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UNIVERSITY OP UMEA
Department of Organic Chenwtr)
July 19, 1982
Geraldine Sanderson Manager, ACS News Service 1155 16th Street, N.W. WASHINGTON, D.C. 20036 U S A
Dear Dr. Sanderson,
Enclosed please find a press release for my presentation
POIiYCHLORINATED DIOXINS, DIBENZOFURANS AND OTHER POLYNUCLEAR AROMATICS FORMED DURING INCINERATION AND PCB FIRES
for the lQIith ACS National Meeting in Kansas City. The place of presen tation as veil as my Kansas City address is unknown to me. I am leaving Sweden August 16. If you would like to foreward some information to me, please contact Dr. Gangadhar Choudhary, NIOSH, one of my co-organizer to this symposium, his address is:
Dr. Gangadhar Choudhary NIOSH DPSE, Mail Stop R-3
1*676 Columbia Parkway
CINCINNATI, OHIO 1*5226
Dr. Choudhary is also organizing for my lodging in Kansas City.
Until August 2 you can reach me at telephone 1*6-290-550 31
August 2-l6
1*6-90-16 52 66 or 1*6-90-13 1*1* 80 (home)
Sincerely yours,
Christoffer Rappe, professor
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American Chemical Society
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AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY'S I84TH NATIONAL MEETING KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI SEPTEMBER 12-17, 1982
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THIS DOCUMENT IS (Circle One):
1. Paper
2. Summary
3. News Release ..
4. Other_ (Specify)
TIME 6 DATE OF PRESENTATION
am/^ny? Sept. 12, 13, fl4\_J_5, 16, 17
(Indicate h o u r ( C i r c T V f ) a t e )
PLACE OF PRESENTATION C o n Utnl.Q o QjL^Xu ^ ______ ROOM f___<^05_
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CONTACTS: Geraldine Sanderson .................... (202) 872-4450 Nancy Enright .......................... (202) 872-4448
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POLYCHLORINATED DIOXINS, DIBEiIZOFUHANS AND OTHER POLYNUCLEA? AROMATICS FORMED DURING INCINERATION AND PCB FIRES
Christoffer Rappe, Stellan Marklund, Per-Andere Bergquist and Marianne Hansson
Department of Organic Chemistry University of Umed
S-901 87 Umed, Sweden
The occurrence of polychlorinated dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) in fly ash is well documented. There is much les6 data reported on levels in other incineration products like flue gas and particulate. Due to the extreme toxicity of some of the PCDD and PCDF isor.ers and the large variation in toxicity and biological potency between closely related isomers, a risk evaluation^ should be based on the levels of .the.highly toxic isomers. However, isomer specific ana lyses have only been made in a few cases, in most studies the results have been given in terms of tetra-CDps, tetra-CBFs, hexaCDDs etc. The number of isomers in this type of samples is quite large, more than 30 PCDDs and 60 PCDFs have been found.
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RESULTS
Municipal incineration^ fluidized bed (Sweden)
We have investigated a municipal incinerator working with a flui dized bed. The samples analyzed were extracts of particulates and condensates taken at two different sampling occasions. We found:
1. large variation between the two sampling occasions depending on the conditions in the fluidized bed (temperature, retention time, oxygen excess)
2. higher levels in the condensate than in the particulates indi cating that the major source of PCPDs and PCDFs is the flue gsi
3. a marked predominance for the tetra-, penta- and hexa-CDFs over the corresponding PCDDs
li. a dominance of octa-CDD over octa-CPF
5. tetra-CDFs is the dominating chlorination level among the PCD: =
6. octa-CDDs ir. the dominating chlorination level among the PCDDs
7. tetra-CDDs (and 2,3*7,8-tetra-CDD) could only be four.i ir. one of the four samples, a condensate. The level of 2,3,7,3-tetraCDD is about 0.3 ng/m3.
8. a large number of tetra-CDF isomers could be identified
9. in addition to PCDDs and PCDFs we could find other pclychlorir.sted polynuclear aromatics (like chloropyrenes, chlorochrysenes ant chlorobenzopyrenes) in these samples. The biological effects cf these compounds have not been investigated.
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Indstrial boiler (USA) - PC? incineration
Samples of bottom ash and baghouse ash from an industrial boilir burning pentachlorophenol (PC?) contaminated waste were analyzed. A multitude of PCDDs and PCDFs vere identified and the total levels of PCDDs were about 5 ppm and of PCDFs about 2.5 ppm. In this case 2.3.7.S-tetra-CDD is only a very minor peak and more than 90 of the PCDDs are lower chlorinated congeners than octa-CDD, the expec ted PCP-dimerization product. The pattern of the tetra-, pente and hcxachloro dioxins is in good agreement with the dioxin pattern found in samples of European fly-ash.
containing rinertl jletely extinguished.
Wipe test* were xceeding lit ng/r2 The highly toxic
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scri es of pclyes could be found
Rotatory cement kiln (Norway) - PCB incineration
We have analyzed a series of samples taken during a test study of thermal destruction of PCB in a rotatory cement kiln in Norway. The kiln is 150 m long with a diameter of 3.5 m. It has a 60 called "wet" oven operating at 1^50 C in the solid material and at c j Zj C in the flames. During the test period ^ m 3 of PCB was burned at a feeding rate of 50 kg/h. The samples analyzed include condensates, particulates and cement. All the samples were negative for PCIFs and PCDDs.
Accidental PCB-fires
a) Capacitor fire, Sk&vde, Sveden
In March 1982 a fire broke out in a capacitor battery (U00 V' serving a high-frequency oven. The dielectricum in the caj>aci"ors consisted of mineral oil or PC3 and the two types of capacitors were
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-fire in Stockholm ,h PCB was ignite: extract contai.cs was analyzed phenyler.es, but i-tetra- ar.d
re 65^ rorr. this fire PCDFs, r.ore than jnd for per.taie highly coxia
;, the drr.inatir.f.
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isomers vere the highly toxic 2 ,3,7 ,8-tetra-CDD (0.6 p;n) ar.t 1,2,3,7,8-penta-CDD (2.5 ppm).
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CONCLUSIONS*123 In addition to polychlorinated dioxins and dibenzcfurar.H, we have found several other products like polychlorinated bipheiylenes, pyrenes, benzopyrenes and chrysenes. Much interest has been given the observation of polychlorinated dioxins in incineration products. It has been suggested by tov Chemicals that dioxins are ubiquitous and formed in de r.ovo reacttions. The data reported here shows a much more complicated picture.
1. The dioxins are only one part of the problem of thr forr.atior. of toxic polychlorinated polynuclear aromatics (PClAs) during; incineration and other thermal reactions. The same interest should be given to the polychlorinated dibenzofurans.
2. The highest levels of PCPNAs are found when technical products are thermally converted directly into dioxins or dibenzofurans. Examples of precursors are: chlorophenols - dioxins PCBs - dibenzofurans, biphenylenes chlorobenzenes - dioxins, dibenzofurans chlorodiphenyl ethers - dioxins, dibenzofurans
3. Dechlorination of octachlorodioxin to hepta-, hexa- and ether lower chlorinated dioxins is another major pathway.
1*. Lower chlorinated compounds like mono-, di- and tri:hloro deri vatives of dioxins, dibenzofurans, pyrenes, bensopyrenes and
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chrysenes car. be formed in a jie novo formation similar to the formation of benzo(a)pyrene and other polynuclear aro matics in most incineration reactions. 5. Under special conditions flue gas is the major source of
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