *gw* IdM *w *-" bti M 4 |WreO TV* Wa't-'wj xU| TW *t**ir 1X1* in*) ** lwg Orowa, ad ^4 W *on| fW X k feg kd W h f b4mA 04 Mild > -. SV ;-V-'.V tf trf t riM titnli i ila I f.i fi i ii.iii rairii i fil I jm+r Qi4 f4 U*A M* tff W|^* t*K# * {i*< *f *W JV*/TV^ rw* w a- fv-/iv- #*-*, Uff wf u j v **;iv * n rv~/tv*', v^+i u>u *4 HSi n kti, Wff j.^ iiMf ht SV4j i ** iwwiy#i !*# t*4** $? ** %i p*jJk 9*i*i+4 rn U&nn+l ii^*A*+**4 u >j ^ mpHigMjWHWi^i^.11WWBi-^L'y'WWgj$W!M*yf& -' * 8L t j jlteJbAj i } tJ V*J U>/im U^f * to V**f t*"** Lm^4 M *rf ilvM IMf# kA{ *4 * *'' ^S W'f'H I , ft tol V Dm* k*uWJ de4 to k h MjW.^ ba* #1. I l i i 3WWRP mWR44W,'HJUPJTJ "! fit ) frftfcjMrw* Ml (4 t>4 WW L^^t4 i/iM/At */ >*fM Wf* *v^4 f/f**;* * M Ji i, 1^ * *&4 t+m * P*+>fK X 0f |)j M ft^4w4 M A4 ita W4 k J*rMj f '.- K PL 4 UtttU ** 4 W*l <K.mwaf Jnm <mh 4 tMitM (W U~fU it* Ui bu "fht*4 ht (** 4A f4 t* $ i ,3 r W ton* pom ol TurVfy, but nowhere lx In Ox WnbrnincM region. I laving K*n the picture ol ik em, the proapecta brighten ctmaidcrablj when Ok tada from arejiaelogical objacta m caaminrd. 10. a. In which Ox calct bar* bctn tijxndcd to at to ahow more clear1} Ok region ol mo* imnm, coouini data lot thirteen tamplet ol ancient kada Thrte ait aO tampica which tan aafcly be ataumed to tut been made (rom lead which came from ipcci/ic mining arcat. The ail umpta to Ok right were aO aw turned to bare been made ol lead mined at Laurion or In ha immediate vicinity; (be five in the middle are from kad pigt wbicb bear mtuipeiont Jiving the name* ol Ok minrt they came (rom in Roman Britain; and umpta 41 and 4a were eaeavated at Saturi, in a trad mining region ol Sardinia.* Wbca Ovoc |uo art compared to the data foe (be car* rnpoodmg ortt, rrpVeied here at tbaded doei, Ibe agreement a very (be. In tail, withto Ok Engkdk kadt akme eoe ran tlmow atmute Ok apptopeure pip with Ok crea (ound in Ok tame countta. On Ok bant ol Out doe agreement, luppwrrd by data lor win me tampta in Ok groinj k rl br ent urt, Oarre vptrate type* ol kad bate been Kt oil by Ok kept di ii around Ok point*. Tke bwn.it/ei an ehnwj and thouij be cnetuihrrd ti only pemiu. mil. lr mi; appear Out lire group* bate been drfkwd on rtihcr Kartt evidence, toct to (eve Orel lai*e firm tried. Thrrrkxe, it mire be emfduiirrd Out Ok rethr; ol there group* b conaittrnt web beeb Ok genhetniea) krerattire on lead iaotopie txei>(vawoooi* and Ok known geological bieoeka cl dxve imt The kadt wb*k fall in the group to Ok left, lho*e lowee in IV* and IV*, are (rent rockt lormrd rwly in Ok Ptktitoic Era. The tad* Ik m England art from latet Pakoaewt ndt In the trvtrtl and taerrn Mediterranean frgmn, whair the tampirt in the group to the right eiginarrd, the penhennare rceVi were loemed during mvwf rrcrnr grtilng*,! erat. Eoe the prevent, ihrve group* have been drug- aatrd at Gawp I. (lor lauram lilt). Group. R (loe England), and Group S (loe Spain), akhough k mue alwayt be kept in mind Out oett (ram other geographical treat are aho Included In 0k m group*.1* Even with itotopic onalyvU ol only mod- erate precition. It 1* potwbk to <tcJguiah between kadt (ram Ok k Out* ma|or groupie. Itt. J thowi data lor tweniy-Otrte other aamptca (ram archaeological objeua. Akknugb Ok k ob- Jetta came (rom known content, it wit not pd*.. aibk to tpeedy (am wbert the lead* thcmtdvct bad her* mined. The prtmtiona) boundarta lot Ok three group* in ill a bare been redrawn on thia graph and it can be tern that many ol Ok new let ol point! (aB either Within the group* or near their boundarta. to particular, there it one tknttf el pointa talkng jutt to the kit ol Group L which ap pear 0 lifler tigudxandy (rom Ok Lauriocv Lle kad*. Tbear peanti have been cnctaed by datbed boundarta to indicaae a tentative fourth group l Irak Group X.** vr Snot rack cample among Ok k twcniy thrre pro tend an tMerevtmg u* eontidcred tuber by itarlI or m relation to when, it b dt&cuh to ditcuta the ttauha wiibout Ok ink ol rambung. Therefore, In. eedrr to umpUy the duemama, only a lew ttmatka wiB he made here under group bradmgi. Concix autetnenta regarding each tample are included In Ok catalogue docripcout um o* mow l Several tampta containing kad el unknown origin were lound to tttrtnbit the known Laurien kada Thru include aampb ip. (rom a c u c k tablet excavated at ArrtjoeJa-ocni* Orontrt, tample to (ram Cypnn. and aampb JJ from Ok Bronac Age tbvpwmk oil Opt Crhdonya. Two aampb* from Sardt* (Ij and K), teparatrd by nearly a mvllcnmum in time, are vinuiDy aleMl. Cll, and very pctl-ihly tam* from the um* mine. Thr Aifertnera between the tV*/l'VH valuet lee thru unpkt and 0* lwv*4ammi umpka toukl 1* the rttwk ol aruIytKal h im, tince dtl> htioi mrthr*li el analym were tried. Ot the other * A* W4 MM# Wbk (nn# Ii4# Mt t V**# ><#^# I# lV<f hM imAa.4 (fnA |#f f Uhl f|hak. tp ,d (hwpw* * I) I ft, prog *b I Mnro*roV niff >*# < XAtu4d*0# >*J# M kUotfl (biMMba* bb *4 Mm pbl TWM Q*htf>4 l^riroffy* fM ?fro V *4 1^*# Mb ## 4 (**> m ** * fip^d*, (*t*t * ll *#*V Hfwii* * . * 4# U t* t+4 | MM) m BM **< t* bH, W il * W ft* I ft**#** #*w> aamw.whh pe Kw'W n *J* WfX fr if gntak #***>.4 th*l dwK k * <n*>*rt* Q--ro# I ptf fg |#bft gro> TW t>i( lf#t* |i*** #H |PMU4 W n*g*M VroV H !**** m H* f*** *** t lx## >*^ nnroj I* Vw* gtfK 0'f I ***|M# MTO#nw#M^ M#m* a # 4 *fM In m* >iU* t * >. ' ~,,V?** * *''*5 W" jtutwtwjjytgt t;'.,ibiiry . hand, <1* difference* could be teal We might note lot Iw that lit Ir*) lit (be Suili lunjila alto differ* hotcpicaSy from tamplc 113. an on horn Balya. Balya la ooly about eighty milt* north cl Sudb. writ becoming active at that time. If thii were the date of import would be narrowed down to between the beginning of Roman woeVinj el the mince U the Mendip HiUa (ca. tn 49) and the dominion of Fomped in a* 79." I UMweiwrt lun of cacv? a The iradi U thii group ahow a definite trend Two additiemal Wad* were found as be of thb away bom Croup L. Since moat of theae ample* type. Simple tri It from a Wad pot cover excavated came from object* txeasaud in Italy oc Sicily tlua at Ur. Sinee it* dale U >0 early (ca. yxn tc.) it could be considered an indication that there it an could hardly be expected to have been made from 'Italian* type of lead which i* distinguishable (tots lead miexd in any of the region* previously in- the Lauesoev lie Wad*. Such a (roup could prove dirtied in thia group (Spain, Wale*, and Sardinia). o be very useful. but the dau at pretent arc too Thii it more Utcly an indexinn that lead deposit* few to be conducive- The evidence for an 'Itahan* of th.i type ciut tomewhert in the vicinity of Ur, type itachrdra sample* 55, j! and Cl bora Morgan- potnhly in tic Zagtoa Mountains, and illustrate* tint, ample *0 from the Temple of Srgni, temple the need fca inscsngation of ore* from that region. 46 from an Euutcan tomb and a tingle occ from To date, howncr, we have been unable 10 obtain '''I Campigha Mariuima (195). Since there it a coea- any iprc-mcn* foe Mudy. Sample ryC ia a lead drop idmbie spread among the Group X temple* them- let removed from a piece of dig found in the old advet* they are not ncenaarity identical in isotopic woetmgt of the Sanuib xhet mine in Saudi eompoaition. The prtvencc of a very rally tarnpie from Nippur (gj) among lleic lead* point* out that Group X tin contain* leada from Middle Fastens aourtea and perhapt other regent at well, la the geological bterature one had from Italy hat been reported hh hat an itupc compositaon within Araha. It tt tery rich in tdver. The Wad b ejuie d-detenr (men lie sample of Wad Oft ((73) found at the time vie, indicating that oett frexa more than one twit were brought to thit site for smelt ing oe cuprOjucA. the* range, but >h ores a,*peic to be rare in other tie* MIM1 tisrsare tuts porta of F-urope. A fro have aho been repotted Tea Wad samples from several Middle Farteen 1 from locahtiet an Yugoslavs* and North Africa. sue* were nwded Tie umpire tame from Nippur UaM or taMf a (tlh Ur (in). *! R-mah <}), Gurob (t7>. El A number of interesting templet were added to Ansaraa (if)), lUuolii (tai), Nimeud (ila and tig). Aniiexh (ifl), aod Beth She`trim (191). i tbia group Semple It actuated of a few thin of glare removed from a poetherd of the (he cen They range 10 dare (m the abmr* order) from C*. $ tury ta found at Caeelron o m the tnval Channel gyro tr. to ta. an jtn. The bmopic cempotaThe Wad boro thit sample wat cttractcd chemically beau tpeead wet a mJe fange of value*, with scene and uwd foe boaope meaturemente'* The uotcpv pMti falling within the esubhshed groups, telilt - twnfeweo revniblet that of an ore behevtd to cehen db nee. Th-a is ample proof that i number have tome from Mae hen a few nulrt away and of Wad depouts from e&ffcrCM geologic*] cftvtroo- male* it tlntet certain thac dot pc Wat glaaed toentt were tnxhcd throughout the Middlt Fast IcoEy and wat tot an imped. U ancvftl time*. Sample ita wat from a lead cistern of the Snt century in M lYntfeia Unlit* theit art native The only Wnofetinura sire from which more than are tamj-le hr* yet beewriSn is Nimrod. Two i Italian lead* whith art of the* type** it tat* be * temples fion* there were fteae|Jgo be ip! ihrfereot tontd that llvt bad rrughl ha-v been impoettd fioeis oe-r ae.elvf ivaefseally. Samp-le |tj is simi from F-ngUnet, lot the Roman Wad mine* there lar to the Croup 1, Wadi, iittp foe a distinct ea- M TV* fltslrini **4 bd W k>M M>WlV *<l A l fcN*!**^ ** U yVb hud wroV ..... . .s| W ** to etfM U I fc Ww"xw< *->! to *hu# ^4 M W llto* i*-# H >*ta mn.I Inro M to* ft *** ***.- lifts*.'-* >*4 f , *'*Fwm@F''r ! 1 /ll f-AAA4!%!, *",'*,li?k v* Vw?f\ `S. V - * -*' "' V v*%. **.' %l*u* ,- isfjjsp^v H: mi IM?J ISOTOPE STUDIES OP ANCIENT LEAD II - : 'v-i^ Vvr W- * d ft"*. wh-le sample ib It different from two tetter** art Identical and fall between. Croup M)rtWf ebe measured, cicej* (of t moti lignifi- L and Croup F- They may rcpractu an or* typ* caai iwpk of glaw alto Item Nimrud. (Sc* urn- nor icm before fat that Mtady, or they may he a mi*pit 90 below.) Onljr oof Irad, umple teg from ah Use* of two or more typo of had. It it etpccially A. -As 1 Rimah, tall. between |)tf Group L letda and ibex noteworthy that the lead wat introduced into ihex two laauaual templet from Nimrod. glaitei by two different chemical prorate*. It wx The Middle Learnt uenplct do tbow tome added to the green glut in the form of 1 yellow timilukie*. The (ample* from El Amaroa (ifij), pigment which wet probably prepared aejuraiely Hasanlu (i(f), and Beth Sle'irii* (151), although beforehand, and no* struck in the giaa*. In the red of my Afferent dam, aQ came from ora which glata the Irad mutt bait been added at a trpi'at* most hare beta nmalar. They (all within Croup E ingredient cither in the form el litharge, or paw and, la (act, aomewhat rtaemhle (ample liS, the libly in combination with the topper. Since the > (root northeastern Turley. The leads from Gw Jeadt arc identical hracpteallf, tK< yellow pigment A rob and Antioch (167 and ij}) both fall within or aasd other bane lead sngteihcert were my probably 0 the borderSac of Croup |, but teem to Alia prepared in the same workshop* bom on* another iaotnpically at well x in date. There hat alwijs been scene question at to whet* Sample 4} from Nippur ii a Group X lead, and the well known ltd opaque gtasae* of the Roman the aample from Ur (Hi) (alb within Group S. period were made. Emittolly, lead irotope trixhe* UK imactta non imc u mt cuuu may pctmjc an antwer 10 thsi question. The iW area* which hart been gtten roost considerationaire Lead ia prats* at an intentional ingredient in Italy, in the ennront of Rome or Naples, and only a amaJI fraction of aaeiene glatart, but thox Alrtandrta. The latter it tnmetimet fasored heemx glataet let uauitlr of tjxtUI tipnfcsiKt. lead wat the glataet to oftrn ocrur in objects eonuinang lew % often (djrd to btlp the ptetijiato of cupeout datnnal Fgsfcun motif*. oasdr (of tnaVisg bngtf red opaque glataet, or in The rauha at has* obtained hr lead cateacted the form cI lead aruimrfiate (IVjVqO,) at a yel from three ltd opaque glataet art quite simitar. low epuiitr." W* ratracted Irad (heroically (men Saanplr tyi * remmed from a miniature mosaic K*ta tjnitnttvt of antlent opaque glasses and uwd plaque of unknown (-oiitrocnct, but dating (rant k fee iuoyr oxatuermcnej. The retultt at* plotted the first cenfury (cos the (Wit century ta Sample ba ifl. 4. x4 a red opaque tessera from Pwrqeu, it probably Sample 90 wit from a cake of Night ted opaque of a wtrwlae date, and tarople 1*^ which wat n- (lax (termed at N.m/u-i, ami suspected to hat* Cassird ta lordn, h of unknown date but be- heel* made then. It hat retemfy lent ardateu to c*. beeed to be Roman. The resukt rewrobtr-one art-, i J ae. or lam. The ttctrywc eotnpoaitroo of it* other closely enough to suggest a (oenmoo source Irad aurdet Our of one of the pttts of metaihe of manufKtuet, wNch it not as all wkkely. All Irad (neat Nimrud (slj). That pine of lead and three art roc hrltd in Group F, bsrt xmplt if) in the lead la tba red gbit my probably c*mt from partreolir teemt So be lomcwhjl it(Isrent from the lh< umt awn*. Thu can le ultra at rswtrrxe that Fnglth hadt wr hare trulyred.** Akhough is hat either they writ i-npeinl from the umt (4k e. or a air rady been ptsnted out that she peeieoce of a Irad / . f! tort Hfly fmnhlpif, tfsai the red glitt was dth in Group F. d<i rsoe mean that the Iral.ermc from ahrty (rtadr M Nimrod, where slut lyje of Irad InjUnd (c-nly 171 wat rteasared lliro) such a WH *aslahlf. The Irad in ther two aamplrt it li-oey would M be unrcasotsaMe in this lotta/H* completely AsUttm from an yshmg fix we Kite yet I- cause of the Inossn Roman lew) rrorung through encountered. out pngUnd II this should It tuhsaarsSiatrd by ft'* JUmplrt xq ami xej art from gtten *r*J red iVr d*>t cr hoi-d In trwlejen-leftl Wvlrernarmn, i( Opaqu* Sewer at Irian Shatti Znt The lewis in tho sroull U a (altaaNe fimfing, since t would rtrab- W (w <U ss Mwa* le.t-ea awl rim (.11 Va M f 0ii> *A tHsf| iJ fy(twri *((< I* Am#a 0>(w TWm^W |f4 CWiwnlf |||, VM (itn) if Ml It f, lo*4<kf, *A !(* CaU IfM TV% Osaia (V-aU k Su m hn' tifM an/ ctrs^wj tf CS- --. (. aw I (lit 1(4,) W IS IS ItwWA, v w (<ws a (1, st|m/ 1-4*4 bob td lie w aw sa-eU sl> ' 4:4 ROBERT 1L BRILL AND J. XL WAMPLER [a m n Kih a lermlour pod form, ca. a*. 49, foe red [lt&i containing that type of bad and lot tlic objccta in which they wtit incorjtotatrA ; A founh piece of red opaque glare (174) from Tara Hill iq Ireland it of unknown date and place of manufacture. The lead in thir glare atemi to be of the "Italian" type, and dot* not m ell rtxmbU any of the Dijtlth or Welth Irade that bare been atudird to far. Although there are a number of toured of lead in Ireland, it ie uncertain if they were worked in ancient timei*' and unleea there it tome tourer of lead in Ireland that hat tint tame Ectopic compotition, it it doubtful that the glair could be of local manufacture. No tuch Iradt were obterved by Moorbash,* who reported data foe there Iren lrith Icadt. Among hit aarapic* the highest IV**/nm ratio (bund waa 1JjS, which (alia within our Croup E. mauaxwet l u m Sample ill war a imall quantity of lead recta*- end ciectrolyttcaily from a wet chemical analyiit of a Chineie beonte ceremonial vetaci of the Lie eleventh to early tenth century tc The iwcopic cocnpotitiori of thrt bad it 10 Aflereot from the rear of the objects Hmhed that it fallt beyond the Kale of the grapht in iCn 4. The pant it plorted in the lowet bft corner of UL 1. Sampb 5 it from the toiler hoiAng an Attic cot- twnn to iti pr-JouL The column da*ri from about 5J55>5 t-C. and It now in the Mcimpohttn Mu- euroof Art-The bad u Anmuiy ooe tie tie Lau> lion bash, which b quite tupuag tonudeting the date and proren-rnci of the (tJu lie bad may reprttrnt an ancient repast (# duet not bob mod ern) and might hate been made with an 'Italian" bad, or wuh a ft*truce of baJt of two or more type*. Four other samples (t, 4. i> and 17) were wudied before the main etpenmeott writ under wry." Since thoe wtrt only preliminary etperiroentt of uncertain accuracy, the date hate nec Urn plotted on the git;hs. Ii wat rj^w/rnt. Uiwrter, that ram- pb . (a bwl preiery tlarop frirfn Kra, airrenth to fifteenth ftniury a.) an.l sample 4 (a bid K-lsbr from an Attic gene air-r, ca ie) were Lain ion |ilr bade Sample 11 (a Homan bad dgu- rirve from Ouruitoyu) and simpla 17 (a Human bad ilag from nearby Crcen Ore) both teem to be of Croup F, but tend toward the direction of Croup S. All of three iiotopc finding! are Contiltcot with the archaeological attribution1. ttvAtuavtoM or me nctnetqu* The moit restrictive Enutation of the technique b of 1 logical nature. While it would be very cootenient if each bad mine had iu own unique Itotopic compotition, thii U far from being true, ltotopic composition! of bade from widely aeparated tourert may be indittingutthabb if the depotita are geologically titrular. Therefore; one carirwx hope to u k itocope evidence alone to prove conclunvety that the bad from tome given object waa taken from tome given mining area. In making attribu tions one can only lay that the bad from a particu lar object came from cither one particular mining area oe from name other reglont (possibly un known) which are geochemietUy similar. For prac tical purpotre, however, especially where independ ent evidence it available, tuch remit can rtiQ be useful Foe eta t.ple, although thedrad bs the glare on the pottery thrrd from Caerloon (St)'could theoretically hare come from any of tcreral dif ferent placet, it peobahly resBy did coax from nearby and the ihe{d probably really it of local manufacture. Oi the other hand, isotope menurrmentt do permit one to make reuse luvsre rwgaCire judgment1. The badt from El Amtma, L'r. and llataniu defi nitely <kd not come from Lauren oc any other Croup L mine and the badt from Moegtntina could nee hare come from Southern Spain or Sardinia.** Such negative evidence war tin lawful foe showing that tlx red glair from Tara 1 ti3 h probably not of local manufacture. In fact, retold need not abriyt involve particular mine* to be of ngmfxaoce. It may be helpful foe the arthaeologiH 10 know lim ply whether two oe meet bad* could hare come from a common source or mine hare come from Aflercnt tourer*. Another knutation of the method it that in an cient timet, just at at pirwM, badmutt often hire been ta'stgrd am) reuwJ time and time igiia. Their 11 tlwryt a poudaLty that bath from Af ferent usurer 1 migl-4 h been remrtird together. In tuch instances, lie resulting ittaope Iaim would ** fwn r-u- --, Hi--- u t r/ t.a,. tu-'-n fan-re, *1 t Wy*ey CwV. *-4 e u t. u.w, art t~--~. tu. t-.ii. ** TW*4 * JPArreMUj |VH 0*sw I Wl W M1Ww aaiwiarw waif a-.U Vt ta |aa C-a* at 4 Ml ftwl yflW jM**i* rf ClMf Ir )mA i -:y ' "J? - -betu. IM7J ISOTOfE STUDIES Of ANPENT LEAD *I 71 I be intermediate betwren three of the indiridual to Hocking, locking, (brining, tnd rubreejuent cor- 1 leadc. It U probable tK*t tome of die lead* reported ' lotion, eaa eker to chemical compoutiott. The ben tit aoch miitim; (or rumple, poeubiy tem botople oompoutlont of lead templet remain ct- . ple 5. temple jS, Of templet aog tod aoj. teoddly contteix, howrrer, no matter whet one ! la order to (lie fuQ benefit of the botopc tieU doe*. thoet ot mtting together leedt from difleitnt J on erxient leadc, mitpwnmmj of the highe* touicet. Aa ore eaa be miaed with other mineral*, ' precition l* required beeeine we know now diet ermbed, nocked, end the metal melted, ranched, ' imetl th/Terenett in notoptc compotition can be ti(tifeut. Thi* doe* not tnutiivtc 1 ml drawbuck became (he cutirftt trend* in immimcnurion trt now nuking k more cnorenient 10 jet aery prrdie dete no thermal cmmioa initrumenra. MoreOrel, by utteg dupbcetc or uipliceic. enalpc* k thould be poewblc to dutinguuh between templet which drrtct by no more then t (cw tenth* of t pee cent in that notnpc rent* It it imporuat, if templet tit to be compered to one enothrr, diet they be prepared limtlerly beforehand tod run on the wax iatirumcnt. blew tpairwnrtric dett M promt ire tourmelp imutivt to the chereamitirt el indiridual inMflament*. tod to d>flcrctit method* endued, reduced, formed, corroded, or reacted to form themical compound*, tnd the reaubing lead wiB iQ reteia ha Original iaotopic compotitioA withia the mcaiurable luruti of intcreu here," The reeton (or l)ut it that the ieotopce of giren elemcru . dxliti only in meet, tnd their chemical properties trt rvtuaOy identic el It it only through pair.wak- , tog chemical or phytical proetdum that itotopc teparttioot eta he ertettrd. The lect ia that if 110- lopet could be trpareted by tirnplc chemical oprre- twt the whole h-uory of chemrttry would probe- Wy hart hern ray diileecM. ^ ctauieee exutaaa V of introducing the umpire into the inurnment. At e tuppoaing rtpriimaM. quantitative tpeetro- There ter tmerel very duMipnn Irawti to pijfw themical analywt hire been made of aB thi) itotope technique, the fin* hang diet only eery the cample* Muted, end of aomc hundred otheia tmeJJ umjiti ere inquired. Loerelly only e lew in tchhnem. Farucolar cflorti were made to obtain Bwerogum* of utrpir ere coftturerd in the leily teeuratc tber value*. la thit way it bar been pot- M, but (or practice! lundknf yurpntet one nredt tsblr (urtbet In tbaraeceriae the Irek at bring aude a lew mtlhgreme el lean, la addroon, tlu lead nerd (rom ore* tauchrd for Ira !, or IcaJa that were de- not be 1 purr mail Cerreeio* pro-lorn, pigment*, ultered. It la weQ known that ia ancient times or Ired cetrectrd (mm meteruU uxh t alloy*, Irad we* ofiea |uti a ineful by product, and that gleect, or ytenet, hi%e *Q Keen Muted lucre-idulty. tncieM mteen wetr really more imnewd in the The technique het one imprunt adranrage whet thar could be cuiactcd (rom the lead. Tbc whrth ie mitang in (henvcel anal;**. Tlx mat reruka of the ulrer analyir* are included i 1 the (nntrUing pea <4 Irjiag to rheeeaeriu meteb by catalogue of aamplt doenpewrit." There are wax their ehrrrueel imfewetti ((or imrenee. by tm bdutuM iher ethe* themical tlemewa pretent paling their treer rltment (on'rnit) n (Km ftery a* impairin, temetime* only *1 trace*, may lerre proem to winch a me*al m nA/reud, from muting to tie together menc of the temple* and ores Morbed. w Al torn* ntumwpj J pewaw-v to<aare4 *- fV iatoinM.a.-^, Kf M fV"" / fV** * l\i fV" / iv** j rv- / rv- j 1 \ t v * &+ *Vw y t4 V iM P. 4* ew-- y w wren W * ft^aranaerj tW la tb >* Wi N lk-4 aaVa* 111 #4 fek ItowU, (W W rn* Jaiftoiaaiwato, W 4* W V* awpaa-awi, >rw aw-eto-iily W**f Ar*ua.*i, U tW ma 4 Wt4 !"*>* d X-'atf an* ^fN 7*4 rl |-to* -4 )+ ' * e* a#d W-- a*-w>. k-gh f**fn* fc --lk*t hgk praewf irmpa- to# Utohi Mwi> Mrrwta IrArukwaM, bm-wya**, |U#V <w*7 HM (V l*Vto*nf tfatir an W*4 M Nt|' i If 4 M*f>n fM W M #4 Im4 to*4 *ato4 |tol* Mai* >* ? *4 togtoa* t*w*#W a^ywi W la*4 to I #M Mawn* to--*#** f>*M *o* m4 *) Wb k*a PM tptod tot MM*# kf WtotMM * A>tW#fc * toa t.| ktoitoMMto to N 4 t*f. to to Maato %'ya** to (al HMMaiM *W-t awto fWWftt wwn tor* k* M StouaV a Mtolatfb pop l*tA M Tam pafWa W*f A* #>mM to Wib H<*4 PMrVpM fapakki 4 *aimM| tnM bad V# W>fO faa*a<*7 M*# rbtotottosd paa^M to3 yfab >*** trefrf (titowMa* M tto* f >! fa* to4*ar. toy aki-1 pa"S >to* t-W faj totkMto Ib'iWey KoMVitkt MptMf W %tow*w*# *J4 I'tot WwJ (tor da** to I tore* 4 ahart a | par to*f P*aW M r* a* ha plf to >^J* b*^ M Ptoka toaa*&ar|a V> w4l bW b top**1 k*4, k* *M< P*4tk. 4re4 Aato toWn>0 dapawN MaVkd H Ma44 IMPS ptoto to toM pto >Ub M Ma>a< 4*f I--M44* W Am tat p*i awi TVtoiwa, # fc m4 +*t4 fe ipu m M toi MUbfbai WoaM ltort to4*to M A# ftoaM f |*M p*a to) totto into Wn <to^ttoli 74 ROBERT ]{. BRIU, AND J. XL WAilFLEX \AJA 71 Mowicn m rnniu w m placet and (pan a period of K*er>! centueie*. Wt plan to nuke thorough Inrcttijation of tuck la coodution, these eiperiment* ptotide cn> glattee at our work continue*. couragrmctu dal Ox meatuttment of isotope ra It dm not mem bkely Out 1totope aml/sli will tine In srcliacAtogical objeeu made of Wd can petv prove helpful in tlx tame way (or Ox aludy of vide uieful inhumation to arthacoingixi awmn- other metal!* dementi, but itotope atudiei of tome . log pmJJc tourers of Ox WO used for making the of Ox notwnctaUx elements art potentially useful. objcctt. It it alio clear, however, that considerably Wwb Ox continuing accumulation of geochemical >< ,1 more cperimental data ate requited before ih data and rapid refirxmenta in tnurumentatiua Ox technique on he applied generally. Futilxr audio pouibiUxa should be reviewed from time to (Iroe. pug establish new tsteope gtoupt in adJuica to tlx 'l F four ptovitxma] groujH outlined brie, but it ta elto We acknowledge mote gratefully Ox aitireanee f Lkrty Out Ox gtoupt at tel out now will Kart to be of nunxtout inJ.t,,iuala and imeitutiooi In supply broadened gcugtaphxally to include other mining ing informalinn and aamplrt (or study. Tbit ift- arm trhieK ate geologically aimilar. b'uitlxr worlt eludet not wsly thox named in Ox Catalogue which la aatiequud on ores {torn other amt, particularly follows, but aim tbow who far eex reason oe an- from the hfiddic Eate in nxh placet at Ox Zagroa odxr remain anon/mom; and equally Ox more Mountaini, *Ln K might bate supplied lead to Ox Oon a hundred other pertoot who have written early MoojoOnuin cirihraiwxst. The Italian orrt long, patient letters oe provided ua wrfh Utopia requite more ttujy to tee if a demt Italian group which have not yet been arudxd. _ - can be defined, and wot l it antxipatcd with Maeetkmiaa eeet rlmr lead might be thilerent from L)w im lead. It mil alio be necessary is mate __ W- > y TH* taW4 MUICM 0# CUM , r ft*D*UM UlUbTttf ^ more enmpttbenute comjsantno with isotope data U the literature trxxctmng Jradt Inxii Central Hurope a>-d the lUTaant, Tl-rx bate been wudxd by CATAincur. Of SAMPLM CM+4 Otti a number of otbrr mtettigatort foe ftcskg*al pur* poses, and X it ttideni that Uxtt n oieilapping in bttfpic tw>ji,irai among ibex lead oret and the ma*oe gti-u^e u .;,nc-.! i-i ti^i wed/, fxadt (roen Ox Far Ent hate lent neglected here became Ox ini tial peojrtt ha-l to be ttxsfitxd to a manageable tealr, but *tel It planned t oret been Ind-a, Afgbatuttan, and Japan fWcairx of tlx widespread occuertoet of hniolrita mil in the Far Fae, Ox range of tantojx tariatiuet iil fxiiaibiy l* tv panded fry future tcwthea. It alto temaint to be CHablithed jut) b* much nritltitj e*is*i smln orrt born certain mining areat. We btte asi.-rxd (but are uniFemt reatrxi) that tlut tiiJt'-i; n Wit in general thtn tlx varsalen letuern dfltnM tegw>w Tlx ftuoet of bard>e>a /nay prose to be an mxrruing tax study in Out tinirdin " One of tlx imt peonming applxitimt to emerge 1man th, its*!/ It tlx compiri..es of the Hrxnp-e ton./ex iiorta of Ira.it in IraOti-ninning iV A<mi Mas*, CmUf UiJ C#, Ff^'U. M<fi Il4X. Mdtfww Art Gw k ^Cm>m<. A{) Gf'vji F. J? f. ftl f raf f*i*fn (UrMl Sfj e\ Vfw*-# V, Ui>iir4 If H tL iVd <wj Aftk4 (a miX A|) Crj* Fra p. lyW (r i*i K4tn), W*5r% 04*trJ Wy H tl (Wm Wmmn IUWiU, CnJ V*w)U OvfA W. O. (****; A|) c*v? %. 77. ICifMfttd (mm Ij mk *), Cftm. C--#ntiM tfkj M^W4 KffM, A(k*4 (*J% A;) bfw*j I, ll Cm(Wm FttrMA liptfMf) FidVfM, mtflj IfM LA rtwaVf (7*l Vk I IwlaAfl MM lUldA, MerfyaeAffK fV* f* C. I^4<*t, S' >****! j It/ WoVt, A|) (tfl*^ J _ AV'!i M*tV, Y<rij( T**Wf )l F, *wl |) J k T X. lfl, l#felxa ( W|*' ^i) Cf**rj' In J(*> Tf ^, !'*#* N "`S t # A P.X"V* PF 1*4 (A J P T/- Vii4h , 1*4, l/ft* (hfi*', A|) anexnl gtaiwa At pmnlrif Out railxr, lire gillies amount ta on!/ a mail |t<.|iair, of weem gUsart, but llxy are found in wnbly sejoined IH NrVJii't^, (fth (ww A***A, ft Mil J FW.Ua ) M.U~x4 Oerwno, fefttACXf4#. a ^) u ** X# Va-r tx ttteraan w oat*J tar/ Uytl ant r>ta *4 ft* mt) ISOTOFK STUDIES 07 ANCIENT LEAD * 75 III. Klm Sw im, Itu (nor Slukiru,u.)inli I ErtrKra), Melwnoud Oiuoni, tmU; Cdw**- (n7*/. A|) Croup L tty IUn Tprkry (new kliUw). Mrln Welti, New Twk Caj.(t n`/, Aj) ProbeUf Croup I* III. Yukwi Mxirn KAri. TutVee (nrw A/trie). Mj4e Welti, New Yerk Cup. (*)% Aj) Crone t Ijt Orbd B Kami. Ejyjo (*#** Dnrrt, rj* II* N--54* ). From Mk AJJc Mnunr ImnlMi, rypaum lad ftirnitr inirv A. M. AWdUiJ, tarkhi, UAR. AMmikwi camera of 9f*ofrikaC Itobfin PmiM ore r*a dnivt^ from d pKaoUlM bnowM mb of due IJJw Dm CWtf* Fjyyc (Luna Driert, >7* jr* N- J4* > ' F). From MiAllr M**i ra Lmn***, ^ mm uf rnpoit irrin AH A^Cnw^ Uc Km, UAJL Aimukm rmu t m of r*fog 'k Wotoftt pt||nn ore m Arntrd (ram (k re (Mhkira bnwM mb at iki rt^m. tj^i U Simub, fjnji (Lt r *4* 1C H--54* E). From Fmmfota* bw m mb; falroa mtaaf with ifkaWtiic, pytm **4 cbabantiie, A. H AMrlCcwaf, Ubi*, UAJL iKirfk (miMiitm u imaum vA Pwmkiw op cf Sod mik tTF Smiik (mar Af Drv^), NH FW. t, 5<A A'lki From "contra a1**t iaur." 1 \ *e cU A- Cksiraa nf F. K. fr<UA ) lepc e*ftpaset?o b tamtirai homUot i| of Son mb Cjoy^tj Mn ik ^m, Italy (P>f% f, ), Cikr Oh io , Uomtray of IW At) r*, x JnltnUt**/ OV 5. leaf vffrt bom be af vwWc Orlt af A^ trftmt, Ilf 90 b from A****, tl )rV** MUA tttb? (Art j) Mmeoni of Ari,m York Oy (o*x*^ A|i Ikrt ivnfb fan M cJmrt* ttwwMt wj at ike kr k**S raftf lW*Wj Grwy Xi mimi cf m 1 Mc&cVf leaf ki4 wrcack Irm tW Trmfk of Artemb O1U1, 5pwti. |*b^7 bk me IC HWA >4 04f (JUf 4) M*> nm of A#% New York Oy. (**X Aj) CWf t* Hk leaf mMia| at bre lw*a bol ff* 1 Cyyrn (i#f b (%#nrr*). | l it *, * * MXt <C*. 4(i) <M \) W*r-m $4 Art, New York C*ty Ag) P>4*W^ (kmp L >9. bt *4 rtf ffIMf Ukn#t (rM-t Cn>mW, ro t(A 0*. IVm kt bw * * < n | v 4*- k*r Uii Imcofrf r# xe M a (prfa 4 aof 7). Mwt faanKtik, F**w Yark Cay (tew (ba A|) ('***+ |e Smell |rl|WM d mMiAe kf f#r#n ike A>b* lea Ajwa, Mfsirrs). (ai^ Aj) (ewy U J4 Sm*Q bajmeitf of metatt* Inf from tht-Ai)* ftUo Ami, a. (004% Aj) Grtwp L. Small bagment cf W*f wtk (ram iVoorr AAmp afetpwmk M Care GHtfonya, Turkey, im it. Sfc J* (W. I). Croj* Rasa, UbmwtT HMuaer oot, Uorawy of Fcmatyttam*. (0*4% Aj) CCrmy L ffc Smafl barmeot of Inf bom xxeebbt rrfnr, Temcic o< Srjftl, Larina, yf or ir>f* to. ic. A*. #NJ"tM--1 H" o1boi, laiuao f't S' aokft 'Eimtb cf f;fulsts, fbrrao. (at% Aj) Cravo X 4 Rorua nrtrfu^n bom Tnai (Simo ), irv Slf Ml), rf oat 14 A. Nrffi Urfoni, Ua Me tb S*uJt brattb cf bbi, l-knntt (m<% A{) Cmy t, <1 Fujwni of rmtomc cUm bton |a#p bmrrary wwt, Mueftli of rVrbM, Smiri, >af mi ct a l ia A. Nrm Maboi, bam b Scnft Fkmib cf lulxi, herrarc. (mi% Aj ) Crovy 1 O of b*f enrfofrf trf bom Ntmr, heuianw Fnwl, a<1, n*c u. Oc^wui b .'acoocMy of Owcjm (044^ Aj) Craw X. Smaabirmnxcmi at b^f bom Fimcb aof T* HmujfJa,* orcr (Vnt,Crwi Tcwa, ytk *t n1n4 AA. Nrm^ lUboi, b^e. m. . 'ilt M. * Finmb cf halo 1, Fbrmc. (mj % Aj ) Cnwy X, or Cmy L <7* leaf yj (11m |Uj<bx, Hodio HaSt, Swwrc. rt, % M, 11 c o k) >) | W. PUaf^f ad R fUrkrt, ftmmJl M*rm (aaiV, Af) Cny E leaf tj jum |Upb* b**, Wic lU| of YotV*?ff, Ts-jUrvJ p !'?**! (P/fi *% II cod It), f W. fwxltbof aa4 It Rarknt Fncnli Mrm (ccf*/, Aj) Crt*y K leaf |a| (inc WalmtiV, |Vtkyabec# U<f tacvftrm nian, bmi |*irwl (Irk . ll a^f t). |. W. bsJfvf of K barker, bcfi Moral (oo4*4 Aj) Crwy L 5* leaf m (ram Mnb) Mt, RftbyfMrc, Fa* bad laiadirm aaart, Rrawc Krrf (|bk I*. M lad ix). | W. bftbi) a*f l( bmVtl, IWruk M*em (00*4% Af) Craty F. J4- l*-d ft I* p .nbaj fltsafp, Tdry Man, ora# Ma'lrak, (VSyikro. tar^lwyM aaar% bona Frrrf (bk , If t<f lx) |. W, F*wV'*f itf It Anbr,:brf) Mei {**)% A|) Cm--f F. *r57. tesf Kw.) m Wdc m K-^mf lb, kbr^iMiAt, fmiJf, r4tk |p4 a # Tra** Ar* 111, xi 1. r#v s k ) pk.*r-f 5*^*., F*iNM,a (* !*' Af) y. 7I. f't pf -^rra *4 ke*el |j# |be f IV ADf Crtra( ***!, M !**!} a* FA kf tA>{ ) e K11 <| * 1] F) i*nrt U<a*Ht' a>f (**' Aj ) X bi ttm^ r4 ((%**! (4 lUso *4 T****a Ofttsit, ^dy latter k*!( af *f (VM, 4 r,,k rJ pobarf jbU3^*1, h*taa UiMMiwy. (miX Aj ) (ewy X Mil aj nijiitf^gHMtfusijrj.lbmpimeMyrni H BOIIKKT 11. WUU, AND J. XL WAXlPLQt lAU 71 fy Lt*J dini[s Mi, iih tmt eft. Fran Hmut o( Dfwim. CV(( M. A lUAlmiiA w mI Di>J Mtfitft, Fog An Muwum. (0-007% A|) PrabkU; C/Mp L M, U>d d>A)n| p w i/oA u/ip, Cb crnt, 14. F/ocn iMfthftmbrr o( Lfiiaa IroA M ikft Tepe. Geocre M. A. IUo Ir u a a Divid Miv irn, |*m| An Mum. (o .ij % A|) FreUU/ (kwp L 7*. Smoil 0jrrwn< el mcuUir k*J Iran Wyawc, * JVfioJ. Oar^r Kj ^j o h , Ucuxrwy. (e.05% Af) Croup L. 74. Sm*0 ifi^nwM 4 cnrtQtc lend bom Xlycrme, y<J ((M. i<. Ccwjt WuKispfli Uni **** (**% Ai) Ccoup U |. Lnd fwjfry (ran Uf, Jcmdtt Nftf, a. 700ft ' 44. Ua ik imj X(u*un on. )i*tpiy U>M7) (JUf. ij ). Rcben Djwft, t?iww.ij \!j v >, UVxrtop ol PtftM}!uiuk. (0 j% A^) (Wwj> S, 111. For p*j powder (ran c m? U t bronM WJ m, (t m lUunln, a fee oc. ! IAS 74X61. Tkil puKikii ru pn^tU; fvorty pkM etc (lUl 14). Ucn t>jv, U*nwf MVtfVA, Uiwnrki) 0/ tVn-'ujiviAO. ()% Ax) On VSr!# d Crfmji E IJJ. tMrilpI Ind cww uiwl fra*. AninUn^ Orvoto, Utt IM UM 4A W Ift# }ort Inter. Na 7*H m (i^n 17Q, iQ m . ly* 47$. JUtaol XlttS, htnnni 1'iimtifp. f4j% A|) Pi%inUf Cki--,* 1. 16*. U l**gt 6(>4u <J k*d (h mr Iran h;vM, ti <v4 Rt-ttf irM. Uk Dr. CriiH (*i% A;) Cfwp 67 Saul! I'd tot tVWc (ira H Aa v w , gral to Un tftb (tut. c (jut i)/. II X X ..V, IV ftcrkej 1/oAn (o o j * ' Ax) On U*6f< Ue d Om>p K lip. Sa 3 bdJed Ird t d.A<r k'*% Cn*rK 6#4 bdi >w toJkoftcum 4 4 (M. |4) Hi XmV, U*rpd7 OiWpr, ImJc a (*!% Al) )W Wf CtOUp I. * S<m3 nm4 U (fi/%^14 d oitrJkd lUX Ur*n tw tA.vw ft 5OfA fttf ftVi, to# A4 [Vw n I^w , Prwwvt W N*d. A^iV f>Ue M*frUA SuflW^ 50 71 4^ dep<H d 6*j <m, ; Vowed j S mQ *4 ik^trd ia >J Wo #i HmWJ A 0*Hh #d p, K. )itlilA <*H% A*) X if*. 5*raij A4 Usl t4 lid. WtM (>* 0* fW>* d rt/*x ft 7% M N>m/v|. Or* p*0* Tb# rf*v tJ |}w it (<*' * (V. It U M ftflf M p W *t U* M *-*** > *4- M. X 1. WWn isl ft rAw, to ** +** 0/ f.,V A,) 7V.i k*4 A#t tot <4 t** <vi W^-4 (Ar'i^Vitl * tL| Bw.1), V-4* id y, * W p* (>* 1 ifj. IVV.J U4 h. V#lt (Mliil.l, f< . 1S4 M*4 d XmAX| ft 70 u Nwd, m m** ftoL TV due el ibii object U douWul. It could be 41 ttttr 41 700 O< 44 tw 4* ibwt 400 *4. It E. U Kb!Wa ltd R. Puke*. Iwitwc el AnKMnti, London. (000*% Af) PmttUjr Croup L, Un 0< h*fi u I/m9 mo texcou on ccx*n tUlmfti boro thtt oI echo kuh U tb| jpOUp. lH SaJI fto^i of Wed riJodc fcovmd bom 0* 4ndpvt ol th twiA| Xndk ol 4 OUmio brai/r crrtmneal mrl 1u ax (ran ibe tu\f Om Iftirip, mb cent. *4 Xmuu 10 hpf > , LCA w)4 TV illoy tmuifti ni% ib JUibrfbrdL Centra. Fra* Gdknr d An. Tbit Ind mi (ounj in U tnriidp ddkrtftt bom tbr V*!t lowed U 407 ol tbr ecbrr ercbralof- k*l ebjfttf nutbed. U vu profnUy drrittd (ram M ot d hrombiia A^. PircrabrUn mki to wvirt;<fJ in Cku. 17U lx*4 u j c t ^Ia-vt (rm Mi SbrVim, u. ty> (R/i 17). N. Aii(K! lid O Bv{. Ikbtv (V%erM|. (eni% Ac) PninbiT Ctouo E. toy S<n>J ?*%t cd ^**^1*1 t4d vA nbtc 1 totawn <x m<a, (ran Tt3 el ILmib. a 1700 4 c Sue A. !< lod s. ra. iL TWm Cuin, UiuttTtoi Kurvm, UAttrwfto! Pr.liraftrmu*. |nj% A;) Tbu teed tot^M. ponA'f t ol Craj t-, k4 ii iy*n mote LXrtj'W be iLAermt. trad Fjmrirl /ram dml Gbnn nl Cbm |<. I/d tuiKvi (ran (An el jUw ro*w>*d Ima 4 jtwij dnj ol InA trvtftwUrtwfC. Cvtkto, Mw r Eortmt, tu tod w *n C. Xi, NuAmd d VAt, CeiAdi Crawf L pe t#*J rvfrftfl (mw 1 f'tpme d b'{^ #td op-*- < l/vct the enJ cd > < Burnt P*!m< u Ntovi Tbi* dm rn once to due (ran Oat tb cent, fct (bb if 4nd 19) lUf rtceot oetdritiru ol * me* bowira (ftc( m). lux kd ao tW tov'ywe tKu n do M due been kUt dcu m *c VV> b* ceeA/med fVn* dr'tiiVi *nd ikmca'i tkflMiJ iu!fl (pk Uel bp Turn) X*cb Wt4 tku lift rUi4 (toJiM *K<v liP^, no. (PnA*ilp oenl* *wl) TW* le>l u de.**rT?f iJUitm (ret *07 el 04 eiSee kd rw(t>L rve^t iu:t 1I1. k 4 x*eie ol So4 ben Nk*ud. 171. leol b*>en 4 (t*Ve id U>j Ki ftd epxjx |Uo itfivwtfl 4 fctofeift ra*r*+*f *ti ra>4 Wxf.^, to ir*J 14^* idjjM. 4ft. Tk Cx**>x Mev0> ol CI*n Nk t)*^C *t>4 jlu-jx i^.i 4* *r* id 1 <d r '?;* tA tf> k>x k'4 Mt Yb* ft **i rf*| S*M4 Ox*i,X op '4 >vxt b*# U-en M^ild *d (ft? *) id i>4 ltd t'irt k* I1* ia* ti IVl ll; I tl Id ^ 1%% F. 177, lid #****#! IfttfK 4 lw|# [Hf# ol Mil It4p4 |^4M M Twt H-l, ImU^I *J>4 g>-M 14 ol ViUrM'a d*'* (X| *) ftM f* 5 >5 I. AMkop Wenup d W**n ftwnras tk^nb / waswgiJffA' 1 r ' IHl! ISOTOPE STU0IK5 OF ANCIENT f-EAD * T ' Mincwn. TV M U iMw of Group X n* J- Jolra L Wyrea, //wdbef if lie Corrode Ced- enaU.nj ike "luliea" bull, poerJJy Group bvaou el /dtayu,aer Item Cfftei (Nee* Ytek, (, ud ii deuiirciiy d,Arret* (ram rny el ih Mrwpoiut Momm ed Art, 1)14) 444, pm i Ink it tkb Itudy wfiitb an (ram EojUod joil or WtJcx ( Mora PtrateeortV, "Sroood Ctatory Ij C. Rom 1 |K Lad (flnotd bom lump of ml opaque pita Mtddre from Corialb tad Alkcax1 rl/4 je:t vr aid h htee beta bud oa Fab him Mill, Crrp ('75>) }** y af London. TV b of aacreteia due but y, Mora Ptraeuorek, "Attine PtjmrMi,* /euraaf b bdirvod to V Vow, BM 14)1 10-iy t of Cleouref UartM >1 (1941) ytyL Ateboay Wmn tad Mjtir Imm, Beeidt E Geo, re P. Bin, "TV Com Griabutyt Slip Mwraot htlrll; Group E. aaf Lead tJt/tord from ytOom-jerta opaque rim mV: Preftminiry JLpoiv 4/f tj:| (lyii) i i I Kant Item Sknri 7**, 41k yk net. it, 040 oatL tit ft*. j j *4 H<0, ejetrf/, Aj). M. W. Piiaain, Jereitlctn, tad |. Bra barf, Dual Zroa. lanarduK Vtweea Group tad Group X tay ietd mrtetrd bom rrd opaque {( truer* bom Sum Zm, ptbyb c im. 11, CMC ni 4I1 (ra. 14% HO. ** < A*) H W. Hawant, Jeromtem, tad ) Bra burl, SJutti Turn. UttrardoK brteeera Group E tad Group X tod. l/rd rtvtceed bum ptbu terra rpupc gtam Kum bom fuspa la rear, tt -- in c o m. tt D. Gmiuu, Ikaapeb. Grewp P. 4 I. 5. New tad H. W, W, AdboonL _ i . Krone* Pp of Lrtd bom tt* MroAp," Free.* I Jwmrtilee Artkereltpttl nd Netoof f/b> lay Jeruly tot/l J**- It X F. Tylcetar, Veiadtarpp a frelrnfig (Lea- dai lyb). 11, 4 Cadr to Ue fttpitn of Karat* Brietia, bad Mouetm (lyu) tpjo, to. 11. IX T. A. Ulrid, Me* tad UttAt (Nee* Yoik lyji) 4i peram. l> Sa teeourd WoeCry, Vr Emortwe /7; TV Pad, Peemfr (14)4) ya, jr, iff mJ_ IX 1 11 Oyuui, "ta i>a Cay of iV Cddnr (towfi Semftn wf /or Ntana; Itftnmrem Neu Eterenouw M fUetala, la Prrmm At(f> . L lead pmtrrp (itmp from Krt. ti tyk rta K. (da Ctdry, UaenW) of Cwriaam (aj*4 A|) Creny I- 4. Lead tiVr from aurldr ptn ab wnumd by t apk*ai, tad k> It bom Anna. ci 4e*4tt br,>rn," //X Anlmbred br. iryl (StpX It, 't S) P RX >P l* . p J7X 14 W. R M-uini retra, Of/rrtr ef (Wy (fa drain l>>;) ot let. K ; 44 tad yd. luu. i4 W, H Fbadeei |\se, epea, ue. 1*1, it tat Ua tt, HMA it.rkj (Bel >}). Hnnpdin Muaura of Art, No Titk Cr; (erj% Aj) Group L *% I). N Aiiyri Twaelew M Brill SVVim, I75L" fanrf Ar/*a*n*e fourarf p (lyjy) toy* H Lnd B{uriae bom CbuuiburmMwAp, leu letMTirt Go, IrrlreJ Brut**, T ary?, Ikt L M r. I. MrtWta, "TV Etemtamt M Kum 1 * *ys A C Tier dfrotum U V. Oe.mrB. TV Cty Hwm, Brirud. (**'/, Aj) Croup f. re. Lead 1Up bom Greta Ore, Luvret Go, Fofbad. Bmema (VI ). I. S Ptimtt, W.fi. M* na, Writ (ut*j% A() Geeup I, or partly Go rap S. *.****f'M'flltjk 14 W. L S Turn, Tim Firpeut bom Kim* lud td iV kb ta tib (tax B.C,* bey lyu (55) 47 44 tu M I. I. HrVrM, A'lunf lefft Kreaeoae I (New Ycob l)M) tux lia, tad Ml iy, p 444. X A IL M h 4 i Mdl, "TV Fkcvt* Beam CATALOGUE RW.BIXC PnV MurmaWyee* ad Aaea Gin," Irrrel X f. Sqwtiu, Tub Murruu' -firenr oror l/ur-uu /JuAeue, lau (, 1 lyAy) a. w. p. Ittro, W,W liouiri of CtW /ulp (leu-lm. ibU) P O, R A Bkwe, Cttefifoe of C-ref ,Wp auer 00 tie Wmrp-4,tee Utttem 0/ ,1-1 (rye,) .litre,ft 10 (eeemwe (Iradm lelt) 14V 151; aloe t-H-tVd ia .ffrearer ta Crete Tire, **fe( (N-W Y~k 1/1) tynatr X V. va, TV e N-.k td Bed GjMt fatreorf mid la k*e foe* I--m.l m Tree ll^rTner. Bryof AmI Attitmf p e (|lj)) tntlt. iyO.Hl yWi. Cru/eyu 1/ (e*r( Jrdfteri 4. A. f. B. We, "feed Pyeeieua,* IHl (Vj^le- to lie Krorpljre Hmo if Ah (1444) * tor, popor }. tyty) t;l t* pi p V -