Document ymbBY27n6aG6VJLrKOvDEwpNr

HUftri-lii-i ........ -- - V UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT ~ O HAROLD L. ICKES, S.c BUREAU OF MIN JOHN W. FINCH. Direc MINERALS YE 1938 Compiled under the eupe H. HERBERT HUG Economic* and Statistic* UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING WASHINGTON 1 V For *ele by the Superintendent of Document*, W*hin N49763 108 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1038 required to supply the domestic demand first and to export only quantities over and above such requirements. In the past, large quantities of crude copper have been shipped to the United States for refining, but completion of this plant should seriously reduce or eliminate this movement. In 1937, 14,600 metric tons of unrefined copper were imported into the United States from Yugoslavia com pared with 17,300 tons in 1936. According to one report the com pany plans to produce sulphur as a byproduct of its operations to avoid damage to surrounding agricultural lands. LEAD1 By E. W. Pj b h r s o n and H. M. SUMMARY OUTLINE Page General summary..................................................... loo Salient statistics.................................................... JO0 Proposed trade agreements with the United Kingdom and Canada................................. ill Tariff nlstory........................................................ m Effectiveness 0/ the tariff.. .. ............................ ill Grade of ores minod in the principal lead* producing regions of tho world..................... 112 Domestic production........................................... 114 Total production.................................................. 114 Primary lead.......................................................... 114 Refinery production.................................... __ 114 Source of primary lead.................................. 114 Antlmonlal lead................................................ 115 Secondary load..................................................... ] 16 Lead pigments....................................................... 110 Domostlo pro Mine produ Stocks.............. Domestic con New suppl Consumptio Prices.............. Foreign trade Imports....... Technology.... World aspects Internationa World prod World cons Review by During tin: first 9 months of 1937 tho le progress, but much of this gain was wiped industrial activity during the closing quarte less 1937 as a whole represented substantial Production and consumption exceeded 1936 and were the highest since 1930. Stocks sh decline, and the average price of lead was Wages surpassed those paid in 1929, find produ year. Salient statistics of the lead industry in the United 19SS~37y in short tons 1925-29 (average) 1933 1 Production of refined primary lead; From domestic ores................................. From foreign ores tind base bullion... Recovery of secondary lead: As pifgeiiead' . In alloys___ Total production of pig lead (primary and secondary)........................................ Imports: ............ Lead In base bullion................................. Lead In o're.................................................. Export# ofreflned pig lead............................. Refined primary lead available for con sumption........................... ............................. Estimated consumption of primary and secondary lead............................... .. Prices; . New York; Average for year cents per pound.. Quotation at eod of year.. .do___ London average............................. do___ Mine production of recoverable lead.......... World smelter production of lead................ 000, 25 123,104 783, 029 126,600 153.400 280,000 910, 229 95,747 40,000 98,048 090,910 900, 260 7.47 6. 25 ' 6.87 604, 230 1,860,000 249,713 13,903 203.070 231,800 92,700 224,600 396,476 1,687 6, 968 22,836 ' 240,960 449, 600 3.87 4. 16 2.21 272, 077 1,274,000 29 1 31 12 8 20 43 1 30 48 28 1,46 'i i Revised flgur'Mad lTnporte(1 ror immediate consumption plus mat ! Subject to revision. This report deals primarily with the smelting, roQolug, and cons details of mining operations see separate reDorts issued for the vnrlnn 110 MINERALS YEARHOOK, 1908 Unfortunately, however, toward the end of 1937 it became evident that the peak of another cycle of prosperity had been passed and that the industry was facing another depression of unknown proportions. Other disturbing factors, from the viewpoint of the producer, were the reduction in the Government price for domestic silver and the an nouncement that the import duties on lead and lead products would be considered in trade-treaty negotiations with the United Kingdom and Canada scheduled for the spring of 1938. The latter opened the way for a possible reduction of 50 percent in the protection now afforded the lead industry by the tariff. Figure 1 shows trends in the lead industry of the United States since 1900. A feature of the lead industry in .1937 was the violent fluctuation in price From January 1 to March 10 the New York quotation -- United States (dome i tic) percen age i_. of wor - d productic n __ Fimnie 1 --Trends In Iho ln<l Industry in the United States, 1000-1037. Imports Includo lend in ore, baso bullion, ond reflned lend; oxporls include roflnou loiui. roso from G.03 to 7.78 cents as a result of the speculative market in London, where at times prices actually exceeded thoso prevailing on the domestic market. About the middle of March speculative sup port abroad was withdrawn, and both markets moved downward abruptly. In a single day the New York price dropped 0.90 cent per pound. The domestic market finally was stabilized at G.OO cents early in April, where it remained until the first part of August. A last flurry upward to G.50 cents was short-lived, as the recession in the last quarter brought on a decline that carried the quotation down to 4.75 cents on December 31, 1937. London prices experienced an even greater decline--from a high of 7.92 cents in March to 3.45cents at the close of the year. Normal differentials between New York and London thus were restored the latter part of 1937. Domestic stocks of lead dropped steadily from January to September and then rose LliAl) rapidly, as domestic shipments to consumers the last quarter. Outside the United States production exceeded all previous records. Compared abroad increased 11 percent in 1937 but in th 34 percent, foreign consumption likewise 20 percent while the United States used a less. However, increases in production ana were larger in the United States than in the of the important foreign lead-producing c outputs except Spain, where civil war has c Larger production of secondary lead in the Un by the high prices early in 1037, was an impo prices on the London Metal Exchange. Proposed trade agreements with the United On November 17, 1937, the Secretary of St announcement of the Government's intentio agreement with tho United Kingdom. A f January 8, 1938, stated that Newfoundland Empire also would lie included in the negotiati scheduled for consideration included litharge lead, and other miscellaneous commodities issued January 24, 1938, included lead-bear mattes of all kinds. The closing date for sub application for public hearing was Februar heannps began March 14, 1938. Similar announcements with respect to Ca vember18, 1937 and on January 29, 1938. be considered in the Canadian negotiations we as lead bullion or base bullion, lead in pigs a claimed lead, scrap lead, and alloys or co specially provided for. The closing date for application for public bearings was March began April 4, 1938. Tariff history. I bore lias been a tariff on and it lias ranged from a low of 15 percent ad cents per pound. The Tariff Act of 1897 e cents per pound on pig lead and lead in bas rate was changed to 25 percent ad valorem, b placed at 2% cents per pound, where it has ion? 0n cll'< imported in tho form of ore was 'io o v 1 !9/3' 0,75 cent from 1914 t0 1922> a 1923 to date. yt Effectiveness of tariff.--The effectiveness of ,lrom figure 2, winch compares the difference foreign prices for lead with the import duty. Mcept during periods when domestic lead w .the united States, the tariff has been instru domestic prices considerably above those pre ..' The sharp reduction in the differential b indicates an upward trend in London prices ra the New York market. The European rise w nmitan^ preparations in anticipation of the W edly the cut in tariff provided by the act of 1 112 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1938 pated to some extent. By the time the new duty had become effective the disparity between London and New York prices largely had been 6^Owins to disturbed conditions during and immediately after the war, it is difficult to appraise accurately the net effect of tho reduction in import duty during this period. Since 1924 the differential between New York 'and London lias resumed pre-war proportions Seldom has tho domestic price realized tho full protection provided bv the tariff. From 1900 to 1937 tho annual differential between Now York and London has averaged 1.25 cents per pound, whereas the tariff on pig lead averaged 1.89 cents. Tins may be ascribed to three factors. LEAD United States m order that the average values p parable to those m other regions of the world ., Average value per short ton of ores mined in the principal lea world, based on 1936 world prices Region or mlno Value of Ooid and silver O m United States: Southeastern Missouri IUdtaahho..........................I..'!.."" TrhSinio region.............. Montana.......................... Arizona.. ............... 1].. Nevada.....................' " Jew Mexico.. Average United States Australia, Broken Hill............ Canada, Sullivan mine............ India, Jlawdwln mlno............. Mexico: Chihuahua.. Durango.... Coahulla___ Zacatecas... Average Mexico.......... Ncwfoundhuid, Buchans mlno. Yugoslavia, Trepca mines.......... $0.02 1.69 6.41 3. 77 6. 48 4.30 1.87 1.92 2. 30 1.04 6.63 3. 47 0.12 3.01 6.46 4.43 J. 43 1.22 And^ziDCSm^reni^per'pound.45 "DtS ** Un": CPper 9MS "nts per p The data show that the grade of ore mined fo States vanes greatly for different regions but th nT re fron} other Parts of tlie Newfoundland, Mexico, and Canada. A signi extremely low grade ore mined in the Southea iliivMr.' Til?s0 two distnets contribute total United States output m 1037. Tho woiglit ores mined ui distnets that contributed about 95 p 1. The tariff was not effective during periods when the United States States lead output was $8.23 per ton compared wi was a net exporter of lead, as from 1914 to 1910. 2 Competitive conditions in the domestic industry. 3. Influence of lower duties on lead imported m the form ot ore, of which substantial quantities have been smelted in the United States. From 1900 to 1937 net imports of lead have comprised 2.6 percent of $19.10 m Newfoundland, and $13.38 at the Su the principal source of Canadian lead). The tabl percent of tho United States output was dorived f preclous, metals, whereas m neighborin silver yield ranges from $1.43 to $6.46 per ton. the total consumed in the United States. It is evident, therefore, that Variations in grade of ore do not necessarily i despite the higher domestic price, the tariff has not excluded foreign Sft0M \n cost?,of Production. Thus in the So lead from the domestic market. . district, where the extensive deposits permit Grade of ores mined in the principal lead-producing regions oj the mechanized operations, production costs compa world.--The accompanying table compares the dollar yield of ores ?s, \a am , er m,nes where the ore may be mined in the principal lead-producing regions of the world. the valuable per ton. Nevertheless it may be assume data were compiled on the basis of the metal recovered per ton of ore m a world market with foreign producers of high treated in the latest year for which representative data were available. those in Canada, Newfoundland, and Mexico, ma The metal yield was converted into dollar yield at the following aver i tor would be handicapped severely because of age world prices in 1936: Gold, $35 per ounce; silver, 45 cents per ( grade of ore. ounce; copper, 9.465 cents per pound; lead, 3.91 cents per pound, and zinc, 3,31 cents per pound. The same prices were applied to the 114 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1038 DOMESTIC PRODUCTION Refined pig lead produced in the United States is derived fiom three main sources-domestic ore, foreign ore and base bullion and secondary11materials. The following table lists the production from each of these sources from 1933 to 1937. Total pig lead produced in the United Males, 1033-37, in short tons Year From do mestic ores and haso bullion From for eign ores and base bullion From secondary materials Total 210. 713 200, 841 310,505 13, (VW 11,305 14,055 131,800 121,500 156,800 3DS, 470 435,730 481,300 530,056 621,817 LEAD Refined primary lead produced in the United Stales, 1933-37, Domestic oro Foreign ore.* Australia Canada. Knropo Mexico. ..................... South A mortal. Othor foreign Foreign base bullion: M o.x Ion___ .... 8oitC.fi Amorim PRIMARY LEAD Refinery Vrodudion.~Production of refined primary 1.ad increased 17 percent but was 40 percent below the 192o 29 average. The production of lead derived from domestic ores increased abou 14 Dercent in 1937. Production from foreign ores and base bullion increased 111 percent but was equivalent to only 24 percent of the 1929 output; it represented only 5 percent of the total ou pu o refined primary lead. Ilefined primary lead produced in the United Slates, 1033 37 Production (short tons) HoiirceH (short tons) Vahiu Year Desilver ized lead 11 Soft lead * Desll- ' UndcsllvcrUcd verfr.cd Total produc tion 1 From domestic ores and base bul lion From foreign ores From forclRn base bullion A ver* pound Total 1036.................. 1937.................. 165,791 186.468 192,644 230,044 272.051 12. 307 22.744 35,233 47,462 55,317 85, 578 102.024 96,783 111,750 130,040 263,070 311.230 32-1, 500 300, 150 407,317 210, 713 310,505 443,142 7, 077 10,241 11,401 23.393 ______________ ---------------------------- i Tin1 Ifsul content of antimonml Ic.'.id is excluded. 1 JiSlSSWtoRSS ^"uri ore ,,.l other nn,,urficntifor,,,,S ores. 0,230 1,154 300 57 782 $0. 037 .037 . 010 .010 .069 $i0, 512,000 23,031,000 25,005,000 30,722,000 55,143,000 Source ol primary lead.--Of the total refined lead produced in 1937 95 percent was derived from domestic ores and 5 percent from foreJS" oris and base bullion. Production from foreign ores increased 105 nereent in 1937. In 1928 more tlmn 128,000 tons of foreign bullion were refined in the United States, but m recent years tins trade has been reduced to very small proportions, although there was a small increase in 1937. Details of the sources of lead derived from domestio ores are given in tlio section on Mine 1 reduction. n:A')rn"tdiymu-cCovn-niwaf,l^blecarde.-finAinngtiomfobnasiael bleualldiono,rbluiat rtdheloaamd tins source is only a small part of the country's y Ii!d TornT Palt 13 ,den^et fronl smelting of antim soft lead16 ^ by m'Xlng metaIlfc antim ' ProduSSSinmfrnmg P\an<? operate on scraP ma rrocluction data from such plants are summarized Secondary Metals in this volume. A large quan fhfetmn Sr 13 fctFeated m Pr,lmftry smelters and refine follows f ant,mon,ftl Ioad nfc ,hofi0 plants is shown Antimonial lead produced al primary lead refineries Year rroduction (short tons) Antimony con tent Load con From From domestic foreign ore From scrap Total Short tons From Percent domestic oro 1033... 1934... 1935.. 1936... 1937... (') 0) ((00(>) e> (0 00))< ) (') 17,805 1,720 <) 10, 007 2, 203 10,384 1. 729 23, 230 2, 102 27,621 2,579 0.7 13.0 10.6 9.3 0.4 4,158 6,901 4,685 7,442 7,833 1 Segregation discontinued. SECONDARY LEAD Recovery of secondary lead increased 5 percent of battery scrap for smolting and refining increased and stocks of scrap were considerably lower at the As the output of domestic refined primary lead was 1 937 T0fiLSieCOn<Jftry Pnmary lcad Production 1937. If load consumption continues to increase, fu this ratio may be expected, as additional supplies 116 MINRUAIJ3 YEARBOOK, 19 3 8 have to come largely from the mines. Additional details on sec ondary lead production in 1937 are given in the chapter on Secondary Metals in this volume. Secondary lead recovered in the United Staten, 1033-37 [Compiled by J, P. Dunlop] * Year Pig lead (short tons) At primary plants A t seeondiiry plants Total Total recovered lend Lead In alloys (short Ions) Short tons Value Ratio to domestic refined pri mary lead (percent) 1933................................ 1034................................ 1935................................. 1930................................ 1937................................ 41,632 33, 657 44,718 34, 556 29,980 00,168 00,943 112,052 102,944 124,514 131,800 121,500 I.Vi, 800 137, 600 154.600 92, 700 83,900 113.000 125.400 120,000 224,500 $10,013,000 208, 400 15,421,600 270, 400 21,632,000 202,900 21. W\, 801J 276,100 32, 401,800 86 70 87 68 02 IEAD PIGMENTS . Lead pigments manufactured in 1937 contained 222,451 tons of lead, an increase of 1 percent over 1930. Of the 1937 total, 204,901 tons were derived from refined pig lead; white lead comprising 44 percent, litharge 39 percent, red lead 10 percent, and sublimed lead and orange mineral 1 percent. Sublimed lead and leaded zinc oxide are the principal pigments in which the lead content is derived from ores. Lead in piY/mcni-s,' 1DSV-37, by sources, in short Ions Year Lead in pigments iron)-- Domestic ore * Metal Scrap Total Year Lead In pigments from-- Domestic ore 3 Metal Scrap Total 1933............. 1034............. 1935............. 0,875 7, 538 12,109 M3,027 157,294 185,151 66 MO, 95S Jim______ 379 165. 211 1037.......... 144 197.401 JS, 062 201,097 17,363 201. 961 37 220,006 127 222,461 1 Includes also lend recovered In zinc oxide ond leaded zinc oxide. * No pigments from foreign ore. MINE PRODUCTION Production of lead from domestic mines increased 25 percent in 1937 and was the largest recorded since 1930. All three of the major producing regions shared in the larger volume of output, with per centage increases as follows: Southeastern Missouri 41 percent, Coeur d'Alene 11, ami Utah 28. Production in the Joplin region increased 29 percent. Southeastern Missouri contributed 33 percent of the 1937 total, Coeur d'Alene 21 percent, Utah 19 percent, and Joplin 11 percent. Most of the more important minor producing States made increases in 1937. Nevada's output was affected ad versely by approaching exhaustion of the Tybo mine, and the power, shortage in Montana caused a slight decline in production in that! State. Further details of production bjr mines, districts, and States can be found in the various State reports. LEAD Mine produciton oj recoverable lead in the United Sia, 1933-37, in short iTn State Wosiorn Rliuas n,1(j A|,lsk,,. Alnskn............ Arizona....... "................... Californio.,."".............. Colorado,.,.'................... Idaho......... ........................ Montana...''.'.................. Nevada............. ................. New Mexico ............... Oregon.. ............... South Dakota ............. Texas.. .................. Utah. ........................... Washington ..................... Wyoming......... "............... 082 0,743 2, 070 30, JI2 Mial,,80710i 0,807 0,73200! 213 149,509 1,323 Central States: IAllriknaoniss.a.s._._"_ .......... Kansas___ ..................... Kentucky., ................ Missouri___ I"''"........... Oklahoma ........................................... Wisconsin.,'."' 370,007 135 202,240 68,300 1,745 Eastern StatesNow York................ Tennessee.. ............ Virginia............ North Caro/hm" 280,137 } 4,000 6,080 176 84, 080 18,038 M0 110,073 3, no 6,805 104 90, 493 10, 747 234 114, 463 3. 625 ' SubJoct to revision. ----------- ............-- .. 4, OQQ 3, 116 3,625 . 663, 230 272,677 287,339~ Mine production nf recoverable lead in the United Slates, ., Joplin region___........................ Bingham........ fr*'Cityregion... ........ ' fintic.. ................ Rush Valley.'.............................. Btilie....... ................... - EtSlflUat1' ^ 0U n to^13'" - - - - - Tiocbc""'".............................. - Oro Bianco ................ -- Ophlr............... ......................... Metalino.. ................................ Tybo.,.. ...................................... Central.. ...................................... Leadvlllo ............................... Cataract. .............................. Banner........ ....................... -- Flint Creek................................... Blsbee (Warrco)..................... BmeJUr............. . ......................... Upper Mississippi Valley""'"' Tombstone AuatlnvUJc ..................... 8t. Lawreoco County'*""'........ Kansas, Missouri, horaa, Utah............ ........ do.... . ............ . ........do.......... ............ ------ do......... ............ Montana...... ............ Colorado...... ............... . Montana.'................... Novada.." .................. Arizona..J.................... INdoawhMo..c...d....c.. .o...'.....'."... Utah................ ........ Washington!!.............. Novada.. .............. Now Mexico.!............ Colorado........ ................ Montana.""""........ Arizona.... . ................ Montana.I"................. Arizona........................ Montana/."'................. Wls-Iowa, northern ijl'looh,' cousin. Arizona__ Virginia......................... Now Vork. 1 Data not yet available. Not listed according to rank. * to publish figures, 33,030 XI, 657 fl, 433 6,916 4,185 006 J, 621 1.026 si 7,075 87 722 107 3.408 605 46 385 (>69 424 640 32,42 12,36 5, 71 5,694 6,391 I,661 2,600 4,644 1,6*6 8 0,143 1,340 237 4, 286 2,846 624 269 77 400 64 676 234 872 1,200 118 MINEItAL/i YEAUJJOOK, 1938 STOCKS Lead stocks, as reported by the American Bureau of Metal Sta tistics, are shown in the following table. Stocks of refined and antimonial lead include metal held by all primary refiners and by most refiners of secondary material who produce common lead. Foreign lead refined in the United States and entered for domestic consumption is included. Lead slocks al end of year at smelters and refineries in the United Slates, 1933-37, in short ions Keftncd pie lead ADtlmanlnl lend Lend In base bullion: At smolters and refincrlos. Id transit to refineries___ In process at refineries___ Lead In ore and inutle and in process at smelters............ ............................................. 1033 101, (i2-1 11, 437 203, 001 12, 780 2, 101 10, 403 25,380 07, 203 205, 704 1034 223, 503 10,437 234,030 0, 045 1,528 11, 507 19,140 00,COO 313,809 1035 215, 505 0,711 222, 300 15,072 1,800 10, 233 33,165 58, 502 314,033 1030 105, 150 0,007 171,850 0,187 1,070 14,100 24,357 50. 008 240,311 1037 119.837 0, 204 120,131 10.950 2,210 14,413 27, 501 62,081 208,803 Considerable further progress was made during the first 9 months of 1937 in liquidating the largo stocks of refined lead accumulated from 1929 to 1934, but in the last 3 months of the year the downward trend was reversed as shipments to consumers fell off abruptly. Inventories of refined metal reached a low of 90,742 tons at the end of September. Although the quantity of metal on hand at the end of 1937 was excessive, it includes metal sold and awaiting delivery. Early in 1937 the speculative demand for metal was exceptionally high, and the largo stocks on hand at the beginning of tho year aided in preventing a run-away price situation. Unfilled orders apparently declined during 1937, because at the close of the year consumers were reported to be "underbought to an unusual extent." 2 Virtually no published data are available on stocks held outside of the United States. The British Metal Corporation, in its annual review of the lead industry issued in January 1938, states that "the very tight lead position which existed in the first quarter of 1937 was alleviated as output overtook consumption in the second half of tho year. Stocks have grown a little but they are not large." DOMESTIC CONSUMPTION New supply.--The following table shows the refined primary lead available for consumption from 1933 to 1937. The computation does not take into account variations in producers' stocks, and as these have changed considerably during the past 5 years the quantities given do not indicate the true trend in the actual consumption of new lead. The supply available for consumption in 1937 was 18 percent greater than in 1936 but was equivalent to only 65 percent of the * Cornell, Irvin II., Load in 1037: Metals, Vol. 8, No. 7, January 1038, p. 13. LEAD Refined primary pig lead available j xn short to Supply: Imports___ Production. Withdrawn: Exports i. Supply available lor consumption. 1 20 20 2 240 ofthe^Xs^^ Lead consumed in the United State Purposo White lead...................... Ked lead and litharge * Storage batteries Cable covorinir Buildine. ............ Automobiles...."!"'' Railway equlpmont " Shipbuilding Ammunition Terncplnte. Foil..................... Roaring metal___ * Solder................. Type metal .............. Calking.................... " Castings.................!.!!! Other uses...............[ 193 69. 38, 147. 31. 20. 6, 32,3 2. 22, 11.4 16,0 11,0 12,0 5,0 30,0 449,6 still 30 percent beiow'Thp1 lq^Q1^01011 51-percent increase in the use of lead in c these ouVete for fead 1929 levels. All other major " 78560--38--------0 120 MINHHA1..S YKA1U500K, 1938 metal were either increased or maintained at 1936 levels. The use of foil was affected adversely by the high prices early in the .year, which prompted the uso of substitutes, particularly aluminum. Recent developments in the uses of lead include a new process for making white lead. According to United States Patent 2100555, the addition of small quantities of alkali metals to pig lead greatly accele rates the reaction between lead and the corroding reagent. The sodium compounds formed are removed from the basic lead carbonate by washing. Lead titanate appears to be making progress as a paint pigment, although there still appears to be some uncertainty as to its ultimate field of uso. Oil- and gas-filled cables arc supplanting over head high-tension lines in England. Higher first costs are offset by lower maintenance costs and removal of hazards to aviation. In the oil-filled cables each wire is lead-sheathed, and the entire cable is encased in lead. The use of tellurium lead in chemical plants is ex panding because of its exceptional resistance to corrosion and modernto S^To^assist the consumer in obtaining lead products of standard quality, the Head Industries Association on January 1, 1937, adopted a seal of approval. The seal is available to manufacturers whoso products meet the standards set up by the association for lead pipe, lead traps, and bends. PRICES The two major markets for lead in the United States arc New York and St. Louis; much of the lead produced in the United States is sold at prices based on quotations in these markets. The New York quotations are influenced to some extent by the lower prices usually prevailing on the London market, so that the New York price seldom exceeds the St. Louis price by as much as the freight differential, normally 0 35 cent a pound. The New York quotation for lead in 1937 averaged 6.01 cents per pound, an increase of 28 percent over the 1936 average of 4.71 cents and 12 percent below the 1929 average of 6.83 cents. At the beginning of the year the price stood at 6.03 cents, and the market was in the midst of a speculative boom, which began in the fall of 1936 following the announcement of the British rearmament program. Domestic demand for metal was exceptionally good, and shipments to con sumers increased from 46,000 tons in January to 63,000 in March. Prices reached a peak of 7.78 cents on March 10. Up to this time advances in the domestic quotation were dictated by the.London market. Quotations on the London Metal Exchange, at times ex ceeded New York prices, and large exports of domestic metal were averted only by successive increases in domestic prices. On March 12 the London market broke sharply. Domestic quotations likewise moved to lower levels at an exceedingly rapid rate, the quotation reaching 6.00 cents on April 7--a level maintained until August 4. Meanwhile domestic shipments had dropped to 43,000 tons in June, but as production had failed to show much improvement, stocks de clined steadily. Following a pick-up in sales during July, the quota tion advanced to 6.50 cents on August 11, where it held until Septem ber 15. Thereafter it fell steadily to 4.75 cents at the end of the year, as the recession in industrial activity gained momentum in the closing quarter. LEAD Average monthly and yearly quoted prices of lead at St. L 1986--87, in cents per pound Month 1035 1930 St. New Louis York Lon don St. New Louis York January........... Fobrunry........ March............. April................ May................. June................. July.................. August............ September___ October........... November___ December___ Avcrngo 3. 64 3. 38 3. 43 3.64 3.81 3. 87 3. 97 4. 10 4. 20 4.30 4. 35 4. 35 3.01 3. (30 3.63 3.58 3.09 3.96 4.02 4.12 4. 25 4. 41 4.62 4.50 4.60 4.00 2. 25 2. 22 2. 35 2. 04 3.02 3. 03 3. 20 3. 50 3.68 3.09 3. 94 3. 70 *3.12 4.36 4. 37 4.45 4.45 4.45 4.46 4. 45 4.45 4.46 4.49 4. 96 6. 40 4.60 4.6 4. 6 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.6 4.0 4.0 4.6 4.05 6. 1 6. 6 4.71 i Bt. Louis (oL. poe.unis.:mMarektea_t_)l ,_S_a_tsarteisptilocrst.,e...d.1..9.d.3.o.8.,.l.l.yp.....Inn41tt1)1h. o AA. mveerarigcaendMailoytoqluMotaartkioe Now York: Aniorlchn mont from West. Mota) Morket, dally Issues. Pige lead,. New Y Londou: Molal Statistics, 1938, p. J1t6o,. Avorago price oif floreigan lea Id M**et*al` .S.t..a..t.i.s..t.i.c..s. , convert`ed `to cen Board. ppcor pound at average exchange r *iihyiA0n *o.3250. <luoto*,,ons ,u pounds ster"ling per l`ong t` on, as f`ollows: 1 , The London quotation ranged from a high (U. S. exchange basis) on March 11 to a low of 31, 1937. On December 31, 1936, the price w ing the collapse on the London market in Marc prices was more severe than in the United Sta March 1937 wore tho samo in London as in No ber New York exceeded London by 1.32 cents age differential for the year was 0.86 cent com 1936, and 1.79 cents in 1929. The 1937 aver the highest since 1926 in London and 1929 in FOREIGN TRADE" The foreign trade of the United States in imports of ore and base bullion, which are sme and the export of this lead either as refined le products. Since 1927, howover, this trade only 40,806 short tons of lead in ore, base b scrap lead were imported compared with 161,3 of refined lead decreased from 125,267 to 20 same period lead exported in manufactures wi declined from 12,004 to 8,679 tons. Imports.- Total imports of lead in ore and m for immediate consumption and entries for w percent in 1937 owning to larger shipments fro Peru. No ore was received from Newfoundl of base bullion, which had virtually ceased percent, and imports of refined lead, which for 1 Figures on Imports and exports complied by M. B. Price, of the B Bureau or Foreign and Domestic Commerce. 122 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1938 a few hundred tons, increased to 4,903 tons in 1937, including 2 345 tons from Peru and 1,769 from Australia. Total imports of lead increased 73 percent but were only 35 percent Of the 1929 total. Total lead imported into the United States, 19SS-S7, by classes, in short tons ' Year I,ead In ore and matte Lead In base bul lion Pigs, bars, Sheets, and old Total lead content 6.058 10,611 2fU13 34,103 1,587 2,450 '312 1,800 109 1,322 2. 500 4,003 7, 054 24,030 23,015 40,800 Unit, Inc.liHlo load Imported hit lmmcrllnl.0 consumption plus matorlnl enlcrlne the country under bond Total lead imported into the United Stales, in ore, base bullion, and refined, 1933-37, by countries, in short Ions 1 Year Panada Mas iro New found* laud South A ninrk'U Kurnpa Other t-ounlrhn Total 1933.... 1.020 1, 100 230 1,092 5, 740 2, 154 3, 270 9. 780 10, 501 17, OfiR 3.357" 0. 837 3,955 __________ 1,485 5,455 0,043 0, 801 13, 220 -- 2,308 67 18 35 512 341 205 535 4, 225 --------- ... _[_________ 1 7,054 13,344 .............. i Dnin include lead imported lor Immediate consumption plus material entering the country under Lund Total lead imported into the United States in ore, matte, and base bullion, 1933-37, by countries, in short ions 1 Country 1933 1934 1935 1930 1937 In ore and matte: Canada.......................................................... Chile.................................... ..................... Mexico........................................................... Peru............................................................... .Sweden.......................................................... Other countries........................................... In base bullion: Mexico........................................................... Peru...... ...................................................... 1,029 051 802 522 2, 202 2 5, 958 1, 281 300 1,587 902 1,443 1.283 3,357 3, 545 si 10,611 1,087 403 2,450 58 1, 102 7,980 0.818 3, 716 345 20, 025 1.740 784 102 2, 092 1,410 574 10, 402 3,955 4,007 200 20,713 30 52 221 312 5,211 474 1ft, 970 10, 132 2,310 34. 103 1,007 239 404 1,800 i Dftln include lend, imparted for immediate consumption plus material entering the country under hood, Lead remaining in warehouses in the United States, Dec. 31, 1933 37, w short Ions (Suited In Hie form In which the material was entered lor warehouse} Lund in Lead in ore and base bul matte lion 1 Year Lead in Lead In ore and base bul matte lion 1 1933___ 1934___ 1035....... 21,640 15,709 22, 698 1,058 000 2,173 1037................................................. 33.401 57,509 1,930 2. 022 Pigs, bars, sheets, and old included with boso bullion. LEAD Lead imported for consumption in the Unite Lead I i ores, flue dust, a nd mattes, Q. 9. p. f. Lead In base bullion Pigs, ba old Yea 8hort tons Value Short tons Value Short tons 1933............ 1934.......... 1935.......... 1930............ 1937... . ' ` -- 19,239 10,700 8. 273 5,830 0, 003 $1,154,093 558, 568 268,054 225, 508 700,323 300 2,220 J, 154 703 1,828 631, 700 117, 720 06,659 46,340 180, 408 45 ' 285 1, 690 2,321 4,183 1 1 2 Miscellaneous products containing lead imported Stales, 1938-37 War Babbitt metal, solder, white ra and other combinations con ing load Gross Lead weight content (short tons) (short tons) Valu 1933............. 1934............................. .... 1930... . 1937............. ' ~ 700 334 CJ8 330 102 71 112 213 Exports. Exports of refined lead rose Ge, rman-y am.i..the United Kingdom showin a decrease. .Data are not available indica lead exported in 1937 was of domestic bonde3dd warehouse inventories with imp that several thousand tons of domestic me abroad. ltefined lead exported from the Unite Year Pips, bars, and old Short Ions Vnluo Forolgn load exported In manufactures with henoflt of draw-hack (short tons) Year * Includes small quantities of foreign lead reexported. 124 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1038 LEAD Refined nig lead ' exported from the United States, 103.1-37, by destinations, in slmy/ Mil c Destination 1933 1934 1935 1930 1937 COUNTRY 113 329 6 5 21,230 6 Philippine Islands................................................................ CONTINENT 041 22, 835 41 730 5 22,003 22,835 (*> 475 21 4,454 21 4 109 30 221 508 5, 000 338 45 11 6,324 38 188 217 8 112 701 0, 9H2 107 i, 070 40 4,084 2 6,000 | 157 212 5.W5 (*) 1). 9.32 3 70G 45 2 8, 020 8,010 223 123 444 18,313 8 052 7 508 7,320 8, 122 569 2,220 010 20,091 8.282 1,021 133 8,805 12 18,313 8,337 784 2.910 7, 089 32 20,001 i Includes small quimlltloa o( foreign lend reeaiiorleil. ixm than 1 too. TECHNOLOGY Minina.--The use of mechanical loading in the southeastern Missouri lead district is probably more highly developed than m any other area where underground mining is practiced. Heretofore power shovels have been used exclusively, but since November 1930 scrapers have been adopted for certain types of work, such as loading ore shot down in pillar-robbing operations. In some instances a floor of commercial ore G to 12 feet thick has been left between the pillars. This ore is removed by benching and loaded into cars by scrapers. Apparently the use of scrapers was dictated primarily by the lower first cost of scraper equipment compared with that of power shovels. Many rich pillars are removed entirely, and roof support is provided by large concrete towers.4 In the Tri-State region me chanical loading made little progress until recently Scraper loaders are now being used in some mines in conjunction with belt conveyors. According to Clarke,6 multiple rope haulage has been used advan tageously in the Tri-State district where physical conditions precluded the use of animals or locomotives. Approximately 5,000 feet of the 22,000-foot tunue being driven to provide drainage and haulage for several mines in the Bingham dis trict. Utah, was completed at the end of 1937, when the tunnel was progressing approximately 20 feet per (lay. Lambly 8 has described mining and milling methods at the Pend Oreille mine m Washington. Rock-drill practice and comparative costs of conventional and detach able bits at several mines have been presented in Bureau of Mines Information Circulars 693G and 0951. The Bureau s Information Circular 6978, by J. Kruttschmitt and V. I. Maim, describes mining methods and costs at Mount Isa, Australia. Milling. The increased demand for lead in primarily on production schedules. Althou ments were reported in mechanical equipment apparently no important advance was made in nology during tho year. The new 750-ton flo yan Mining Co. was put into operation in Au treats ore from the company Star mine in the lho old Hercules mill, which was used former returned to the owners. iSmelhnp. Oldright7 records several mino smelting m 1937. The capacity of sintering creased, costs have been reduced, and operatio by increasing tho width of tho pallets from 42 t 1 allots 10 foot wide are under consideration a lylast-lurnacc capacity has been increased grea the trend continued m 1937. Enriched ore, c tenals, bettor sintering, and speedier smelti higher temperatures havo been tho princciina'l the incrcaso in capacity. Tho recovery of Jb lines practiced at Trail, B. C., and East Helen sidored at Port Pino The continuous process to he highly successful at Port Pirie but as yet elsewhere. The new plant at Northflect, E Mount Isa bullion by tho Parkes process as was described in tho April 1937 Bulletin of th and Metallurgy. The Bureau of Mines is inv of removing bismuth from lead products. WORLD ASPECTS OF LEAD IN International cooperation.--No now develo along this line during 1937. World production.--World smelter productio PfriCoon m1>93\ ai was e<Wivalent to 96 perce of 1929. Production incroasod 17 percent ov states and 15 percent elsewhere. Compared States output declined 34 percent and that of t creased 12 porcent m 1937. Tho 10 principal centage of tho total output each contributed States 2o Australia.14, Mexico 13, Canada 11, 6, India o, U. S.S.R. 3, Italy 2, and France 2. made substantial increases in output in 1937 ov A lfttos' exlC0> and Indla produced m 1929 Among the minor producers there Peril and Tunisia, but there were exceptional de United Kingdom The British Empire pro metric tons of smeltod lead m 1937, an increase o since the 5-yoar penod 1925-29, the Empire has advanced from 22 to 30 percent, although th declmed from 42 to 25 percent. < Cbellsoo, 1L C,, More Load from Southeast Missouri: Eng. and Mfo. Jour.. Vo). 138, No. 0, June 1937, 1938?p.r71ht' ' L" S"6 Advance at the Lead Smelters: Eng. and Mi P , Clarke, S. 8,, Multiple Rope Haulage In the Tri-State District: Mlu. Cong. Jour., Vol. 21. No. 2, Feb- m<aLambly,PC.'A. R.. Mining and Milling at 1-end Oreille: Min. Cong. Jour., Vol. 21, No. 3, March 1938, p. 12. I: , i .. LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS A By H. M. Mb t b b and A. W SUMMARY OUTLIN Pace Oenoral summary.................................................... ICS 8aIlont statistics.................................................... 165 Production................................................................. 166 Lead plgjnouts...................................................... 150 Zinc pigments and salts...................................... 167 Consumption by Industries................................. 158 Whltolend.............................................................. 15fl Basic load sulphnlo.............................................. 158 Litharge................................................... 169 Hod lead.................................................................. 159 Orange mineral...................................................... 160 Zinc oxide............................................... 160 Consumptio Leaded tln Lltbopone Zlno sulp Zlno chlo Zlno sulp Haw mater Prices.......... Foreign trod Lead pigm Zlno pigm Tlio lead and zinc pigments industry dur provement of industry in general over its s greater total values of sales for both classes; however, tho total quantity of neither cl tion in the principal uses for pigments--p matic tires, and storage batteries--held a early months of the year; some of them through tho third quarter, but all declined low rate of consumption in tho final qua into the early months of 1938. Salient statistics of the lead and zinc pigments indust (iaverage) and 1933-3 1026-20 (average) 1933 10 Production (sales) of principal pig- moots: Whito lead (dry aod In oil) short tons.. Lithargo................................do___ Hod lead...............................do___ Zlno oxide............................ do___ Leaded zinc oxide..............do___ Llthopoue............................ do___ 154,483 84,845 41,302 154.208 26,609 177,746 72,082 61,193 21,988 98,642 22,868 140,831 7 0 2 8 2 14 Value of jiroducU: All load pigments........,................ $60,002,000 $20,819,000 $24,00 All zlno pigments........................... 41,314,000 24,143,000 24,10 Total.............................................. 101,406,000 Value per ton received by producers: White lead (dry)............................ 178 Lithargo............................................ 170 Red lead........................................... 193 Zinc oxide....................................... . 133 Leaded zinc oxide.......................... 124 Lltbopone........................................ 98 44,962,000 112 101 120 105 88 83 48,10 Foreign trade: Lead pigments: Value of exports.................... . Value of Imports................... . Zinc pigments: ' . Value of exports.................... . Valuo of Imports................... . 1.346.000 30,000 2.150.000 931,000 | 327.000 2,000 230.000 | 667, 000 , 40 39 37 Export balance.................... 2,536,000 i 12, 000 42 i Import Imlanco. 156 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1938 Lead pigments again made a better showing than zinc pigments for, whereas they fell 9 percent in quantity compared with only 5 percent for zinc pigments, their total value gained 4 percent compared with 1 percent. The total value of lead pigments, however, has declined more sharply in relation to the 1925-29 average, lead having dropped 41 percent and zinc 32 percent. Prices for lead pigments generally followed the average price for pig lead, rising early in the year and declining as the year progressed to close the year at their lowest levels. Price increases in the various grades of lead-free zinc oxide, anticipat ing a higher slab zinc price, rose in June ahead of the price for metal and held at the higher level throughout the rest of the year. The increased popularity of leaded zinc oxide containing a higher lead content continued in 1937 with sales only slightly below the record level attained in 1930. Lithopono was the only pigment covered by this report that failed to increase in price in 1937, probably due to its continued competitive position in regard to titanium pigments. PRODUCTION In this report, sales are used as being more significant than produc tion for no account is taken of stocks on hand at the beginning and end'of the year. The quantities consumed by the producers in manufacturing products at their own plants are included under sales. Production figures are used only in calculating metal content of pig ments and salts in the section of this report on Raw Materials Used in the Manufacture of Lead and Zinc Pigments and Zinc Salts. The total value of lead and zinc pigments sold by domestic produc ers in 1937 was approximately $63,714,000 compared with $62,068,000 in 1936. Thus it was 3 percent more than in 1936, despite declines of 9 percent in the total quantity of lead pigments and of 5 percent in zinc pigments, combined with a drop in the average value of lithopone sold. The higher total values are obviously explained by higher average values for other lead and zinc pigments than lithopone, all of which increased in 1937. The increases in average values of the important pigments, as reported by the producers, ranged from 11 to 23 percent, lagging behind the gains of 28 percent in the average quoted price of pig lead at New York and of 33 percent in zinc at St. Louis. Lead pigments.--Sales of all lead pigments except basic lead sul phate were lower in 1937 than in 1936, the declines ranging from 3 percent each for litharge and red lead to 17 percent for white lead (dry and in oil). The increase in sales of basic lead sulphate totaled only 2 percent, but it would have been considerably larger if the quantity of this pigment used in the manufacture of leaded zinc oxide were not excluded to avoid duplication in reporting lead ton nages. The use of basic lead sulphate in the manufacture of leaded zinc oxide has expanded sharply in recent years. Litharge sales were only 1 percent below the average for 1925-29, red lead was 18 per cent less, and white lead (dry and in oil) 36 percent less. l e a d a n d z in c p ig me n t s a n Lead pigments sold by domestic manufacturers in 1030 Pigment Short tons Valuo (at plant clusive of contai Total Ave Basic lead sulphate or sublimed lend: White................................................ Blue.................................................... ' Red lead....................................................' Orange mineral............... *! " ] I ] ] II I,ftbarge.....................................................' White lead: ............ Dry................................... ........... In oil i................................................ 7,631 891 34,800 248 80,246 34, 775 83,032 $863, 268 102, 506 4,067,322 48,100 0,000,563 4, 307, 337 14, 200,617 1 Weight of white lead only but value of paste. Lead pigments sold by domestic manufacturers in t short Ions Yoar 1933............... 1934..................... 1935.................................... 2938............ 1937....................... White lead Basic lead su or sublimed Dry In oil White 24,028 22,609 27,972 34. 775 32,661 48, 354 60.105 08,859 83,032 05,662 7,320 6, 399 7,572 7, 531 7,614 Zinc -pigments and salts--Sales of all zinc p the drop m leaded zinc oxide being so small a pigment at relatively the peak rate of 1936 the total value of zinc pigments made a mod increased average values for zinc oxide and of zinc oxide were 10 percent below the tota below the average for 1925--29, whereas sa were relatively the same as in 1936 but 52 average for 1925-29. Sales of lithopone fe were 13 percent below the average for 1925 reported by producers wero 14 percent high percent higher for leaded zinc oxide. Large amounts of basic lead sulphate a leaded zinc oxide. Such quantities are inclu zinc oxide total and, to avoid duplication, ar sulphate. Complete data covering zinc chloride prod not available owing to the refusal of one larg accurate report. Both quantity and value of zinc sulphate thaninl936. 158 MINERALS YEARBOOK, ]03 8 Zinc pigments and salt3 sold by domestic manufacturers in the United Stales, 1936-37 ripmentor salt Short tous 1030 Vftltio (at plant, ex clusive of container) Total Avorape Short tons 1037 Value (at | lent, ex elusive of c plainer) Total Avcrape Zinc oxide *................................................. Leaded zinc oxide *................................... Lithopone................................................... Zloc chlorldo, CO 11.................................. Zinc sulphate............................................. 120,800 $11,370, 323 10.512 3,508.073 J .4ft, 319 J2,070,75-1 (') (') 8.087 388,081 $00 87 82 (') 45 114,052 40. 343 154,771 (>) 10, 521 $11,777,131 4,190.052 12.009,700 0) 580,017 $103 104 78 () GO i zinc oxide containing 6 porcont or moro lond la classed as loaded zinc oxldo. * Figures not available. Zinc pigments and salts sold by domestic manufacturers in the United Stales, 1033-37, in short ions Yosir Zinc oxldo liCaded zinc oxldo Zinc chlo Llthn potto ride (50 1M Zinc sub phuto 08,542 87,088 09, C07 120,800 114,052 22, 8C8 20,506 29,970 40,512 40, 343 140,831 145,5G5 150,486 158,310 154,771 > Figures not available. CONSUMPTION BY INDUSTRIES 32,187 10,014 (') 0) (') 5,008 0, 783 7,108 8.687 10,521 -- White lead..--About 95 percent of the white lead made is used in the manufacture of paint. Tho quantity consumed for this purposo was 17 percent below that so used in 1936 and 31 percent below that in 1929. Distribution of while lead (dry and in oil) soles, 1033-37, by industries, in short tons Industry Other....................................................................................... 1033 68. 368 1,017 2, 007 72,082 1934 75,008 1, 434 2,202 78,734 1935 1930 91,207 1,834 3, 700 00,831 113,303 2, 053 2, 301 118, 407 1937 93.580 2,500 2,127 08,213 Basic lead sulphate.--The outstanding use of basic lead sulphate is in the manufacture of paint, and 96 percent of the quantity reported for 1937 was used for that purpose. This product was the only lead pigment that increased in total quantity in 1937. The increase was larger than is apparent from the statistics in the following table be cause basic lead sulphate used in the manufacture of leaded zinc oxide is excluded therefrom. The use of this pigment in making leaded zinc oxide has advanced rapidly in the past few years, ami nearly 5,000 tons were reported to have been so used in 1937. To avoid duplication in reporting pigments production, the Bureau of Mines attempts to measure the output of final products only, and for sta tistical purposes basic lead sulphate is considered in tins instance as on intermediate product. LEAP AND ZINC PIGMENTS AND Distribution of basic lead sulphate sales, 1933-37, Industry Paints......................................................... .. Rubber................................. ........ . 8torace batteries........................................... Other..................................... .......................... 1933 7,072 J61 99 613 7, 946 Litharge.--Litharge is used principally in batteries, but consumption for this purpose portion to the output of batteries, owing to battery makers to substitute a black oxide o they manufacture themselves. This substi made in 1923, and by 1929 a total of 33,0 tonnage declined after 1929, but reached a when 42,000 tons were made. The black oxi in Bureau of Minos totals for lithargo. Use facture of insecticides has made rapid strid 1937 established a new high record. Its use 8 percent of the total in 1930 to 18 percent 1937. Chrome pigments was the only othe quired a larger tonnage in 1937 than in 1 totals the decline in the use of litharge for t was the most drastic. Distribution of litharge sales, 1933-37, by in Industry 1933 Storage batteries........................................... . . Insecticides................................................. . Chrome pigments.................................................................. Ceramics.................................................................................. Varnish.......................................................... Rubbor.................................................. Other-............................................. . .... , 27,327 11,126 3,973 0,070 6,438 2,873 3,668 01,193 Red lead.--The principal uses of red lead storage batteries and paints. The amount teries was relatively the same in 1937 as in declined 11 percent. Paints made a bette 1929, however, having dropped 12 percent w 21 percent. Distribution of red lead sales, 1933--37, by in Industry 1933 Storage batteries............................... .... . Paints.............................. . .......... Ceramics.......................................... Other........................................................................................ 12,949 7,182 716 1,142 21,988 160 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1938 Orange mineral.--Sales of orange mineral in 1937 were 17 percent less than in 193'6 and 70 percent below their 1929 tonnage. This pigment is used chiefly in making ink and color pigments, and the ton nage involved is quite small. Distribution of orange mineral sales, 1933-37, by industries, in short tons Industry 1933 18 00 117 231 1034 21 68 142 234 1935 85 125 42 252 1936 71 77 100 248 1937 70 51 79 200 Zinc oxide.--Sales of zinc oxide in 1937 dropped 10 percent from those in 1930 despite an increase of 20 percent in the quantity con sumed in the manufacture of floor coverings and textiles. All other uses declined, rubber dropping only 8 percent compared with larger percentage losses in other applications. Of the production for 1937, 09 percent was made by the American process and 31 percent by the French process compared with 58 and 42 percent, respectively, in 1930. The higher ratio of American- to French-process zinc oxide was caused largely, no doubt, by the tight situation as to supplies of zinc metal during the year. The proportion of French-process oxide made from scrap zinc increased from 22 percent in 1930 to 25 percent in 1937. A fair-sized tonnage of zinc oxide is used in the manufacture of leaded zinc oxide. This tonnage is not included as zinc oxide but is shown in the total for leaded zinc oxide. Distribution of zinc oxide sales, 1933-37, by industries, in short tons Industry Other....................................................................................... 1933 53.809 29,218 4,087 2,039 8.729 98, 542 1931 50,145 23,741 4,781 2,903 5.458 87,088 1935 57,734 25,289 7, 179 4,028 6,107 90,607 1930 72,885 33,149 7,178 0, 102 7.486 120,800 1937 07,001 27,987 9,019 5,210 6, 369 114, 652 Leaded zinc oxide.--The manufacture of paints uses virtually all the leaded zinc oxide made, 98 or more percent being employed regularly for this purpose. Total sales of leaded zinc oxide made a new high record in 193G, and activity in 1937 was at virtually the record level. This record rate of operation reflects the present trend toward higher content of lead in exterior paints. The total for 1937 includes about 5,000 tons of basic lead sulphate used to increase the lead content of this product, which tonnage is excluded from basic lead sulphate totals to avoid duplication in reporting metal tonnages. Distribution of leaded zinc oxide sales, 1933-37, by industries, in short tons Industry Other....................................................................................... 1933 22, 483 40 334 22,868 1934 20,370 28 102 20,506 1935 29, 032 36 308 29,976 1936 40,166 32 324 40,612 1937 39r584 97 662 40,343 Lithopone.--Sales of lithopone declined 2 percent in 1937 from those in 1930. A 5-pcrcent drop was also shown in the average value 1 ntR ! l e a d a n d z in c p ig me n t s reported by producers, the only decreas the important pigments. Lithopone sta basis of regular lithopone content of normal lithopone sold as such. Prior to basis of standard grade plus high-stren the increased use of high-strength lithop importance of paint as a consumer of l 1929 in relation to floor coverings and t total sales in 1929 compared with 18 pe textiles and 79 compared with 13 percen for floor coverings and textiles in the fol in linoleum and felt-base floor coverings and textiles (oilcloth, shade cloth, art uses" in 1937 inclddcd 2,145 tons used printing ink. . Lithopone is employed extensively in field is now subject to intense competitio . Distribution of lithopone sales, 1933-37, Indusiry Paints, etc................................. Floor coverings and textiles.. Rubber....................................... Other.......................................... 1933 106,99 18,47 5,07 10,28 140,83 The use-of ordinary-strength lithop titanated lithopone^ which usually contai increased sharply since the output of thi as much lithopone was used in this wa Bureau of Mines was able to obtain m titanated lithopone recently and has rev The new figures are considerably highe already published. The revised totals table, and the figures given are included foregoing table. Lithopone used in the manufacture of titanate 1929-871 Year Short tons 1929........................................ . 1930.................................................. 1931................................................ 1032............................................ 1933................................................ 1,000 1,400 4,600 5,100 7,000 1934 .. 1036 .. 1936..... 1 Revised figures, except for 1937. Zinc sulphide.--Production of this pi plants in 1937; but owing to the fact tha a large part of the total, the Bureau o representative statistics. Most of the regular lithopone to make high-strength Zinc chloride.--The Bureau of Mines production because of the refusal of on supply reliable data. 162 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1938 Complete data on sales of zinc chloride are not available, but re turns from producers representing two-thirds or more of the output indicate the following distribution of sales by uses in 1937: Percent J'CTC-e711 Soldering (lux---- ---------- -----------------Wood preserving____________ ______ Drv-cclt butteries...----------------------Vulcanized fiber----------- ------------------ 29 Oil refining......... .............................. .. 1 24 Others.......... ...... ................... ............... 14 21 U 100 Zinc sulphate.--Sales of zinc sulphate liavo been trending upward since 1932, and they established a new all-time high record in 1937. Efforts since 1934 to obtain complete data covering distribution of sales of zinc sulphate have been disappointing owing to large sales to jobbers, the ultimato destinations of which producers aro unablo to give. Of the total sales in 1937 (10,521 tons), 3,778 tons were re ported as sold to the rayon industry, 2,235 for insecticides and fungi cide control, 419 to electro-galvanizers, 418 for glue manufacture, 18G to paint and varnish manufacturers, and 130 tons to printers and dyers of textiles; 3,305 tons were undistributed. A break-down of the latter figure would undoubtedly indicate increased tonnages for the various uses indicated. RAW MATERIALS USED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS AND SALTS Lead pigments and zinc pigments and salts are manufactured from a variety of materials, including ore, refined metal, and such miscella neous secondary materials as scrap and waste from various industrial processes. In 1937, 92 percent of the lead in lead pigments was de rived from pig lead and 8 percent from ore. Only a few tons were derived from secondary material. The proportions for zinc pigments in 1937 were 68 percent from ore, 17 percent from slab zinc, and 15 percent from secondary materials. Mclal content of lead and zinc -pigments produced by domestic rhanufaclurcrs, 1036-37. by sources, in short tons Source Kttff 1937 Lend in Zinc in Lend In ZId c in pigments 1 pigments pigments 1 pigments Domestic ore............................................................................. Secondary materia! *................................................................ 15.062 204,907 37 220,006 04,013 32, 703 22,834 17,363 204,001 127 150,510 . 222.451 100,617 24,694 21, 629 146,037 i Includes also load recovered In zinc oxide and leaded zinc oxido. * Zinc ashes, skimmlncs, drosses, and old metal. In tlio following tables the source of t.ho metal used in the manu facture of each pigment and salt is given. Pig lead is used exclusively, either directly or indirectly, in the manufacture of white lead, litharge, red lead, and orange mineral and is used also in the manufacture of basic lead sulphate. Zinc oxide is the only pigment in which consider able slab zinc is used. Ore is employed in the manufacture of zinc oxido, leaded zinc oxide, litliopone, zinc sulphate, and basic lead sulphate. A substantial proportion of the zinc in lithopone and zinc chloride made in the United States is derived from secondary material. LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS AN There has been a large increase in the quan in the manufacture of zinc oxide since 1933 placed slab zinc in the manufacture of tho Lead content oj lead and zinc pigments produced by do by sources, in short ton Zinc content of zinc pigments and salts produced by do by sources, in short ton 1936 Pigment or salt Zinc to pigments and salts produced from-- Total Domes tic ore Second Slab zloc ary ma terial pigmoots and sal Zinc oxide........................... Leaded r.lnc oxido............ Lithopone........................... Zinc Biilphldo..................... Zlocchlorlde...................... Zinc sulphate..................... 50,046 19.066 18, 002 0) 0) 1,078 32,625 138 b) 9,201 183 13,460 (i) 1,224 98,772 19,386 32,362 ( ) 0) 2,302 i Figures Dot available. PRICES The total values for lead and zinc pigmen by producers are given in the tables in the The average values received for importan from 11 to 23 percent; those for zinc oxide a 14 and 20 percent higher while the value o cent. The value for zinc sulphate gained range of market quotations, as reported by Reporter, appears in the following table. Th followed that for pig lead, trending upward year, then downward until August and Se higher temporarily, and dropping in the fi at tho end of the year were below those at its tight situation with regard to domestic supp as a result of which an increase in price w prices advanced in June, somewhat ahead did not soften with metal prices as the ye of domestic and foreign metal became plent grades showed a smaller increase than thos and did not close the year at their best level 164 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 193 8 Range of quotations on lead pigments and zinc pigments and salts at New York (ior delivered in the Bast), 1984-87, in cents per pound Product 1034 1935 lorw 1937 Basic lead sulphate, or subliiuod lead, less than car- lots, barrels........................................................................ Whito lead, or basic load carbonate, dry, carlots, barrels.................................................................................. Litharge, commercial, powdore.d, barrels--.............. ]ted load, dry, OS jiercent or less, less than carloCs, barrels.............. ................................................................. Orange mineral, American, small lots, barrels: Ex-whlte lead........................... ........................................ Ex-red load......................................................................... Zinc oxido: American process, load-froo, bags, car lots................. American process, 5 to 35 percent lead, bArroIs, carlots.............................................................................. Fronch proeoas, rod non!, bags, carlots..................... Fronch proeoas, groon noal, bugs, carlots.................... French process, white seal, barrels, carlots............... Llthopone, domestic, 5-ton lots, bags............................. Zinc sulphide, less than carlots, bags, barrels............. Zinc chloride, works: Solution, tanks.................................................................. Fused, drums.................................................................... Zinc sulphate, crystals, barrels........................................ 6.25 6.25- 6. 50 0.00- 0. 75 7.00- 7.75 10. 75-11.50 0. 50-10. 25 5. 75- 0.60 6. 75- 0. 60 8.38 9.38 10.63 4.50 10.50-13.25 2.00 4,25- 5.75 2.65-4.60 6. 25 0.50 0.00- 7.00 7.00-8.00 0.50-11.00 0.00-10. 60 5.00- 0. 60 6. 13- 6.60 6.60- 8.38 0.00- 0. 38 6.50-10.63 4.50 10.50-11.75 2.00 4. 50- 5. 75 2.65- 2.80 r. 25- 6. 75 6. 50- 0. 25 6. 60- 7. 25 6. 75- 0. 25 0.00- 8.50 6.25-10.75 7.60- U. 00 7.75-11.75 10.50-11.25 }l0. 35-14. 25 10.60-11.25 6.00- 6.25 6. 25- 7. 60 5. 13- 6.38 6. 60 6. 76 0. OO- 6. 26 6.60- 0.75 4. 25- 4. 50 9.25-11.75 5. 38- 6.88 6.75- 7,60 0. 25- 8. 00 7.00- 8.75 4. 25- 4.63 9.28- 9.50 2.00 4. 25- 5. 75 2.65- 3.05 2.00- 2.25 4. 25- 5. 75 2.80- 4.05 FOREIGN TRADE 1 Imports of lead and zinc pigments and salts increased 17 percent in value in 1937, and exports increased 25 percent. The excess value of exports over imports rose from $579,000 in 1936 to $765,000 in 1937 but was far below the average of $2,535,000 for 1925-29. The following table shows the values of various pigments and salts imported and exported for 1936-37. Value of foreign trade of the United Slates in lead and zinc pigments and salts, 1988-37 1936 lmi>orts Exports 1937 Imports Exports. Lead plgmeDts: white lead................. Rod lond..................... Litharge..................... Orange mineral......... Other lead pigments Zinc pigments: Zinc oxide___ Llthopone___ Zinc sulphide Lead and line salts: Lead arsenato............... Other lead compounds Zinc chloride................. Zinc sulphate................ Grand total $5,443 201 61 011 5,202 11,898 $265,685 113,807 106,093 0) 0) 545, 675 02,112 273,671 0,100 374,873 190,045 229,942 (0 419,987 25, 980 33,368 17, 252 64, 215 SI (') 76,600 . 64,215 . 463,371 1,029, 877 $6.677 285 31 928 0,406 17,327 97,686 302,417 13.856 413,059 42 36,615 44, 101 29, 906 110,814 542, 100 $207,381 158,023 220,134 (0 0) 586, 438 378,332 231,622 <> 609,054 01,377 0) C) 0) 91,377 1,287,769 1 Figures not available. Lead pigments and sails.--Imports of these commodities are of negligible proportions. The most important item is the group of lead compounds, which include lead acetate, lead nitrate, and others, but only 213 tons of this class entered the country in 1937. Figures on imports and exports compiled by M. B. Price, of the Bureau of Mines, from records of the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce. LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS A Lead pigments and salts imported for consumption in short tons Year Basic carbonate white lead Red lead 1934.... ...................................................... 1935....................................................................... 1936........................................................................ 1937........................................................................ 3 16 6 32 34 1 2 1 1 Less than 1 ton. * Includes also--1933: Lend pigments n. s. p. f.t $065 (11,984 pou (200 pounds), sublimed lead (basic sulphate) $39 (210 pounds); 1 pounds); 1936: Lead plgmonls, n. s. p. f., $19 (33 pounds), subli and suboxide of load, n. s. p. f.. $5,264 (39,010 pounds); 1937: Lead limed lead (basic sulphate), $2 (10. pounds), and suboxide oflead, The principal exports are white lead, l arsenate. The total amount of these ex cause a drop in exports of white lead was small gains in exports of the other items. caused an increase in total value of lead Exports of white lead, red lead, and lith 2 percent of domestic production of these Lead pigments and salts exported from the Unite * Year White lead Red le 1933......................................................................... 1934......................................................................... 1935......................................................................... 1936.............................................1.......................... 1937......................................................................... 1,048 1,561 2,337 1,862 1,236 1 Includes an unknown quantity of orange mineral. White lead, red lead, and litharge exported from th 1984-87, in short to Destination Countries: Argentina............................ Canada................................ Netherlands....................... Netherland West Indies. Panama............................... Philippine Islands........... Unitea Kingdom.............. Others......... ....................... Continents: North America. South America. Europe..!.......... Asia..................... Africa.................. Oceania.............. * Less than 1 ton. 1934 White lead 1935 1930 91 56 463 827 10 3 201 205 130 190 47 93 560 865 2, 337 475 441 177 202 590 1,242 147 285 167 166 61 126 74 387 3 453 170 13 636 754 218 707 174 9 0) 160 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 193 8 Zinc pigments and salts.--Imports of all zinc pigments and salts except zinc oxide gained in 1937. The decline in zinc oxide, although small, held imports of this pigment at slightly less than the low rate established in 1936. Imports of lithopone represented less than 4 percent of domestic sales of tliis product, although they held the high est ratio of imports to sales of the pigment group covered here. Zinc pigments and sails imported for consumption in the United Slates, 1933-37, in short tons Year ZId c oxldo Dry In oil Mlltn- Zinc Zinc I>one sulphide chloride sulphate value 1933................................................... 2, 359 182 5, 596 27 431 193 $000,474 1934................................................... 1,204 04 3,927 12 382 140 404,250 1035................................................... 1,932 69 4,003 16 504 135 508,476 1930................................................... 094 96 4,781 30 520 385 425, 493 1937 ................................................ 080 96 6,601 113 007 693 488,110 Exports of zinc oxide made a substantial gain in 1937--from 1,330 tons in 1936 to 2,953 tons--while exports of lithopone remained at substantially the 1936 level. Canada is the principal country of destination of exports of both zinc oxide and lithopone. Increased exports of zinc oxide to Canada and Asia were chiefly responsible for the larger shipments of this product. Zinc pigments and salts 1 exported from the United States, 1933-37, in short tons Year Zinc oxide Lilhopoho Total value Year Zinc oxide Lltho* pone Total value 1936........................... 722 1,155 1,140 1,180 2,401 2,372 $230,024 395,189 302,308 1030............................ 1937............................ 1,330 2,953 2,538 $419,687 2,071 609, 954 Zinc sails not separately recorded. Zinc oxide and lithopone exported from the United Slates, by destinations, 1934-37, in short tons Destination Zinc oxide Lithopone 1931 1935 1030 1937 1934 1036 1936 1937 Countries: Argentina___ :................................. Canada.............................................. Cuba................................................... France................................................ United Kingdom...... ...................... Others................................................ Continents: North America................................ South America................................ Europe........... ................................... Asia..................................................... Oceania.............................................. 30 430 87 12 08 613 1, 165 788 65 110 63 13 110 35 453 115 16 50 460 1,140 724 78 94 132 6 107 65 704 80 13 80 398 1,330 882 130 99 62 6 101 48 1,583 207 111 29 976 2,653 1,972 149 148 467 67 160 33 1,803 186 1 104 275 2,401 2,046 115 125 6 109 74 1,052 198 2 138 308 2,372 1,9C9 118 140 16 3 126 35 1,812 186 3 199 303 2, 538 2,104 57 218 25 4 130 03 1,740 258 1 199 410 2, 671 2,184 90 217 24 165 GOLD, SILVER, COPPER, AN (MINE REPO By Ciia b . W. IIe SUMMARY OU Snmmnrv PllR8 Calculation of value of metaf production'" 107 | ReV The total gross value of recovered from Alaska ores and gravels m 1937 hLFt*Ceur Vrr - v6' J,hl? advance better milling facilities at lode mines a equipment m the recoveiy of placer g tion of the Government prices for gol prices for the base metals. During normal and not subject to labor strikes All tonnage figures are short tons a do not include moisture. ,,fTiherVnlue of me-tal PrAuction herei at the following prices. Prices of gold, silver, copper, lea Yoor Qoh! < S 1933. 1934. 1935. 1930.. 1037.. Per ftne ounce $26.60 34.96 36.00 35.00 36.00 P ($20.671836) per fine oupaf81*1^ ]eg8' Cln8g9 ValTM '' old < toW6464M * W6ght6d pri" of Bl1 grflde3 of PrImary me ' pnTn11 tabAI,es ,sh?w the mine copper, and lead m Alaska in 1934-193 put of gold and silver in 1937, by type 78500--38------- 12 682 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1938 the tungsten filament of powerful incandescent lamps such as are used in motion picture projection and photography, is claimed to eliminate the sudden surge of current when these high-watt bulbs are snapped off or on, thereby prolonging their life. SELENIUM Selenium supplies are scanty only when copper refining is curtailed, and notwithstanding great activity in glassmalungduring the last 2 years no shortage has threatened. Probably the chief uso of selenium is for decolorizing glass, replacing manganese dioxide first ns a war time substitute and subsequently because it had inherent advantages over manganeses, which bo long had almost a monopoly of the term "glossnmkers' soap." The manufacture or red signal glasses lias accounted for a considerable tonnage, and the vogue for mulliple tail . lights on automobiles boosted demand notably. For tins reason experiments with molded plastics for tail-light lenses are watched with some concern by selenium producers. Mixtures of selenium with varying proportions of cadmium sulphido alford a complolo senes of excellent pigments ranging from yellow to rod and are increasingly important in pottery glazes. Alone or mixed with sulphur, selenium is employed in the rubber industry as a secondary vulcanizing agent for tiro-carcass stocks, belt frictions, oil-resisting stocks, wire insula tion, clothing, electricians' gloves, motor mounts, non tarnishing ("sulphurless") articles, etc. Flameproofing, photovoltaic cells, and sundry other minor applications in the aggregate use a sizable quan tity of selenium, but the steel industry may be the most promising outlet for furthor growth in demand. Already selenium is used m copper alloys and stainless steel to make them more machinable but vastly greater amounts might be used if it were cmployod general!} in ordinary free-cutting steels, replacing besseiner screw stock. In copper alloys, selenium improves macliinability without hot-shortness; and in coppor, selenium does not causo cold-shortness, has compara tively little effect on tensile strength, and reduces ductility'only slightly.13 Selenium is marketed cliiofly os a black to steel-gray amorphous powder, but cakes and sticks are also obtainable. Ferroselenium, sodium selenite, selcnious acid, and selenium dioxide are other market products. Prices throughout 1937 remained nominally unchanged at $1.75 to $2 a pound for the standard 99.5-percent black, powdered varioty. The London quotation was 7s. Domestic sales in 1937 roso to 282,598 pounds from 226,402 pounds in 1936. Production, bv four companies (three plants), was 435,821 pounds in 1937 and 352,480 pounds in 1936. Imports in 1937, mainly now from Canada, were 92,523 pounds valued at $161,382 or $1.74 a pound. TELLURIUM Fairly large quantities of tellurium could be recovered from residues of lead and copper refineries, but commercial demand, nonexistent until a few years ago, continues to develop slowly. Ii,xpansion of ii smith C 8., Coppor Alloys Oontaluing Sulphur, 8elenlum, and Tellurium: Am. Inst. Min. end Met. Eng. Tech. Pub. 870, Decembor 1037,10 pp. M--IN-O--R---M---E-T--A--L-S-- consumption probably will depend largely on the lcliurmm, like selenium, imparts free-cutting properti plain carbon steels. Wider use of tellurium lead is in the United States and abroad, but the amount o quired to harden, toughen, and increase the corrosio lead is so small (0.02 to 0.085 percent) that 50 to 75 to annually would treat nil tho lead used in the Unitod S onl plants and .suffice for general building constructio lui'iimi lead now costs only a fraction of a cent a po ordinary lead and, according to the manufacturer^ is u for lining tanks and for pipes and coils in plants han and sulphurous acids, hot chromo solutions, coppor su chlormo gas, hydrochloric acid fumes, and hydroflu potential domestic market could be more than doub lead comes into general use for lead cable coverings used in rubber hose and cable coverings and greatl toughness and abrasion resistance of rubber. It is n accelerator as selenium and so must be added in s quantities but is recommended for low-sulphur com superior to selenium where heat resistance is a factor of tellurium is used at electrolytic zinc plants to facilita of cobalt by tho Tainton process, but, as crude te slimes seem to be equally effective, purchases of the purpose have dropped. Tellurium has some minor us research may develop others, but, although generally in electrolytic residues, tellurium continues to be u completely than its companion byproduct, selenium. lelluriiun-yapor arc lamps give a continuous instead trum ordinarily found in metallic vapor lamps. Owin of construction and operation the tellurium lamp is m tory curiosity at present but will receive attention illuniinant in the future.14 tellurium is usually marketed as slabs and sticks purity, but for uso in compounding rubbor it is furnishe derbilt & Co. (230 Park Ave., New York, N. Y.) in the gray powder ( 1 ciloy"), extra-fine grinding being nece latex. Ihe New York quotation (Engineering and M Metal and Mineral Markets) has continued nominally several years at $2 a pound. London trade journals qu at 7s. a pound. Tellurium dioxide is also available, a been m ado to make a ferro-alloy. Four American companies reported production in 1 ^,e domestic output being 51,409 pounds, c 57,956 pounds in 1936. Sales were 23,365 pounds in 1 pounds in 1936. Foreign producing countries are th selenium. Canada produced 51,622 pounds valued 1937, compared with 35,591 pounds valuod at $62,997 in TITANIUM Commercial uses for titanium in recent years hav advance independent of the course, of general business a,IJ,o'iu!,rM, hfrio!nikinlln i.'laIsit., vo|, 225, nOo..In, nJiiml Muaerlyitc1r0,38, ppM4e5a-s5u2rement of Light From a " Hess, F. L., Hare Metals ami Minerals: Min an* *-* - * -* 684 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1938 mates that in 1937 the world produced 225,000 tons of ilmenite. This ore would yield 100,000 tons of titanium pigment, 75,000 tons of which would normally he made in the United States, where further quantities of ilmenite are used in making feriocarbontitanium and other alloys and compounds. World production of rutile has grown to around 3,000 tons annually and is used principally in welding rod coatings. The Soviet Government is reported to he actively mining sphene in the Kola Peninsula, prohfthly for making pigments. Efforts several years ago to find a market for Canadian spheno were not successful. Ilmenite for making white pigments has come mostly from two places on the southwestern shores of India, the beaches at Manavalakurichi and Quilon in Travancore having supplied more than 700,000 tons so far. These same sources are expected to continue to produce on n largo scale for years to come; hut there is some question whether the rate of production at these points can be indefinitely expanded,.and interest is developing in other beaches around the point of British India and in Ceylon. A Travancore company is said to have acquired an exclusive lease on Ceylon ilmenite deposits in 1937. Black sands of Australia, Africa, Brazil, and other countries are also likely to be worked, and the nelsonite resources near Piney River and lloseland, Va., may be expected to come into greater utilization. Other domestic localities may undergo development. Byproduct titanium has also made its appearance. The waste "amang," at least a quarter million tons of which have accumulated in the Malay Peninsula, is being shipped to Europe and Japan in steadily increasing quantities. Much of the black sand that has to be separated from cassiterite at placer tin mines consists of ilmenite. In Netherland India the Billiton Mining Co. is reported to be recovering ilmenite at its separation plant on the island of Billiton, and similar operations arc conducted in the Belgian Congo; in fact, a Kilo-Moto subsidiary has recovered white pigment from titanium-tin concentrates mined in the northern part of the Belgian Congo. In Hungary, titanium compounds (chloride) are said to be extracted from bauxite residues.18 Imports of ilmenite from Norway indicate that Germany's output of titanium pigments in 1937 exceeded that of the previous year, and Italy, now producing 1,500 tons a year, may have an exportable surplus of titanium pigment when production of southern Abyssinia ores is expanded. Methods for making titanium oxide are continually being improved. After overcoming a variety of difficulties the chemical plant at Piney River, using ilmenite locally produced from nelsonite, has succeeded in making a consistently good product and has begun to increase production. Chemical impurities have received much of the blame for the erratic behavior of ilmenite from different mines in the delicate operations of pigment making, but the petrographers and practical millmen have found that ilmenite concentrates do not always represent a single mineral. By means of a commercial machine, fractions of different magnetic susceptibility can be separated with different ratios of iron to titanium. A good deal of so-called ilmenite (FcO.Ti02) is really arizonite (Fc203.3Ti02), and there is a further possibility that mixtures of either or both of these minerols with magnetite occur so intimately intermingled that they cannot be freed by any commercially feasible degree of fine grinding.* * Chem. Ape, vol. 36, no. 934, May 22, 1037, p. 467. MINOR METALS . . .. Domestic production statistics cannot be p closing operations of individual companies. Corporation doubled the capacity of its new con Va. Ilmenite is produced by the same comp Southern Mineral Products Co., Piney River, V incuts of good-grade rutile (or brookite) concen 1937 by the Titanium Corporation (Box 1505, T Springs County, Ark. Krebs Pigment Divisio has taken lease and option on a considerable a Los Angeles County, Calif. Magnetometer sur and diamond drilling was scheduled to begin Imports of rutile increased to still another all-t tons valued nt $67,043) compared with 510 ton 1930. Brazil continued to furnish all but a ne total. Ilmenite imports also made a new record long tons valued at $771,140, compared with 1 $697,822 in 1936 and 119,922 tons valued at 1937 British India supplied all but 2,000 to England; imports from Norway were suspended ZIRCONIUM Progress in technology and utilization of zi pounds during the last 7 or 8 years is reviewe A seemingly simple method for dissociating zi French report;18 by this method zircon is melted and then cooled rapidly, the dissociated zir tallizing in the silica, which remains vitreous. From Australia comes word that Zircon-R operations at Byron Bay, New South Wales, a due to marketing difficulties. Discoveries of z reported,19 an extensive deposit already being e tuzi River and another important occurrence miles northwest of Eshowe. In the U. S. S. R have been devised for obtaining the element fro zirconium-silicate), large quantities of which thrown away in the nepheline-syenite tailings on the Kola Peninsula. Further increase was recorded in imports o the United States, which rose to 17,868,139 poun compared with 11,565,340 pounds valued at $ 1937 Australia supplied 14,913,380 pounds va remainder being divided almost equally betwe India. Lerrozirconium and zirconium ferrosili Norway) increased to 230,449 pounds valued a 22,400 pounds of zirconium silicon valued at $ " Fast, J. D., Zirconium: Fcoto-Prlma (Philadelphia), vol. 10, no. 2, p vo" 31)' ^'g^133001011011 * z*rcon: Compt. rend., l* Min. Jour., London, July 24, 1937, p. 682.