Document ymx2pbKgxwdY6p2oGk8vbd5QD

Castleman File: American Petroleum Institute w/c = with cover letter or memo If DATE = 0, undated CD-ROM Document #:API ^ DATE ff57 / published article from trade journal published advertisements newspaper article published government report government inspection results unpublished or internal report unpublished presentation from conference letter memorandum industry warning labels industry sales literature industry recommended practices meeting minutes (with attachments) membership list BC notes "OIL and GAS JOURNAL THE STAFF TULSA OFFICE 211 South Cheyenne Ave. Phone Dlomond 3-6291 Kenneth B. Barnes . Editor Henry D. Ralph Chief Editorial Writer Ted A. Armstrong News Editor Gerald L. Farrar.....................Engineering Editor Or. Frank J. Gardner . Exploration Editor Paul Reed ................................. Pipeline Editor John C. Reidel........ Petrochemical Editor C. O. Willson ..................... Consulting Editor W. 1. Nelson............ Technical Editor Lynn M. Nichols .......... Presentation Editor John C. Casper.................... Economics Editor Neil Williams .......... Associate Editor Norman S. Morrisey Drilling-Development Editor Gene T. Kinney . . Assistant Pipeline Editor R. B. Tuttle ............ Equipment Editor Bill linville . . . . Assistant to Presentation Editor Carl Hoot ............................. District Editor Car) J. Lawrence............................. District Editor John C. McCastin . ........................ District Editor W. A* Bachman............................... District Editor J. O. Scott ...................................... District Editor J. C. Bradford.................. District Editor Robert B. Biral ............................. District Editor Sara Bangert .................................. District Editor LoWanda Turner ........ .. . Readership Research Helen Brown ......................... Editorial Assistant Alice Burt................ Editorial Assistant Ailleen Cantrell..................... Editorial Assistant C. Dudley Johnston........................... Art Director Jo Jeanne Speaker.......................... Staff Artist NEW YORK OFFICE . 500 Fifth Avenue Phone LOngacre 4-6160 George H. Weber..................... Refining Editor Paul Swain ............................ International Editor Ray G. Gibson . District Editor John P. O'Donnell...........................District Editor HOUSTON OFFICE 802 Sterling Building Phone CApItol 4-7726 Larry Resen .................................... District Editor Ed McGhee .................................... District Editor Joe Reilly ........................................ District Editor DALLAS OFFICE 1238 Mercantile Building Phone Riverside 8-3074 Robert J. Enright ............................District Editor LOS ANGELES OFFICE 650 South Grand Avenue Phone VAndyke 0722 D. H. Stormont............................... District Editor William T. Smith . District Editor WASHINGTON OFFICE 621 Albee Building Phone District 7*1710 Bertram F. Linz . . District Editor Correspondents at Denver, Pittsburgh, Calgary, Columbus, Ashland, Ky., Oil City, Po., Mount Pleasant, Mich., Melbourne, Australia; Regina, Sask.; Chatham, Ont.; Casper, Wyo., and Anchoroge, Alaska. The Oil and Gas Journal, Published Mondays, copyright 1957, by The Petroleum PuMish:ng Co. Entered as second-class matter September 1, 1910, at post office at Tulsa, Oklo., under act of March 3, 1879. United States and foreign rates to the petroleum industry, 1 year $4, 2 yeors $7, 3 years $8. FEBRUARY 18, 1957 VOLUME 55 NUMBER 7 IN THE NEWS General Interest: Oil Prices Lagging Behind Costs, Comparison Chart Shows 100 Seaton, Flemming Back Industry at Senate Hearing 102 Jersey Standard's Rathbone Answers Industry Critics ........ 104 Oil-Country Steel Goes Up Another 3.5 Per Cent............... 106 Gas Shortage On Way, Phillips Attorney Warns................... 109 Water Pollution Must Go, Government Warns Industry . 115 Now You Can Cool Your Home With Oil.......................... 115 Russia's Oil Program Moves Ahead of Schedule ................. 120 Processing: Refiners Cut Runs to Free Crude for Europe........................103 B.P. Entering North American Refining Scene ................... 107 Humble Will Lead Parade On Hydrogen Treating 110 How Magnolia Refinery Irons Out Its Labor Wrinkles 112 Processing Briefs..................................................................... 113 Production: ' Colorado Production-Tax Case Opens in Denver Court 111 Texas' Big Cogdell Flood DoublingWater-Input Rate 114 Mud Cyclones Gain Wider Use inMid-Continent.................... 117 Exploration: Apco Abandons Costly Wildcat Off Louisiana................... 106 Gulf Oil Has Prolific Wildcat Off Lafourche Parish............... 113 Texaco Deep Strike Excites East Texas................................ 114 New Seismic Tool Unveiled by Seismograph Service 116 California Offshore Squeeze Worries Operators................. 117 Details of New Wells in Kuwait Revealed ................... 119 Multibillion-Dollar Gamble Faces Long Odds................... 215 New Logging Technique Spots Oklahoma Oil . 219 Two Big Strikes Ignite Williston .................................... 222 Pipelining: Mexican-Gas Line Crosses Houston Ship Channel Pipeline Briefs.......................................................... Sahara Successes Stir Up Pipeline Talk................................ Guatemalan Aerial Survey Fixing Concession Boundaries 108 115 118 119 (2) (0.0065) (17) (5,280) (7.32)2 (51.4) (32.2) (0.673) = 148.300 lb./ft.2 AX = (51.4) (300) = 15,400 lb./ft.2 Therefore: |(14.7) (144)] --P,= -148,300-15,400; or P, = 148.300 + 15,400 + 2,120 = 165,820 lb./sq. ft. abs. = 1,151 psia. dependent on surface roughness but is also affected by pressure drop and diam eter for the exponents used for these values usually differ slightly from the actual ones obtained. Saph and Schoder Formula This is another empirical equation that has sometimes been used to design water systems. It is usually written as: yl.Mi h - 0.38---------D12' (18) Where: h = friction loss, ft. water per 1,000 ft. pipe v = velocity, ft./sec. D = internal diameter, ft. The limitations of the above two em pirical equations are obvious and their use cannot be generally recommended. However, where sufficient data and know-how are available thev can give satisfactory results. -- 1,136 psig. A convenient equation may be de veloped for oil lines using Equation 3 above. If B = oil flow rate in bbl./day and d = internal pipe diameter ex pressed in inches: ON THE JOB IN THE PLANTS v = 0.286 B/d2 0.04 f = -------------- Re"172 (d 12 x 0.04 (4) X 0,286 B/d2)0172 Then: 2fLv2p APf = ---------------gD Lgl.S28 pO.828 ^0.172 _ 1.470 ---------------------------------------(5) (J4.82S when the value of f from Equation 4 is substituted into the above equation and the result consolidated. The num ber of significant figures shown for the exponents result from the derivation and do not reflect the accuracy. For practical purposes these numbers may be rounded off to two significant fig ures. Hazen-Williams Formula SHEET-METAI, JACKET being applied over pointed blocks on a column in the atmospheric group at Tidewater's Delaware refinery. Mineral wool used as . . . Tidewater Insulates Refinery by E. L. Waller* and H. I>. Humes7 The Hazen-Williams formula is an empirical equation that was originally developed for the flow of water. Like many such equations it contains an arbi trary constant for which a value is necessary. It has been used successfully for oil-line design where sufficient ac tual data were available to estimate a value of the constant C. In common engineering terms this equation may be written as: Q = 0.67 CD= 3 (AP/pL)" ^ (17) Where: Q = flow rate, ft.3/sec. D = diameter, ft. AP = pressure drop, lb./ft.2 L = length, ft. p =: density, lb./ft.3 . The arbitrary constant C is primarily 'J'HE trend of petroleum-processing units towards higher and higher operating temperatures increases the importance of thermal insulation. Be cause of the vital role which insulation on equipment and piping plays in the prevention of costly heat loss and the maintenance of correct process tem peratures, its. selection and design merit careful consideration. At the largest single refinery con struction project ever undertaken. Tide water Oil Co.'s new Delaware Flying A refinery near Delaware City, Del., over 750,000 board feet of mineral-wool block insulation are used. The basis Senior engineer, C. F. Braun & Co. ai Alhambra. Calif., and tvice president in charge of research and development. Baldwir.Hill Co at Trenton, N. J. for determining the insulation require ments is the normal operating temper ature. At the new Delaware Flying A refinery all surfaces above 150c F. are insulated for heal conservation, for personnel protection and for tempera ture control. Surfaces with operating temperatures from 75 to 150 F. are insulated only where unusually close operational tem perature control is necessary. Below 75 F. surfaces are insulated only where required for temperature and condensation control. Piping and equipment (w'ith only six exceptions) normally operating above 150 F. is insulated for personnel pro tection to a height of 7 ft. above the operating level. The exceptions are hot pump cases, coolers, turbines, con- 166 THE OIL AND CAS JOURNAL Tsrsw ON THE JOB... ... IN THE PLANTS densers, heat-exchanger flanges, piping- calculation of insulation thicknesses was the mineral-wool block. Sides and ends valves, and flanges. based on normal-operating surface tem of adjacent mesh sections were inter Material Selection Low conductivity over a wide range of surface temperatures is considered especially desirable. The ability of one basic insulating material to cover sur faces operating at many different tem peratures simplifies purchasing and warehousing, and, usually precludes the necessity for stocking special hightemperature insulations. A relatively high degree of struc peratures and a 4-year payoff life. Cost of heat was estimated at 25 cents per million B.t.u.; cost of ap plied insulation at 26 cents per board foot. Mean ambient temperature was assumed to be 50 F., and average wind velocity as 15 m.p.h. Block thick nesses determined in this manner are shown in Table 1. Weatherproofing . . . Basically, two methods were employed to weatherproof woven. First step in weatherproofing appa ratus and exchangers was the applica tion of a filler coat of plastic weather proofing compound over the cement and mesh. The filler coat consisted of two parts No. 20 dry, washed sand and four parts by weight of asphaltic mastic weatherproofing. Then a finish coat of mastic alone was applied. Application of multilayer block in sulation on small apparatus and ex tural strength also is important. For this reason rigid block type of insula tion, rather than the more flexible types, is considered superior, because today the added labor cost of ade quately supporting flexible type of in sulations more than offsets any saving tank and vessel insulation. Plastic weatherproofing was used on small ap paratus and exchangers and on the bot tom heads of large vertical cylinders and columns. With minor exceptions, sheet-metal jackets protect insulation on the tops and sides of large horizontal changers was very similar to that of the single layer just described. However, the inner layer of block was secured with 14-gage galvanized iron wire on 8-in. centers instead of expander strap, and only bruises--not joints--in the inner layer of block were pointed with in material cost. The insulation should and vertical vessels and tanks. mineral-wool cement. be resilient in order to fit snugly the Either roofing paper or sheet metal The outer layer, its joints staggered surface to which it is applied, and to covers most pipes and lines, while roof with respect to those of the inner adjust itself to a limited amount of ing felts weatherproof the tops of the layer, was then applied and secured thermal expansion. Resistance to abra A.P.I. storage tanks. with expander strap. sion also is desirable so that the ma terial may be salvaged if removed for Small Equipment Large units ... The larger vessels, tanks maintenance of the vessel. A final, but by no means less-im portant criterion, is ease of both han Appropriate thicknesses (see Table 1) of 6 by 36-in. mineral-wool block insulate all apparatus and exchangers and columns at the Delaware refinery are insulated with spun mineral-wool blocks in the same way as the smaller dling and application, since erection having radii of from 13 to 30 in. For equipment, with the addition of expan costs exceed material costs by approxi mately 50 per cent. A felted block type of insulation manufactured from spun mineral fibers equipment with radii greater than 30 in., 12 by 36?in. blocks were used. Adjacent blocks were applied with staggered joints, butted tightly together. sion joints. Columns wth radii from 13 *to 60 in. were insulated with 6 by 36-in. blocks. Those greater than 60 in. in radius were covered with 12 by was selected to insulate all surfaces To fit the smaller diameter, units blocks 36-in. blocks. operating at temperatures above 600 were field cut and scored on inner sur Longitudinal spacing of these units F. In addition, it was applied on all faces. Elastic bands composed of of insulation is accomplished by weld insulated flat surfaces and all cylindri ropes and springs or of rubber strips ing a continuous ring of steel angles cal surfaces greater than 24 in. in tied together, held the blocks initially around the vessel shell at intervals along l diameter in. the temperature range 150 until utility wire was wrapped around the vessel length. Minimum ring spac to 1,700 F. the vessel to secure them temporarily. ing is 9 ft. Maximum angle-support Combining low thermal conductivity Finally the block was permanently se spacing is 15 ft. except on A.P.I. stor (for instance, .51 B.t.u., in./hr., sq.- ft., cured by % by .022-in. stainless-steel age tanks. "Fahrenheit at 600 F.) and a wide tem expander strap, 5-ft. corrugated and 5 Insulation on the heads of vessels is perature range (to 1,700 F.) with ex ft. plain, sealed with closed type of secured with a combination of welding cellent structural strength, resilience, seals and the utility wire was removed. studs, tie wires and circumferential ex abrasion resistance, comparatively low At manholes, large nozzles, support pander strap. Blocks were field cut to moisture absorption and low alkalinity brackets, and on vessel heads, secure- conform to the shape of the surface this material meets the desired criteria. ment with expander strap is imprac and pointed. Lightweight and easily cut with a knife tical. Here studs were welded to the or saw, it is simple to handle and apply. vessel surface. A web of 14-gage tie TABLE 1--INSULATION THICKNESS It conforms readily to irregular and wire, fastened to the studs, secures the SCHEDULE, MINERAL-WOOL curved surfaces. block. Interrupted expander straps also In addition it is available in thick are anchored to the tie wires. BLOCK ON APPARATUS AND TANKS nesses from 1 to 6 in. and in a wide range of standard sizes up to 24 by 36 in. Thus, because it is easily shaped, After the block was secured, all joints, cracks, and bruises were pointed with a white mineral-wool insulating- Temperature range degrees F. .------- Thickness, (in.)------- , Temperature Personnel control, heat protection conservation only only the larger sizes need be stocked. finishing cement. Then the cement was 150-299 ............... 1(4 1 Smaller sizes can be cut from large applied over the entire surface in a blocks in the field as required. single Vi-in. layer and finished with a slightly rough outer face. 300-399 400-499 500-599 600-699 ............... ............... ............... . :........... 14 2 2 2Vi 1V4 1V4 1V4 1V4 Thickness . . . Insulation, except that Reinforcement of the subsequent 700-799 ............... 2Vi 2 applied merely for personnel protec layer of plastic weatherproofing was 800-900 ............... *3 2 tion, should pay for itself, either in accomplished by laying wire mesh over 900-1,000 ............... *3 B.t.u.'s saved or in maintaining tem the cement coat. The mesh was at 1,000-1,100 ............... *3V4 2Vi 2Vi perature control during extreme weather tached with A by 2-in. galvanized iron Double-layer insulation, first layer, IVi conditions. At the Tidewater project. staples driven through the cement into in. thick. FEBRUARY 18, 1957 169 I i )' ! >. i I i *; ii < i i