Document yp5ojbLBgwxj4BDnwE7Q1yK5r

A NATIONAL SAEETY COUNCIL TECHNICAL SERVICE DUSTS, FUMES, AND MISTS _ JN INDUSTRY.. _ Copies til tins lima slice; will he avnihihle \nr purchase within JO thivs. Suhscnhers u. the Council's (him slicei inctntciicmr service will receive a copy in the ne.M quarterly iiuiiliny. Introduction !. Industrial ilii'ts. mists. :nul fumes. their hazards and their con trol. ;irc discussed in this data sheet." The ecneral principle' .presented c:m lie applied to evtilntiie most inilustrial situations involving the'e ;iir contaminants and to determine the need for controls Tnis d:it:i sheet is intended to euide employers. phmt s;itei\ eneineers. personnel mnntieers. ;md supervisors. 2. A phmt manager who Ivlieves th;11 he h:is ;i lovic or irrit.ilin" dti'i problem should consult a competent industrittl hyeientst. Such help may he obtained from his own companv. insurance currier, priv.ite consulitmts. or sttite hcal:h or l.-ihor accncy ' lo protect the hettllh ol emplovees who work vs here ti duo. tume. or mist cretiteil hv .1 mtmul.ieturinc jirocess is released into the atmospiiere. ti control pro-cram mav lv recptired. In such ti case. three steps mas; he taken .:. I he nropertie' ot the spectiis siust tunie. or mol .out it' posx.hh pin Moloeie.h etleel' on s mplov s -. : u -. i s I iv axsc; tumcc t --- .1 u 'I'ul on.-. ;,Mt. t - ` This den: sheet is one 0! o series nublished by the National Safety Council, reflecting experience from meny scurces. Not e>rery accept able sefety procedure in this field is necessarily included. This data sheet should not be con. fused with American Safety Stand ards. federal lc*rs, insurance repuirei.ients. stale laws, rules, reg ulations or municipal ordinances. t\ Ihe p.i 11teiil.ir espoxure must Iv e\ .ihuU-il In dust counts or In chcnnc.il .ut.ih'cs ol .11: samples. tllll .1 siep-in step .m.ilvsis ol ihe .'Pci .iliv n v imtvt he nude lo liml ihc ;.fY J v iUTv1 emplovees ate cv pose t j h.i/.it 1 iouv ,i 11 u m 1111 s ot 1 lu Ml.: ci :-.l 1 ik: t'pet.itioikiI .m;il\ vis vhv mill ilcicimtne how ;1k- 1l:i iv 1 umc . \' r mivi tv Uiv|v;vcii. -\;-r r i.-ttk- me ;htiv ol control r: u i' 1 |M o\ : ! ac tv IU 1 sMen! ot control' ill d- v!Ui upon ihe ph'sieal. she: :U 1 ( 'Me pi open il'v it: ill-. ii;i' : uoiv. - ' r m 1 \ j. ; i K' e \ . t i u. i ; 1, -n m .p e o! the evposiire. utui ihe ; I :k otoi'iir x. t:: 1 ols -ixceke in Ic.-.h .'\ioc u-.i-; to: - lAccpt lor the 'kin di'C.t'os. most occupuiion:il di'Cttscs ttte eci|itircd h\ inhalation i>l mtitet i ti I .unc tissue is by Itir the most cllicie m medium the hodv possesses lor ab sorbin'.: mtiieritils. In tiddition. ill-, surlttce area t'l this lunc 1 issue tocttices 55 square meters or tihoul .' in square leet 5. Cciiuin vlusts thru rettch the lunc' etm pttss directly into the Wood strettm tmd he tihsorheil over ti lone period ol time. Other-- mttv slttv in the limes tmd 'C( up loetil irrittutt or c1.1 ntteine tictton. f>. To'.ic tmil irriltint dti'i' c.m ttl.o he invested in amounts th.it nay cause tr.Hihle. It to\ic ilitst swal lowed with food or saliva is not sol uble in hoilv lluiiis. it is eliuuna ed direetlv ihrouelt the iiiicstinul 11: ct Tovic m.tlcrials that are readily soiuI' 1e in hodv Hind' can he absorbed in the iliee'tive sv'tetn and picked up In the h:ood. ~ A litird wee. :n uhtea a \.. and urn.mi substances mav enter tits sistcni i- 'kin ahsorptiott. Matty or- e.mtc i.ompounils. stieii I A I . cy anide'. .mil most aromatic amines .mud. tins! p't.tiol', -t.ati p'od.is, svsi.a-.is pi 'isoimi-. Oir.. ' r * . 1 x"- .:re 1f ' Uu'i iu,i\ K iitrnuui V'* s,u! viij * -1/ U Millin' xvr.'u I Origin end Properties of ' Particulate Matter ! ii- dii'l nciumll* me'em m lit- .1:1111 >*piiei e h.i' .1 ivueheml ell*cl :M 'eteeniil'J < 'll! 'HIV cl me limuilui ru\'c! die *un Inh.il:uitm *>1 tin* iin*t m.iv ii<>1 Iv hurmlul Iveuii'* eilii-: lik' duM :n:iv Iv nente\;e nr I'.hIs .lieelimii'tif* eupture. remevr.1 rui i.lmimulc cr 1-chile liv *n::ill .mi.uiu:* cl ii',i*( 1 tupped m the lime*. \:r I'clhilicn. rudicuclise hillctil. I'cllen*. mu! -iimlm eciulincii* nm\ lime .111 ud*e;*e elleet cm *cme imliiiiiii.il* \l*c. nlien the mr hreutlied i.'ciii.1 in-. e\ee**ce mncuni* cl cf; 1 -i. she hed\ ii;i* ilillieiilc. in iimulline tile ic.nl mill iln*i muv leinmii in die lur-:* Sou rces ID. I ile lent) 1 //o' .1* u*eil ;n milu*:i'i i- cenerullv upplied In mrI'crne -1 Will pmiiele* ih.it i.mee in *i/e iicin n. I miercn in 25. nucrcii* 1 cue 'lnercn I lo.ooo centimeter 1 25.ti(i iiiaIi 1 I'lcce** dii't* helinv D.5 niieicn in m/c tire :':i:e I )u*l* .ihcie 5 miercn* 111 *!/e n*u;ilh Mill net *t.i\ .iir-hciiie ii'iie encii'jii l' pi*-*enl ;in mimlulieu prci'lem. II, 1 )u>; muv enter the mr Iicin 1.:i;cu* -curee* il ;u.:\ tv ili*| -*'i ** il v hen .'. Ju*t\ 111.ile: ml 1* iimulleil. *u*ii 11* v. iien le.til e\ide 1* dump-d mte :i nu\er cr :i preduet 1* d'.i'l-d e"e*. tite m-een.:m*m .:*lieu cl die ernulni'j cr -h.1 k 1 i:u dene* *npplie* .: 'cure-' cl eiierev :c il:*;vr*e tile iUi*: lermed ( hieur* 1 1 12. When :: *chil 'iieii m n niet.il i* heuied ic u teiiipermiire hidi enmi'jh In- vnhitili/e it. the velulil- li/.ed nuttier Inter enniien'e* in ennler uir in term u Him, (Heine 2l. 1 he *clid purtiele* tim; ninhe up .1 Itim* ere e\treme!\ line, ii'imlh !e** limn ti.5 miercn in 'i/e. In 'Cine e'.i'e*. the iici mmeri.tl retie!' with ;lie :nr ic Icrin ,:n c\;de. IX.imple* .ire le.nl c\ide Jnine ireui 'melone .mil iron exude dime trem ure weldmc. Al'c. :i I lime e:m he termed when ;i nmteri.il 'iteh .i' nmenc'iuin niei.il i* hurned cr when v.eldiivc er -e:i' euttirve i' dene nil ;e:ii-.mn/eil me;::! ; .' A I* termed 'Alien Imeh. diviiied liumd i' 'ti'peruled in mr. \n exumple i' die nil mi'l pre- dneed durime eullimj mid erindine cpei mien* I-. Sih'.d.,- mm he ferined hv die meempieie *e:::hii'tien ci ci-emne nimeniil' Smcl-.e ':enerull\ eeni.iiii' ilrcplet' -i' well .;* dry pmtieie* I eh.ieee. ii'i ni'mive. pi 1 ijuee* -i wet '.mcke ecnipc'eii cl niinule imix dimple:' Ilk 't/e cl die pmiiele' een;:imed in ;e''\ieee -mcke e .them II 25 ime:im. 15 K.uiieuetee dii't :11:1 \ !v iii-- p-: ** d m til- *.i:r,e wu\' .i* elii-i 111- 11u':11.1 i dii't* K.idium. tiicmim. mid ether 1 mlic.K ;n e element* .1: e pi e*- iiu in euiemeh niinnte mncuni- m I il- .1: in. i*p:ie: - Magnitude of particles I 1 ' w iv ;; 1 -1 lily I I - hi I ik ell lllle II n -' 1 \ d:\uled pmiiele-. 11- muI.i*- .Uy.i iue:e.i*ed nmui lime* I d -\- .imi'le. i y-.ihie eeiiiuneier lOOt.l eu!':e in*:i 1 .e ini.nl/ in die Iciin "I .: - :::\ .1:1..: .; 1:.. I -1111-1, .11 euhe* a ii e:\e ',c;- 1 i .1 it v < 11111 . ......... . 1 , , -n*- ;;1,1 1 p ill ly i- * " ': .1 id .1 i -1:: I- m e.i < -i p i.u e ueie: - 1 " '.ne m- u- - 1 - ' ' 1 ' 1' 1 y . A : < ' - I 1 1 . I . y y. I'll.'ll- ly ' * em'ie tee.;. - IS liieii *111 .die r ::u :ci 1 n 1 * d u > \ ^^t^:n<! nil'!'* 2:.:\^ us'rku'om .a:uo^pi\xr^ iri ; aUx;- ! cr e\:miple. the ihre*iictd iiuu: Milne ler leml. u* .ulcpied i'\ th.e Ameriemi Ccnferenee' et Ci.nern- nientul liuiu*tri:il H\eieni*i*. i* 0.2 millicrnin ivr euine meter cl m' ime eu mi. wineli i* t).(Hl(HH)02 cunee per euhie tcci. Tlieietcie die ili*per*icn cl enh `. 1.l>''2 ciu'.--. cl leml will he encueii ic eee die ihre'hclil limn Milne cl 0.2 me *u m cl du*i cr I nine in mi mr *i'me c |(l.0(1(1 euhie lee: ( 2S|l euhie me- lei't. The ecneemruiicii* dim m.c. he prC'c'ni in die wetkieom -wltheir Imrm tc heulth ure diliei em ici diiler e:i! *nh*imi*e* lo. A per*cn unit ncnimi -a-- *i;eht eini ileteet du*t purtiele* u* *nmli u* 50 niiercn- in dmtiietei. Snmlle: lir-heriie purtiele* eun Iv deieeiec itiilii iiluulh hy die nuked. e>e. ,cnl\ when *ti'cn : licit! i* relleeteil Item them. |)u*i cl ie*pit::hle *i/e (Ivlew lo miercn* i emmet he *een uitiicut the -iid cl u mi*Tc*ecpe. 2o \lc*i uuluMn.il *!u*l* *iiii*i*; cl purn*le* dmt mwv widel\ in *i/e. with the *nmll purtiele* cieutlv eui- miniheriiiy tile Im-ee cue*. C'cn*eijUyittK. with leu exeepticii*. wher * 1;i*; :* nctieeuhly- in the ur mcmul mi cp-'i'.itien. prehuhh mere imi*- *ihle dii't purtiele' limn vi'ihle cue* .ire pu'- ni Separation in oir-borne dust 21. I'ik m ; lu .ill m;:v n lily' *. nik iiiip i* 11it *n ii'* ilv p:iu-n 1 Ill.llyl i:.! 1 ii S-- kk'Ic rmiiii!::: luelcf' -ir-- die 1 .iriiciv' -i/x .ifu: lk' M'l!\ *nl eueli L' 'Ul| UU'MI in die l 1x: w k : 1 llllMUIy . ;uui die imriiiie" >: ;:k m 111 * 11,11 * 1 II. I , V 11 ;n.iU-: l.lk AA II! i * -*; ;!; y piliv. 11 /1; rj ;is ;n < ; .! .i ;iK ^ il.lllkml ii*-'. 1- x. > :: i ", *-\m npJ k' . i - m i n k! r A mil'll!* m)-.: ^.iml * '111.nil ' . i l.i r .v per'vw'Ml.i'JV '1 lily.: > :/ ' .. ; !' k u*,,i:.i *!.: A * -: ; :; e e:. i a 2.V Dust purjidcst arc. of coursc.- .illMuCii hv eravuv. [`heir sctlline rate ^iti! ,;,r v.iii varv \v:;:i 'I/.'. u'cns.ty. and 'hare Mi- niorc-sLowly than -larger particles nec:itiN.c <>f tlieir reiativclv minor den'i!\ and hccaU'e of their hcine inllucneed by Brownian movement. Mineral particles larger than 10 mi crons will settle out relatively fast. The cminnted settling rates for silica dusts in 'slilI :iir ;irc given in Tabic I. TABLE 1. SETTLING rates FOR SILICA DUSTS Sue in Microns 0.25 0.50 1.00 2.00 5.00 Time to Fall 1 Foot (minutes) ' 590.0 137.0 54.0 14.5 2.5 24, Most of the particles in air borne industrial dust-, .ire smtill. Bce;mse of ;iir currents, the line particie' in dust clouds ;it ;m operation will remain suspended in the work room air lor relutivelv lone period' of time. Tile smaller elti^i ptirticlcs. moreover, will travel further ;nv;iv Irom their point of origin ihtm svill ilie larger particles so that the far ther dust is from its source, the greater the percentage of small par ticles t contains. Inhalation of Dusts, Fumes, and Mists 25. With the eseepiion of such iihni'll' maierittls as .I'he Mov. dust pm-l! IClC'. nui't usually he sinalle r liian 5 r.\ icro ns in order to cuter tile . ih eoli or m:v r reee"es ol ihc lime s Al iho tiyii a lew particles up io II) III K rivo m m/c m:iv emer the lime' ' VC asion.illv. neai lv .1:! the large' :\i: ': c i c ' .:k I r.ippc d m the r.a'.ii pm '.ICC v. ;hio;iI. i:ir\ ;i \. I r aeiie a. and :*'ro ;v:ii . lit mo w:ijcm t:v\ are c\:vc- lor. :ic-s! ,11 n\\ C` : m:o ills' d.iees- v. n; ted **1 i.i-.J c ....v. . V ..T {.Id'' .! f C v 11n 11 -Hence the tinui to sic .'Meets bill's! p.J.V .s. Is."'* 10.0 !\` v!c- i ."?c Tree' ol irri- .<v u;';v: :c'pir.:;o;\ n\mcii*. ' 2~. Ragweed pollen, which varie* From In to 25 mierons in diameter can cause has fever !ro.it its aetion in the upper re'piratorv svsiem. This type nl du't and other allergenic types, as well ;is bacterial and irritant dust', can cause dillieuhy even in the larger air-borne 'i/e'. 2s. hen dust-laden tiir is in- -` haled, some i'f the larger particles tire trapped by the hairs :n the nose. Oner .hi't ptirticlcs tire rcmo> cii from tiie air tis i; passe' over the moist mucous membranes of the nose, thrc'tit. and other portions of the upper respiratory system. 2l). The bronchi titid other re spiratory-passages arc covered with a large number of tiny, hairlike i -///..- or microcopie whiplashes, which aid in the removal of dust trapped on these moist surfaces. The ciiia. nil bending in one direction, make a fast stroke toward the mouth and ti slower return stroke. This action tends to push mucous and deposited du't upward to the mouth so that the panicle' can he c\pectorated or swallowed. Retention of dust .'ll. Many studies have been made in an elfor: to determine the amouitt of tlust that is retained in the lungs, but there is no simple answer to this question. It has Ivcti shown that the 'i/e of tlie dust particles, the rale of respiration, the density cl the dii't in the'air. the ellieienev ol tlie dit'i-eaieiiing mechanism, and probahiv main other lactors are inv olv ed. Sizes of particles inhaled 'I. Although an occasional du-.t partie!.- of larger i/e will enter tie iunc'. particles lc" than 5 microns m tii.ur.eter are tile most likelv to tlo -o and ;ii11' have :h. greatest oppo-iuititv to tail'.- a pin siulogic.il re action. In 'lii.onc lime', loi evanipis-. dii-t p.:r;;ei.-s under 5 nuerons ureal v mimii.iil'er lare.r ones, anil mtir.v i':11:ieis-' ate !c" than micron. Figure 2 Mro* volottliied by ihc Srt e* .nc !-3?er conticMct *o `ffl o C- ** ^-neh-wefding titioil ci * iO r* !ur*c> ore et 'Keif soiftf of or,g"' bv o i*cc- locoi t'MiOwM itHWlIccn fOg**vn,.n \ Sc<<**v Cou'h'" id .tvVMcv .! tvpjcul lihri'Kiv ciitiNcd lw k ['rodtiCwd h\ !ii\T' r.uvjirv.; r- 2U io M> micron* m lcnelh. Put v .i few nicrons w kU*. % Physic-logical effects The physiological rc;ic:io:' caused h\ ihc inhalation ,ol air borne paniculate matter will v;tr wit'n cilfcreni t\pes ol dwMv Umio and riiMv The rtac'.ion" inL'luta ;i Tlu- ciirdiopuimon.in rc.iCtM* -.vhich cohmM% ol the pnciMnoo- :iioc>. snol) ii' 'tin "'i' .iiui mi',-'. In ccn.iin ^pi'Cilic ol lun;j p.itliolo^\ rc^nli. on*I :h*. hc.-rl iv .ilU'cicd fcor pu.- n^on.dc ) ssheo tlie lihroMx \ - .w k.mcckJ. in iUhcr c.ih'v ih.-re niiimlv |iin| .in .icennuii.iiion ol . rel.iioeK men kin's? mi Ihc lun;.:v h Ihc vwic:nic reneiioio winch e.MlNCti iw IoMC vliol-s 111 Mich IKmoil' .ib lc.nl ni.me.; ik>c. u.u.immn. ,nul m-.Tcnrv. h\ ihcir vompmiinK. .uni h\ k.crt,mi iT^ifis cnponnii-s C. Iumic ic'-cf uinc'n r;Mi;r* Irnni ihc mh.il.tlion ol li.-icK *iivu:- ckl mnl frcbhlk ecncr;iicd Innc * /1ric or ol :n.:e!1cmn*'i? '* o' :hctr t'Milcb ! lio o ir.niMc::' CO M111 I Ml d \i!cr-j:C Jn 1 -cnv;: /.iln'ii rc.i:io:- whief) m.t\ l'c k.-iiocii n :i.;'..i- tu'-i ol <>r bkm c-mm.ico m.`i "oc: :r tid'i.ti' ..-n ore.jfiic lion: e' n n * n ic tt.U'tvJ :: l the ice'. t;:e. \l II. SStECTEO inCC'STSia;. mineral OUSTS . C*Y$7Av.iN5 F*EE SillC^- SiO induC-ng -C'2r.-v\*c*'"^r :OrtT S 'iicjlct-oony A heot-'evitont, c^C^iCci^v ire'* term cf rncrocr^stolhne cuOrtr. A decorative materiel. Rore in incusrry. i~ ho r 1 A micrccrysicMir.c form of silicc An impure frm Of flint used m obrosives. i` MS.*0-*50i>3" V 3 j A crystalline..^/m of `fee % i <O. etrmelv Here end inert chemi^ciiy. crv resistant to heot. Ouor: in rerrocfofv br<ct one omorphous sheo n d'diomc ceous earth ere oi'V'^c Jo c r i v j c e s * * e -'Sen exposed to temperatures cci Ciftfld . CristoOoiite is eitensiveiv used in precision ceiling fav the Sot <*ot process. dentol IcPorc'Orv wor, end cerrein specialty ceramics. A micrc/C fvstolbn*? form o* net-*': Cuprtj, more OPCQuC ond granulor f'-Cn cnoicedony. Uu*d os cn ebresive end in ccromics. Jc-.ni-' A i,nic'OcryvJoMint* 'mpure fo'm cf silicc simiicr to chert Ustfd for deCOrnJ've purposes. Rore m industry Oucf: T r uj y ni i! i1 Vitreous, Herd cHt-mrccilv rvsis*cn* f*e* si:iCC. *he r^os' common form in tc\n7h- m<nn can'tity*.-**' in *.crC'*one 'Sr.<:C'.^ rec'S. ore CO --mon SC~CS Vitreous, colorless fom z: free sh.ee. formec v*hfM quor*: n Seoted fc S70 C 1.598 = Trtpoii 1 Rc3''?n\lO"'?' A porous, siliceous roc*, resulting `ron the decomposition of chert Or stlif'Ous limestone. Used os c base in soop ond scouring powders, m metol polishing, as O filtering og*?nt. ond *n wood Ond don? fillers. A cryptocrystoUirve form of free vilicc from 250 SiO - 0'a`omcceous earth Siiico gel A/zCSP^OUS FR = = SIUCA Ncncrysrcllinv A soft, gritty amorphous sil*co composed of mtnuf" siliceous skeletons of smell oquotic pionts. Used rn filtration one CfCO'Ort^ct'On of iicuills, insulotion. filler m dynomiip. wc*. t*fiUs. olosJiCs. pom* and rgbbc' CciUnsed cmd flurcoiemod diotorr oceous '*0 f,S conJOn\ appr <obh; (imounti, of C r is'obct! f e. orci Oust leer's should b** th._- ^cm<- os for crivtopoh'v A regenerotive absorbent convene c* t*v amorphous silco manufactured by the OCfion of HC1 On 'Off'U" S'hco*'. ua'C glossy, a u<i r t; liV; m apovorance Used m dehydrOiinc enc m crvinp one C.\ a cofpivst cCJrn-r Antorphorus 20 mppe Colcined use formula 250 % S.O 5 ' 20 mppcf AsOi*Mo\ Cb tvs r.oc' SILICATES Compounds mac*' u z C' .'ton C',rt"n. end on* qr mc-t*.- -nth or wit ho u t hyc*0C"n C'/.v cOus** * 0 n\:;* ; < ic dusl feOCl'Ons. but gn*-roilv do no* m *i'f , * w.,k* e u --O -* C r * ,u~'''Cn Or fu',' , r C'SCib*l'!y A KvriCteO magn-My-- N. c t..- * ~ ; *p'm 7h^ 'ib`"s r;'*- b'-l'"vvH Jc b" ho rror ho.-orOOu' C 0 e C ****' 0* i:*.P>-.,os duv` A nri'C v{if''-*v - j-. > .jf -- i . o-.-o* no 'CC*s pla't.t v/hon v,!.- '-o'C whpn cr/ Ijm'C m DC"`'" ` r " c 0''C*s CCm'.-nt-, 1 illc'S. Ond CJhro s*vps Kco- 'v::- C' ( -'O/ OC.Of*r 1. j- - aur-t.- Cc...... r,- j . 'o TC o--' ....... cuor': Vic-' cc-mcnn* r-x-.n :' -Cc.njri ijcqo.u- 'C*:v.- -:v.-c c * mI.cu'v g` ::iy.-n~y-- ----- . ea-y- '-`o-.t -to-r'.r(:iiv ...... 5 nippc f ' 5C fl'nn:' 50 -- ppc;` SILICATES -* CZf uz C- M o*vc'-- occ one C' r* erv w,l- C' "''ou: "ivc-'cc*r" ;c re1 . n ; .*' y :y.'i :c_ r sr-nci-cnc ce-' i,ct'io,'s tie c<-ne'e-1- 3ui rr'C-v c- -'-\u'' ' 3 C = . I. ` ^ Fumo* \ ecur. Koolin Mico PonJcir.d cement Silicon carbide 'Carborundum Tolc Vertsiiculite A nycrctec silica --eiumino cmeounc asscc;c:ec -- in 'C'r.c ax>ce 'Jsec c-s c niter medium one cs a catoivst one ectaivst conn." one in cosmetics one niecscides. A type ct cicy composed z: -- nee stiica'c-s end used lzr rchccior.es. ceror-ic*11end stonewore. A large group of silicotes of varying composition, but similar in physicol propernes. All hove encellenr cleavage one con be split into very thin sheets. Used m electrico! insulation. SC mooc" 20 tnppcI l ine- powder"conTHming cpmppunds'o; lime, oluminc. silica one iron *pi.ide ~ ` --'iC -udDC*1 Used os construction moierial. * llluisn-bloclt. very hord crystals. Used as ebrosive and refractory mcionci 50 mppe* A hydroui magnesium lilicoie usee in ceremics. cosmetics. oamt, one phor. rscceuiicols, and as a filler in soap, putty, and plaster. Ac eipanded mico 'hydrated mogr.evum-oluminum-ircn silico'c . Used in Ugh-.weight aggregates, insulation, teniiieer. end soil conditioners, os o filler in rubber and paints, end ci a ca'clvst ccrric-. 20 moot!50 mpocn 'Threshold linuo cncn far snhsianees tit "Siiie.ces" croup .ire tor eoir.poiinds sohi.immiiv /* " li.itt I pet sent sis-i.ii tne.wiis.i I m compounds containing more than I per eent silica calculate ihrc-nolii linn; horn rcimil;!' Silt. . 5 mg anthrax spores r-r ssood hurls or grain dust containing parasitic fungi. T. lrriiitiion of the nos; and throat, which is caused hs ae,d. alkali. or olher irritating sltists or niisis. Some dusts such us soluble chromnle slusis m:iv cause ulceration ol Ills' nasal passages or even lung cancer, g. Damage lo internal tissues, sshtch iikiv result irssm inhaled radioac tive materials such as radium .uni Ms daughter proslucis anil Iront other radioisoiopcs that emit highly irnizing radiation. Pneumoconioses .*-i. /'jii'iiMifii tiuittvr.s' comes from three Greek words that mean "lung. ' "tills-.." and "abnormal condition." Hie present generally aeeeptcd meaning of the word is merely "dusty lung." 'File kind ol ilusi inhaled determines the type of eondiiion or injure. A number til t rganie diMs are capable ol proilucting lung dis ease-. but nol all these diseases are classified as pneumoconioses be cause live an: nol all a "du't\ con dition " oi the lung In \cr\ rare eases, enough may he essentially inert and remain in the lungs indefinitely with no recognizable irritation, ami it few like limestone dtt't may he gradually dissolved and eliminated witho.it harm. Silicosis no. The most important lung dis ease eaii'ed In the inhalation ol mineral dust is \///i mk-well-know n in industries where crystalline Inc silica iliist is present, such as loutitlric'. glti" iiitmulaeluring. gianile eutling. mining, and tunneling in quartz reek. I; is louad throughout the woriii. and in the past u has bad mam names, such miner's asth ma. grinder's consumption, miner's phthisis, potter's rot. .uni sto-iem.i'on's disease. File same occupa tional disease, honc'cr. is meant In all lllese names, ami it is earned h\ Jus; Irotti crystalline Iree 'tiiea. mutilly quartz t 'ee 1 able III. Although eon'iderabie progrcss lias been made m dust control in industry. men 'till deielop sijjeosis in ji|.u".s .md on |oln a here dust eont'ol is n,ii adequate Fngi ;n\:;ng s.-ut-oi > still ;A b.;s,e .'I'. Drlinilimi. Silicosis has been defined as "a disease due to breath ing air eont.unmg silica I Sit )-_ : characterized uihiinmn uHy by gener alized librotic ehtinges and the de velopment ol miliarv nodulatioii m both lungs, anil iliniitilly bv slnuiness of breath, decreased chest e\paivion. lessened eapaeily for work, absence ol lever, increased suscep tibility to tuberculosis (some or all ol which symptoms may be present t. and by characteristic X-ray Find ings." ,'U. I in Ini', at mihicnt c Sili cosis has been known to mamlc-l itself alter yvidely ihlfeimg periods ol eyposure lo sihea dust. Appa.ently. development ol the discu'e depends upon: a. Ills' .imuiiiil anil kiml ul ilii'l Mi ll:,led I' Ilie pereentage ot lice silica eon I.Hill'd III llli illlsg e I he h'liii ol the silica, d file mzc ol Ills' panicles mli.ilol e 1 he duration oi the eyposure -- I nniiiuinl mi pi/vr ,J' "l\i;'.'-: !"i::l l *e llu I i' i M11 m 111 i i ' s,  1 1I s J'' 'w cr - i '! V - c. ,.m . . :: v im1i\uin.ii com' c I he wsc::. . m-. \. i:; ^ ^ i; over ::ic yea'- ;. c\;\.a. win crvslailir.C tree silica act' .n if iiiV" in 1 lil: lunj'. I hcorics have been based on :ht hardnc" ot the material ;m*J the cllcv; ol -harp cdjes. solubility phenomena. elec trochemical action ol the crystals. ;mii inuiuinnlojical reactions. II. It is believed H'>w that the tihrosis produced i* caused :u>; by the hardness or shat pnc" "I the particles. but in a cinir>tn:tIn'n ol slijln solunilitv with a pin Mcvivniica! effect :md :m imnumolojtcal clfcet--but no oik- is certain ot the exact mechanism oi tiK- iiiv.:\'. !:xpcrimcntal work o:i iIk reasons lor iIk* development of s iicosis n still joint; on in various parts oi the world II die precise nachani .at o! silicosis could be dctcunmcd. better medical preventive measures mijiu lx- developed :ind possible a cure conkl be I'ound. 42. I urci:. .v/avo. Silicosis n jc-ierully classified in I lrcc separate siiujes bv medical authorities. More sophisticated classifications :ire s'liie times used lor the various X-r:iy siuees :md complications o; the di'e;;se. nut lor :i basic undcrst.mdinj die three siajc' jive jood hreakdow n. 45. Tile lii'i stajs of tiu di'e:ise produces no disability. '1 he allceted m:in c:in cam on lin work in well ever. I i cuucml'.. the in dividual is not uwure 111::l anvtlunj is wronj. mid the Oi'C.is p iwealcd onl\ In opaque nodular siiudows on u chest \-r;n coupled with u known cxpo'iiia to ervsiulline free silica. 44 In the second -luje. ic'pttation ulus he ullecled in some pet'oiis hut not in .ill by utn ni.an' l.abotcd hreuthinj on licaw exertion u-u.iiiv is noted In's;, .mb u drv co;:j:' ':'o mav be presell! 45. I lie dmd -;.:y ...m ec-mop a' !! cr ; :ic ^co mui v'jc s' v.''' - ; ,,: * '!' s m J;\ :dui.il bus been : eu o\ ed ::. . e' - ; "ii: e to 'ihcu dust I i, . nine 'hpj. :::i cnliirced heu .is ,r re-' -ub "I t ie :v-b\ s uieni;';-. io o\e:- 'si:i'k t':.- \-M'i.inki.' t'l rc' v ru iCs. ..... . :n \ non und :'CCusionuiK result'- :n deutli 4b /;,:<( .uu! devr!/'I'rwii: Silicosis m,i\ be deiee'ed h\ ehes; \-ru;.' m eueii oi the three siujes llowocr. X-rtW' ulone ure not 'Ullieieni for :i positive diudnosis. lor the shadows niuy he due to u vurietv cb oilier conditions, inelud- inj infection - or uiioiher type ol pneutitoeoniosis. The tndiv uluttl must here had a definite cvposure to free silica. ive.iU'c onk it can eitU'C sil- ieo'is. Tile complete oecuptttional and ineitie.il history of the employee must therefore he eitiluated before a conclusion etui he reached. The cor relation of chest X-ray tindiaus and physical disability mav he poor in ).1\ c.'.; . 4*. |-roiu most industrial evperienee. 'tlieosis seldom develops in le" than live year' and in manv eases may take 2n vears or lonjer to heeisnie disahlinj. 4s- I he de\elopment of silicosis in it' earliest 'taje is not perceived hv the individual. Tile vli'eti'C cannot he cured hv anv means vet known, luhereulosis Is more prevalent in person- with sdieoso. hm the inci dence is deereasinj. :i' il is in the jcncru! |s>pul.iiton. 4d. Men vetill e.nlv siens ol sih- e<"is are aide to perlorni their duties :uk1 are not a menace to other em ployees. lor it is not a eotlt.ijious disease. A perceptible X-rav chance is not jiomuls tor .i-sununc clisui'iliiv ive.iti'-e mo-; people show idlest eh.mjC' ss u:i advance m ace even wiihout exposure to dust Where there i' a known exposure to 'dice sins;. iio.ve'c. men wnii e.irlv sijns ol s|i;ko--s should be seen penodistiilv b\ .: p -lei.m .non ,/i s///< u on rhi luiy.'i. \; :'1. t'oint- m tile luttj where 'ii.e.; `.in-: - liepo'it-sl .mo aeeuiim- ie.ted. : :n:.M> I i"ue d- v s iops and c:ow - - oiiik: tin be:;;eh - I ho capillaries. ' end. ::ie t'iooi.: m "v area wdl not i'e eomtheieiv . jeiiaieri. I n. t.brou' ;i>'ii, ee.. - .i I tee: the blood vessel' bv ooin. tine them or euttinc down ;iie tiow o blood. All these elieet' tend to limit the rate .u winch ovycen :s supplied to the hodv tissues / myh'. - wyjc. is me >i'\ioiq scmbtom. 52. 4s the inhai.iln'u ol smeu continue' over the vetit'. tile anioim. ,1 lii'ioii' tissue will, ol sOUise. mcrcti'c. with the ultimate le'itlt ilia; tlte lunjs will no; ivadiiv oxyjeni.s 'uHieieni ivlo.nl lor the body's nee.b ritett w hen the oxv jen demand o; die hodv is increased hv cxc'uou. tlte individual will leel di'trc" witti siiortness ol i'teath. 5 .' ,-l nil II r> Hi III \ IJ i i O //<;.' d 111 . ' S Irottt ervstall,ne tree silica in phvsi.ai structure and in phvsiolojicu! elleci'. In the .niiivrpinni' state, molecule' ol silica exi'l m random orientation, which may be caused by natural lorees to form opal and ciiatoniaeeous eartii ( kie'elculir I. Amorphous silica mav he com cried bv artilietal proc esses into siieli loritts as silien red silica luitic. ;i iici I used silica or quail/ 54. If amorphous silica is heated to a Imjlt temperature, as in calcini'ic. lornts ol etv-.talline Iree silie.t eal'eil eri'tobalite and tridymtie result. These internieiliate lornts ol ;tnt 'rpltotis silica tire known as erypt'i- ervstalline ( iillia-miciocrysialliiic. ) Inhalation ol these ervstallme lor ns can reatlilv cause di.itoiniie pneu moconiosis. 5'1. A iten diatomaeeoiis earti'i is e.tlented. panic tilarly m the pr.-'- ettee Ol a taee i'l alkaline hnv. ippreei.ilvle iiuantitie' are convened to eristob.tl:;; \s a re sult ot -taches made h\ taa L. S I'uivhc Health Service, it li.i' been recaiineni eil lh..it the tin e -1 n I d him! value oi eiude or .a lorphons di.iioiiute be pi.iced at 211 mppe I i -ee I abie I I i. but mat bv atm."bilerv cVK-Ut'a- !in, : ; W s* 1 i!. I V c i : i.;: ms-:, ;i ' vvciI . -Us'luio.; M !!<lII1. ` '7 /nr \rlh it i//i' 1'rkv 'liit':! is iiusMinl'insiI 'ilis.ni sliiiiiils i S.( ; Sliisills' o'liiiiin -.ilist'n in! I'W.vn sunii'inssl "Mil uliisi sls- Mis nl' in ;i iiimis s' >nipis'V nis'lssuls'. An.ilv's' Hi minsiui'. puriicul.irly in Ssi'li'nisnl rspi'rl'. :nv 'unviiins' rs- p.'lls'll II' ps'TYs'IlM'Js'' 'l MMlIs"- sv ills 11 ni.is msimis Sid.. Al_.lj_. K..m. I.1I iis Sillrspuristl in ns!i slisuiisul .in:ii\'s' i' ills' i'lt.il .'I ills' ' 111 s < 'll lIlMMlIs plV's`111. I'l'll'. ills' Irss 'ilisu ill prs's'ini. Mini liic -ilis.i s'liml'nis'sl in lik- illiiisTnI. Susii niiiK'S' :ns iii'i rsli-il'ls iiklicn.'1''ii' >1 liis ' i i is*" i' pnis'iili.'il i'l ills' . 11; i: s' I't: 11 .,'N ll i' II11 si 'lllhllls'sl . 11 Irss 'ilis.i Ii.: i' mu'; ini|'. >:;.::ll in iiniii'|r;.:i Ill': s' \ pi ' 11: s A.' lii.il .in s'\p"'li.'.' s.'.n I's' p.'itj'siK s'v.iin.ils'il. ills psrs*s'ni.iss' "I 11iis<<iii(>ins'sI 'ilis;i nni'i I's' . Is-; s rm i list I In I'.sirnsrupiiis' unul.'i' ii'ins ;i p. 'I;n i/iiis ii I isn "s.'|'s' . u. prslsrui'h. fry \-n\ tlillr:is!i"ii ill. I\ 'S' iinsl 'psci.i! :in:iI' Iis.ii .'lisnnsu! pi ns s'llnrs''. I I IS IV ll.'l' 1's'Sll 'Mills' sM'snnisiii.il s'\isls'.'isc 111:i: 'Milk'sins;' ;nu\ Is'iul in inliii'il ills' nsliMii mI sj|is;i mii Ills' I'msK . I'ul liii' mii: 1'i!in,isI;.i<i i' '(> 'li'jiil .mil iMissi'imn lli.il i; nuisi i\- sli's'i'iinis'sl in pr.is'lisv. In Ills'!. lilsTs' .lI'M is s'\IsIs'llsV lil.ll ills' 111 Ml'lllsVlUl' s MIlipMlls'Il!' Ml .1 sills] niiunrs sMiilmniin iiss 'ilisu inm p cm\ i' is s' ;i sli'.il'linu iMinliliMii 11 i i' i's* '-s'' s' I s' 111:111 111; 11 s'.niss'sl l'\ ills' -ills'.! .is'i mu ii.';is'. All. V. nil ills' s'Sss pi i.'ll Ml .I'l's'sins .nisi si'IIIs' inis'. Ills' 'ills'.Its' ..hi'i' si.' n.'l mi slin.ii :K s.ill's n '.'iii'ii' ill'.i i'll in; I mis; smikIi: imii 'iisli .n i' r11. 's111ss'si i'\ I i's s' 'ills'll Mils ii iin.-iis'l "I 'iiis'.11s' slii'i' ill.in mI li..'ills .i siii'l s .in i's i. 'Is: n.'s'sl ''I In in.: :n i inlii'i: V'. n is' r l iin s s .'..'Ms: '. -Ills.:;.' siii'i' liini s-.n- : :11!- si mm i ; s s1 'liis'.: '.sInui; ii.' \.! ;"! i s' :i: mi . 11'.;!' i i i: \ m| n.'ilnl.ii.. : 11 is' in :i;j' Ills \ -1. i \ ni'is in >u ' ' n !.'" - :n :is :I:: 1 u . in 'i - 11 slllSUl.1 lit!''.'. lii'.imi: : r, ":i w'\ up i r..:. !i "i "s' ifrn. iriu ;i!! > livji: i : i; ..: ; rs' I n >' 11 i s . rvsi';iinjsr>svsi :i; t r:1111 'ii frs 'sp: ! i' p, s" s'uI >:. s ,i:i s\pi"iirs .: 's'i n'cil m liis' iiicrniiirc. -I iv simis-.rl Ms'.-I' .1 Ts' !1M| III.- x.nils' ll'T 111 s''s* 'liis'lils- siii'l' l.-r lis's 'liis.i. I'lli Ills' 'S.'iipiiini' sum i's- murks'll. liis I'ms!;. si.v' n.n Inns uslss|iinis' slslcri's' iisimii'i iiiili'srimimus unu'iin-s mI slii'i mI ::ny Is inti. ThsTs'li'rs'. nliii.'iiyh 'jvcilic '>mp:Mill' li.Ms' n.n I'.'s'ii sls's'iiiVsl i.'i' nun} mmsrul slii'i'. ills' ysnsrul s\- PsTls'I'.Ss' ".Mills! IIlills'IllS lil.ll slll'I Is'ss'U 'lii'iiIs! Iv iis'pi "iiliin ihrs'hMlsl limil s .Mils'' i 'I 1'cli >ss 1 I .il'ls 111. Asbestosis C'-. \'fr.-'iM' i' n nsnsriil isi'm ;ip- P'issl -s'lsTii! :n::'.sT.:l' iiininy n lii-vi'ii' s'li.iriisis;'. I liv'-s* ' u'Ivm." 'll::!''.il' -irs i'yirutsi! 'ilis.Ms' *1 ninyiV'inm "u'.fr i.uiufris .i:.:.i;111:' mI nMii. siilsimii. '.iui'ii. p. 'i.i"ium. nni! .iluniimi;!! prs'sui .i' mipurilis''. fr.'. N'l's'lM' "iisn inii.ilssl pi'M- 1111 s s'' llfrr.'l.l' 11" lls III ills' lulls.'' Ml I'i'ill Ills'll mill mirm::!v ll ii;i< 1's'sTl 'll.'" n tii.n I ii'.- r - .i'i'.'.'," nni'i I's prs'sui 1 mr ;!-.s pr..ilnsli''ii fl .i/v Oilisr 'Mis.:ls nunsril' mI liis 'jins slismisul smii1|'>"Himii I'iii timiiIi!>r ii- in I.tui I'r.'slnss iim is . i s i i1 'ii mi' u r-sl.i; s l\ 1111 is I rsus'iiMti. I'iii ii.'I Ills 's"srs rsusliMii <1 lil'i.'ii' si'i'S'l." siii'l I US'S i . I s * ' l.'.lsl I" ill. si'llsiii'ii'n til.:; .is:-."i- is in.unis ;;is iS'll!; Ml pn\':..il ;; ; null.'ll ..| Ills' Inns: li'"Us .nni iim; .-I .: silsiliis.il usiiMii. .s iiis 1 i ::i.>si:i: iv ,.iv .'I I;ills s.Ill'S' Ml slil.Msls |S 'Ilsj'Ss ts'll lil.ii limy s.uis.: urns I's' nulussil i's u'.'s'Im' iiiiissssr. iis.is i' Hi' ,111- pis"i\s -111:.-;::s: si s'-iilslls.' I" MIP- p. n I i :iis U"nm;-: i. .:'I'. '1.1' s.iii Iii:. ;iuii ills uppsr .s'P:r.Ui-r\ ;;,s: :> i, - a s: puli' ills hi;;;:- ..is:-, i::. I.;:: s .ills! iM : . >: 111 ''Mills'- "lls.'S ins I p:m-,s piMP.ipis s'.viU' i "smI! ii'. -m Ills is: 'inn -I ;'r. uu In. Ms - I iis'is I- s". a I s'" i s.' ili.U Miusr ;:: i :i - --'I .:! - 1 :'- ui`_' .: . n M s il.il .u V: s nil n li.i'--prmssi uni ;n prusiuv si il liis' 11ns siii'i i' 's'Pi .'sis'" i."..' 'UsfJS'lSsi I ll iv 'iin isi iirs. it. ; its' u'i\ . " ir.Hii'n .'I ininris'ii' nivrs sni; i's ksjM " it ii in 'ills limit' Talcasis f'1^. A' ti'Stl in imlii'trv. "inis 11;mr ' i.'[*'i'i I-.1 .i.i.'- yi'I. UiL' i' :i InsIrsHi' muynsMiim 'iiisuls. "insll n:u\ frs u rs'LuivsK pur. minsr:il or m:i\ frs nu\ssi " nh irsuiMiits s>r "ilh tls'liimils slspsiisiunj iip.'ii "llsrs :l i' nnnssl. I lls tsmi "i.iis " m npplissl ci'ninisrsisilK in snrl'Mimis :iii\!urs' thnl hms liis 'inns ysnsrui Issl .nisi piiyisiil pri'psrus': n ui'M i' sipplisil in pyri'pliyUits. :i lutlri'U' iihiuiintini 'tlisiils. "lush IrsMtisnil;. > nnss'si "ith ii Instil psrssnisists <'! t! u. i r t /. 1 lis Irss 'ilisu ysn.T.:!i'. IsHinsI "ith p\ rs'pln tins ciin c.ui'S 'ilisi"i'. ll i' ihsrslurs s"sni.nl im kiiM" "iiish luls i' frsiny ii'Sii in I'lslsr to s'niluiits n 'psalis Uh>! s\- i'i "tirs. /U. / i//i mu' i' ii'tisillv ;i"i'si- .Us'sI "'i;!i iisninliis mis. I hi' ili'su's piMilnsV' sh.instS' in ills' Inns.-' mu! 'VinpiMui' 'imilsir Im ;lii'-c mI -i'* I'S'lM'l'. Anthrcico$ilicosis , I, .1 iillimi'''/lit ' >\i'. u s.'ilipis \ li'iin mI pnsunn'SMniii'i'. i' u shrnmt sli's.i's smi'sil by brsinliiny uir smiil.mim..' siii'l ilinl Ini' Irss 'ilisu ;i' mus mI in sMinpsinstil' mill lli.n i' ssnsrutsil in tlis mriuii' |'r"SS"S' itiimKssI m minius mill prspurmy uriliir.isils I Imrsi smuI i " ' .ill'.!. Im ,i Is1"s't ilssTss. I'llmmiiMii- smuI. I Iv sli's'ii's i' shurusisri/ssl unuiMniisuili b> stsnsruli/sil lilirniis siiuny.' l i i r.> ti s I ini n I'mIii lumj' mis! 1" His pis's'Ilss Ml .\sY"l\S IIUIMIIIII' I ). s'.'-s" < . I ).[!!., \ , lis I M I . Iv. ... . - I I Mills,. I U .,11,1 S ,s. I KK I I /; I '.......... / '/. h .I,,.!, . I ' i, lls Ml It. ills IIM VI I N I'.U-i,. lls Pi. S.-u,, V. i. _' - 11 ' icruu. Sue,'! lunc' on ;iu!iip"*`. arc Vt'.ii black. Sv mptoiii' tonnd m ,,.:riv ht.am o nich w.'.d-S.u- sputum, pain . m . .pic chcs;.. .me! m sonic cases physical "raknc". In the advanced stacc'. there arc In" of "ciciii and decreased capacttv tor work. p:irilv caused hv ptilfiii>n:irv iiiJ'cdion (frequently bronchitis I. and in some case' there may lv heart lailure, 7-1. Experiments milt showed that mixtures ot coal .iliil quart? produced more bhrosis than did quart/ alone. Tile harmful eilcd' of coal dust tin not eonte only Irnttt tile silica in tile dust. Coal diot alone in very heavy concentrations over a period ol mane year- ean oitae hreathle'Mie" and ventila tory impairment. .. Miscellaneous pneumoconioses 75. keen ihoutth a du-t is vi.i-'ilietl as harmless. excessive amuuna of it can lend to troulve hv ctui'inc a pneumoconiosis or simplx hv me chanically irritnunc the walk ol the respiralorv svstem. Moreover, even '.houeb there is no eltemieal or pitv-ical irritation: mechanical phteeinc ol the luncs tmd interlerenee with their ordinate processes ean result. Miea dust anvl kaolin diM are i.vo coml examples of dusts that ordinarily are eonsidered benien Inn in exeessive amounts ean eause a trouhlesoine pneumoconiosis. 7h. M ica pneumoconiosis has been ohserx'eil ill erindinc operations u here mica dust. Inn no Iree silica was present. There were marked chanyv- in the X-rav picture' ol the hunts ami some vikabilux. I lie c.i'cs occurred where the dust exposures were mas'ive over m.iuv years. i i. Kni>liiu>\i\ ha' Seen described .i' a condition induced hv inhalation ol diisi released in the erindme anil h.mdline ol kaolin (china el.iv < W'here the eases occurred, dti't level' i't 'cvciai 'Hundred million paiucl.' net cuinc loot of air Acre common. 7S. Aiumimm: dii' o not eoit'id- c.'>,i ;p i^v.' \s.c'. *'*,i;v- c .lie c \\ ;:: 1*'11: u:diev;'. .;iu:n::ui '' u;>: parts, and c.i'liHC' It can retore Toxic Dusts end runes r.-ui'eU'c-J--hu' fven tounci ottiv in woik..:' expos'd :' lumc' eontamtuc ainniuuun oxide and nnnuie or ukram ero'eopie 'liica parne'c' arisme Irom x.-ncltinc hauxile in the mami! iciiire ol corundum, tin im pure form of aluminum oxide. It is c'-cntiaiiv a diffuse interstitial librc'i' and marked associated em pty''em.i. with a complete absence o: anv nodular lihrosis. I; ilelinitelv il.v' not occur from the use ol cor undum crindiite wheel' or Irom oilier li'rtii' aluniimun oxide. a1). Some pneumoconioses into iiow marked shadows on an \-rav iilm: these shadows. uiih 'til I he nec essary. inlorm.ition on tlut exposure ot the ukTv idiiai. m.iv be alarming ia a ;_v:ief.:i X-ray scrccmne proyr.ttu. (In eiuuca! ex.imiiuuioii ol mdtvtdu.t.s show me die .\-rav marktnc'. howe'er, olien no vlisahilitv or symptom ean he tomd. >1 l ije'e sJuulows are Irequeiiliv eneountered when the dusi' contain atoms ,>i reiativelv hic;il molecular "cichi heeaii'c tiie heavier atom-, tire lairlv opaque to \-rav'. Insoluble hanum liu-t' and tin oxide duM'. lor example, can show veiv imuked 'liadoiv'oii \-rav lilms without prodiisitic .icii'ol sienilieani palholocv i lurnini 1111'i 111: l i' 'oluM-e in the I 'oilv thud' i an civ e a toxic react ion l. '2 Iron oxide, p.irtieularlv ex cessive Imiie Irom welvlinc opera tions. in.iv pr.'duee wr/eioi/i with a picment.ition ot die limes thl.uk m wealeis and il at non o:e miners I w uiiom di'.ihiiuv i he X-rav sii.ul- oa - pioiiueed in the iron oxide in itie lune' ,ue soiiuuii.u similar io the 'iiaiiows liom 'ilieosis. lieeaiise ol till' 'iniil.irtlv. duierential dincnosi- is , ! ten di then it. and lieav v expo* me' to ton oxide di I anil lumc max lead to mcJiioieCai problems 1; is ihere- iiirv: tan.: to u'litiol ::on oxivii ,, \ is.fi . v ^ u. iw* r i i* ttenk'iH'* ;nuf nwr o'.^rvti'Vx ;^\ e\*r:;nn tT'jdmc o'MKWiikk \; metallic ! times ate i: rtl.it . e'" . ally vv hen tie'iiiv ceiier.ued im n-trialiv important niemi' tmd :ae;r eotnpouiuls that can tiave a n i, clfeCi when die dust or tunic m miialevl include arsenie, anttmonv. etuimiutu. chipm-x^;. lead, nitii'ittiii.-si mereurvft . setetuum. telluimm. tu.iii- mill, uranium, and a lew atlvis sh I tie elleet ol s,<nie metao siteil as m.ictiC'ium and: /Ills. ;:t'j\ a to i'e transient ()nl\ imiued i me available on the exotn ami :.:n earth inelal' Nf'. Althoucii the 1111't' ,md turn,.' Irom iiietai' with low toxienv do not neev! .o mueti tutention .o tile da-:- and Itimes trom inch!' toxic imt.iU tiiev sinuild not he necleeted oi disrectirded The metals with low lexicitv tire controlled more reudiiv because cretuer amounts can be toi- ertued. nut (heir vhi'is ami fume' should be kepi at reasonable level' 'inec exees'i'e aniounis ol anv ot them ean be iiarmlul ( Table Mil. Lead poisoning XT. Aitlipitcb e.xiremelv severe cases ol lead poisoniiyc tire rare m imhisirv loil.iv. lead exposures n usi be eonirolled to prevent even the moilerale sympionis. vviiieh ean be tioiiblcsomc. Inhtilalion ol the dust ol lead compounds is the most com mon movie ol etttrv of lend into the svstem. Incc'lioii ol lead compounds ean add to the problem il persi ual livciene i' pool. Workers slieuld thereiore he eneour.iced to wtoh li'otouchlv I'vlore etilnic. and liuteliroonis should he secrecatevl liom iirk tire.I' NX I; should he leeocm/eil that le.nl I' a norm.a constituent ol pL.uts and anim.i!-. I'eople incest ami ex crete lead dailv even lltouch they ate not exposed to lead m titetr datlv vviu'k I he hovlv can handle r)u Inilnwinc N..:u'M.i) Vikf. ( t.mn, li I ).I. , M>u'x 1/ Ht.,, I - < . < ^ iiji iiu.iKw w^Cwcd [a1;:!!.:! , s :I .o :' !,, . . 'vuid-iip ` \S I `, S . .1 * w`. v ' x Css PI Pw ii j ' V- . W Is' ;in.-in mi iiiiii:. li'.iV 'h.'iilil lv m> ti.iPiail;. VI Hi.- min. u laiiii "I 111-j ilv o'licYiiiniCtui i>l .nr-nmiK' Ivul .ii .i ivn liiu v.iiiiv Mi'm- Irom L.'iii-' hii'li .mil it' kmliTliA. iii v;n.ill .imnimiv I** .iiYimuikiu* in ;li-.- human 'I'kiu. W iit-'ii U'.iil ill1; i. wpiit 'ii in lilt.* hi>il\ lYailii' ;i Mil- Iwm tli'-jiVi. 'impli'iti' til pni'i'ti- iiitT mil'\it.idthi appi.i!. Beryllium intoxication "n lit i i Ilium 11i:t>\11..11itiii i- '..'UT.' ti'iviuiL' ili'i.itt.' ilia; cun iv 'nil Irum iiv inhiikiiii'n ni n;a"hi ilti't-s ol ilii'i til nu:::illic ivr\Ilium. !vn Ilium i'\iilv'. .mil 'unit 'I'luhL- ivn ilium i.MiijithiihI' I ivi t .iii :u > i.'i:;i' t'l lilt.' ili't'.i't. Om i' .in .iiiilt' l-'rm ol liii-mii.il pivuiinimU' uiih Ct'u^h. pitiii. ililliailiy i:i hriailiuv.:. tvann'i'. .mil d" n! iii'klii. In ;!v v.ii:i>nit.' liuv. itiinun lvrvllinM'. lTil-IV may lv In" ni apiviik ami "ipjiii. lakiii". ciHtyii. airtiiii Jillk'uiiy in hrcal.'nny. I'vann'iv ami taiiliai 1.11111iv. Morialnv i' hii;li in ilirnmc :\'i'\ll,:uni i n 11 > \ i v:i I ii1 n. ami mam- ulin Mirviii' 'iillir Irom pul- nitmari ili'liV". 'Ii. I mlii iilual '11'v.Y'piihilii \ app.ni'nth iv an iinpt'i'laiu lailt'i' in liv ik'\ t'ltipnii'iil ul ilk- ili't'av. In mam' iii'laniY'. niit.' tinpiintY li:i iliii'it'pt.il ilk- Vi imv 'ViiiiHiimN iiiiili i'lii- I'MipliUYi' titling ilk- 'aim umi haiv 'Mini n nn >i'j11' t'! Ji'abiiili. ''2. ilnmi i:i;t>xiy.::it>11 ii.iiii'iv.1 ; 11ivri .it'iiiiui'l i aliil in iiklii iii11ai' mmii'.i; m 11an111 i11 -Y i'll t'li'i llii'ii' i' n.t ii uii'iii't' t'l mi. '\ i a l: : i I It1111 till 1 Il'Yi' [It'll t'l Ivi I ilium ,'Mtii. Mi :'\ Ilium niii.il. m .mi .'I :ln ivviliiuin ;. 11.' i' (ini', i j v iTih.il.it inn t a iv i Ilium tiii'l p11'tilin' 'I'kinii tli'i'.i'i '> ' Hiin'I .'I ::ii 'ii iii n.nii.'i .`I la. lii'i.i'i' ami 1'ii.ni'i liiai ' at' u.ii pi ivl ,i 11 n i: ii i ' '.'.ill tli- i ii.1;' \ : i` n i i' lain ; 1111'; i'i ;.: k i : i a' ' m tin'; :iu! ! i mi,' ; iia i i u 0: O r C *r Arsenic Borium soluble compounds Beryllium Chromic ocicJ ond Chromotes Cyonide 'os CN ,_/ < t. i ' r o C : e 0 Fluorides Hydropuinpne Iron o*'CC fun Icod Ivcd orseno'e Moon'.'Muni o * iCC funv Descr-ot.cn one rttcc's "'CstCC x -- ~ s*', ..gcr Cus.c ve*' c - Orcy metci CfCn cssOOC'eC "''t ecc one orsenic. Ho*ordous uefl1 mhotoion ond *nqesJon. Soluble solts rncy couse cC'moJii's. Silvery brarle crystalline metol. Ho:ordous from inhclotion ond inge**on Usuolly encountered ai arsenic oxide. Soluble bon-jm chloride ond sulfide-- ore to*c w'nen token Oy mouth. Light weighj. groy metal. The metol. low-fired oxides, soluble tabs, ond some olloys ore toxic by ir.holotion. Ped. brown, or block crysto'.s. Coust'C OCt'On on mucous membranes or skin. o.s 0.5 o oc: o1 Monvoiotlie cvcnide* ore ingirvtion hoiords% Cyanides inhibit Jiuue oxidation upon inhalation end cause death. Y*.*llowsh crystci Hcicrcous from skin obsorpnon. inhalction. ond ingestion. 5.0 ' Sm * * 1 o skin* * InorgonrC fluorides ore highly irritant one tone. 7.5 Colorless hexagonal crystals^ Contact with the skin moy couse sensiliiotion end irritation. Hxccss've exposure *0 dust moy cause corrseol injury. 2-0.. a IO r sources ore cutting ond welding. 15.0 Lead futn-s ond leod compounds cousc poisoning after prolonged exposure. Most important means of entry into booy is inhalation Skin obsorption is of sonificonce only from such organic compounds os i"od tetraethyl. 0.2 V/httf C rystols --highly toxic Whit#* powder InhctlaJion of freshly C'.'n-ro:ed lump moy couse rretal fume 0.15 15.0 Ihi/'e :.l!ii'l`i'ii! Iit:nt \.ilne> MKi:i..i I ::.!n-i i.J H \ eicn:-! - i n pteil I", the \mctK.ilt ( OMlcreflkC of (misi/TM- ::is. s.His ti| Ivrviinn;!. s'MVli.iIK iH*r\Ilium IIim*- : siv . :ti w*'MI.: mil' cu|v or -0.1 Mix ,,|] :n.\ `v slN-n. slwsp uksT' ^lov.K. < I'Mij'ii'ii i'.umi'H ol ;:is ul- xi r ' ''.'Ik ..nu1' ; v v; i: i: s i i:i o:J^r Mctnl fun*.o "ever `n .i iifiL-l JitL'ii c\p`"urs in*.1 lrc^ItK uviU'Wcd lum.^ tl iik'i.iN eli .in /UK1 or m.ti:nc^ium or [hstr oxiiijN. Swupiumv .ippYiir irom :**t:r hu'K: .Pis1.' s\p''*ur. m:h: u'lisiM ol lowr .irttl -rl:ik j11 j siuiK fiisix1 x":npL;, :*.sO\L-:> s: '* i:'t ;i oTK ii.:' . ' ! - ' Hi :il S:;ECT;D TOXIC DUSTS an;. fUw.ES Con:,nutc - nc^C:C Z-O'C `A*'"' ? ' - * nv.iv. ai-.r^is- ' Mcncai*!C* Pcntcchioroohenol Phoipho^u^ `'yellowt Picric ac>d , Solcr>iurn compoundi Sodium Hydroxide Tellurium Titanium dioxide Trinitrotoluene Uranium Vanadium pentoxide Zinc oxide fume Zi* coniu'fi compounds $'i*ery grey mt'oi. HotCfCO rnhaiefton 0* or CuM Irorr 50 Oerr -colored tlo^Ci rr its toxic fumes rHpo heofed cu\t Po'sonout moin.'y by inHolotion. Severe burn nc20rd Ircm \inn confect. C.5 .k,n* 0.1 Yfiow cry^ici^ or licuid. oorjicularly metallic iOhv on oocomootition. C0 o*ve -- E.miti ?o*ic 0.1 ikin' To * iCity voriei VOmcwHot O r. CC ' Jin.C o the loiubifhy of the 'D^citH com pound. Often coupes contact dvm.oti:is. v/hire. dehouescent pecc-^ or lumpj. Has severe action upon c.l becy tH.*ue. Sipnlor to selenium cherTuccUv- ond in pHvsioiogicoi ewec*s 0.1 2.0 o.t white to bitted ponder Con-.c-rec n thi* nuisance category 15 0 Cc-ioriess o yellow monodinic crystcls. Emit' to*ic fumci of o**des of n trogen when Heoted to decomposition. Highiy poisonous explosive. 1 .5 'skin HicHiy toxic and o rociation Hazard that requires special cons.ccru'ion. 0.05 'soluble com pounds' 0.25 'insoluble com pounds' Yellow to red crystols. A<ts chi.yflv on an irritant to the conjunctiva end CNpirotory tract 0 5 'dust 0.1 fume AmorphouN wiiiic or vrilpw :> der The powder k esscniiollv tiontci<c. but freshly generated fume nioy COuse mi'toi fume fever. 50 Most CO^DOunCi ore roiut>!* cnc novo lo** !0*C'1y 50 I hen' thfolipM liit-.ii \;jjKv liuiiiNin.il II\ ctuotM* m rr*' . it ( >p 111! 1*\ i k Xtiuik.in < <*n;cten.c ot (<*setn * I lu* \uii J '\Lin'` in Mi* tiu-.inlMiii- In I Ik* c v p`,vm hUk.iU-' : M.: 'hr * h'l.itKe * .:ii rvncli.iic 'he '* m in allcr ;t l.i\iill". r.'siimpiii'ii 01 c-np.-uiu is lik.-lv in hrinc on .in ;11:.tok In can'.- iuc;.ii Umi.' i.-v.t 1 :i\ cniiccntratiiMis nl luni.'s arc raiiMui. /.me o\iiT:turn.- ' i-V nii'v; eminiiMi siuncc. bui i.'V' .aus.-ti i-\ th.- mh.:! :;11 n i>; : am. - i > 'll i :Ities in m , > \ me. ..\'p.: >' C. mu; m.Mii,. have .!'' :\v:i :. : .. '-liii: n ' ' - i: i.-su!;. nnlv iri'in the mli.il.ilicii nl cv::,:n.!v line particles Ircshlv :.c n. .1 .1' Iume i n.i'Ccn: lunv ) Vi.kcl. me;eur\. arui uther me aU mav .ii'' pri'iluee .1 level lell.'.v.J n the t.'\;e .'licet' "I t.'ie Allergic Reactions ' - V. he:i m I h. : i : ::i , e h. ; e n l. ; i n 11 e. i s; r i': n: . . i ::.;: . ..;. ; ( ' e.i'ii'n.illv. i.v.i 11 r :;-i'ie . in'uiveii. Si'me n! Hie .hiei-em non' .ire lienn.iiiiis. li.iv !e\.;. a.;: m::. ;iik1 iu\cs. ')1!. L 'iitiliv. the victim is suh|.. eil ti' :i senes ol cvpi'sni.-s u r ccoum---sens;; /tilion is built up. These < vivsur. 111.:v eecur onitinlieu'!v tei vee: I iien. :n she eiui el ;he "meuh.i uperieil. ` which varies ;ieeeTii:m_ 1 he m.liv itlu.iJ. ,i letietieil ;s pw iliti.ei! lilt) her ,i true all.'iei. lien ;we l.icleis ,;re tcquircii ,i. A hisierv el prier eepesure !e :h n.ileri.i! iir.elvei! iseniel.me' known l'i .illeele.l empiev.es: I' ' . il.illeilce j'l tile in.it. ri.il. vihieli provokes ilie nllcrei. r. action 1(11 C eiilinueus exposures me. tic; .is "ileseiiMtjxins; cieses." jiu uinler th.-'e conililioiis :m ullercn iiul.v i.lutil iii.iv uerk uitheut iiicidcn lor lenc perie.ls el lime enlv le in. llm; re-e\pesure utter remev;il lien the sensiii/im: mulcrinl tsuch tis :tIte' ti itictilieni ctui'cs ;m tilleicic re- spense le recur. IIP. Meilietil tnul enciiieermc "Ceemineiuhitiens te prevent aile'ei. reactions are htiseil en prevenlien el evpesure hv menus el personal pro- leeiive ei|inpnient. ventilntien nielli<uls. er reniev.il el s.-nsiii/eil iiiili' iilutil. !iom the evpesure. Infections Infection and pneumoconiosis III' i lie presence el nn niemirv disease thal '.icnilieaiitlv im.rhi.s win tile 11:1111r:ii ilelens.s aea ii'i leiercu pariiel.s m.iv ineie.ise mheepiihiii:v te I'neiimeeeniesis. ( eil- versele. a piieunieoemetie lune is mere piene te mleclien. l er evtmiple iuiv:.ule'is eeeufs meie treipi.iillv ani'Mic silieeiie' than aniene nerm.il p. rsen- Sever.- di'al'iicv er lie.nil e! a spi^i.i;.. w.hen etiteeil hv pill neiiai v .eii.i:t ieiis usiiallv r.-' :it- t; i in . ::. r J ; iib. r. u : ":' . t ' :. : ii >:i' i i < "i: imi.nmmji Ml.Vv-. ; I' I ? Ini'." . ' rt m , i ni i... . i:.. mil m .1 > 1. i . I Ml Sni'i rmlinknlnpc' .ik* iiil;''!' ..ikiii s 1;' m :iuli\kill. 11 m- .'.m' ;:k". m.:'. i.ni'. nnl\ in'.ti./i'ii .:* .iii:.'iinr: I 11 : .:ilm'i':i'1::': i' n! 1 mi..,' i I: . II Jl.iiu.Uwii; t'l- l. ,'ni .iiui ;!v 'iii'iiM" ul iimv' limn mlii.kil mmi.il' III' | : 111 . Miii'iii-I -.Tim III" nil ,:,iiii h.iv ivml Ininul 111 I Ik- xpiltmll nl iiml'nvn 'imiklin;j Ilv "Mini jilld ,1W Ivlvi'il l*> iv fill 'ini''- nl' nlit- l'K .ik' nl ..''pli'.ilni iIimm'iIi'I' I mi"! Imnul hi 'ii".1;' i_.ui-.' km!.V' \i".i"' 1 .ik !\ li-.". v ii In Iv pm'f , >1 llu- t'.iii-i.' nl |i|i"immu. f' 1111 n.!I >j'i>\u ImnvJ muim' iiv lurk nl '111 K` lli'i'i lunn Iwil I'lmiVll Ini 1111'll'.llm 1! 1 f? 1 !. 1111 li'i .mini!" mil l'll.ii'i'v will, ivK'll'k ill l In"'. Min \ 11111 MI 11 Ilk IIVIlllMW nl c111:In 111.: 11ivkiln! IviL'k'! i.iI .uni 11111"; 11 nikkimii' j\ Inmui In Iv ivl.il n i'l\ Inw. llu- ii.'pir;ilnr\ cflt'cl' ..in Iv iii >!il'ii.'. 'i:it_- mui. m iiv c;i'c m piiliiimi.ir, . 1 n 1 ;ir. 1 \. i-u'ii I;u.:! I Iv I'.i'V nviluul' n| Li'inml .in.- ilv '.illli' .is I il. in; I nr ilv piviiiiu vnilin- -1' prntiiviil" dii'i'. hul 'k-rili/iilimi .Hill lil'l Ilk' 1 Inn lllll'l Iv mill'll Radioactive Dusts' I11T \ r.iilimviiV'- ''nii::n;,in.mi m. i\ nlk'i .1 k11 ' 1 niv; 11 li'wil' h;i/.iui in J1I1111 mi 1 in .111 mm/iii" rmliiilimi .'\p."iiii. .mil 1; iiuiv iv piV''-iii .iv .: :;.i'. ilii'i. I link . 1 ir mi'l. IMS k .iilinj'l 11 ' m Milmninmi;' I. iki'ii min ilv imik m.i\ Iv il''pnM|.;il in Hiriniu ni'":iii' h'-.v liv\ 'nii'ii- 1 <i 1 ' '<1111''' ni mkril.il r.uliminn I lu- vli'iiil'jil 'iim'.v;'ri'iV' nl ;,!' 1 mlm.i'11\' 'niii.imiiimil nr I'.Mirv ill'll'! IIIIIU' :!v ni'";m in ullv!l will !v 1 li pi ''ik'il Ilk' i\'k'!mn 1.1k i' .il'-n 1I1 piiuli'Ul upnn nii' 'lii'H!k;il II. mill' n, ilv I 'nl i .pi . IV'.lll'i' ;iu i.iilm.iiiiii nnlnpi' nl .ill ili.niiiil inllnv. :) v '.iiiir Iiui.il'nl'.i pin"', n 1 In 1111 'l.li'li I'.unpi'i nl liu; il.. :111 ill !"'i || : .11 ................... ... !; ,' iii pn' 1 k`i' m ilk' l'i u I \ ilv ink'in.:! .'pn'Hk i- m'mm; .1' innlnlunll' nnlii Iiv 1 n Hi 11'1' ; 1 li 'i| : .ul in 111" 1- i.n ni li.: i 'Vi'.i\ In 'niiii . .. -I ' , ' "Ill . ' 111.:' 1.1'! .: Ilk linl. iu/nril- nl ;i pjnknhjr r.Till'n.iCMS miI''I.ni'''. Snl u l'ii 11 \ mui pun vl'- 'I/.- iL k : Minv im.i nnvh nl liu- .v- iik1 Mi.iicn.il ml! "mu .u."" in mui ivm.ini in tii' .l'ii *i ul 'i.vmn mui im- iiUi' nr".ni'. II 1. Il rjiiinj'iii'- mr-Mi'riv coii- l.niinimimi i' kimun in I'' pre:11. 'nnirni iikiniik' mV mmul.itnri. II t.'v pr'''-!i'V 'nm.iinmmimi i' un- knmin inr. ';i';V'tiii. 'jinipliiv nni't .`v 1I1'iv in iLkTimiv wlvllvr m nnl .nr-hmik' ''iiri'.-iitr.itiml' nl ilv r::'lini'nlnp'- .ik !vln \ ill.' tlU'^llnlil Inllii i::hv, 112. C i.'nil n.-i'mi.il h\"i'-;v m'i! "nnil np.r.itni" I'kinii'iii'' .ik- mil'll 111.'re inipnrimi; in tlv Inriullmi:' nl' r.:'I1:1' ::1- ::;mi m :!v !i.::l- ilmv n; ::m-: n: ;.! luk'f i:tl U''i! 1:1 nklu'l rv I I.'. I.:i"nii'i::;: -J ''.MH,"nl' Inr r.uim.i'lii' ihi'k .ir. 'imilnr In t!k"i' in: niiv: ilii'i' mkl ili'pmkl piimm'ih npmi 'iipuik ::1 ;iv ;'nim t>l "cncr;i- linll. 1 ik llll'.'-l'll''' li'i' 111 ilk' l.vl l.'l.li i'nn;;.'l' ini -r.kill '.Vtll '* Jil'l' mil',' Iv '-Mi'-iivli Mivvnt. I liiV'ii- 1 'lil limn i.iliV' 1111 1; 1111* i; vl 11 ' pm- ivnl.ii'- in.ilk'.' .ik- 11:1 Inn. mui in ''iiv ''.i'i' Mm pm "ik illi'i'-ivi In '-ip! lire mui iii'iilmn i' kipiikil. Permissible Dustiness I i -I I in ' 'iii 'i,l l.mn 1 :iliv' nl mniikii ilii'i' .mil in\.' ilii'k- th.it '. in'k' :k .! n 'niVi iilr.i- :: 'il' '.ni',il. :,,! : :n i"i!'l'' Ini i'\- pn'ii k ' . : . 1 ' iii'iii' pm il.n in 1 il.i 1 - p.`i -ii. '-. Iv. :i pni'- li'ilmi Mi iiii \:;i.:ii.;:i ( nnli'kl','.' ! m , mu I. 'i!.,'l 11.1 i ! 11 "u n- .'i' I'k'i l.lilk- l.:l ill nl'I. ink'll ::. r: s :lk . \ p. 1. :u in.m\ "rnn('' .:: i:u. 11' "n 1.11 m:. 1;n 1 \ ' j I i. 1 ' nr .!' ' I 111 l .III' li' k 1. i i.mn...'. ' . ' i.: 11 . ' i 1 .n Ik i ' 1 \: v: k ik 1 :' r: Jili - ' * 1 '. .1 k -: p: ,k ! k c mui ' i If !'!v c'.:'r."i:!'- k ...-j j-.- ! ill i-'itnui .J . - 'ini 1.... .`k ii u'.'iuk i.:r.k: . rnlnniunni! nn ;h; I 'hnii.' innii' '.in Iv nhkmvil limn :1k- X.iknik:; S.'kii (nmvil. 't.itk 1 '''i.'p.it inn, ri.`.li'iii .iLi'iiiii''. iiv Ani'-rk.in iiuiii'iii.ii lii^viv A"H'i;ilinn. mu! 'omP'Hi'Utimi iii'iirmw 'kirrv:'. 117. Nn mi'- Vnnii' th'- c \: 1' : 'mV'Tilr.iimi! m iv 11 ic! 1 nv:: will i|.:r; i'kiil poi'i'iiiii". With 'i'hv inw' il.i't'. !km'Np'-rvikv M.i' ivvn iiki'- 'iminjii ;n '''inWi'ii ; 11m pi'-vn; li.r'-'lmlil linin' ,i' l.ii.-K kliiil'k' I IS I nr '\;mipl'k li iiv I'l'l ni imi'l ni .1 m 1 >rk:imn 1 > ki'pt li'!'"i M 2 ni;.- 'ii m. i'\|''T:i'!in' !i. 1' '.'mu :i iii.it '.iv' nl i'-.kl mlnwiilmn will :i> >; 1 11 r, ' H'.p'Ti'MV'- .il'i' ii.1 'inwn liuii iii.iin ,'ik'ii i.:n inl'-r.iii I'.ki I'ld' \i c!! .il'i'ii- M 2 ni" 'Mi ;ti iiiilkHi; '.i"!k n! iii'iiMi'-. V.ineral dusts 1 i in tlv i ink'll Sink'', tlv lln ''Ik 'lil limit' Inr ntiivriil iliktv ill'' ''\pr'V''ul ill lllillinil' nl p;ir- ii'V' P'-r 'iinv Innl nl mi 1 mppet 1. I iv 'iiikVMir.itimi nl miivriil ilikl i' ilirk-riiiuvi! l'i oimilinp ilikt p;ir1 vItii.it iii'- In" ilimi Ml micrniis ill 'i/r in mi .iliqunl 'mnplc ;i11cr '.mipliinj ;i kiinuii inlnnv nl ;iir in .1 kiinwn mliniv nl lk|iiiii. in 'i Mil'' hump'-mi c 111 ntMe'. miivriil ilii'k :ik' uri"Ivul. mkl P'Tilii"ihl'' I'.'!' ; 1T'- '\p['"'i.l :i' miliirriink nl iln'i prr 'iil'ii.' iik'kT nl ;nr f mu 'i. mi. In l:m;j]:nul mui 'mil' nilvr m..i'. ilk- nuinlvr nl p.irii'l'' pm 'i i'k 'knlnivk: i' tlv e 11 rre 111 I'.i'i' nl Ilk .I'lll'lll'Ill. 12m In 'iMiipmin" l nil'll Stmc' mu! 11 m11"n ilii'i ''mini', il i' ivlplnl in }.'k'p m muni ilmt Mm p:ir 1 tele" P'1 'iil'k "'nimvkT i' e 1;u11 .ilcnt !n .: I 'pi n m.il'l. ' imllmn pmli'lc' i k : ' lli'l' Innl : 2 1 II i' liilivnll in '1'iiip.::. iln'i '1 'nn!' Aii'li kMili' 1 'i'lmn-i'il mi iii. n; .'.'M'.'ln i I. nir. mill ' n ) kJ ! \ nr 1 n iiie.i'iiianeiil. .1 I! 11 i>!i - 'i : i 1:11:1 '.111 Iv ''! .:rI ' M'|" - i:i. I ' pm ik r 11.1' 'in !i :!i;it !.:!* - ; < 'I: I *:w . i. * i lilv. kitiy l'. >.i;- ci"i' ix !<' be prexented.'thesc limi: mii't rv s'eeeJcd ( . mceiitr.i- linii' v .I'.isl- s'':I: i::nn; is" !r 1.j:: " p*. r cc.'.: l.'w' 'iumit! tii*i lour rmppcf).' ' C< 'r tv n f r;i ('u>n ^ 'hf <Jucon;.mime I mm 5 per cent to 5<l per cent iriv silica should nm exceed Z<) nip pel. l)iN' cuniamme more than 50 per cent free 'ilioi should he kept at coneciurnitons below 5 mppef. 125. As more experience ticeumuluies. oriemal ihrc'hokl limits sometimes etm he modified. In some e:ises. ii has been necessary io lower 1 he limiis. for [lie ohjeciive is 10 protccl [he more susceptible iiuiividuiik. In :i few cu-c'. experience Inis shown linn the limits were too strinecnl. ;ind it Inis been possible to raise tile limits to .dime lor more reasonable controls. Toxic dusts 1Z-. In nil countries, tlire'iioid limits for to\ie dusts tire expressed in millierams per cubic meter ol uir. With toxic dusts, the .iveruee level' must be kepi below the sneeexted threshold limits. In fuel, n is advisable to keep the lex el' ol toxic dusts us low u.s priiciicul in the specific circumstance'. I.it'.ic in the win of experience or dutu will lv dex'eloped if the iexeK are kept unusually low. but lew iT any ease' of occupational disease will oeeui from these dusts. Nuisance dusts IZ5. liven though 11 diM may lv considered eeucrnllv innocuous and not lv rccoeni/cd :i' the direct caii'c ol 11 serious patiiolocical coinliiion. its level shouid he kept as low as is piactleal. Dust level' well below tile sMCCC'ted threshold limit' uic desirable. i 2'1. A concentration ol pit mppef is succc'lcd a' the threshold limit for a number ol nui'.iiuv dusts. W itii yood eric iivcnnc I'tae nee. there i' no need lor this level 10 be exceeded. \nv reduction be low this level will mcieasc the com. lor: o| empimees and improv pi.ait housekeepine Methods of Control 1 Z \ a 1 ii 'i I' im ' ii. sis . s. f!ow -2 Eoeh e* omdine <*ke*>v portiolly p*cloteri by o* nhowti hoo<+. Efficient loco! t^ci a* >\ by droning h iit* .nt thi* hoodv through hon<K dwcti, and mo o o-ni.n! duct -- hi<h l*odt ?o th* collection pom. -Cour'ety Am-n:or Fo-jnclrymen* Society iv made dii'tle" liiroucll eoniiol a! .fie source. This method is .:Iu\' tlte mi's; etieetixe. for it either com pletely present' tile contaminant iron enterin'; the workroom atmos phere or limits to sale level' the am '.ini' that do C'ciipe. In addi tion. this method i' ecncrullx the least expeit'ivc. I.'ts. When eontiol at llie'i-iuee is not possible, other method' max have to be considered. Am oiv 01 .1 combination ol the lollowmc ixpc' o! dii'i control max be needed lo limit the ex;'0'u:e .1 I lie tlll'IX ' 'j"-'' T .; I H Ml Ml.iS 1\ 'll- Closed. wull Ol Wlll'.'Mlt .1 I '' s .11 s'' 11.111'I sV'U in \n el's I"'''I on ei 1I1 mi cvtvr.iiu'c i.u ci uu.iiii 11 u-s .'I I lls! I I s I !. 1 i I ' lls'l'd' lo l\- . \ '1..11' v.'1. " 1 In .in-1 ill ie.if inlo lv -11:: 011:1.!i!!: .: 1 an .-pile: c I \- i.ipis's -aii.il'i.-sl w . 11-11 is' I - 01 -.uuloi.i-l looms .iii.l llv do. I'.".- I'S'd lo P.iihIIs f a.! io.is 11 ' - Ml.: 11.1 i !' I lie . 1 r':vioik iii.o. iv pc: : o: riis.! m .1 p 11.:i- i'liil.liiic 01 111.1, l-s* -o:.iie.i i'V I'..! llliiMI- lo Is.lllss ills' nmul'si 0! sinp.ovss- exj'O's. io 111.' .ill-l I ils' s'lipioise- who .IIS' Is s Is -i '" . a 111;' n ;e a 1 1 s -IV. il.M '. p- Ols - 1 '. ' - h Is. . . ' .- . - touinlix aiul llie use "1 leaici in sl-illuic. e I .val exhaust sxslenis max lv in. stalled wnh vniuallx lull 01 piiiti.il enelo'ine I examples are an exhausl hood 011 a ;ermslii|M wheel 1 I icuire ' ' ui'il an exhaust hood at .1 b.ieeme or lilluic operation. I (n'lua.il room ventilation can be used lo ililuli; llie dust b\ .nli me la.pee uii.niiil'es ol .111 and thus prvxenlme build-up ol ilusl eoneeniralions I'vample's ol llns mell'oil are rool i.n" aiul rool momloi uniili'Ws. Itnl il cvner.dlx is tiH iTis'ient and expensive lo allempi lo eoniiol eonl.inim.inls bx dilu: 10 1. c lbs' 1)11sts worls max lv pcrlurnvd ai lichl 01 on week-ends lo red lee ihe nuini's'i o! s'lnploies's ex|v-i'.l t Is'nmi'.' ilttsl as's'un'ltl.il ions liom oietlVa.l i'satns. lot installs e. I' pi e: el ai'lx iloiu Jin me a weekend Ills slliplolss" who .III' s' x |'l ' -l . I xiit xt 1!.! ux.ii tPC '1 : x | ` . 111 *: k | '!i'uvii\c kkjuipiiK'n: ! !u* nirni'di .'! \vtrkmi: l*nrx .ii i fu- p ||I|V ; t i. 1 J i.\|'i 'Ml IV k.lM I'*.' 1 k` illU k xl 1 It UV , k: t i lid niv. ! Ii*``1" '1 k.'iii .! ,ti c 1' ik !k!. 1 i' 1 k* 1u u 'j'': .111 " v |Mt*lkkM\k' cu 1: UK 111 .ipj'l 1 'Mu :.: the kNp,v>> I!., [ S i'. 1 ; k*.t 11 * 1 \ 1 II ii"s V - X k\xt \ r 11 pr, f v. v llffi . 1 -J. t: .il :;'c s , `1v ' ` 1; 111 r 1 ; sl v -x . .. . .! s .i - r.ijuf - ',n<i* rK.i wrngli omr grinder is u .nd 1,, n of iio.-''on. 'Sr lorol erKosisi -,v m mwl' he od f ir.to illi- tle.ible dirC* I > nti' \ niCfHlrAl of ttl*" .-ihovll Hood Bl OS . rl<-ri C O w * I >*. v Am-ncns f Osrnd r y mm i So- (.,-ly * uex e.* iliele". should not lii.* con'uli'Uil , i v .1 imnersal Mil'll unto I'M* .uli/qniilt,* li'v*:ii exhaust rcmiu.il. _ elimination ill the. Ci'ii* t.unin.ml. or containment. II'1. Manx slates mill mumeipiilme' h.ix e dii'l conirol codes or ordinmices x\ nh \x ilich ciliployvrs must eomplx*. In a lexv stales, lor iii'ianee. written approval ol plans obtained helore a loeal exhatisi sxsiem is installed. Iiaeh enipli i\ ei should till.* re lore know Ins .uh 1 municipal ilti't eonttol re.jim cMiu*i i!s. IT). l-.aeii type i '1 exposure must I'C COIIs ideied sep: irately, l or oample, ai local cxhi ni't 'V'tem suitable lor xvildmc oi* euttinc o! steel iniclit in -t he sati-t aetoix lor xxeliliih1 or onunc steel co;)k\i w Hi) [*.\i lead. Local exhaust sysfe ms 17 1. - \ local ex 1 lmi't sxsiem fm ! !K` O'TK **ol ol an mdiisln.il dti'l o: llillld i: .ip* :iic` . ;i' k.oni.:min:m; iU';ir IK V* *11 lW Nl ) tliat an opeiatm -landme at lb.* pr. 'k\""s is no; v\posed t o 11ai nil ol to moviii; .iiit'r " 1 III* s\ siictii slionkl I'C klcM-jnckl n* rtK lose die pion's s as eonipleteix 'Ii* 1 ill' method ti-ii.illx ipi cle r*Yi ;<1 x .lx 1 .11 \ c : 1i ! i. 11 1 o 11 . ImM NhiM lid I'C II'Cl 1 oni\ uiien tl-.e i . ni.111;n.in! y mu.'*l l-e iomi oiled bx I" *l.:l H *M. ;'ion" iViiMi'P. *11111 *.i; on i *i iY-v ha mil ui : 11.i: r i.il- i *. . ;i l i 11 'n *j: *. .: p* i \ , .. h. n Duct-. to carry IIim* 'in.miti.i11_^: .nr 1,1 .1 u*nir:ll point. . * _ Dio; mu! tunic Ci'11YYI'r~. lo >-*iY.:n iik ,iir i-clorc i! >- ilomi.iT-iol i! A :.in .mhI -noior lo Leer* ilia .nr ` "77. WlviiY `i_-.ii.il 'Ti'*'IIk-vY--partx* should hi.* dc'icncd and installed U' pcrlorm its required I unction mill respect to till* system .i' :i ii lioli.*. dc'icn ol the exhaust liooil demand' ihc crcatc'i care. The decree -of control oi dust at the point of ccn- cratinn or dispersion is determined by ihe shape ol' tile hooil or decree ol enclosure. the location of the iiooil mul it' distance fri'in the dti'l source. mul the rate of llow of air into the hood. A poorly dc'icnctl hi mil ean make tin exhaust system mcllcctixc. I .'4. There i' no standard hood. In even cae. the hood itunt lv dcbicnetl to fit the* 'ix'ciheoper.v tii>n and to make the exhaust ctlec- tiie without intcrfcrinc xxith the operation i Ficure 4). Antoni: I lie laetorv to he considered are the nat ural mr current' in the room and other exhaust' or xxindoxxs in the area. - .. - . 175. I he hood should he shaped to eonlorm in the shape of iiie area >1 ilii't proiluetion m as to secure reasonably uniform air veloeilv over this area. A hood which does not en close the proee" should he placed with its openinc as close as possible 10 tlie poin; ol ccncrutioii ol the dust or Itmie i Incure 5i Ivcause tile xeiocity o! ilie mr in the /one ol tile iiooil inthieiiee is miersek pioportionai to the square ol the di'taiie. Itoai the lace ol the hood I lie hood opening or par*, oi i!. -Mould X iivaled -o as to ;e- sc:x*.* uueiik dii-t that i- throw n 011 .done a w eli-iL 'ienated path 'Ficure <>i I h. ducilioiia! eiierci *'i tile material ean thus hi* u-id lo; it- .'mi eaptu:.. \,r mm emeu; uui't ,ii a- ne p.:t the cmploi.v. tiieu 'i.r ttu dti't soiir... and di rect !i into the l.i.i* ol tile iiooil. i '*' I :a:- i -tilil h. ol suth- eat'ii.ti to :n.;i:it;:in the 'mr..! ao s a pt u: .* leioeili at tin at toll o' Illvi i.-.s ! iloue:*. a:.** * plied to* the* ri *om` from': h. ou 'IkJC !' ;v ;m.,;i>; v { ); s ^ ,, 'v N,v;;i> :;i ; . . ............... , jus or oil llaines in nee.r'". ;*ar:*.....Cireat ililheultx has occurred ai'e'e an exhaust sistem call's ii ,i site *:; t \ negative pressure in a room emitaininc ti cas lurnaie. As a result air came down the lurnaee hue. and die area became contaminated with Carbon monoxide trotti the lur- 17*). With small exhaust s\stems, air thru o returned iisuallx can tv replaced In infiltration tlow. hut larcer exhaust' max neeil a postuxe air supply I I icure ~ l. An adeitu.ite supply ol make-up an. tempered \xlien nece's.irx. o one ol the most frequently oxerlooked fundanienial' of ventilation. Air :il\\*a\' should he 'applied m quantities equal to o; sliehllx in exec" ol the amount' exhausted. _ I4t). The 'i/e ol the duet', the tvpe and 'i/e of the dii't collectors, anil tile type and 'i/e of the tan and motor'I explosion-iTixol' where necessary i are amonc the other fac tors \i Inch must he considered in the dc'icn ol an exhatisi system. I'rc- xeminc icnition of a eomhuslihle i 'll I*.i. < N J ' .**<. s -- * *. 4 ^ sidvration: Since -discussion of the subject ot exhaust system dcsien is hcvoiid the 'Cope <'f this data sheet, an experienced ss.-n:ii;;u 1 r: engineer ^;;i '';;L: be consulted. l-fl-. Also: information- -can he secured from several excellent pub lications. one of which is [he current edition of Industrial Ventilation-- A Manual of Rcrommctulnl Prac tice. published by the American Conference of Governmental Indus trial Hvcienisis. Another is the chapter entitled "Local Exhaqs] Svstems and Ventilation" in the Accident Prevention Mtnnal inr Industrial Operations, published by the National Safety Council. General ventilation 1-12. Where it is impossible, im practical. or too expensive ..to con trol dust entirely by local exhaust systems, yeneral ventilation nui>; he used as a supplement or a uhstiiutc. It should be noted, however. that where local exhaust systems can be used, they will always do a better job than general ventilation. 142. General ventilation requires the introduction oT enouch clean air from the out'idc to dilute the con taminated atmosphere to a safe level. This method requires Itireer volumes of air than local exhaust systems to accomplish the same con trol. and will not be eiTcctivc uni formly over a larce room. It should be considered only when local ex haust systems require such assis tance. This is usually where the source' of dust are wide!;, dispersed and cavil is small. 144. General room exhaust and supply fait' must be carefully in stalled. Eddy currents, which will interfere with Itval exhaust systents, must be avoided. Employees must not fie exposed to excessive con centrations of dust as (he diM-ladcn air moves awax from tile point of ecnciation. and sufficient makeup air from the outside nu.'t be sup plied 1.1 the room to replace the .nr that is exhausted. Tile location anj de'ien ol the source ot -applv are important. It is hccomiriv common practice to 'iippiv clean, tempered .a: to the ao:s /one to" e-outroiied si:i;;t o:l as rcaiiiu a--cry Cut--ausant.iee sU this fact* should -be * a icon whenever po'sii'le. Carloads ol dry mmer.ii' in some case' may be wetted down before they are unloaded Aisles m loutuir.es 'hiUlid !' w. 11e.t stow to pre-'ent di'pers'al'ot the du<t by traffic. Water sprays can be toed at some operations. Wet dniline methods can he Used lor rock drill ing to wet the dust as it is formed. a taoroueu pre-vu:',.'-. with the iVstioation.:'- hackerourv. Coe", in siei.s. Ci-.es; \ be ma.L i'i ai! new cmpi. w,, ....... st)UK. .'.He, .! : s.;; - i;; _ moc.into'is. 'I lie exummu'.e ph'vs,etan 'h.uild decide i'n pl.ieeiium those xs hi' iuixe pneunioeomo'is. active -or siynilieam pasi tubercu losis. abnormallv low timed viiai Personal protective equipment I4fi. Respirators of various de capacity. or erious puitnonarv dis eases. l.i.'. Perio.iie piiv'ical examma- signs are available which will ewe ..iions. ioclHTTTTe-vlv~f-r\-r.ri. should protection acain't toxic and pneu- be made s'f employees exposed to moconiosis-producine dusts In lil- toxic dusts, fumes, and mi't' Sue:', terinc out rhc.contaminant Irom-thc cheeks can help liml incipient case' tiir. The L. S. Bureau of Mines has of polsonme in winch svmptoiii' setr up performance standards : for are sfiefti. and the X-rays can pic's dust respirators and stive' approval-' up e.ulv sviuptoms ol lime condi to respirators that meet these stand tions. Suitable preventive measure' ards. It is important that a respirator can then be taken. he used only.for the- particular dust- ' 154. Routine "periodic clinical exposure for which it has been examinations, stipple cell .auais. approved. porphyrin determinations, ami piop- 14T. .'.Itaouch approved respira perlv evaluated blood and urine tors will ive excellent protection lead level measurement', arc piae- xxben properly lilted, the*, should tieal methods for checking em be used onix a supplements to ployees exposed to lead. If unsafe other methods of control or for - exposures tire found, further en short or occasional exposures and vironmental control i' mandatory. not as primary control'. A fleeted employee' should. of !4n. Proper tittiiii; of a mechani course. Iv eiven proper medical cal filter respirator to the lace ol the treatment. individual is most important because 155. Medical controls lor cm- a small 'pace between the facepiece plovees "ho work with radioactive and the face will permit dustladcn ilii'A must be more striuuetu than air lo bypass the filter. the medical controls for most ilii'i'. 14V. Respirators must be in An extensive biotissny sampling; spected anil cleaned ilailx. l illcrs proeram is nearlv tilwavs required should be replaced belore they be come so plueceil with iliisi as to Other control measures seriously increase resistance to 15b. Although the most ellective hreathine. Proper filters for replace method of control i' to prevent con ment should be available. tamination of workroom air and thus pre'ent inhalation i't Itarmlul Medical program 15(1. An Jicciiic medical uni- irol pr.'yrim will help prevent cases ol occupational disease. Such a program can alo sene as a check on tile sneineerine controls iueaiiss. symptoms ( exposure m a croup of workers will mdie.ite a lailuri tiitu mu-t !v correctcsl I he exletr o! tile medical pro-cram will .icpcni upon ilk* 'cricu'ia'vs k*k' ^UlVv !5i \:t industrial i'aci.'U pro era::: -a si aid ! j. -a.".::.. a Wot methods Jii,;. ; 11 p 11 r:.: M. . ni jvr'iin.ii jivi. :i'inuikl nut he ii\v.`rlt>nM,ii. l ilt periodic medical examination', provide .i pood opportunity lor in- tiruciion of employees in various personal hygiene measures. 157. GiHiel washing facilities., elean lunchrooms. and dean work eloiiies can help prevent additional, even thoudi minor. cxpoMirc to toxic niateriaK. Ako. contaminated work clothes should not he taken home whore a toxic duM could eoiuaminate the home or expose other members of the family ., Tliese recommendation* become manda tory wlterc such material* as beryl lium and radioisotopes are handled. ' ACKNOWLEDGMENT ' I lie k*m of tins data shcci. which re places Health Practices Pamphlet No. 4. u;ss prepared by ihc Health ( onu liucc oi ihe C hemical Section. National Satety Council. Ihc content has been exicnxiveU icvtcwed by members of tlie National Safety Council, representatives of chapters of. the American S<K'ict.y of Safety line:neers. medical aitthortiicv and induvial . Itveicnivis. I lie data sheet has- been ap proved lor puhlicalion by the Publications Committee of the Industrial Conference. National Safetv Council. Figure 7 thi* foundry, taco! fthewt Hoods or# i*uloltd or 4acW Molten Kosmg o shell.molding mcchine ood glue press. Adtpvot* moke-up oir* it tuppJied-.drom venMnling duct situated between molding machine* and presses. :Cowrtesy American F ndryme*'t Sooc*y` - BIBltOGftftPKY " AtciiJcnt f'rcrctuittn \ftinnnf t**r In.Jmirinl Ofcrtiiittns. National Salclv Council. 115 N. Michigan Ave.. Chi- i_l^; . . ; ... . .I HthrtK risi/u *si\ .!`inure //uri/-C*uf Miners. C. S. Public Health Bulletin No 11!. L`. S. Public Health Service. Washington 15. 0. ( . il*55. Brandi. A. 0.. hiiinstrinl Health I'.n^inevrinw John Wiiev and Sons. Inc. -4u -ith Ave.. New Yoik 11. 1 yjs. ' Data Sheets. National Saleiv Coun- cii: . - ' No. 40S. Annwenv ,iu<! Its (tori' p* mini's No. 'UVbJ. Anserut <unl "Its t/n*r.' "tittn ( iot`fumntl\ furvlhunt i m prcparalioni No. 5 11. ( uthuuini No.-445. Ixath No 4l<v A/f/vut-\fjuii -- Ntt, h)ft, A tun eu/Ir'Nt No. 105. Aten nrv No. 4N.>. / iiii:tntn; * No. Ib7. /nit ti/hl /.ini ()\i*lt- No. 5S1. /irt iotium /*ai (Ar Dreesen. W (. .. Dalla Valle. J. M.. Ililvvards. I. I,, Miller. J. \Y.. and Silv ers. R. R.. .-I SiiiiIy ni A \br\itt\i* in the .b/'r'/m / e.Mtle Industry. fj. S. Public Health Bulletin W Id I. I *. S KOOLPADS cut the price you pay for sweat Sweat, is one of the most expensive luxuries in modern industry. Production slows ns workers stop frequently to wipe "lasses, mop brows and train reiicf from sweat. Cellulose sponge StaSafe KOOLPADS soak up that sweat, (up to six times their own weight. in fact). Some workers even dampen KOOLPADS in water for refreshing coolness. KOOLPADS pay for themselves in keeoing men on the job. KOOLPADS pay for themselves in safety. (Help solve the problem of blurred glosses ond sweat-stuna eyes.) KOOLPADS pay for th emselves in worker comfort, wnicn contributes to increased production. KOOLPADS pay for themselves m re use (Rinse in seconds ond use again and agoin.) Write today far a free sample KOOLPAD STANDARD SAFETY EQUIPMENT COMPANY Asbestos 7-2:'. tile Ins ti tu:-> Hygiene Coiu:i! see I'.czzzr.- JV.ru: ID, L953 T.L*n* o^ w- *^ 4 ** f** ^ TJ. T.'cce:- , ' D. ?.. Holmes, 1'. q <1 D net >. .j } Geo. r2, il. i_i. dmexsen Guests: Dr. H Or .7 Smith 7.f. Kc the ring tor., Dr. C. A. Garter, Dr. *7 *1 ^ -- -* ^ .J # # It. a brief review trie baciigrc^-''-^ > objectives ant problems of tr.-e Air Hygiene Committee were reviewed for the guests. Seme of the unanswered cues tiers t/ere: 1. Yfret dusts or fibres are significant in the production':: ` fibrosis? *" 2. How car the dust or fibre be measured Ir. the wcr1.-: ' en vir onne rt ? ` o. How car. clinical exp trie roe be correlated to exossure? 4. Y/hat radical stardards are available for the uniform evaluation of disease occurence and extent? _ 7h.a resolution of these questions mould lead to the answer of ' the fifth problem. 5,. Hot: car. the effectiveness of engineering control be evaluated? The Saranac research oh experimental asbeptosis clearly shews the long..fibres (10 microns and longer) to be the fibrotic producing agent. The dust per so (particles 10 microns and less In diaaeter) is relatively innocuous. On tins basis-, tr.e Industrial Hygiene surveys that have been cade in the past, ar.d in which only dust oar tide s were measured, are practically without value. Our com mittee presently has under consideration the problem of determining a valid method of sampling and analysis for the long fibres. The attention of the Doctors was called, in particular, to the areas of standards for uniform diagnosis of the disease ar.d the accurrulstier, of clinical eve2rier.ee for correlation with exposure data. Following tills review, the Doctors and the Hygiene Ccmmictce deli:2 atsd separately and reconvened In the afternoon. The following points were agreed upon in the Doctors1 discussion: 1. Complete pre-employment and periodic annual examinations are" essential. a. Regarded as undesirable feu unemployment in expos_r^ areas are individuals who are asthmatics, mouth breathers-, who have respiratory difficulties, chest deformities, cardiac disease or are overvoignt. b, X-rays should be of 14 x 17 inch, size, taiccn or. cru . rent of a rating of at least 100 mi Hi am nhe res . . Single PA ar.d lateral pictures should be tahc.n. included in the examinations. Laxlnun ~ capaeity x-xisur-euer.should be nu.de id possible. d Complete pre-enpioymone history sine:rid be obtained with oarticubar attention, naid to possible tynas clust ex no sure. 2. The designations for X-ray classifications agreed upon mere, negative or borderline, early, moderate, advanced. is :.es"J he consensus that there"u--" rr.s.'-.a 2a. r~eo UuSsUuta1 lly no sigr.if icann X-ra*changes in less than five years of asbestos closure. 3. Per a valid diagnosis of disease it was agreed that (a) 2 series of X-rays, (b) complete employment history, (c} identification and evaluation of exposure was essential. Purther, that the presence of asbestos bodies are .nod an indication of the disease, but only of the body defease necnanism. 4. The Doctors offered several recommendations for the further consideration of the problems. . a. A write-up of their deliberations ce hade and sent to all member coupaay doc tors-for criticisa, review and concurrence. '. . b. The Doctors meet with the Air Hygicn-e Committee at * the next nee ting to further check X-ray diagnosis. ' Each doctor -/ill bring films exemplifying each of the four classifications. c. Each do-ctor will bring to the next meeting data or. . the work force, of each plant, indicating the diagnosis and X-ray classification and'length of type of exposure for each individual-, The Air Hygione Committee heartily endorsed this program., and the September meeting will be constituted accordingly. 'It was agreed that invitation should ce made to a.1l1l doctors of member and associate member companies. Dr. X. *7. Smith agreed to pre pare the review of the discussion for forwwaardrdiinngg to the T ^ '1 S - T personnel, .' . .. 5. The Doctors pointed to the value of the Saranac research and indicated several areas where further investigation was needed. These will be further discussed at future meetings ar.d specific proposals presented. The Air Hygiene Committee v/ishes to express its appreciation of the oi-T.ificant contributions i.-ade by each of the doctors and '..-0100x2 the opportunity to meet with them again. In its deliberations, the Air Hygiene Committee reviewed extensively the problems involved in determining a valid sampling technique. T.'c/Schmidt reported on his correspondence with Industrial Hygiene Four.dht.Lcin. c^wsLion was rni.ned an to the diameter 01 the fibre:, of hygienic sj.gnific.nnct:. Yihi'lc the Saranac research indicated fibred long thnc; observation war. made as to the diameter of the fiab'j:- r>rcci uclniubroscs. i.cnc: o. the hocsors arose:-, t of any tii:?. wmcn 3" 5 surd ui^-.c on Si acc the problem is not one of determining the rzi ~disnr.-.or ~c which a fibre is capable of being reduced, bus rather cue r.g dc:cr- .Ail saurics will be analysed by specified laboratcry te insure uniformity of interpretation end results, locations, sampling r.etr.cos and shipping .mstruemiens -Li, be forwarded following discussions with the Technical Com mittee and the Ar.elysis Laboratory. Develop r. research proposal for the evaluation, of the efficiency of the four or five available instruments in collecting fibres of the siee range determined by the above ' It v;as suggested that equipment manufacturers nigghh*t be v...u.. l* ling to cooperate in such a research program. Discussion ' of 'this phrase will be held in abeyance pending results of the survey analysis. -> ?.'ost state industrial hygiene cedes set. the threshold limit for ashes too dust at five million per tides per cubic foot. It vac cognised that it would be a long term job to get tha states to change to the fibre evaluation even after we have developed selves satisfactory instrumentation and methods. For a p-eried of time, undoubtedly, we will oc subject to two standards, that require bv the states, and our self imposed standard based on experimental and clinical evidence. The state of Dew Jersey is at present re vising its code on threshold limit values and there is indication that a limit based on fibre contamination will be included. Copies of the Saranac reports and opinions have teen presented to the state officials. ' John YJcber discussed and presented drawings of his design, lor dust control at tha trusters. Although no hygiene survey samples have beer, talccn at this point since the new hood was installed, visual observation indicated that there is excellent control. The hood is designed to facilitate operation of the twister and it does net interfere vizh the tieing of breaks. Operators have expressed com plete satisfaction with the arrangement. Copies of the drawing r.av be obtained from J. V*. YJcber, American Asbestos Textile Corporation. J. M- Jackson Chairman I f * r r" J V v : u MOVA Am 1AC A I'-'i AS OL J 1 0 I .1K : Gl > W J> JAA D I ** . i I IV 1 1 I ,\ - i r : u .-- --; ' ( -.u C\ 5 r ; I'j D l 3.6 OL i i I