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Volume 3 JANUARY, 1933 Number 1 A Small Building Completely Flashed With Lead LEAD INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION Graybar Building 420 Lexington Avenue New York Lead Pneumatic Tubes Are Used for British Government L Communication \ c 0.5 per cent tin and 0.5 per cent antimony. They Ea are made in the following sizes and weights: tO] Stt STREET TUBES m; Inside Diameter Length Weight per Yd. ne 1 / in. ft. I6/2 lb. of 254 in. 28 ft. 241b. \v 3 in. 19 ft. 361b. 01 Street tubes necessarily require care in manufac si ture and handling so that passage of the "carrier" will not be impeded. After manufacture a mandrel C is run through to assure a smooth, undented interior. P The tubes are shipped straight in wooden crates. t n Receiving and despatching room, pneumatic tube They must withstand internal hydraulic pressure of 30 lb. per sq. in. The "carriers" are made of gutta center, British War Office percha tubes covered with baize or felt and closed at OR a great many years the British Post Office F Department has successfully used lead-allov pneumatic tubes for inter-Department communica tion. The main or "street" tubes through which the "carrier" is transported, are installed underground running from building to building, being laid in iron pipe for mechanical protection. Lead was selected one end with a wad of felt. The felt head is ap proximately the same diameter as the lead tube but for the tubes for much the same reasons that it has been used for water service pipes so universally for centuries. Its durability in underground conditions is remarkable; it is easily bent as required; very satisfactory smooth joints can be made in it; and the interior surface becomes highly polished by the pas sage of the "carrier." Street tubes are composed of 99 per cent lead. Control board for automatic rotary switches, British War Office Automatic rotary switches for street tubes, British War Office the body of the "carrier" is slightly smaller. The baize covering the body extends beyond the open end to make a sort of skirt. Maximum length of pneumatic tube that has been successfully used by the Post Office is 4073 yd., a little more than two miles. Demonstrating the per manence of this type of installation is a lead tube laid 52 years ago and still operating. The air pressures used are 10 lb. per sq. in. pres sure gage and 6/> lb. per sq. in. vacuum gage. [2] LIA25209 Attractive Lead Work on a Small Building HIS picture and the cover T illustration indicate that it is not only on monumental The soft gray color of lead is ideal for metal work on a house of any type because it buildings and expensive resi harmonizes with any building dences that lead work finds a material. Also it will not place. It has helped make of stain the white painted brick this little real estate office in walls. As flashing, lead's soft Garden City, Long Island, a ness and flexibility make it suburb of New York, a most easy to install and to dress attractive and inviting place. down into place. When roof It lends the tasteful and ing repairs are necessary it homelike air of the com is easy to bend lead flashing munity to this place of busi up, make the repairs, and ness. then bend it back into place At the rear is a leaded bay again. This can't be conve window crowned with an niently done with more rigid ornamental lead frieze. The metals. Aside from lead's combination makes a com great natural durability, lead plete and happy architectural flashing has a greater thick feature. Atop the round roof is a lead finial and the roof flashing on this little building WURTS BROS. I.eaded window with ornamental lead frieze and lead flashing on Mr. Heines small office building ness, and consequently pro portionately longer life, than other flashing material. is lead. Thus lead has not only added to the attractive The little office was designed by Roger E. Heine, ness of the building but, because of its great perma who occupies it; The Rohan Co. Inc., constructed nence, has precluded any possibility of leaky flashing. it and F. C. Irwin did the lead work. Lead Anti-Vibration Pads for a Private Residence EAD-ASBESTOS anti-vibration pads are installed L under the column footings of a beautiful resi dence on the northeast corner of Fifth Avenue and subways, trucks or other vehicles. When the occu pants' comfort is given the utmost consideration, architects find it advisable to use lead-asbestos mats. 71st Street, New York. They successfully isolate the They are the only type of vibration isolating pad building from vibration set up by passing traffic which capable of standing building loads and lasting as long would otherwise be transmitted as the building when exposed to up through the building frame moisture in the ground. They and cause considerable annoy are constructed of two layers of ance to the occupants. It is the Y% in. asbestos separated by a same method used for a number layer of galvanized steel and of years principally under build sandwiched between and com ings in close proximity to pletely enclosed in sheet lead railway tracks and in railroad /x% in. thick. terminals. Warren & Wetmore. New York, However, Fifth Avenue traf were architects for the residence fic is heavy, caused both by pictured, and H. G. Balcom the automobiles and busses, and consulting structural engineer. causes an appreciable amount of Other applications of these vibration. Similar conditions exist in many places due to this kind of traffic, or to street-cars, WURTS BROS. A Fifth Avenue residence, New York, which rests on lead-asbestos anti-vibration pads pads have been described in Lead , Vol. I, Nos. 1,3,5, 7, and Vol. II, Nos. 2 and 5. [3] LIA25210 Fii J. ork last or o; tallenade aect >f tl -vith signe "Ac Corf pose tor mils and stru are etet tin i witj rev: wa. vve: at wa Tl to an ea; fil n More Applications o( Lead on Kings County Hospital HE November, 1932, is T sue of Lead described in some detail the beautiful Hanging gutters are of 4 lb. hard lead. Built-in gut ters are lined with hard lead and extensive hard lead sheet, all seams being loose- spandrel installation on the locked and filled with Vul Kings County Hospital, catex, and with the lap in Brooklyn, N. Y. In addi the direction of flow. Lead tion to the spandrels and er-heads are cast hard lead. mullions lead was put to a Counter flashing of 4 lb. multitude of other uses, so soft lead was built into the that this building is a fine masonry and installed in no example of the adaptability greater than 8 ft. lengths of lead to all kinds of ar with loose-locked seams. chitectural requirements. At the tops of the oriel and corner bays described WURTS BROS. Kings County Hospital, Brooklyn, N. Y. Ventilating louvres on the towers were covered with hard lead. in the previous article are 3 lb. hard lead batten Marquises over several of the building's entrances roofs. Seams are loose-locked and one fold filled are hard lead. In their construction batten roofs of with Vulcatex Non-Hardening Compound to provide 3 lb. hard lead sheet were used. These were laid for expansion and contraction. The roofs of the over wood sheathing and metal frames. The orna corner bays terminate in finials formed from hard mental borders were stamped from 4 lb. hard lead sheet and supported internally with steel braces. lead sheet. All of the lead roofing was laid over Corbels under the oriel bays are also covered with 40 lb. building felt. hard lead. An ornamental cresting stamped from In the course of the years to come all the lead hard lead sheet surmounts the central tower, and the exposed to the atmosphere on the Kings County cresting culminates in hard lead finials at each end. Hospital will acquire a soft gray patina on its sur At its center a spire rises constructed of hard lead face that will become increasingly beautiful. This sheet and surmounted by a weather vane. Sheets on is a point frequently overlooked by architects in se the lower part of the spire are laid diagonally and lecting a metal for decorative and utilitarian appli the construction is batten type, which makes an at cations. Although some of the newer metals and tractive pattern. The towers on the two wings of the alloys in building construction may appear bright building are crowned with lead-covered and lead- and shiny when first applied they haven't the prop- roofed cupolas. A hard lead covered cupola and hard lead hanging gutters. Lead flashing also visible Hard lead spandrel and finial . \ Hard lead spire, cresting, finials, spandrels and louvres [4] PHOTOS SY WU1TS SSOS. LIA25211 /V . erty of developing a patina with age on outside exposure. Through centuries of use the beautiful results to be anticipated with lead are a foregone conclusion. The patina acquired by lead is as genuine as the metal itself and the architect can feel complete satisfaction from having avoided the selec tion of substitutes in any form. The architects were Le Roy P. Ward, Inc.; the sheet metal contractor Sobel & Kraus, Inc., both of New York; and the ornamental stamping was done by Wm. J. Kelly of Brooklyn, N. Y. WURTS BROS. Hard lead marquise, Kings' County Hospital Lead, the Supreme Lubricant in Wire Drawing By C. L. MANTELL, Ph.D.* USUAL practice of cold drawing tubing, wire, of the same piece. The coating acts in the nature of rod, or related shapes ordinarily involves pre a cushion when drawing takes place. It permits liminary annealing and pickling of the billets, draw drawing of the alloy or steel underneath the lead ing of the shape, re-annealing, pickling, and draw coating. The lead acts as a solid lubricant of such ing, and so on in a cyclic process until the desired high viscosity that it rubs off only very slightly from size, as far as all dimensions are concerned, is the worked surface, despite the very high pressure reached. In this method, for every reduction of set up between the latter and the die. The coating size there must be an accompanying annealing and remains intact after a considerable number of suc pickling of the article being worked. These opera cessive drawing operations. tions add markedly to the final cost of the finished At the conclusion of the cold working, the lead object. coating is removed by chemical means in a suitable When ordinary steels are cold drawn or cold bath which rapidly takes off the lead without attack pressed, good lubrication between the worked sur ing the metal underneath. The lead is completely face and the die is very necessary, otherwise seizing, and absolutely removed, as determined by any of tearing, or scratching will occur. In the case of the most sensitive chemical tests. The deleaded tube nickel alloy, chrome alloy and related steels, lubri or article may be then annealed in the usual way cation ordinarily considered excellent does not always and finished. suffice to prevent seizing or tearing of the article The process has been applied to low and high being worked. carbon steels, chrome-molybdenum steels, 18 chro The Dudzeele process is applied in a number of mium 8 nickel, 16 chromium 10 nickel, 25 chromium plants in the United States, England, France, Ger 20 nickel, nickel silver, cupro-nickel, bronzes, and many and other industrial Eu other difficult alloys. Generally ropean countries. It consists of in working of these metals, each applying a lead coating to the reduction in size necessitates an surface of the shape being annealing and pickling opera worked, in such a way that the tion; with the Dudzeele process coating is exceptionally adhe anywhere from four to a dozen rent. After a preliminary treat draws may be made without an ment in a bath containing a nealing or pickling. Thus the mercury salt, very satisfactory lubricating effect of lead is used coatings can be made by hot dip to reduce the cost of cold draw ping in molten lead. With its ing operations. The process lead coating, the article may be is protected by United States, drawn to an extent utterly im Canadian, and European pat- possible with an uncoated article * Consulting Engineer, Pratt Institute, Brooklyn, N. Y. ,, , , Lead, coating tubes for cold drawing by the Dudzeele process ents, but is available to manu. .. , facturers on a license basis. [5] L IA25212 -i Fi 1 ork, ast >r c ialh '.rdd lect >t t vith >n ign A lor .'OS' :or mil anc stn are ete tin. wi'ji * re1" Wi we at w T tc a;. e; fi Highway Departments Overwhelmingly Favor Lead Primers STUDY of the paint specifications of all State vealed by the survey, based as it is upon years of A Highway Departments in the United States, experience with all kinds of paint, should be a valu from which copies of specifications could be obtained, able guide to paint users and mixed paint manufac has just been completed by the Lead Industries Asso turers everywhere. ciation. The study covers 45 States, only Alabama, Delaware and Wyoming being omitted. These speci fications are prepared by trained engineers well Of the 45 sets of specifications covered, 41 are definite as to the paints to be used for priming or shop coats on structural steel. Thirty-two require pure red lead paint and five more include it as op tional. Pure blue lead paint is optional in four States. The evidence in this case is overwhelming and shows why pure red lead paint is so often ,re ferred to as the standard paint for structural steel. Mo State allows the use of any paint for priming or shop coat on structural steel that is not either pure red lead, pure blue lead, or a high proportion of either, and those which are not pure lead paints are so few as to be negligible. EWING GALLOWAY Pure lead paints are predominantly specified by State Highway Departments for priming steel bridges versed in the qualities of the materials from which they may choose and responsible for the construc tion and maintenance of hundreds of bridges, mile upon mile of guard rail fences, and a vast number of other steel and timber structures. The average opinion of such a group of well informed men re The importance of proper priming coats can not be over-estimated because, however good the finish coats may be, they can not adhere if the priming coat fails. Lead paints make ideal primers because they adhere tenaciously to the metal surface and are tough and elastic enough to prevent cracking or peel ing when the metal expands and contracts with tem perature changes. Note--A 16-page mimeographed report giving in detail State Higwhay Departments' Specifications regarding paint pigments may be obtained from the Lead Industries Asso ciation at a nominal cost of $1.00. Painting Interiors with White Lead for Efficiency In addition metallic paints have a harsh glare, the light being reflected in the form of a unidirectional beam, whereas flat white paint diffuses the reflected light in all directions. This naturally gives more uniform distribution of light. AXIMUM lighting efficiency is naturally a Lustrous metallic paints have been found to have M factor of first importance when painting inte a distinctly depressing effect on workmen when used riors. White paint has a reflection factor of 82 tofor industrial interiors. It is reported that a large 89 per cent when new and 75 to 85 per cent when old, mill in the South found this effect so marked after it according to a chart prepared by one of the largest had painted its interiors with metallic paint that in electric companies. Lustrous metallic paints, be cause of their sheen, are often erroneously supposed a short time they found it necessary to repaint with white paint. One of the largest industrial concerns to have even higher reflection factors. Actually the in the country considered painting its factory inte reflection factor is only about 60 to 65 per cent for riors with metallic paint but finally rejected the idea this type of paint. Obviously white paints and cer because of the opposition of its factory foreman. tain light colored paints with high reflection factors By using flat white paint, either untinted or tinted should be preferred because of their lighting effect. slightly, with its ability to reflect the maximum of For instance, ivory white has an approximate re light properly diffused, better lighting is obtained. flection factor of 79 per cent, cream 74 per cent and This does not only mean that light bills will be re light buff 67 per cent. duced. It also signifies that workmen's fatigue will [6] LIA 2b 213 be reduced and efficiency increased. Production will be increased and workmen better satisfied. The following formulae are suggested for obtain ing proper illumination in interiors and providing desirable paints that can be washed repeatedly: 100 lb. pure white lead (.heavy paste) 2 gal. flatting oil or 100 lb. pure white lead (heavy paste) 2 gal, pure turpentine 1 pt. floor varnish Yi pt. pure drier They may be tinted as follows (Quantities are per 100 lb. white lead): Ivory White-- 3 oz. French Ochre Cream --M lb. French Ochre Light Buff -- 3 lb. French Ochre Miami Floating Aquarium is Piped with Lead HE barkentine Prins Valdemar, built at Elsinore, T Denmark, in 1892, is now Miami's unique float ing aquarium. Constructed of English iron, it is present owners for the cocoanut trade along the Mosquito Coast of Nicaragua. She proved too large for this service, so at the time of the Miami boom said to be the only iron boat afloat and every season sailed from New York to the Florida port with build its hull is painted with red lead. It is 240 ft. long, ing supplies. Converted to a hotel ship with 100 has a 38 ft. beam and 21 ft. depth of hold. This rooms, tugs pulled her aground twice and she filled barkentine has ended a romantic career on the high with water, in 1927 the Prins Valdemar ended her seas by its present unusual service. Its interior now varied career by becoming a floating aquarium. contains 4000 ft. of antimonial lead pipe for handling There are 100 glass front exhibition tanks on both salt and fresh water to and from the exhibition board for both fresh and salt water tropical fish. tanks. A number of open tanks are also included for croco The Prins Valdemar was first used as a Danish diles, alligators, sharks and sea cows. This aquarium training ship and later converted to the mercantile has the only sea cow born in captivity. Original trade. It was implicated in the piping was not lead and gave Mexican Revolution, seized by only 18 months' service. Corro the Mexican Government and sion in the pipes clouded the sold to San Francisco lumber interests for use in the Austra lian service. During the World War the vessel was purchased by Germany and converted from a three-masted bark to a fourmasted barkentine. The Ger mans were so elated by her sail ing qualities and speed they sent her to Norway for iron. On her return through the Skag errack she was chased into Co penhagen by a British destroyer and interned. After the war she was soid to American interests, and in 1924 was purchased bv the The unusual Miami Floating Aquarium, Miami, Fla. water so that specimens could not be distinguished. Anti monial lead pipe, cocks and valves therefore replaced the original piping on both supply and return lines. A lead pressure-filter has also been installed. It is well known that lead is extremely resistant to corrosion when in contact with salt water and many other solutions. Design and installation of all the lead work was done by O. G. Kelley & Co., of Everett, Mass., and New York. L [7] LIA25214 u Vori Easi tor stall mac necl of wit! on sigi Co Po; tor * mi f an str an ete tit' wi re' w W" at. w T tc a e; fi Lead Makes Possible Strong Expansion-Anchors HE softness of lead has been ingeniously util T ized for many years in the manufacture and use of cinch expansion-bolt-anchors. These anchors are used for a great many purposes, for example, fasten ing down machinery of all kinds, motors, shafting, pipes to ceilings, conveyors, elevator construction, and for every imaginable purpose where it is re quired to secure bolts into concrete or masonry. Hundreds of applications for this useful device have been found and it may be obtained in both small and large sizes, T3F in. to 3 in. In fact the size of cinch expansion-anchors has steadily grown and it is being used today in many cost saving installations in all major construction work. For example, the A Canadian concrete pier with walings firmly secured by lead cinch expansion-anchors were under continuous impact and wear the work of repairs in replacing walings and bolts caused much trouble and costly labor. By using heavy cinch expansion-anchors this trouble was overcome since the bolts can easily be removed and timbers renewed whenever desired. The accompanying cut shows the simplicity of the anchor construction. It consists of two parts, a cast iron cone and a lead alloy cone. This is known as a plain unit and is placed on the bolt head in the hole with the iron cone resting on the bolt head. The iron cone is also made with a tapped standard Front elevation and section, together with detail, s bow ing bow wa'lings are secured to concrete by lead el rich expansion-anchors machine thread of any size and, in this case, the iron cone is placed in the hole first and calked on a dummy bolt, which is afterwards withdrawn, leaving the anchor installed ready to receive the bolt end, while the head of the bolt is outside of the hole se curing the work. The calking of the lead alloy drawing shows a fifteen-inch stud bolt used in fasten ing waling timbers to the side of concrete dock walls in. Canada. The walings are made of 8 in. by 10 in. hardwood and receive the full impact of any steamer when docking. Prior to the adoption of the cinch expansion-anchor type of construction, the bolts were built integrally in the concrete and as the walings ring forces it down over the iron cone and it is thereby expanded and grips the walls of the hole. A compounded cinch anchor is guaranteed to remain fast under all stresses and vibration will not loosen its hold. Actual tests of the strength of the com pounded anchorage have shown that they withstand a load beyond the breaking point of any bolt. A four-unit cinch ex pansion-anchor tested until 2 in. bolt snapped at above 140,000 lbs. (At right). Cast iron and lead alloy cones which make up units of cinch expansion- anchors. The Lead Industries Association invites inquiries on any subject relating to lead and will be glad to cooperate without obligation in the solution of your lead problems. LIA25215 U>lSON SQUARE rRt*1 * NEW TORE